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Nicoletti VG, Pajer K, Calcagno D, Pajenda G, Nógrádi A. The Role of Metals in the Neuroregenerative Action of BDNF, GDNF, NGF and Other Neurotrophic Factors. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081015. [PMID: 35892326 PMCID: PMC9330237 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature neurotrophic factors and their propeptides play key roles ranging from the regulation of neuronal growth and differentiation to prominent participation in neuronal survival and recovery after injury. Their signaling pathways sculpture neuronal circuits during brain development and regulate adaptive neuroplasticity. In addition, neurotrophic factors provide trophic support for damaged neurons, giving them a greater capacity to survive and maintain their potential to regenerate their axons. Therefore, the modulation of these factors can be a valuable target for treating or preventing neurologic disorders and age-dependent cognitive decline. Neuroregenerative medicine can take great advantage by the deepening of our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the properties of neurotrophic factors. It is indeed an intriguing topic that a significant interplay between neurotrophic factors and various metals can modulate the outcome of neuronal recovery. This review is particularly focused on the roles of GDNF, BDNF and NGF in motoneuron survival and recovery from injuries and evaluates the therapeutic potential of various neurotrophic factors in neuronal regeneration. The key role of metal homeostasis/dyshomeostasis and metal interaction with neurotrophic factors on neuronal pathophysiology is also highlighted as a novel mechanism and potential target for neuronal recovery. The progress in mechanistic studies in the field of neurotrophic factor-mediated neuroprotection and neural regeneration, aiming at a complete understanding of integrated pathways, offers possibilities for the development of novel neuroregenerative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Giuseppe Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (V.G.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Krisztián Pajer
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Damiano Calcagno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (V.G.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Gholam Pajenda
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Research Centre for Traumatology of the Austrian Workers, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antal Nógrádi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-6-234-2855
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2
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Paoletti F, Lamba D. Small Endogenous Ligands Modulation of Nerve Growth Factor Bioactivity: A Structural Biology Overview. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123462. [PMID: 34943971 PMCID: PMC8700322 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments with cell cultures and animal models have provided solid support for the assumption that Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) plays a key role in the regulation of neuronal cell survival and death. Recently, endogenous ligands have been proposed as physiological modulators of NGF biological activity as part of this regulatory cascade. However, the structural and mechanistic determinants for NGF bioactivity remain to be elucidated. We recently unveiled, by an integrated structural biology approach, the ATP binding sites of NGF and investigated the effects on TrkA and p75NTR receptors binding. These results pinpoint ATP as a genuine endogenous modulator of NGF signaling, paving the way to the characterization of not-yet-identified chemical diverse endogenous biological active small molecules as novel modulators of NGF. The present review aims at providing an overview of the currently available 3D structures of NGF in complex with different small endogenous ligands, featuring the molecular footprints of the small molecules binding. This knowledge is essential for further understanding the functional role of small endogenous ligands in the modulation of neurotrophins signaling in physiological and pathological conditions and for better exploiting the therapeutic potentialities of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paoletti
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | - Doriano Lamba
- Institute of Crystallography—C.N.R.—Trieste Outstation, Area Science Park—Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy;
- Interuniversity Consortium “Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute”, I-00136 Roma, Italy
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3
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Ermini ML, Voliani V. Antimicrobial Nano-Agents: The Copper Age. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6008-6029. [PMID: 33792292 PMCID: PMC8155324 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The constant advent of major health threats such as antibacterial resistance or highly communicable viruses, together with a declining antimicrobial discovery, urgently requires the exploration of innovative therapeutic approaches. Nowadays, strategies based on metal nanoparticle technology have demonstrated interesting outcomes due to their intrinsic features. In this scenario, there is an emerging and growing interest in copper-based nanoparticles (CuNPs). Indeed, in their pure metallic form, as oxides, or in combination with sulfur, CuNPs have peculiar behaviors that result in effective antimicrobial activity associated with the stimulation of essential body functions. Here, we present a critical review on the state of the art regarding the in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the antimicrobial activity of CuNPs together with absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) assessments. Considering the potentiality of CuNPs in antimicrobial treatments, within this Review we encounter the need to summarize the behaviors of CuNPs and provide the expected perspectives on their contributions to infectious and communicable disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Ermini
- Center for Nanotechnology
Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro, 12-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Voliani
- Center for Nanotechnology
Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro, 12-56126 Pisa, Italy
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4
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Kumar V, Kumar A, Singh K, Avasthi K, Kim JJ. Neurobiology of zinc and its role in neurogenesis. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:55-64. [PMID: 33399973 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc (Zn) has a diverse role in many biological processes, such as growth, immunity, anti-oxidation system, homeostatic, and repairing. It acts as a regulatory and structural catalyst ion for activities of various proteins, enzymes, and signal transcription factors, as well as cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The Zn ion is essential for neuronal signaling and is mainly distributed within presynaptic vesicles. Zn modulates neuronal plasticity and synaptic activity in both neonatal and adult stages. Alterations in brain Zn status results in a dozen neurological diseases including impaired brain development. Numerous researchers are working on neurogenesis, however, there is a paucity of knowledge about neurogenesis, especially in neurogenesis in adults. Neurogenesis is a multifactorial process and is regulated by many metal ions (e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn, etc.). Among them, Zn has an essential role in neurogenesis. At the molecular level, Zn controls cell cycle, apoptosis, and binding of DNA and several proteins including transcriptional and translational factors. Zn is needed for protein folding and function and Zn acts as an anti-apoptotic agent; organelle stabilizer; and an anti-inflammatory agent. Zn deficiency results in aging, neurodegenerative disease, immune deficiency, abnormal growth, cancer, and other symptoms. Prenatal deficiency of Zn results in developmental disorders in humans and animals. CONCLUSION Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown an association between Zn deficiency and increased risk of neurological disorders. This article reviews the existing knowledge on the role of Zn and its importance in neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, UP, India
| | - Kritanjali Singh
- Central Research Station, Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, 250002, India
| | - Kapil Avasthi
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, UP, India
| | - Jong-Joo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Gromadzka G, Tarnacka B, Flaga A, Adamczyk A. Copper Dyshomeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases-Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9259. [PMID: 33291628 PMCID: PMC7730516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is one of the most abundant basic transition metals in the human body. It takes part in oxygen metabolism, collagen synthesis, and skin pigmentation, maintaining the integrity of blood vessels, as well as in iron homeostasis, antioxidant defense, and neurotransmitter synthesis. It may also be involved in cell signaling and may participate in modulation of membrane receptor-ligand interactions, control of kinase and related phosphatase functions, as well as many cellular pathways. Its role is also important in controlling gene expression in the nucleus. In the nervous system in particular, copper is involved in myelination, and by modulating synaptic activity as well as excitotoxic cell death and signaling cascades induced by neurotrophic factors, copper is important for various neuronal functions. Current data suggest that both excess copper levels and copper deficiency can be harmful, and careful homeostatic control is important. This knowledge opens up an important new area for potential therapeutic interventions based on copper supplementation or removal in neurodegenerative diseases including Wilson's disease (WD), Menkes disease (MD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and others. However, much remains to be discovered, in particular, how to regulate copper homeostasis to prevent neurodegeneration, when to chelate copper, and when to supplement it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gromadzka
- Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Beata Tarnacka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Clinic, Medical University of Warsaw, Spartańska 1 Street, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Flaga
- Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
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6
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Mondal S, Chakraborty M, Mondal A, Pakhira B, Mukhopadhyay SK, Banik A, Sengupta S, Chattopadhyay SK. Crystal structure, spectroscopic, DNA binding studies and DFT calculations of a Zn(ii) complex. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly fluorescent Zn(ii) complex and its DNA-binding and bio-imaging applications are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah 711103
- India
| | - Moumita Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah 711103
- India
| | - Antu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah 711103
- India
| | - Bholanath Pakhira
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah 711103
- India
| | | | - Avishek Banik
- Department of Microbiology
- The University of Burdwan
- Burdwan-713104
- India
| | - Swaraj Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Ranchi-835215
- India
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7
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Magrì A, La Mendola D. Copper Binding Features of Tropomyosin-Receptor-Kinase-A Fragment: Clue for Neurotrophic Factors and Metals Link. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082374. [PMID: 30103559 PMCID: PMC6121459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin essential for the development and maintenance of neurons, whose activity is influenced by copper ions. The NGF protein exerts its action by binding to its specific receptor, TrkA. In this study, a specific domain of the TrkA receptor, region 58⁻64, was synthesized and its copper(II) complexes characterized by means of potentiometric and spectroscopic studies. The two vicinal histidine residues provide excellent metal anchoring sites and, at physiological pH, a complex with the involvement of the peptide backbone amide nitrogen is the predominant species. The TrkA peptide is competitive for metal binding with analogous peptides due to the N-terminal domain of NGF. These data provide cues for future exploration of the effect of metal ions on the activity of the NGF and its specific cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Magrì
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Council of Research (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), via Celso Ulpiani, 27, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), via Celso Ulpiani, 27, 70125 Bari, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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8
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Lanza V, Travaglia A, Malgieri G, Fattorusso R, Grasso G, Di Natale G, Zito V, Arena G, Milardi D, Rizzarelli E. Ubiquitin Associates with the N-Terminal Domain of Nerve Growth Factor: The Role of Copper(II) Ions. Chemistry 2016; 22:17767-17775. [PMID: 27759905 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many biochemical pathways involving nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin with copper(II) binding abilities, are regulated by the ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system. However, whether NGF binds Ub and the role played by copper(II) ions in modulating their interactions have not yet been investigated. Herein NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism, ESI-MS, and titration calorimetry are employed to characterize the interactions of NGF with Ub. NGF1-14 , which is a short model peptide encompassing the first 14 N-terminal residues of NGF, binds the copper-binding regions of Ub (KD =8.6 10-5 m). Moreover, the peptide undergoes a random coil-polyproline type II helix structural conversion upon binding to Ub. Notably, copper(II) ions inhibit NGF1-14 /Ub interactions. Further experiments performed with the full-length NGF confirmed the existence of a copper(II)-dependent association between Ub and NGF and indicated that the N-terminal domain of NGF was a valuable paradigm that recapitulated many traits of the full-length protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lanza
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessio Travaglia
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Pl, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Gaetano Malgieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A.Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Natale
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Zito
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A.Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami18, 95126, Catania, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A.Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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9
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Magrì A, Tabbì G, Giuffrida A, Pappalardo G, Satriano C, Naletova I, Nicoletti VG, Attanasio F. Influence of the N-terminus acetylation of Semax, a synthetic analog of ACTH(4-10), on copper(II) and zinc(II) coordination and biological properties. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 164:59-69. [PMID: 27586814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Semax is a heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) that encompasses the sequence 4-7 of N-terminal domain of the adrenocorticotropic hormone and a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide. N-terminal amino group acetylation (Ac-Semax) modulates the chemical and biological properties of parental peptide, modifying the ability of Semax to form complex species with Cu(II) ion. At physiological pH, the main complex species formed by Ac-Semax, [CuLH-2]2-, consists in a distorted CuN3O chromophore with a weak apical interaction of the methionine sulphur. Such a complex differs from the Cu(II)-Semax complex system, which exhibits a CuN4 chromophore. The reduced ligand field affects the [CuLH-2]2- formal redox potential, which is more positive than that of Cu(II)-Semax corresponding species. In the amino-free form, the resulting complex species is redox-stable and unreactive against ascorbic acid, unlike the acetylated form. Semax acetylation did not protect from Cu(II) induced toxicity on a SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, thus demonstrating the crucial role played by the free NH2 terminus in the cell protection. Since several brain diseases are associated either to Cu(II) or Zn(II) dyshomeostasis, here we characterized also the complex species formed by Zn(II) with Semax and Ac-Semax. Both peptides were able to form Zn(II) complex species with comparable strength. Confocal microscopy imaging confirmed that peptide group acetylation does not affect the Zn(II) influx in neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, a punctuate distribution of Zn(II) within the cells suggests a preferred subcellular localization that might explain the zinc toxic effect. A future perspective can be the use of Ac-Semax as ionophore in antibody drug conjugates to produce a dysmetallostasis in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Magrì
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tabbì
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Giuffrida
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pappalardo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Irina Naletova
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario C.I.R.C.S.M.B., Via C. Ulpiani 27, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo G Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Attanasio
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
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10
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The neglected role of copper ions in wound healing. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 161:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Tabbì G, Magrì A, Giuffrida A, Lanza V, Pappalardo G, Naletova I, Nicoletti VG, Attanasio F, Rizzarelli E. Semax, an ACTH4-10 peptide analog with high affinity for copper(II) ion and protective ability against metal induced cell toxicity. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 142:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Copper is an essential element in many biological processes. The critical functions associated with copper have resulted from evolutionary harnessing of its potent redox activity. This same property also places copper in a unique role as a key modulator of cell signal transduction pathways. These pathways are the complex sequence of molecular interactions that drive all cellular mechanisms and are often associated with the interplay of key enzymes including kinases and phosphatases but also including intracellular changes in pools of smaller molecules. A growing body of evidence is beginning to delineate the how, when and where of copper-mediated control over cell signal transduction. This has been driven by research demonstrating critical changes to copper homeostasis in many disorders including cancer and neurodegeneration and therapeutic potential through control of disease-associated cell signalling changes by modulation of copper-protein interactions. This timely review brings together for the first time the diverse actions of copper as a key regulator of cell signalling pathways and discusses the potential strategies for controlling disease-associated signalling processes using copper modulators. It is hoped that this review will provide a valuable insight into copper as a key signal regulator and stimulate further research to promote our understanding of copper in disease and therapy.
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13
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Travaglia A, La Mendola D, Magrì A, Pietropaolo A, Nicoletti VG, Grasso G, Malgieri G, Fattorusso R, Isernia C, Rizzarelli E. Zinc(II) interactions with brain-derived neurotrophic factor N-terminal peptide fragments: inorganic features and biological perspectives. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:11075-83. [PMID: 24070197 DOI: 10.1021/ic401318t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin essential for neuronal differentiation, growth, and survival; it is involved in memory formation and higher cognitive functions. The N-terminal domain of BDNF is crucial for the binding selectivity and activation of its specific TrkB receptor. Zn(2+) ion binding may influence BDNF activity. Zn(2+) complexes with the peptide fragment BDNF(1-12) encompassing the sequence 1-12 of the N-terminal domain of BDNF were studied by means of potentiometry, electrospray mass spectrometry, NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) approaches. The predominant Zn(2+) complex species, at physiological pH, is [ZnL] in which the metal ion is bound to an amino, an imidazole, and two water molecules (NH2, N(Im), and 2O(water)) in a tetrahedral environment. DFT-based geometry optimization of the zinc coordination environment showed a hydrogen bond between the carboxylate and a water molecule bound to zinc in [ZnL]. The coordination features of the acetylated form [AcBDNF(1-12)] and of a single mutated peptide [BDNF(1-12)D3N] were also characterized, highlighting the role of the imidazole side chain as the first anchoring site and ruling out the direct involvement of the aspartate residue in the metal binding. Zn(2+) addition to the cell culture medium induces an increase in the proliferative activity of the BDNF(1-12) peptide and of the whole protein on the SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. The effect of Zn(2+) is opposite to that previously observed for Cu(2+) addition, which determines a decrease in the proliferative activity for both peptide and protein, suggesting that these metals might discriminate and modulate differently the activity of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Travaglia
- Center for Neural Science, New York University , 4 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States
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14
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Travaglia A, La Mendola D, Magrì A, Nicoletti VG, Pietropaolo A, Rizzarelli E. Copper, BDNF and Its N-terminal Domain: Inorganic Features and Biological Perspectives. Chemistry 2012; 18:15618-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Travaglia A, Pietropaolo A, La Mendola D, Nicoletti VG, Rizzarelli E. The inorganic perspectives of neurotrophins and Alzheimer's disease. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 111:130-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Travaglia A, Arena G, Fattorusso R, Isernia C, La Mendola D, Malgieri G, Nicoletti VG, Rizzarelli E. The Inorganic Perspective of Nerve Growth Factor: Interactions of Cu
2+
and Zn
2+
with the N‐Terminus Fragment of Nerve Growth Factor Encompassing the Recognition Domain of the TrkA Receptor. Chemistry 2011; 17:3726-38. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Travaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania (Italy)
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania (Italy)
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta (Italy)
| | - Carla Isernia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta (Italy)
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini‐CNR c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania (Italy), Fax: (+39) 095‐337678
| | - Gaetano Malgieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta (Italy)
| | - Vincenzo G. Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania (Italy)
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania (Italy)
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17
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Isabel Post J, Karl Eibl J, Michiel Ross G. Zinc induces motor neuron death via a selective inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 9:149-55. [DOI: 10.1080/17482960801934015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Nerve growth factor inhibits Gd3+-sensitive calcium influx and reduces chemical anoxic neuronal death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 28:379-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-008-0402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Jiang H, Tian SL, Zeng Y, Li LL, Shi J. TrkA pathway(s) is involved in regulation of TRPM7 expression in hippocampal neurons subjected to ischemic-reperfusion and oxygen–glucose deprivation. Brain Res Bull 2008; 76:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Hill-Kapturczak N, Jarmi T, Agarwal A. Growth factors and heme oxygenase-1: perspectives in physiology and pathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:2197-207. [PMID: 17979525 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are mediators of both normal homeostasis and pathophysiology through their effects on various cellular processes. Similarly, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has a role in maintaining physiologic equilibrium, by which it can either alleviate or exacerbate disease, depending on several considerations, including amount, timing, and location of expression, as well as the disease setting. Thus, the synthesis and activities of growth factors and HO-1 are intricately regulated. Interestingly, several growth factors induce HO-1, and, conversely, HO-1 can regulate the expression of some growth factors. This review focuses on the influence of growth factors and HO-1 and potential physiologic effects of the growth factor(s)-HO-1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Hill-Kapturczak
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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21
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Kim YM, Lee JJ, Park SK, Lim SC, Hwang BY, Lee CK, Lee MK. Effects of tri butyl tin acetate on dopamine biosynthesis and l-dopa-lnduced cytotoxicity in pc12 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:858-65. [PMID: 17703738 DOI: 10.1007/bf02978837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of tributyltin acetate (TBTA) on dopamine biosynthesis and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells were examined. TBTA at concentrations of 0.1-0.2 microM inhibited dopamine biosynthesis by reducing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and TH gene expression in PC12 cells. TBTA at 0.1-0.4 microM also reduced L-DOPA (20-50 microM)-induced increases in dopamine content for 24 h in PC12 cells. TBTA at concentrations up to 0.3 microM did not affect cell viability. However, TBTA at concentrations higher than 0.4 microM caused apoptotic cytotoxicity. Exposure of PC12 cells to non-cytotoxic (0.1 and 0.2 microM) or cytotoxic (0.4 microM) concentrations of TBTA with L-DOPA (20, 50 and 100 microM) significantly increased the cell loss and the percentage of apoptotic cells after 24 or 48 h compared with TBTA or L-DOPA alone. These data suggest that TBTA inhibits dopamine biosynthesis and enhances L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 12, Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Gu, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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22
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Lee JJ, Kim YM, Park SK, Lee MK. Effects of tributyltin chloride on L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 29:645-50. [PMID: 16964759 DOI: 10.1007/bf02968248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tributyltin chloride (TBTC) at concentrations of 0.5-1.0 microM inhibits dopamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells. In this study, the effects of TBTC on L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells were investigated. TBTC at concentrations up to 1.0 microM neither affected cell viability, nor induced apoptosis after 24 or 48 h in PC12 cells. However, TBTC at concentrations higher than 2.0 microM caused cytotoxicity through an apoptotic process. In addition, exposure of PC12 cells to non-cytotoxic (0.5 and 1.0 microM) or cytotoxic (2.0 microM) concentrations of TBTC in combination with L-DOPA (20, 50 and 100 microM) resulted in a significant increase in cell loss and the percentage of apoptotic cells after 24 or 48 h compared with TBTC or L-DOPA alone. The enhancing effects of TBTC on L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity were concentration- and treatment time-dependent. These data demonstrate that TBTC enhances L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity in PC 12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Joon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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23
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Birkaya B, Aletta JM. NGF promotes copper accumulation required for optimum neurite outgrowth and protein methylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 63:49-61. [PMID: 15627265 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The role of copper in biological phenomena that involve signal transduction is poorly understood. A well-defined cellular model of neuronal differentiation has been utilized to examine the requirement for copper during nerve growth factor (NGF) signal transduction that results in neurite outgrowth. Experiments demonstrate that NGF increases cellular copper content within 3 days of treatment. Copper chelators reduce the effects of NGF on neurite outgrowth and copper accumulation. The effects of tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA), a copper-specific chelator, are reversible by removal from the culture medium and/or by addition of equimolar copper chloride. Because previous work demonstrated that NGF increases protein methylation in PC12 cells, we examined whether TEPA also inhibits S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), an essential copper enzyme involved in all protein methylation reactions. In addition to direct in vitro inhibition of SAHH, we show that TEPA decreases protein arginine methyltransferase 1(PRMT1)-specific enzyme activity in PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons. These data comprise the first biochemical and cellular evidence to address the mechanism of copper involvement in neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Birkaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Neuroscience, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14214-3000, USA
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Salinas M, Diaz R, Abraham NG, Ruiz de Galarreta CM, Cuadrado A. Nerve growth factor protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress by increasing expression of heme oxygenase-1 in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:13898-904. [PMID: 12578834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209164200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival signal elicited by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt1 pathway has been correlated with inactivation of pro-apoptotic proteins and attenuation of the general stress-induced increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the mechanisms by which this pathway regulates intracellular ROS levels remain largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that nerve growth factor (NGF) prevents the accumulation of ROS in dopaminergic PC12 cells challenged with the Parkinson's disease-related neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) by a mechanism that involves PI3K/Akt-dependent induction of the stress response protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The effect of NGF was mimicked by induction of HO-1 expression with CoCl(2); by treatment with bilirubin, an end product of heme catabolism; and by infection with a retroviral expression vector for human HO-1. The relevance of HO-1 in NGF-induced ROS reduction was further demonstrated by the evidence that cells treated with the HO-1 inhibitor tin-protoporphyrin or infected with a retroviral expression vector for antisense HO-1 exhibited enhanced ROS release in response to 6-OHDA, despite the presence of the neurotrophin. Inhibition of PI3K prevented NGF induction of HO-1 mRNA and protein and partially reversed its protective effect against 6-OHDA-induced ROS release. By contrast, cells transfected with a membrane-targeted active version of Akt1 exhibited increased HO-1 expression, even in the absence of NGF, and displayed a greatly attenuated production of ROS and apoptosis in response to 6-OHDA. These observations indicate that the PI3K/Akt pathway controls the intracellular levels of ROS by regulating the expression of the antioxidant enzyme HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Salinas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas and the Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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25
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Wang W, Dow KE, Riopelle RJ, Ross GM. The common neurotrophin receptor p75NTR enhances the ability of PC12 cells to resist oxidative stress by a trkA-dependent mechanism. Neurotox Res 2001; 3:485-99. [PMID: 14715460 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional role(s) for the common neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling have yet to be fully elucidated. Many studies have demonstrated that p75NTR can enhance nerve growth factor-induced survival mediated via the trkA receptor. In addition, newly identified pathways for p75NTR signaling have included distinct p75NTR-specific and trk-independent effects which generally appear to be pro-apoptotic. In the present study, we have examined the influence of p75NTR on NGF-mediated protective effects from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptotic cell death of PC12 cells. Exposure of PC12 cells to H2O2 resulted in Caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. NGF protected PC12 cells against H2O2-mediated apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited Caspase-3 activation. These effects of NGF required activation of both PI 3-kinase and MAP kinase signal pathways. When NGF binding to p75NTR was blocked by treating cells with either BDNF or PD90780, and where p75NTR expression was reduced by treating cells with antisense oligonucleotide to p75NTR, the protective effects of NGF were attenuated. Further, NGF had no effect on cell viability in PC12nn5 cells, which express only p75NTR. When trk-mediated signal transduction was blocked, leaving p75NTR signaling activated, PC12 cells were not more vulnerable to H2O2. These data suggest that p75NTR enhances the ability of PC12 cells to resist oxidative stress by a trkA-dependent mechanism, potentially by allosteric mechanisms. Further, potential trkA-independent and pro-apoptotic signaling of p75NTR does not contribute to apoptotic cell death of PC12 cells in a setting of oxidative insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7l2v7
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26
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Ross GM, Shamovsky IL, Woo SB, Post JI, Vrkljan PN, Lawrance G, Solc M, Dostaler SM, Neet KE, Riopelle RJ. The binding of zinc and copper ions to nerve growth factor is differentially affected by pH: implications for cerebral acidosis. J Neurochem 2001; 78:515-23. [PMID: 11483654 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that transition metal cations Zn2+ and Cu2+ bind to histidine residues of nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophins (a family of proteins important for neuronal survival) leading to their inactivation. Experimental data and theoretical considerations indicate that transition metal cations may destabilize the ionic form of histidine residues within proteins, thereby decreasing their pK(a) values. Because the release of transition metal cations and acidification of the local environment represent important events associated with brain injury, the ability of Zn2+ and Cu2+ to bind to neurotrophins in acidic conditions may alter neuronal death following stroke or as a result of traumatic injury. To test the hypothesis that metal ion binding to neurotrophins is influenced by pH, the effects of Zn2+ and Cu2+ on NGF conformation, receptor binding and NGF tyrosine kinase (trkA) receptor signal transduction were examined under conditions mimicking cerebral acidosis (pH range 5.5-7.4). The inhibitory effect of Zn2+ on biological activities of NGF is lost under acidic conditions. Conversely, the binding of Cu2+ to NGF is relatively independent of pH changes within the studied range. These data demonstrate that Cu2+ has greater binding affinity to NGF than Zn2+ at reduced pH, consistent with the higher affinity of Cu2+ for histidine residues. These findings suggest that cerebral acidosis associated with stroke or traumatic brain injury could neutralize the Zn2+-mediated inactivation of NGF, whereas corresponding pH changes would have little or no influence on the inhibitory effects of Cu2+. The importance of His84 of NGF for transition metal cation binding is demonstrated, confirming the involvement of this residue in metal ion coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ross
- Department of Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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27
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Veranic P, Jezernik K. Succession of events in desquamation of superficial urothelial cells as a response to stress induced by prolonged constant illumination. Tissue Cell 2001; 33:280-5. [PMID: 11469542 DOI: 10.1054/tice.2001.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of moderate stress induced by prolonged illumination was analysed on urothelial cells of female mouse urinary bladders at ultrastructural and cytochemical levels. This study demonstrates that the urothelium responds to moderate stress with desquamation which involves two subsequent steps. The first step includes a local detachment of tight junctions and consequently the loss of the permeability barrier leading to expanded intercellular spaces among urothelial cells. During the second step, the disjunction of desmosomes accompanied by exocytosis of lysosomal enzymes (NADPase) in the intercellular space results in exfoliation of superficial cells. It is evident that moderate stress elicits an enhanced desquamation of only superficial cells by a subsequent dysfunction of first tight junctions and after that adherens-type junctions. A rapid restoration of the new tight junctions prevents a long-term malfunction of the blood-urine barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Veranic
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Lipiceva 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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28
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Allington C, Shamovsky IL, Ross GM, Riopelle RJ. Zinc inhibits p75NTR-mediated apoptosis in chick neural retina. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:451-6. [PMID: 11423905 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2000] [Revised: 11/24/2000] [Accepted: 12/04/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been documented that Zn2+ inhibits TrkA-mediated effects of NGF. To evaluate the ability of Zn2+ to attenuate the biological activities of NGF mediated by p75NTR, we characterized the effects of this transition metal cation on both binding and the pro-apoptotic properties of the NGF-p75NTR interaction. Binding of NGF to p75NTR displayed higher affinity in embryonic chick retinal cells than in PC12 cells. NGF induced apoptosis in dissociated cultures of chick neural retina. The addition of 100 microM Zn2+ inhibited binding and chemical cross-linking of 125I-NGF to p75NTR, and also attenuated apoptosis mediated by this ligand-receptor interaction. These studies lead to the conclusion that Zn2+ antagonizes NGF/p75NTR-mediated signaling, suggesting that the effect of this transition metal cation can be either pro- or anti-apoptotic depending on the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Allington
- Department of Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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29
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Abstract
As the free ion and in the form of some complexes, there is no doubt that copper can promote damage to cellular molecules and structures through radical formation. At the same time, and perhaps as a consequence, mammals have evolved means of minimizing levels of free copper ions and destructive copper complexes that enter the organism and its cells. These means include tight binding of copper ions to protein carriers and transporters; direct exchange of copper between protein carriers, transporters, and cuproenzymes; and mobilization of secretory mechanisms and excretory pathways, as needed. As a consequence, normally, and except under certain genetic conditions, copper is likely to be benign to most mammals and not responsible for genomic instability, including fragmentation of and/or alterations to DNA, induction of mutations or apoptosis, or other toxic events. Indeed, cuproenzymes are important members of the antioxidant system of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Linder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Molecular Biology and Nutrition, California State University, 92834-6866, Fullerton, CA, USA.
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Delaney CL, Russell JW, Cheng HL, Feldman EL. Insulin-like growth factor-I and over-expression of Bcl-xL prevent glucose-mediated apoptosis in Schwann cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:147-60. [PMID: 11273003 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs), the myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system, are lost or damaged in patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy. In the current study, 2 model systems are used to study the mechanism of SC damage in diabetic neuropathy: the streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic rat and cultures of purified SCs in vitro. Electron microscopy of dorsal root ganglia from STZ-treated rats reveals classic ultrastructural features of apoptosis in SCs, including chromatin clumping and prominent vacuolation. Bisbenzamide staining of SCs cultured in hyperglycemic defined media shows nuclear blebbing of apoptotic cells. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is protective. LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor, blocks the effect of IGF-I. High glucose induces caspase cleavage in apoptotic SCs--an effect that is blocked by bok-asp-fmk (BAF), a caspase inhibitor. Although Bcl-xL expression remains unchanged in experimental conditions, over-expression of Bcl-xL protects SCs from apoptosis. In summary, hyperglycemia induces caspase activation and morphologic changes in SCs consistent with apoptotic death, both in vivo and in vitro. Over-expression of Bcl-xL, or IGF-I, signaling via PI 3-kinase, protects SCs from glucose-mediated apoptosis in vitro. IGF-I may be useful in preventing hyperglycemia-induced damage to SCs in patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Delaney
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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31
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Differential effects of transition metal cations on the conformation and biological activities of nerve growth factor. Neurotox Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Jankowski-Hennig MA, Clegg MS, Daston GP, Rogers JM, Keen CL. Zinc-deficient rat embryos have increased caspase 3-like activity and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 271:250-6. [PMID: 10777711 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Caspase activity is a hallmark of apoptosis. Given that maternal zinc (Zn) deficiency results in apoptosis in the rat embryo, we assessed caspase activity in Zn-deficient embryos. Mid-gestation rat embryos were collected from dams fed either a Zn-deficient (0.5 Zn/g) diet ad libitum, or a Zn-adequate (25 microg Zn/g) diet ad libitum or pair fed to dams fed the Zn-deficient diet. Embryos from dams fed the Zn-adequate diet had a normal level of cell death, while embryos from the dams fed the Zn-deficient diet had either increased or normal levels of cell death. Zn-deficient embryos displaying increased cell death had increased caspase activity. Embryos with normal levels of cell death, regardless of maternal diet, had similar caspase activities. Thus, Zn-deficiency-induced apoptosis in vivo is associated with increased caspase activity.
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