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Bozorgi H, Motaghi E, Zamani M, Ghavimi R. Neuronal calcium channels blocker, ziconotide (ɷ-conotoxin MVIIA), reverses morphine withdrawal-induced memory impairments via alteration in hippocampal NMDA receptor expression in rats. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1525402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Bozorgi
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Motaghi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Melika Zamani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ghavimi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Hao L, Wen D, Gou H, Yu F, Cong B, Ma C. Over-expression of CCK1 Receptor Reverse Morphine Dependence. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018; 24:471-477. [PMID: 30147637 PMCID: PMC6096524 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies demonstrated that cholecystokinin (CCK) system involved in morphine dependence and withdrawal. Our previous study showed that endogenous CCK system were up-regulated after chronic morphine exposure. Additionally, CCK1 receptor significantly blocked the inhibitory effect of exogenous CCK-8 on morphine dependence, but CCK2 receptor appears to be necessary for low concentrations of endogenous CCK to potentiate morphine dependence. Therefore, CCK1R and CCK2R function differently in chronic morphine dependence, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, HEK-293 cells co-transfected with µ-opioid receptors (HEK293-hMOR) and CCK1R or CCK2R were established. Cells were treated with 10 µM morphine for 6, 12, 16, 24 h and 100 µM naloxone precipitation for 15 min. cAMP overshoot was appeared at 12 h and was increased time dependently after morphine exposure in HEK293-hMOR cells. The cAMP overshoot did not appear in CCK1R-overexpressing HEK293-hMOR cells, while still appeared in CCK2R-overexpressing HEK293-hMOR cells. Over-expression of CCK1R reversed CREB and ERK1/2 activation in HEK293-hMOR cells exposed to morphine. Our study identifies over-expression of CCK1R significantly blocked morphine dependence, which was related with phosphorylation of CREB, and ERK1/2 signaling activation. While over-expression of CCK2R promoted morphine dependence, which was related with phosphorylation of CREB but not ERK1/2 signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Hao
- 1Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017 Hebei Province People's Republic of China.,2Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051 People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wen
- 1Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017 Hebei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Gou
- 1Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017 Hebei Province People's Republic of China.,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, 2 Yuexing Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yu
- 1Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017 Hebei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Cong
- 1Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017 Hebei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Ma
- 1Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017 Hebei Province People's Republic of China
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3
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Bozorgi H, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Rabbani M. The effect of intrathecal administration of the neuronal N-type calcium channels antagonist,ω-conotoxin MVIIA, on attenuating the spontaneous and naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal in rats. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1181657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Del Boca C, Lutz PE, Le Merrer J, Koebel P, Kieffer BL. Cholecystokinin knock-down in the basolateral amygdala has anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in mice. Neuroscience 2012; 218:185-95. [PMID: 22613736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the mammalian brain. This peptide regulates many physiological functions and behaviors, such as cardio-respiratory control, thermoregulation, nociception, feeding, memory processes and motivational responses, and plays a prominent role in emotional responses including anxiety and depression. CCK-expressing brain regions involved in these functions remain unclear and their identification represents an important step towards understanding CCK function in the brain. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is strongly involved in emotional processing and expresses high levels of CCK. In this study we examined the contribution of CCK expressed in this brain region to emotional responses in mice. To knockdown CCK specifically in the BLA, we used stereotaxic delivery of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors expressing a CCK-targeted shRNA. This procedure efficiently reduced CCK levels locally. shCCK-treated animals showed reduced levels of anxiety in the elevated plus-maze, and lower despair-like behavior in the forced swim test. Our data demonstrate that CCK expressed in the BLA represents a key brain substrate for anxiogenic and depressant effects of the peptide. The study also suggests that elevated amygdalar CCK could contribute to panic and major depressive disorders that have been associated with CCK dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Del Boca
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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5
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Tzschentke TM. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade. Addict Biol 2007; 12:227-462. [PMID: 17678505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1000] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to study the motivational effects of drugs and non-drug treatments in experimental animals. This is obvious from a steady year-to-year increase in the number of publications reporting the use this model. Since the compilation of the preceding review in 1998, more than 1000 new studies using place conditioning have been published, and the aim of the present review is to provide an overview of these recent publications. There are a number of trends and developments that are obvious in the literature of the last decade. First, as more and more knockout and transgenic animals become available, place conditioning is increasingly used to assess the motivational effects of drugs or non-drug rewards in genetically modified animals. Second, there is a still small but growing literature on the use of place conditioning to study the motivational aspects of pain, a field of pre-clinical research that has so far received little attention, because of the lack of appropriate animal models. Third, place conditioning continues to be widely used to study tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding effects of drugs induced by pre-treatment regimens. Fourth, extinction/reinstatement procedures in place conditioning are becoming increasingly popular. This interesting approach is thought to model certain aspects of relapse to addictive behavior and has previously almost exclusively been studied in drug self-administration paradigms. It has now also become established in the place conditioning literature and provides an additional and technically easy approach to this important phenomenon. The enormous number of studies to be covered in this review prevented in-depth discussion of many methodological, pharmacological or neurobiological aspects; to a large extent, the presentation of data had to be limited to a short and condensed summary of the most relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Tzschentke
- Grünenthal GmbH, Preclinical Research and Development, Department of Pharmacology, Aachen, Germany.
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6
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Abstract
AbstractMany studies have investigated different mechanisms of attack and defense in different species of higher brain animals including cats, rats, rodents, mice, and even in some bird species. However, detailed comparative analysis has not been carried out to understand the major similarities in the mechanisms of attack and defense across the different species of vertebrates. Although there are differences, there are also significant similarities as well, which warrant comparative assessment. By considering ethological ideas associated with the motivational defense system, we investigated the motor patterns of attack and defense in cats and rats, using the “resident-intruder” experimental paradigm. Our results reveal specific similarities and differences in the motor patterns of attack and defense in rats and cats. We discuss comparatively the mechanisms of attack and defense across different species of vertebrates, focusing on motor patterns, neuromodulating factors, brains neural substrates, and circuitry.
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Xiang XH, Wang HL, Wu WR, Guo Y, Cao DY, Wang HS, Zhao Y. Ethological analysis of scopolamine treatment or pretreatment in morphine dependent rats. Physiol Behav 2006; 88:183-90. [PMID: 16690091 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although scopolamine is currently used to treat morphine addiction in humans, its extensive actions on behaviors have not been systematically analyzed yet, and the underlying mechanisms of its effects still remain ambiguous. The present study was carried out to clarify the possible mechanisms by evaluating the effects of scopolamine pretreatment and treatment on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs and some of other general behaviors in morphine dependent rats. Our results showed that scopolamine pretreatment and treatment attenuated naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs including jumping, writhing posture, weight loss, genital grooming, teeth-chattering, ptosis, diarrhea and irritability, except for wet dog shakes, while general behaviors such as water intake, urine volume and morphine excretion in urine were increased. Our findings suggest that scopolamine has significant actions in the treatment of opiate addiction, which might result from increasing morphine excretion from urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Fox MA, Stevenson GW, Rice KC, Riley AL. Naloxone, not proglumide or MK-801, alters effects of morphine preexposure on morphine-induced taste aversions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 84:169-77. [PMID: 16777201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonists and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists block or reduce the development of morphine tolerance in several analgesic assays. The present experiments were performed to assess the ability of the CCK antagonist proglumide and the NMDA antagonist MK-801 to affect tolerance to the aversive properties of morphine as indexed by conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. Specifically, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either vehicle or morphine (5 mg/kg) in combination with either proglumide (5 mg/kg; Experiment 1), MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg; Experiment 2) or naloxone (1, 3.2 mg/kg; Experiment 3). Saccharin was then presented and was followed by an injection of either vehicle or morphine (10 mg/kg). Animals preexposed to and conditioned with morphine acquired an attenuated morphine-induced aversion to saccharin. While neither proglumide nor MK-801 had an effect on this attenuation, naloxone blocked the effects of morphine preexposure, suggesting that neither CCK nor NMDA may be involved in the aversive effects of morphine (or their modulation by drug exposure). That the attenuating effects of morphine preexposure on a morphine-induced CTA can be blocked suggests that the weakening of the aversive effects of morphine with chronic use can be prevented, an effect that may have implications for overall drug acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Fox
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, Building 10, Room 3D41 National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Wang HL, Xiang XH, Guo Y, Wu WR, Cao DY, Wang HS, Zhao Y. Ionotropic glutamatergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area modulates ΔFosB expression in the nucleus accumbens and abstinence syndrome in morphine withdrawal rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 527:94-104. [PMID: 16303124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to assess whether the blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the ventral tegmental area could modulate morphine withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats and the expression of stable DeltaFosB isoforms in the nucleus accumbens during morphine withdrawal. Rats were injected (i.p.) with increasing doses of morphine for 1 week to develop physical dependence, and withdrawal was then precipitated by one injection of naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Abstinence signs such as jumping, wet-dog shake, writhing posture, weight loss, and Gellert-Holtzman scale score were recorded to evaluate naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal. Two ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, dizocilpine (MK-801) and 6, 7-dinitroquinnoxaline-2, 3-dione (DNQX), were microinjected unilaterally into the ventral tegmental area 30 min before naloxone precipitation. A second injection of naloxone (2 mg/kg i.p.) was given 1 h after the first naloxone injection to sustain a maximal level of withdrawal so that the expression of stable DeltaFosB isoforms in the nucleus accumbens could be measured. This would enable determination of the correlation between the MK-801 or DNQX-induced decrease in somatic withdrawal signs and the change in neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens. The results showed that both MK-801 and DNQX significantly alleviated all symptoms of morphine withdrawal except for weight loss and reduced the expression of stable DeltaFosB isoforms within the nucleus accumbens. These data suggest that ionotropic glutamatergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area regulates the levels of stable DeltaFosB isoforms in the nucleus accumbens, which play a very important role in modulating opiate withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
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Bryant CD, Zaki PA, Carroll FI, Evans CJ. Opioids and addiction: Emerging pharmaceutical strategies for reducing reward and opponent processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang HL, Zhao Y, Xiang XH, Wang HS, Wu WR. Blockade of ionotropic glutamatergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area attenuates the physical signs of morphine withdrawal in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004; 28:1079-87. [PMID: 15610920 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to assess whether the blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) could modulate the morphine withdrawal in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of dizocilpine (MK-801) or 6,7-dinitroquinnoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, microinjected unilaterally into the VTA 30 min before naloxone [2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] administration on the morphine withdrawal were assessed. Morphine dependence was developed with increasing morphine injection (i.p.), and morphine withdrawal was induced by injection of naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Jumping, wet-dog shakes, writhing posture, wall clamber, weight loss and Gellert-Holtzman scale were used as the indices to evaluate the intensity of morphine withdrawal. The results showed that unilateral microinjection of MK-801 or DNQX into the VTA significantly increased the incidence of wall clamber, had no effect on weight loss, and reduced all other symptoms of morphine withdrawal. These data suggest that the ionotropic glutamate receptors in the VTA are involved in mediating naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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12
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Rünkorg K, Veraksits A, Kurrikoff K, Luuk H, Raud S, Abramov U, Matsui T, Bourin M, Kõks S, Vasar E. Distinct changes in the behavioural effects of morphine and naloxone in CCK2 receptor-deficient mice. Behav Brain Res 2003; 144:125-35. [PMID: 12946603 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of morphine, mu-opioid receptor agonist, and naloxone, a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, in the locomotor activity and place conditioning tests were studied in the CCK(2) receptor-deficient male mice. The exposure of mice to the motility boxes for 3 consecutive days induced a significant inhibition of locomotor activity in the wild-type (+/+) mice compared to homozygous (-/-) animals. The administration of naloxone (10 mg/kg i.p.) to animals, adapted to the motility boxes, induced a significant reduction of locomotor activity in the homozygous (-/-), but not in the wild-type (+/+) mice. Treatment of habituated mice with morphine (10 mg/kg i.p.) caused a stronger increase of locomotor activity in the wild-type (+/+) mice compared to the homozygous (-/-) littermates. In the place preference test the pairing of the preferred side with naloxone (1 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) induced a dose-dependent place aversion in the wild-type (+/+) mice. The treatment with naloxone was less effective in the homozygous (-/-) mice, because the high dose of naloxone (10 mg/kg) tended to shift the preference. The pairing of morphine (3 mg/kg i.p.) injections with the non-preferred side induced a significant place preference both in the wild-type (+/+) and homozygous (-/-) mice. The increased density of opioid receptors was established in the striatum of homozygous (-/-) mice, but not in the other forebrain structures. In conclusion, the targeted invalidation of CCK(2) receptors induces a dissociation of behavioural effects of morphine and naloxone. Morphine-induced place preference remained unchanged, whereas hyper-locomotion was less pronounced in the mutant mice compared to the wild-type (+/+) littermates. By contrast, naloxone-induced place aversion was weaker, but naloxone caused a stronger inhibition of locomotor activity in the homozygous (-/-) mice than in the wild-type (+/+) animals. These behavioural alterations can be explained in the light of data that the targeted mutation of CCK(2) receptors induces distinct changes in the properties of opioid receptors in various brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kertu Rünkorg
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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Tzschentke TM. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference paradigm: a comprehensive review of drug effects, recent progress and new issues. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 56:613-72. [PMID: 9871940 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 917] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of recent findings and developments in research on brain mechanisms of reward and reinforcement from studies using the place preference conditioning paradigm, with emphasis on those studies that have been published within the last decade. Methodological issues of the paradigm (such as design of the conditioning apparatus, biased vs unbiased conditioning, state dependency effects) are discussed. Results from studies using systemic and local (intracranial) drug administration, natural reinforcers, and non-drug treatments and from studies examining the effects of lesions are presented. Papers reporting on conditioned place aversion (CPA) experiments are also included. A special emphasis is put on the issue of tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding properties of drugs. Transmitter systems that have been investigated with respect to their involvement in brain reward mechanisms include dopamine, opioids, acetylcholine, GABA, serotonin, glutamate, substance P, and cholecystokinin, the motivational significance of which has been examined either directly, by using respective agonist or antagonist drugs, or indirectly, by studying the effects of these drugs on the reward induced by other drugs. For a number of these transmitters, detailed studies have been conducted to delineate the receptor subtype(s) responsible for the mediation of the observed drug effects, particularly in the case of dopamine, the opioids, serotonin and glutamate. Brain sites that have been implicated in the mediation of drug-induced place conditioning include the 'traditional' brain reward sites, ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, but the medial prefrontal cortex, ventral pallidum, amygdala and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus have also been shown to play important roles in the mediation of place conditioning induced by drugs or natural reinforcers. Thus, although the paradigm has also been criticized because of some inherent methodological problems, it is clear that during the past decade place preference conditioning has become a valuable and firmly established and very widely used tool in behavioural pharmacology and addiction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Tzschentke
- Department of Neuropharmacology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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