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Dawson T, Rentia U, Sanford J, Cruchaga C, Kauwe JSK, Crandall KA. Locus specific endogenous retroviral expression associated with Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1186470. [PMID: 37484691 PMCID: PMC10359044 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1186470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are transcriptionally-active remnants of ancient retroviral infections that may play a role in Alzheimer's disease. Methods We combined two, publicly available RNA-Seq datasets with a third, novel dataset for a total cohort of 103 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 45 healthy controls. We use telescope to perform HERV quantification for these samples and simultaneously perform gene expression analysis. Results We identify differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed HERVs in Alzheimer's disease patients. Differentially expressed HERVs are scattered throughout the genome; many of them are members of the HERV-K superfamily. A number of HERVs are correlated with the expression of dysregulated genes in Alzheimer's and are physically proximal to genes which drive disease pathways. Discussion Dysregulated expression of ancient retroviral insertions in the human genome are present in Alzheimer's disease and show localization patterns that may explain how these elements drive pathogenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Dawson
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Uzma Rentia
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jessie Sanford
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - John S. K. Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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2
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Manganas LN, Durá I, Osenberg S, Semerci F, Tosun M, Mishra R, Parkitny L, Encinas JM, Maletic-Savatic M. BASP1 labels neural stem cells in the neurogenic niches of mammalian brain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5546. [PMID: 33692421 PMCID: PMC7970918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for determining neural stem cell fate are numerous and complex. To begin to identify the specific components involved in these processes, we generated several mouse neural stem cell (NSC) antibodies against cultured mouse embryonic neurospheres. Our immunohistochemical data showed that the NSC-6 antibody recognized NSCs in the developing and postnatal murine brains as well as in human brain organoids. Mass spectrometry revealed the identity of the NSC-6 epitope as brain abundant, membrane-attached signal protein 1 (BASP1), a signaling protein that plays a key role in neurite outgrowth and plasticity. Western blot analysis using the NSC-6 antibody demonstrated multiple BASP1 isoforms with varying degrees of expression and correlating with distinct developmental stages. Herein, we describe the expression of BASP1 in NSCs in the developing and postnatal mammalian brains and human brain organoids, and demonstrate that the NSC-6 antibody may be a useful marker of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis N Manganas
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Health Sciences Center T-12, room 020, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Irene Durá
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Sivan Osenberg
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fatih Semerci
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mehmet Tosun
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachana Mishra
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luke Parkitny
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juan M Encinas
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- The Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Mirjana Maletic-Savatic
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children Hospital, 1250 Moursund St., Rm 1250, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Chung D, Shum A, Caraveo G. GAP-43 and BASP1 in Axon Regeneration: Implications for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:567537. [PMID: 33015061 PMCID: PMC7494789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.567537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and brain acid-soluble protein 1 (BASP1) regulate actin dynamics and presynaptic vesicle cycling at axon terminals, thereby facilitating axonal growth, regeneration, and plasticity. These functions highly depend on changes in GAP-43 and BASP1 expression levels and post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. Interestingly, examinations of GAP-43 and BASP1 in neurodegenerative diseases reveal alterations in their expression and phosphorylation profiles. This review provides an overview of the structural properties, regulations, and functions of GAP-43 and BASP1, highlighting their involvement in neural injury response and regeneration. By discussing GAP-43 and BASP1 in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, we also explore the therapeutic potential of modulating their activities to compensate for neuron loss in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daayun Chung
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Shum
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gabriela Caraveo
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Zhvania MG, Pochkidze N. Neuronal Porosome Complex: Secretory Machinery at the Nerve Terminal. Discoveries (Craiova) 2017; 5:e77. [PMID: 32309595 PMCID: PMC6941571 DOI: 10.15190/d.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal porosomes are 15 nm cup-shaped lipoprotein secretory machines composed of nearly 30 proteins present at the presynaptic membrane, that have been investigated using multiple imaging modalities, such as electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and solution X-ray. Synaptic vesicles transiently dock and fuse at the base of the porosome cup facing the cytosol, by establishing a fusion pore for neurotransmitter release. Studies on the morphology, dynamics, isolation, composition, and reconstitution of the neuronal porosome complex provide a molecular understanding of its structure and function. In the past twenty years, a large body of evidence has accumulated on the involvement of the neuronal porosome proteins in neurotransmission and various neurological disorders. In light of these findings, this review briefly summarizes our current understanding of the neuronal porosome complex, the secretory nanomachine at the nerve terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mzia G. Zhvania
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Pochkidze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
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5
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Forsova OS, Zakharov VV. High-order oligomers of intrinsically disordered brain proteins BASP1 and GAP-43 preserve the structural disorder. FEBS J 2016; 283:1550-69. [PMID: 26918762 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain acid-soluble protein-1 (BASP1) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) are presynaptic membrane proteins participating in axon guidance, neuroregeneration and synaptic plasticity. They are presumed to sequester phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2 ) in lipid rafts. Previously we have shown that the proteins form heterogeneously sized oligomers in the presence of anionic phospholipids or SDS at submicellar concentration. BASP1 and GAP-43 are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). In light of this, we investigated the structure of their oligomers. Using partial cross-linking of the oligomers with glutaraldehyde, the aggregation numbers of BASP1 and GAP-43 were estimated as 10-14 and 6-7 monomer subunits, respectively. The cross-linking pattern indicated that the subunits are circularly arranged. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the monomers were characteristic of coil-like IDPs showing unordered structure with a high population of polyproline-II conformation. The oligomerization was accompanied by a minor CD spectral change attributable to formation of a small amount of α-helix. The number of residues in the α-helical conformation was estimated as 13 in BASP1 and 18 in GAP-43. However, the overall structure of the oligomers remained disordered, indicating a high degree of 'fuzziness'. This was confirmed by measuring the hydrodynamic dimensions of the oligomers using polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography, and by assaying their sensitivity to proteolytic digestion. There is evidence that the observed α-helical folding occurs within the basic effector domains, which are presumably tethered together via anionic molecules of SDS or PIP2 . We conclude that BASP1 and GAP-43 oligomers preserve a mostly disordered structure, which may be of great importance for their function in PIP2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana S Forsova
- Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, B. P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', Gatchina, Russia.,Laboratory of Natural Polymers, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladislav V Zakharov
- Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, B. P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute', Gatchina, Russia.,Laboratory of Natural Polymers, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
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6
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Abstract
Cup-shaped secretory portals at the cell plasma membrane called porosomes mediate the precision release of intravesicular material from cells. Membrane-bound secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse at the base of porosomes facing the cytosol to expel pressurized intravesicular contents from the cell during secretion. The structure, isolation, composition, and functional reconstitution of the neuronal porosome complex have greatly progressed, providing a molecular understanding of its function in health and disease. Neuronal porosomes are 15 nm cup-shaped lipoprotein structures composed of nearly 40 proteins, compared to the 120 nm nuclear pore complex composed of >500 protein molecules. Membrane proteins compose the porosome complex, making it practically impossible to solve its atomic structure. However, atomic force microscopy and small-angle X-ray solution scattering studies have provided three-dimensional structural details of the native neuronal porosome at sub-nanometer resolution, providing insights into the molecular mechanism of its function. The participation of several porosome proteins previously implicated in neurotransmission and neurological disorders, further attest to the crosstalk between porosome proteins and their coordinated involvement in release of neurotransmitter at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshata R Naik
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kenneth T Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Bhanu P Jena
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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7
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Maekawa S, Kobayashi Y, Morita M, Suzaki T. Tight binding of NAP-22 with acidic membrane lipids. Neurosci Lett 2015; 600:244-8. [PMID: 26101831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of various signal transduction molecules in the detergent-resistant membrane microdomain (DRM) fraction suggests the importance of this region in cellular functions. Insolubility of the outer leaflet of DRM to the non-ionic detergent is ascribed to the tight association of cholesterol and sphingolipid. Since, poor localization of sphingolipid is observed in the inner leaflet, the physicochemical background of the insolubility of the inner leaflet is hence still an enigma. NAP-22 (also called BASP1 or CAP-23) is a neuron-enriched calmodulin-binding protein and one of the major proteins in the DRM of the neuronal cell membrane. A previous study showed the presence of several lipids in a NAP-22 fraction after the process of extraction and column chromatography. In this study, the effect of lipid extraction on NAP-22 was studied through native-gel electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and electron microscopic observation. The mobility of NAP-22 in native-PAGE was shifted from low to high after delipidation. Delipidated NAP-22 bound phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinosotol, and ganglioside. Some part of the mixture of PS and NAP-22 was recovered in the insoluble fraction after Triton X-100 treatment and the addition of cholesterol enhanced the amount of NAP-22 in the insoluble fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Maekawa
- Divison of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe-University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuumi Kobayashi
- Divison of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe-University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Morita
- Divison of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe-University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Suzaki
- Divison of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe-University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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8
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Maekawa S, Kobayashi Y, Odagaki SI, Makino M, Kumanogoh H, Nakamura S, Morita M, Hayashi F. Interaction of NAP-22 with brain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Neurosci Lett 2013; 537:50-4. [PMID: 23376695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
NAP-22 (also called BASP1 or CAP-23) is a neuron-enriched protein localized mainly in the synaptic vesicles and the synaptic plasma membrane. Biochemically, it is recovered in the lipid raft fraction. In order to understand the physiological function of the neuronal lipid raft, NAP-22 binding proteins were screened with a pull-down assay. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was detected through LC-MS/MS, and Western blotting using a specific antibody confirmed the result. Two isoforms of GAD, GAD65 and GAD67, were expressed in bacteria as GST-fusion forms and the interaction with NAP-22 was confirmed in vitro. Partial co-localization of NAP-22 with GAD65 and GAD67 was also observed in cultured neurons. The binding showed no effect on the enzymatic activity of GAD65 and GAD67. These results hence suggest that NAP-22 could participate in the transport of GAD65 and GAD67 to the presynaptic termini and their retention on the synaptic vesicles as an anchoring protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Maekawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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9
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Takaichi R, Odagaki SI, Kumanogoh H, Nakamura S, Morita M, Maekawa S. Inhibitory effect of NAP-22 on the phosphatase activity of synaptojanin-1. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:21-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Chen X, Ulintz PJ, Simon ES, Williams JA, Andrews PC. Global topology analysis of pancreatic zymogen granule membrane proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:2323-36. [PMID: 18682380 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700575-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The zymogen granule is the specialized organelle in pancreatic acinar cells for digestive enzyme storage and regulated secretion and is a classic model for studying secretory granule function. Our long term goal is to develop a comprehensive architectural model for zymogen granule membrane (ZGM) proteins that would direct new hypotheses for subsequent functional studies. Our initial proteomics analysis focused on identification of proteins from purified ZGM (Chen, X., Walker, A. K., Strahler, J. R., Simon, E. S., Tomanicek-Volk, S. L., Nelson, B. B., Hurley, M. C., Ernst, S. A., Williams, J. A., and Andrews, P. C. (2006) Organellar proteomics: analysis of pancreatic zymogen granule membranes. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 5, 306-312). In the current study, a new global topology analysis of ZGM proteins is described that applies isotope enrichment methods to a protease protection protocol. Our results showed that tryptic peptides of ZGM proteins were separated into two distinct clusters according to their isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) ratios for proteinase K-treated versus control zymogen granules. The low iTRAQ ratio cluster included cytoplasm-orientated membrane and membrane-associated proteins including myosin V, vesicle-associated membrane proteins, syntaxins, and all the Rab proteins. The second cluster having unchanged ratios included predominantly luminal proteins. Because quantification is at the peptide level, this technique is also capable of mapping both cytoplasm- and lumen-orientated domains from the same transmembrane protein. To more accurately assign the topology, we developed a statistical mixture model to provide probabilities for identified peptides to be cytoplasmic or luminal based on their iTRAQ ratios. By implementing this approach to global topology analysis of ZGM proteins, we report here an experimentally constrained, comprehensive topology model of identified zymogen granule membrane proteins. This model contributes to a firm foundation for developing a higher order architecture model of the ZGM and for future functional studies of individual ZGM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuequn Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Korshunova I, Caroni P, Kolkova K, Berezin V, Bock E, Walmod PS. Characterization of BASP1‐mediated neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2201-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gouraud SS, Heesom K, Yao ST, Qiu J, Paton JFR, Murphy D. Dehydration-induced proteome changes in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3041-52. [PMID: 17412804 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) mediates neuroendocrine responses to dehydration through the action of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (VP). VP is synthesized as part of a prepropeptide in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus. This precursor is processed during transport to axon terminals in the posterior pituitary gland, in which biologically active VP is stored until mobilized for secretion by electrical activity evoked by osmotic cues. During release, VP travels through the blood stream to specific receptor targets located in the kidney in which it increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water, reducing the renal excretion of water, thus promoting water conservation. The HNS undergoes a dramatic function-related plasticity during dehydration. We hypothesize that alterations in steady-state protein levels might be partially responsible for this remodeling. We investigated dehydration-induced changes in the SON and pituitary neurointermediate lobe (NIL) proteomes using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis. Seventy proteins were altered by dehydration, including 45 in the NIL and 25 in the SON. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, we identified six proteins in the NIL (four down, two up) and nine proteins in the SON (four up, five down) that are regulated as a consequence of chronic dehydration. Results for five of these proteins, namely Hsp1alpha (heat shock protein 1alpha), NAP22 (neuronal axonal membrane protein 22), GRP58 (58 kDa glucose regulated protein), calretinin, and ProSAAS (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 inhibitor), have been confirmed using independent methods such as semiquantitative Western blotting, two-dimensional Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunoassay, and immunohistochemistry. These proteins may have roles in regulating and effecting HNS remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Gouraud
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Department of Biochemistry Proteomics Facility, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
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Potolicchio I, Carven GJ, Xu X, Stipp C, Riese RJ, Stern LJ, Santambrogio L. Proteomic analysis of microglia-derived exosomes: metabolic role of the aminopeptidase CD13 in neuropeptide catabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2237-43. [PMID: 16081791 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle transport is a fundamental mechanism of communication in the CNS. In this study we characterized a novel type of vesicle released by murine brain microglial cells: microglial exosomes. Analysis of their protein content identified several enzymes, chaperones, tetraspanins, and membrane receptors previously reported in B cells and dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Additionally, microglia-derived exosomes expressed the aminopeptidase CD13 and the lactate transporter MCT-1. Exosomal CD13 was metabolically active in cleaving leucine- and methionine-enkephalins peptides by releasing the N-terminal tyrosine. Cleaved neuropeptides were unable to bind to the neuronal opioid receptor as assessed by cAMP response. Microglial exosomal vesicles may represent an important, previously unrecognized, cellular communication system in an organ in which cell motility is highly restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Potolicchio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
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Mosevitsky MI. Nerve Ending “Signal” Proteins GAP‐43, MARCKS, and BASP1. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2005; 245:245-325. [PMID: 16125549 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)45007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of growth cone pathfinding in the course of neuronal net formation as well as mechanisms of learning and memory have been under intense investigation for the past 20 years, but many aspects of these phenomena remain unresolved and even mysterious. "Signal" proteins accumulated mainly in the axon endings (growth cones and the presynaptic area of synapses) participate in the main brain processes. These proteins are similar in several essential structural and functional properties. The most prominent similarities are N-terminal fatty acylation and the presence of an "effector domain" (ED) that dynamically binds to the plasma membrane, to calmodulin, and to actin fibrils. Reversible phosphorylation of ED by protein kinase C modulates these interactions. However, together with similarities, there are significant differences among the proteins, such as different conditions (Ca2+ contents) for calmodulin binding and different modes of interaction with the actin cytoskeleton. In light of these facts, we consider GAP-43, MARCKS, and BASP1 both separately and in conjunction. Special attention is devoted to a discussion of apparent inconsistencies in results and opinions of different authors concerning specific questions about the structure of proteins and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Mosevitsky
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 188300 Gatchina Leningrad District, Russian Federation
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Maekawa S, Taguchi K. Localization of the Cl(-)-ATPase activity on NAP-22 enriched membrane microdomain (raft) of rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2004; 362:158-61. [PMID: 15193776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Much attention has been paid to the membrane microdomain enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids called raft. In the central nervous system, however, the physiological role of this domain is not so evident at present, partly because of the complexity of the protein components in the raft fraction. In this study we surveyed ATPase activities in the raft fraction obtained from the synaptic plasma membrane of rat brain and found the enrichment of an ethacrynic acid-sensitive ATPase (Cl(-)-pump) activity. Immunoprecipitation experiments using antibodies to raft-localized proteins showed the co-precipitation of the ATPase activity with NAP-22, a major raft-localized protein. This result suggests the participation of the raft in the regulation of ion transport in addition to the presence of heterogeneity of raft domains in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Maekawa
- Division of Bioinformation, Department of Biosystems Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Iino S, Taguchi K, Maekawa S, Nojyo Y. Motor, sensory and autonomic nerve terminals containing NAP-22 immunoreactivity in the rat muscle. Brain Res 2004; 1002:142-50. [PMID: 14988044 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-enriched acidic protein having a molecular mass of 22 kDa, NAP-22, is a Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin-binding protein and is phosphorylated with protein kinase C (PKC). This protein is localized to the biological membrane via myristoylation and found in the membrane fraction of the brain and in the synaptic vesicle fraction. Recent studies showed that NAP-22 is localized in the membrane raft domain in a cholesterol-dependent manner and suggest a role for NAP-22 in maturation and/or maintenance of nerve terminals by controlling cholesterol-dependent membrane dynamics. The present study revealed the immunohistochemical distribution of NAP-22 in the peripheral nerves in rat muscles. In all examined muscles, nerve terminals in the motor endplates showed NAP-22 immunoreactivity associated with the membranes of synaptic vesicles and nerve terminals. In the muscle spindles, annulospiral endings, which made spirals around the intrafusal muscles, showed intense NAP-22 immunoreactivity. Autonomic nerve fibers around the intramuscular blood vessels also showed the immunoreactivity for NAP-22. NAP-22 immunoreactivity in these peripheral nerves was observed from birth to adulthood (100 days after birth). Though growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) immunoreactivity in these nerves was observed from birth, this immunoreactivity decreased from 20 days after birth. These findings suggest that NAP-22 is distributed and regulates functions in the motor, sensory and autonomic nerve terminals in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Iino
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Science, Matsuoka, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
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Yoshinaka K, Kumanogoh H, Nakamura S, Maekawa S. Identification of V-ATPase as a major component in the raft fraction prepared from the synaptic plasma membrane and the synaptic vesicle of rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2004; 363:168-72. [PMID: 15172108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2004] [Revised: 03/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is important in the maintenance and remodeling of the synapse. Since membrane cholesterol participates in the formation of the membrane microdomain (raft), the characterization of raft components within membrane structures in the synaptic region could be a good approach to understand the role of cholesterol in the synaptic function. In this study, protein complexes in the raft prepared from synaptic plasma membrane and the synaptic vesicle were analyzed with blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and vacuolar H(+)-pump (V-ATPase) was identified as a major raft component using mass spectrometry. The ATPase activity was reduced through cholesterol deprivation with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Since the H(+) -gradient is used to transport synaptic transmitters or their precursors into the vesicle, this result suggests the essential role of cholesterol and raft in the synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yoshinaka
- Department of Biosystems Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Maekawa S, Iino S, Miyata S. Molecular characterization of the detergent-insoluble cholesterol-rich membrane microdomain (raft) of the central nervous system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1610:261-70. [PMID: 12648779 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many fundamental neurological issues such as neuronal polarity, the formation and remodeling of synapses, synaptic transmission, and the pathogenesis of the neuronal cell death are closely related to the membrane dynamics. The elucidation of functional roles of a detergent-insoluble cholesterol-rich domain (raft) could therefore provide good clues to the molecular understanding of these important phenomena, for the participation of the raft in the fundamental cell functions, such as signal transduction and selective transport of lipids and proteins, has been elucidated in nonneural cells. Interestingly, the brain is rich in raft and the brain-derived raft differs in its lipid and protein components from other tissue-derived rafts. Since many excellent reviews are written on the membrane lipid dynamics of this microdomain, signal transduction, and neuronal glycolipids, we review on the characterization of the raft proteins recovered in the detergent-insoluble low-density fraction from rat brain. Special focus is addressed on the biochemical characterization of a neuronal enriched protein, NAP-22, for the lipid organizing activity of this protein has become increasingly clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Maekawa
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Kashihara M, Miyata S, Kumanogoh H, Funatsu N, Matsunaga W, Kiyohara T, Sokawa Y, Maekawa S. Changes in the localization of NAP-22, a calmodulin binding membrane protein, during the development of neuronal polarity. Neurosci Res 2000; 37:315-25. [PMID: 10958980 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
NAP-22, a neuronal tissue-enriched acidic membrane protein, is a Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin binding protein and has similar biochemical characteristics to GAP-43 (neuromodulin). Recent biochemical studies have demonstrated that NAP-22 localizes in the membrane raft domain with a cholesterol-dependent manner. Since the raft domain is assumed to be important to establish and/or to maintain the cell polarity, we have investigated the changes in the localization of NAP-22 during the development of the neuronal polarity in vitro and in vivo, using cultured hippocampal neurons and developing cerebellum neurons, respectively. Cultured hippocampal neurons initially extended several short processes, and at this stage NAP-22 was distributed more or less evenly among them. During the maturation of neuronal cells, NAP-22 was sorted preferentially into the axon. Throughout the developmental stages of hippocampal neurons, the localization change of NAP-22 was quite similar to that of tau, an axonal marker protein, but not to that of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), a dendritic marker protein. Further confocal microscopic observation demonstrated the colocalization of NAP-22 and either tau or vesicle-associated protein-2 (VAMP-2). A comparison of the time course of the axonal localization of NAP-22 and GAP-43 showed that NAP-22 localization was much later than that of GAP-43. The correlation between the expression of NAP-22 and synaptogenesis in the cerebellar granular layer, particularly in the synaptic glomeruli, was also investigated. There existed many VAMP-2 positive synapses but no NAP-22 positive ones in 1-week-old cerebellum. On sections of 2-week-old cerebellum, accumulation of NAP-22 to the synaptic glomeruli was clearly observed and this accumulation became clearer during the maturation of the synaptic structure. The present results suggest the possibility that NAP-22 plays an important role in the maturation and/or the maintenance of synapses rather than in the process of the axonal outgrowth, by controlling cholesterol-dependent membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kashihara
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Japan
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Abstract
Calmodulin is the best studied and prototypical example of the E-F-hand family of Ca2+-sensing proteins. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration regulate calmodulin in three distinct ways. First, at the cellular level, by directing its subcellular distribution. Second, at the molecular level, by promoting different modes of association with many target proteins. Third, by directing a variety of conformational states in calmodulin that result in target-specific activation. The calmodulin-dependent regulation of protein kinases illustrates the potential mechanisms by which Ca2+-sensing proteins can recognize and generate affinity and specificity for effectors in a Ca2+-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chin
- Dept of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Iino S, Maekawa S. Immunohistochemical demonstration of a neuronal calmodulin-binding protein, NAP-22, in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res 1999; 834:66-73. [PMID: 10407094 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-enriched acidic protein having a molecular mass of 22 kDa, NAP-22, is a newly isolated calmodulin-binding protein and is phosphorylated with protein kinase C (PKC). This protein is localized to biological membrane via myristoylation and found in the membrane fraction of the brain and in the synaptic vesicle fraction. To reveal the NAP-22 distribution in vivo, we investigated the spinal cord of the 4-5-week old rats using light and electron microscopy. NAP-22 immunoreactivity was observed in the gray matter with dorsoventral gradient of reactivity. Distinct reactivity was demonstrated in the nerve terminals and dendritic spines. Some reactions were also observed in the thin nerve fibers. NAP-22 immunoreactivity was associated mainly with pre- and postsynaptic membranes, synaptic vesicles and outer mitochondrial membranes. In the nerve terminals, NAP-22 was colocalized with synaptic vesicle proteins such as synapsin I or synaptobrevin 2. About 80% of the nerve terminals having immunoreactivity for synapsin I or synaptobrevin 2 showed NAP-22 immunoreactivity. From these results, NAP-22 is confirmed to be distributed in the synaptic region of the spinal cord and is involved in the synaptic function relating to PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iino
- Department of Anatomy, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Iino S, Kobayashi S, Maekawa S. Immunohistochemical localization of a novel acidic calmodulin-binding protein, NAP-22, in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1999; 91:1435-44. [PMID: 10391449 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NAP-22 is a neuronal tissue-enriched acidic calmodulin-binding protein with a molecular mass of 22,000 and is recovered in the membrane fraction during biochemical fractionation. We observed the distribution pattern of this protein in the rat brain using an immunohistochemical method by light and electron microscopy. NAP-22 immunoreactivity was detected through the whole brain, and the most dense staining was observed in the forebrain including cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, olfactory bulb, basal ganglia and thalamus. Immunoreactivity was distributed densely at the neuropil, whereas nerve cells and nerve fibres had little or no reaction. In the brain stem, immunonegative large nerve cell bodies were surrounded by immunopositive varicosities. In the cerebellar cortex, mossy fibre terminals and parallel fibres showed immunoreactivity, whereas Purkinje cells did not. Intracellular distribution was observed in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. NAP-22 immunoreactivity was noted in the axon terminals, dendritic spines and thin nerve fibres. In these structures, reaction products were associated mainly with synaptic vesicles, pre- and postsynaptic membranes and microtubules. This study demonstrates that the immunoreactivity of NAP-22 is distributed widely in the brain, especially in the synapse, and suggests that this protein is involved in synaptic transmission both in the pre- and postsynaptic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iino
- Department of Anatomy, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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