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Changklungmoa N, Cheukamud W, Jaikua W, Meemon K, Sobhon P, Kueakhai P. Combination Vaccines of Fasciola gigantica Saposin-like Protein-2 and Leucine Aminopeptidase. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:334. [PMID: 37505630 PMCID: PMC10384649 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Saposin-like protein-2 (SAP-2) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) are major proteins involved in the digestive process of Fasciola gigantica (Fg). Both SAP-2 and LAP are highly expressed in F. gigantica; therefore, they could be vaccine candidates for fasciolosis. The aims of this study are (1) to observe the tissue expression of F. gigantica SAP-2 (FgSAP-2) and F. gigantica LAP (FgLAP) in F. gigantica by indirect immunofluorescence technique under confocal microscopy and (2) to test the vaccine potentials of individual and combined recombinant (r) FgSAP-2 and rFgLAP against F. gigantica in Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice (n = 10 per group). By indirect immunofluorescence-confocal microscopy, FgSAP-2 and FgLAP were localized in the caecal epithelium but at different sites: FgSAP-2 appeared in small granules that are distributed in the middle and lower parts of the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, while FgLAP appeared as a line or zone in the apical cytoplasm of caecal epithelial cells. For vaccine testing, the percent protection of combined rFgSAP-2 and rFgLAP vaccines against F. gigantica was at 80.7 to 81.4% when compared with aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant and unimmunized controls, respectively. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the sera were significantly increased in single and combine vaccinated groups compared with the control groups. Vaccinated mice showed reduced liver damage when compared with control groups. This study indicates that the combined rFgSAP-2 and rFgLAP vaccine had a higher vaccine potential than a single vaccine. These results support the further testing and application of this combined vaccine against F. gigantica infection in farmed livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Changklungmoa
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-District, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Werachon Cheukamud
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-District, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Wipaphorn Jaikua
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-District, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Krai Meemon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornanan Kueakhai
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-District, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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Cwiklinski K, Dalton JP. Omics tools enabling vaccine discovery against fasciolosis. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:1068-1079. [PMID: 36270885 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade significant advances in our understanding of liver fluke biology have been made through in-depth interrogation and analysis of evolving Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica omics datasets. This information is crucial for developing novel control strategies, particularly vaccines necessitated by the global spread of anthelmintic resistance. Distilling them down to a manageable number of testable vaccines requires combined rational, empirical, and collaborative approaches. Despite a lack of clear outstanding vaccine candidate(s), we must continue to identify salient parasite-host interacting molecules, likely in the secretory products, tegument, or extracellular vesicles, and perform robust trials especially in livestock, using present and emerging vaccinology technologies to discover that elusive liver fluke vaccine. Omics tools are bringing this prospect ever closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - John P Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health (MPL), Ryan Institute, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Wang C, Liu L, Wang T, Liu X, Peng W, Srivastav RK, Zhu XQ, Gupta N, Gasser RB, Hu M. H11-induced immunoprotection is predominantly linked to N-glycan moieties during Haemonchus contortus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1034820. [PMID: 36405717 PMCID: PMC9667387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are one of the largest groups of animals on the planet. Many of them are major pathogens of humans, animals and plants, and cause destructive diseases and socioeconomic losses worldwide. Despite their adverse impacts on human health and agriculture, nematodes can be challenging to control, because anthelmintic treatments do not prevent re-infection, and excessive treatment has led to widespread drug resistance in nematode populations. Indeed, many nematode species of livestock animals have become resistant to almost all classes of anthelmintics used. Most efforts to develop commercial anti-nematode vaccines (native or recombinant) for use in animals and humans have not succeeded, although one effective (dead) vaccine (Barbervax) has been developed to protect animals against one of the most pathogenic parasites of livestock animals – Haemonchus contortus (the barber’s pole worm). This vaccine contains native molecules, called H11 and H-Gal-GP, derived from the intestine of this blood-feeding worm. In its native form, H11 alone consistently induces high levels (75-95%) of immunoprotection in animals against disease (haemonchosis), but recombinant forms thereof do not. Here, to test the hypothesis that post-translational modification (glycosylation) of H11 plays a crucial role in achieving such high immunoprotection, we explored the N-glycoproteome and N-glycome of H11 using the high-resolution mass spectrometry and assessed the roles of N-glycosylation in protective immunity against H. contortus. Our results showed conclusively that N-glycan moieties on H11 are the dominant immunogens, which induce high IgG serum antibody levels in immunised animals, and that anti-H11 IgG antibodies can confer specific, passive immunity in naïve animals. This work provides the first detailed account of the relevance and role of protein glycosylation in protective immunity against a parasitic nematode, with important implications for the design of vaccines against metazoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ratnesh Kumar Srivastav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani (BITS-P), Hyderabad, India
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Nishith Gupta
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani (BITS-P), Hyderabad, India
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Robin B. Gasser, ; Min Hu,
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Robin B. Gasser, ; Min Hu,
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Cwiklinski K, Drysdale O, López Corrales J, Corripio-Miyar Y, De Marco Verissimo C, Jewhurst H, Smith D, Lalor R, McNeilly TN, Dalton JP. Targeting Secreted Protease/Anti-Protease Balance as a Vaccine Strategy against the Helminth Fasciola hepatica. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:155. [PMID: 35214614 PMCID: PMC8878381 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is an economically important global pathogen of humans and their livestock. To facilitate host invasion and migration, F. hepatica secretes an abundance of cathepsin peptidases but prevents excessive damage to both parasite and host tissues by co-secreting regulatory peptidase inhibitors, cystatins/stefins and Kunitz-type inhibitors. Here, we report a vaccine strategy aimed at disrupting the parasite's protease/anti-protease balance by targeting these key inhibitors. Our vaccine cocktail containing three recombinant stefins (rFhStf-1, rFhStf-2, rFhStf-3) and a Kunitz-type inhibitor (rFhKT1) formulated in adjuvant Montanide 61VG was assessed in two independent sheep trials. While fluke burden was not reduced in either trial, in Trial 1 the vaccinated animals showed significantly greater weight gain (p < 0.05) relative to the non-vaccinated control group. In both trials we observed a significant reduction in egg viability (36-42%). Multivariate regression analyses showed vaccination and increased levels of IgG2 antibodies specific for the F. hepatica peptidase inhibitors were positive indicators for increased weight gain and levels of haemoglobin within the normal range at 16 weeks post-infection (wpi; p < 0.05). These studies point to the potential of targeting peptidase inhibitors as vaccine cocktails for fasciolosis control in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 DK59 Galway, Ireland; (J.L.C.); (C.D.M.V.); (H.J.); (R.L.); (J.P.D.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.D.); (D.S.)
| | - Orla Drysdale
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.D.); (D.S.)
| | - Jesús López Corrales
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 DK59 Galway, Ireland; (J.L.C.); (C.D.M.V.); (H.J.); (R.L.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Yolanda Corripio-Miyar
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (Y.C.-M.); (T.N.M.)
| | - Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 DK59 Galway, Ireland; (J.L.C.); (C.D.M.V.); (H.J.); (R.L.); (J.P.D.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.D.); (D.S.)
| | - Heather Jewhurst
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 DK59 Galway, Ireland; (J.L.C.); (C.D.M.V.); (H.J.); (R.L.); (J.P.D.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.D.); (D.S.)
| | - David Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.D.); (D.S.)
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (Y.C.-M.); (T.N.M.)
| | - Richard Lalor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 DK59 Galway, Ireland; (J.L.C.); (C.D.M.V.); (H.J.); (R.L.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Tom N. McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (Y.C.-M.); (T.N.M.)
| | - John P. Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 DK59 Galway, Ireland; (J.L.C.); (C.D.M.V.); (H.J.); (R.L.); (J.P.D.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (O.D.); (D.S.)
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Kueakhai P, Changklungmoa N, Cheukamud W, Osotprasit S, Chantree P, Preyavichyapugdee N, Sobhon P, Meemon K. The combined recombinant cathepsin L1H and cathepsin B3 vaccine against Fasciola gigantica infection. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102353. [PMID: 33872795 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protections against Fasciola gigantica infection in mice immunized with the individual and combined cathepsin L1H and cathepsin B3 vaccines were assessed. The vaccines comprised recombinant (r) pro-proteins of cathepsin L1H and B3 (rproFgCatL1H and rproFgCatB3) and combined proteins which were expressed in Pichia pastoris. The experimental trials were performed in ICR mice (n = 10 per group) by subcutaneous injection with 50 μg of the recombinant proteins combined with Alum or Freund's adjuvants. At two weeks after the third immunization, mice were infected with 15 F. gigantica metacercariae per mouse by oral route. The percents of protection of rproFgCatL1H, rproFgCatB3 and combined vaccines against F. gigantica were approximately 58.8 to 75.0% when compared with adjuvant-infected control. These protective effects were similar among groups receiving vaccines with Alum or Freund's adjuvants. By determining the levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the immune sera, which are indicative of Th1 and Th2 immune responses, it was found that both Th1 and Th2 humoral immune responses were significantly increased in vaccinated groups compared with the control groups, with higher levels of IgG1 (Th2) than IgG2a (Th1). Mice in vaccinated groups showed reduction in liver pathological lesions when compared with control groups. This study indicates that the combined rproFgCatB3 and rproFgCatL1H vaccine had a high protective potential than a single a vaccine, with Alum and Freund's adjuvants showing similar level of protection. These results can serve as guidelines for the testing of this F. gigantica vaccine in larger economic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornanan Kueakhai
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand; Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Narin Changklungmoa
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand; Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Werachon Cheukamud
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand; Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Osotprasit
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand; Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Narin Preyavichyapugdee
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University, Phetchaburi Campus, Cha-am, Phetchaburi 76120, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Krai Meemon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Immunoglobulins as Biomarkers for Gastrointestinal Nematodes Resistance in Small Ruminants: A systematic review. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7765. [PMID: 32385321 PMCID: PMC7210940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of anthelmintic resistance worldwide has led to the development of alternative control strategies for gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infections, which are one of the main constraints on the health of grazing small ruminants. Presently, breeding schemes rely mainly on fecal egg count (FEC) measurements on infected animals which are time-consuming and requires expertise in parasitology. Identifying and understanding the role of immunoglobulins in the mechanisms of resistance could provide a more efficient and sustainable method of identifying nematode-resistant animals for selection. In this study we review the findings on immunoglobulin response to GIN in the literature published to date (june 2019) and discuss the potential to use immunoglobulins as biomarkers. The literature review revealed 41 studies which measured at least one immunoglobulin: 35 focused on lamb immune response (18 used non-naïve lambs) and 7 on yearlings. In this review we propose a conceptual model summarizing the role of immunoglobulins in resistance to GIN. We highlight the need for more carefully designed and documented studies to allow comparisons across different populations on the immunoglobulin response to GIN infection.
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Wasso S, Maina N, Kagira J. Toxicity and anthelmintic efficacy of chitosan encapsulated bromelain against gastrointestinal strongyles in Small East African goats in Kenya. Vet World 2020; 13:177-183. [PMID: 32158169 PMCID: PMC7020136 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.177-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The development of resistance to anthelmintic drugs has prompted research into alternative methods of controlling intestinal nematodes in ruminants. This study aimed at evaluating the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy and toxicity of chitosan encapsulated bromelain in Small East African goats in Kenya. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult mortality assay was performed using live Haemonchus contortus worms treated with encapsulated bromelain solution ranging from 0.125 mg/ml to 2 mg/ml. Percentage mortality of worms was calculated after 24 h and the lethal concentration 50% (LC50) determined. For the in vivo study, 18 healthy male indigenous goats were divided into six groups of three goats each. The encapsulated bromelain was orally administered in increasing dosages (3-30 mg kg) once daily, for 14 days. The packed cell volume (PCV), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, and fecal egg count (FEC) were determined on a weekly basis. At the end of the study, the goats were sacrificed and gross pathology and histopathology of main organs assessed. RESULTS Albendazole had the highest (p<0.05) anthelmintic effect on the worms. An LC50 of 0.05 mg/ml, 0.445 mg/ml, and 0.155 mg/ml was observed for albendazole, plain bromelain, and encapsulated bromelain, respectively. The PCV of treated and untreated goats did not show any significant difference (p>0.05), varied from 29.3% to 35.1%, and was within the normal range of the animal. Likewise, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed between the AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine levels of treated and the control (non-treated) goats. No adverse clinical symptoms, toxicity of the main organs, and mortality in goats were associated with the chitosan encapsulated bromelain after administration of dose up to 30 mg/kg for 14 days. Therefore, the lethal dose 50 of encapsulated bromelain may be considered to be >30 mg/kg. On day 28 post-treatment, the encapsulated bromelain showed a higher in vivo FEC reduction (68.8%) as compared to the plain bromelain (32.4%). CONCLUSION Our results show that bromelain encapsulated in chitosan may be safe and effective in reducing the burden of gastrointestinal tract strongyle nematodes in goats. However, there is a need for further studies to establish the dosage of the encapsulated bromelain to be administered in a single dose for the treatment of goats against gastrointestinal strongyles. In addition, species-specific studies on the efficacy of encapsulated bromelain on strongyles are necessary to evaluate its effectiveness against the entire Strongyloididae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukuru Wasso
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Naomi Maina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kagira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Development of multi-epitope driven subunit vaccine against Fasciola gigantica using immunoinformatics approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:224-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pérez-Caballero R, Javier Martínez-Moreno F, Zafra R, Molina-Hernández V, Pacheco IL, Teresa Ruiz-Campillo M, Escamilla A, Pérez J, Martínez-Moreno Á, Buffoni L. Comparative dynamics of peritoneal cell immunophenotypes in sheep during the early and late stages of the infection with Fasciola hepatica by flow cytometric analysis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:640. [PMID: 30547823 PMCID: PMC6295066 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The peritoneal cell populations (PCP) are thought to play a crucial role during the early immune response in Fasciola hepatica infection while newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) are migrating in the peritoneal cavity (PC) towards the liver. In this study, we aimed to determine the immunophenotypes of the PCP and to analyse the dynamics of the recruitment of the PCP during the early and late stage of the infection in sheep infected with F. hepatica. Methods Thirty-seven sheep were divided into three groups: Group 1 (n = 20) and 2 (n = 10) were challenged with F. hepatica, Group 3 (n = 7) was not infected and remained as uninfected control (UC). After the slaughtering, peritoneal lavages were carried out to isolate peritoneal cell populations at 1, 3, 9 and 18 days post-infection (dpi) for Group 1 and at 14 weeks post-infection (wpi) for Group 2 and 3. Flow cytometry was conducted to assess the dynamics of peritoneal cavity cell populations. Results TCD4 cells showed a significant decrease at 1 and 18 dpi when compared to UC; no statistical differences were detected for TCD8 and WC1+γδ during the early stage of the infection with respect to the UC. CD14 cells exhibited a decreasing trend, with a significant decrease at 9 and 18 dpi when compared to the UC. The dynamics of MHCII and CD83 cells showed a similar increasing pattern from 3 to 18 dpi. During the chronic stage, both TCD4 and TCD8 cells showed no significant differences when compared to the UC, although a slight but statistically significant higher level of WC1+γδ cells was observed. A lower percentage of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was detected with respect to the UC. Conclusions The recruitment of the lymphocytes subsets did not show a significant increase during the course of the infection and only WC1+γδ cells displayed a significant increase at the chronic stage. For the CD14, a decreasing trend was observed during the early stage, which was statistically significant at the chronic stage of the infection. Peritoneal CD83 and MHCII cells developed an increasing trend during the early stage of infection, and showed a significant decrease at the late stage of the infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3250-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Pérez-Caballero
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Javier Martínez-Moreno
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Zafra
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Anatomy and Comparative Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel L Pacheco
- Anatomy and Comparative Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Teresa Ruiz-Campillo
- Anatomy and Comparative Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Escamilla
- Anatomy and Comparative Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Pérez
- Anatomy and Comparative Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Moreno
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Leandro Buffoni
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
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Sangpairoj K, Apisawetakan S, Changklungmoa N, Kueakhai P, Chaichanasak P, Sobhon P, Chaithirayanon K. Potential of recombinant 2-Cys peroxiredoxin protein as a vaccine for Fasciola gigantica infection. Exp Parasitol 2018; 194:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pathological, immunological and parasitological study of sheep vaccinated with the recombinant protein 14-3-3z and experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:115-121. [PMID: 30078585 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the immunogenicity and protective capacity of a new recombinant vaccine candidate, the rFh14-3-3z protein was analysed in sheep experimentally challenged with Fasciola hepatica, in terms of fluke burden, faecal egg counts, hepatic damage and humoral immune response. Three groups of 8 animals each were used for study, group 1 was immunised with the rFh14-3-3z in Montanide adjuvant, whereas group 2 and 3 remained as adjuvant control and infection control groups, respectively. The parasitological analysis showed that no significant reduction in fluke burden, fluke size and faecal egg counts was detected. The extent of hepatic damage was very similar between groups. Nonetheless, animals immunised with the rFh14-3-3z protein induced the development of specific IgG1 and IgG2, being the IgG1 the predominant antibody; which confirms the immunogenicity of this protein in sheep. This is the first report of the 14-3-3z proteins as vaccine against the infection with F. hepatica.
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Kesik-Brodacka M, Lipiec A, Kozak Ljunggren M, Jedlina L, Miedzinska K, Mikolajczak M, Plucienniczak A, Legocki AB, Wedrychowicz H. Immune response of rats vaccinated orally with various plant-expressed recombinant cysteine proteinase constructs when challenged with Fasciola hepatica metacercariae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005451. [PMID: 28333957 PMCID: PMC5383346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteine proteinases of Fasciola hepatica are important candidates for vaccine antigens because of their role in fluke biology and host-parasite relationships. In our previous experiments, we found that a recombinant cysteine proteinase cloned from adult F. hepatica (CPFhW) can protect rats against liver fluke infections when it is administered intramuscularly or intranasally in the form of cDNA. We also observed considerable protection upon challenge following mucosal vaccination with inclusion bodies containing recombinant CPFhW produced in Escherichia coli. In this study, we explore oral vaccination, which may be the desired method of delivery and is potentially capable of preventing infections at the site of helminth entry. To provide antigen encapsulation and to protect the vaccine antigen from degradation in the intestinal tract, transgenic plant-based systems are used. Methodology In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the protective ability of mucosal vaccinations of 12-week-old rats with CPFhW produced in a transgenic-plant-based system. To avoid inducing tolerance and to maximise the immune response induced by oral immunisation, we used the hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBcAg) as a carrier. Animals were immunised with two doses of the antigen and challenged with 25 or 30 metacercariae of F. hepatica. Conclusions We obtained substantial protection after oral administration of the plant-produced hybrids of CPFhW and HBcAg. The highest level of protection (65.4%) was observed in animals immunised with transgenic plants expressing the mature CPFhW enzyme flanked by Gly-rich linkers and inserted into c/e1 epitope of truncated HBcAg. The immunised rats showed clear IgG1 and IgM responses to CPFhW for 4 consecutive weeks after the challenge. Infection with Fasciola hepatica, a liver fluke, is one of the most significant veterinary problems due to the worldwide distribution of this parasite, a wide spectrum of host organisms and the resulting economic loss. Human fasciolosis caused by F. hepatica is recognised by the World Health Organization as an important emerging but neglected tropical disease. Development of an effective vaccine against this disease is becoming a priority, especially as the appearance of drug-resistant strains undermine the currently employed drug-based treatments. The two primary issues when developing a vaccine are the selection of an appropriate vaccine antigen and the route of antigen administration. In our studies, we use one of the F. hepatica cysteine proteinases, which are promising antigens for vaccine construction. We evaluate the immunogenicity and protective ability of various modifications of this cysteine proteinase produced in plants. We show that substantial protection can be obtained when plant-expressed hybrid proteins are administered orally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Lipiec
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Luiza Jedlina
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Plucienniczak
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej B. Legocki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Halina Wedrychowicz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Garcia GR, Maruyama SR, Nelson KT, Ribeiro JMC, Gardinassi LG, Maia AAM, Ferreira BR, Kooyman FNJ, de Miranda Santos IKF. Immune recognition of salivary proteins from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus differs according to the genotype of the bovine host. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:144. [PMID: 28288696 PMCID: PMC5348738 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Males of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus produce salivary immunoglobulin-binding proteins and allotypic variations in IgG are associated with tick loads in bovines. These findings indicate that antibody responses may be essential to control tick infestations. Infestation loads with cattle ticks are heritable: some breeds carry high loads of reproductively successful ticks, in others, few ticks feed and they reproduce inefficiently. Different patterns of humoral immunity against tick salivary proteins may explain these phenotypes. Methods We describe the profiles of humoral responses against tick salivary proteins elicited during repeated artificial infestations of bovines of a tick-resistant (Nelore) and a tick-susceptible (Holstein) breed. We measured serum levels of total IgG1, IgG2 and IgE immunoglobulins and of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies specific for tick salivary proteins. With liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry we identified tick salivary proteins that were differentially recognized by serum antibodies from tick-resistant and tick-susceptible bovines in immunoblots of tick salivary proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Results Baseline levels of total IgG1 and IgG2 were significantly higher in tick-susceptible Holsteins compared with resistant Nelores. Significant increases in levels of total IgG1, but not of IgG2 accompanied successive infestations in both breeds. Resistant Nelores presented with significantly higher levels of salivary-specific antibodies before and at the first challenge with tick larvae; however, by the third challenge, tick-susceptible Holsteins presented with significantly higher levels of IgG1 and IgG2 tick salivary protein-specific antibodies. Importantly, sera from tick-resistant Nelores reacted with 39 tick salivary proteins in immunoblots of salivary proteins separated in two dimensions by electrophoresis versus only 21 spots reacting with sera from tick-susceptible Holsteins. Conclusions Levels of tick saliva-specific antibodies were not directly correlated with infestation phenotypes. However, in spite of receiving apparently lower amounts of tick saliva, tick-resistant bovines recognized more tick salivary proteins. These reactive salivary proteins are putatively involved in several functions of parasitism and blood-feeding. Our results indicate that neutralization by host antibodies of tick salivary proteins involved in parasitism is essential to control tick infestations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2077-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kristina T Nelson
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - José Marcos Chaves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Augusto Mendes Maia
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Rossetti Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Ribeirão Preto School of Nursing, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Frans N J Kooyman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel K F de Miranda Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Novel triclabendazole prodrug: A highly water soluble alternative for the treatment of fasciolosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:616-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica are the parasites that cause the zoonotic parasitic disease called fasciolosis. Although several anthelmintic drugs have been used to treat these parasitic infections, recombinant protein vaccines have been developed to overcome the anthelmintic resistance that has recently been reported in many regions of the world. These vaccines have been shown to induce high levels of immune responses and high percentages of protection in experimental and large animals. Efficacies of these vaccines suggest they could be an alternative and sustainable strategy to prevent fasciolosis in animals as well as humans in the future. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a protocol to develop a recombinant protein-based vaccine against Fasciola infection in mice. Moreover, this method can also be used as a guideline when the vaccination is performed in larger animals.
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Kim JR, Perumalsamy H, Lee JH, Ahn YJ, Lee YS, Lee SG. Acaricidal activity of Asarum heterotropoides root-derived compounds and hydrodistillate constitutes toward Dermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 68:485-495. [PMID: 26708137 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-0005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The acaricidal activity of Asarum heterotropoides root-derived principles, methyleugenol, safrole, 3-carene, α-asarone, pentadecane and A. heterotropoides root steam distillate constituents was tested against poultry red mites Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer). All active principles were identified by spectroscopic analysis. Results were compared with those of two conventional acaricides, benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). Methyleugenol (24 h LC50 = 0.57 µg/cm(2)) and safrole (24 h LC50 = 8.54 µg/cm(2)) were the most toxic compounds toward D. gallinae, followed by 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, estragole, α-terpineol, verbenone, eucarvone, linalool, and terpinen-4-ol (LC50 = 15.65-27.88 µg/cm(2)). Methyleugenol was 16.7× and 11.0× more toxic than benzyl benzoate (LC50 = 9.52 μg/cm(2)) and DEET (LC50 = 6.28 μg/cm(2)), respectively; safrole was 1.1× and 0.73× more toxic. Asarum heterotropoides root-derived materials, particularly methyleugenol and safrole, merit further study as potential acaricides. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments justify further studies on A. heterotropoides root extract and steam distillate preparations containing the active constituents described as potential contact-action fumigants for the control of mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ran Kim
- Crop Protection Division, Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 565-851, Republic of Korea.
| | - Haribalan Perumalsamy
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Lee
- Crop Protection Division, Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ahn
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Young Su Lee
- Gyeonggi Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Guie Lee
- Crop Protection Division, Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
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Burgess STG, Nunn F, Nath M, Frew D, Wells B, Marr EJ, Huntley JF, McNeilly TN, Nisbet AJ. A recombinant subunit vaccine for the control of ovine psoroptic mange (sheep scab). Vet Res 2016; 47:26. [PMID: 26861998 PMCID: PMC4748516 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep scab, caused by infestation with the mite Psoroptes ovis, is highly contagious, causing intense pruritus and represents a major welfare and economic concern. Disease control strategies rely upon chemotherapy, however, sustainability is questionable due to issues of chemical residues, eco-toxicity and acaricide resistance. Control by vaccination is supported by demonstration of protective immunity in sheep previously infested with P. ovis. We identified vaccine candidates for P. ovis based on: (1) antigens selected by their interaction with host signalling pathways and the host immune-response; and (2) those shown to be either immunogenic or involved in mite feeding. This resulted in the development and validation, in repeated immunisation and challenge trials, of a seven recombinant protein sub-unit cocktail vaccine. Sheep were inoculated on three occasions, 2 weeks apart, along with QuilA adjuvant. Vaccination resulted in highly significant reductions in both lesion size (up to 63%) and mite numbers (up to 56%) following challenge. Mean lesion size in vaccinates was significantly smaller than controls from 1 week post infestation (wpi) until the end of the experiment at 6 wpi. All antigens elicited serum IgG responses following immunisation and prior to infestation, whereas controls did not produce antigen-specific IgG during the pre-infestation period. Vaccinated animals showed an amnestic response, with levels of antigen-specific IgG against muGST, Pso o 1 and Pso o 2 increasing following infestation. This vaccine represents the greatest reduction in lesion size to date with a sheep scab vaccine, providing encouragement for future production of a commercially-viable means of immunoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart T G Burgess
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Francesca Nunn
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Mintu Nath
- Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland, JCMB, King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - David Frew
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Beth Wells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Edward J Marr
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - John F Huntley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Tak IR, Dar JS, Dar SA, Ganai BA, Chishti MZ, Ahmad F. A comparative analysis of various antigenic proteins found in Haemonchus contortus—a review. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315060217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vaccine potential of recombinant pro- and mature cathepsinL1 against fasciolosis gigantica in mice. Acta Trop 2015; 150:71-8. [PMID: 26116785 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L1 (CatL1) is a family of predominant proteases that is expressed in caecal epithelial cells and secreted into the excretory-secretory products (ES). CatL1 isotypes are expressed in both early and late stages of the life cycle and the parasites use them for migration and digestion. Therefore, CatL1 is a plausible target for vaccination against this parasite. Recombinant pro-F.gigantica CatL1 (rproFgCatL1) and recombinant mature F.gigantica CatL1 (rmatFgCatL1) were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The vaccination was performed in Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice (n=10) by subcutaneous injection with 50μg of rproFgCatL1 and rmatFgCatL1 combined with Freund's adjuvant. Two weeks after the second boost, mice were infected with 15 metacercariae by the oral route. The level of protection of rproFgCatL1 and rmatFgCatL1 vaccines was estimated to be 39.1, 41.7% and 44.9, 47.2% when compared with non vaccinated-infected and adjuvant-infected controls, respectively. Antibodies in the immune sera of vaccinated mice were shown by immuno-blotting to react with the native FgCatL1 in the extract of newly excysted juveniles (NEJ), 4-week-old juveniles and the ES products of 4 week-old juveniles. By determining the levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the immune sera, which are indicative of Th2 and Th1 immune response, respectively, it was found that both Th1 and Th2 responses were significantly increased in rproFgCatL1- and rmatFgCatL1-immunized groups compared with the control groups, with higher levels of Th2 (IgG1) than Th1 (IgG2a). The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in rmatFgCatL1-immunized group showed a significant decrease when compared to rproFgCatL1-immunized group, indicating that rmatFgCatL1-vaccinated mice had reduced liver parenchyma damage. The pathological lesions of liver in vaccinated groups were significantly decreased when compared with control groups. This study indicates that rFgCatL1 has a potential as a vaccine candidate against F. gigantica in mice, and this potential will be tested in ruminants.
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Activity of Euterpe edulis Martius, Mikania glomerata Spreng, and Mikania laevigata Schultz Bip. Extracts on Gastrointestinal Nematodes Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.27495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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A highly conserved, inhibitable astacin metalloprotease from Teladorsagia circumcincta is required for cuticle formation and nematode development. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:345-55. [PMID: 25736599 PMCID: PMC4406453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Astacin metalloprotease, DPY-31, is conserved throughout the nematode phylum. DPY-31 is crucial to Teladorsagia circumcincta cuticle formation. Matrix metalloprotease inhibitors are efficacious against recombinant DPY-31. Novel hydroxamate inhibitors caused Dumpy and Moult defects in nematodes. DPY-31 is a potential target for future nematode control.
Parasitic nematodes cause chronic, debilitating infections in both livestock and humans worldwide, and many have developed multiple resistance to the currently available anthelmintics. The protective collagenous cuticle of these parasites is required for nematode survival and its synthesis has been studied extensively in the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The collagen synthesis pathway is a complex, multi-step process involving numerous key enzymes, including the astacin metalloproteases. Nematode astacinsare crucial for C. elegans development, having specific roles in hatching, moulting and cuticle synthesis. NAS-35 (also called DPY-31) is a homologue of a vertebrate procollagen C-proteinase and performs a central role in cuticle formation of C. elegans as its mutation causes temperature-sensitive lethality and cuticle defects. The characterisation of DPY-31 from the ovine gastrointestinal nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta and its ability to rescue the C. elegans mutant is described. Compounds with a hydroxamate functional group have previously been shown to be potent inhibitors of procollagen C-proteinases and were therefore examined for inhibitory activity against the T. circumcincta enzyme. Phenotypic screening against T. circumcincta, Haemonchus contortus and C. elegans larval stages identified compounds that caused body morphology phenotypes consistent with the inhibition of proteases involved in cuticle collagen synthesis. These compounds correspondingly inhibited the activity of recombinant T. circumcincta DPY-31, supporting the hypothesis that this enzyme may represent a potentially novel anthelmintic drug target.
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Sansri V, Meemon K, Changklungmoa N, Kueakhai P, Chantree P, Chaichanasak P, Lorsuwannarat N, Itagaki T, Sobhon P. Protection against Fasciola gigantica infection in mice by vaccination with recombinant juvenile-specific cathepsin L. Vaccine 2015; 33:1596-601. [PMID: 25701317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L1H (FgCatL1H) is one of the major cathepsin L released by juveniles of F. gigantica to aid in the invasion of host's tissues. Due to its high sequence similarity with other cathepsin L (CatL) isoforms of late stage F. gigantica, it was considered to be a good vaccine candidate that can block all CatL-mediated protease activities and affect juveniles as well as adult parasites. In this study, recombinant proFgCatL1H protein expressed in yeast, Pichia pastoris, system was mixed with Freund's adjuvants and used to subcutaneously immunize mice that were later challenged with metacercariae of F. gigantica. The percentage of worm protection in the rproFgCatL1H-vaccinated mice compared to the non-immunized and adjuvant control mice were approximately 62.7% and 66.1%, respectively. Anti-rproFgCatL1H antisera collected from vaccinated mice reacted specifically with rproFgCatL1H and other cathepsin L isoforms of F. gigantica, but the antibodies did not cross react with antigens from other trematode and nematode parasites, including Eurytrema pancreaticum, Opisthorchis viverrini, Fischoederius cobboldi, Cotylophoron cotylophorum, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Paramphistomum cervi, and Setaria labiato-papillosa. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in mouse sera increased significantly at two weeks after immunization and were highest during the sixth to eighth weeks after immunization. The IgG1 level was higher than IgG2a at all periods of immunization, implicating the dominance of the Th2 response. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the immune sera were shown to be strongly correlated with the numbers of worm recovery, and the correlation coefficient was higher for IgG1. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase were significantly lower in the sera of rproFgCatL1H-vaccinated mice than in the infected control mice indicating a lower degree of liver damage. This study demonstrated a high potential of FgCatL1H vaccine, and its efficacy is currently being studied in the larger economic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerawat Sansri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya 73170, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Krai Meemon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Narin Changklungmoa
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-district, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Pornanan Kueakhai
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-district, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pannigan Chaichanasak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Cheum-Sampan Road, Nong Chok, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Natcha Lorsuwannarat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tadashi Itagaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Molina-Hernández V, Mulcahy G, Pérez J, Martínez-Moreno Á, Donnelly S, O'Neill SM, Dalton JP, Cwiklinski K. Fasciola hepatica vaccine: we may not be there yet but we're on the right road. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:101-11. [PMID: 25657086 PMCID: PMC4366043 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in identifying potential vaccine molecules for the control of fasciolosis in livestock but we have yet to reach the level of efficacy required for commercialisation. The pathogenesis of fasciolosis is associated with liver damage that is inflicted by migrating and feeding immature flukes as well as host inflammatory immune responses to parasite-secreted molecules and tissue damage alarm signals. Immune suppression/modulation by the parasites prevents the development of protective immune responses as evidenced by the lack of immunity observed in naturally and experimentally infected animals. In our opinion, future efforts need to focus on understanding how parasites invade and penetrate the tissues of their hosts and how they potentiate and control the ensuing immune responses, particularly in the first days of infection. Emerging 'omics' data employed in an unbiased approach are helping us understand liver fluke biology and, in parallel with new immunological data, to identify molecules that are essential to parasite development and accessible to vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jose Pérez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Sheila Donnelly
- The i3 Institute & School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - John P Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Marr EJ, Sargison ND, Nisbet AJ, Burgess STG. RNA interference for the identification of ectoparasite vaccine candidates. Parasite Immunol 2015; 36:616-26. [PMID: 25065384 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ectoparasites present a major challenge for disease management globally. With drug resistance increasingly observed in many disease-causing species, the need for novel control measures is pressing. Ever-expanding genomic resources from 'next generation' sequencing are now available for a number of arthropod ectoparasites, necessitating an effective means of screening these data for novel candidates for vaccine antigens or targets for chemotherapeutics. Such in vitro screening methods must be developed if we are to make discoveries in a timely and cost-effective manner. This review will discuss the potential that RNA interference (RNAi) has demonstrated thus far in the context of arthropod ectoparasites and the potential roles for this technology in the development of novel methods for parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Marr
- Division of Vaccines and Diagnostics, Pentlands Science Park, Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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25
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Cantacessi C, Hofmann A, Campbell BE, Gasser RB. Impact of next-generation technologies on exploring socioeconomically important parasites and developing new interventions. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1247:437-474. [PMID: 25399114 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput molecular and computer technologies have become instrumental for systems biological explorations of pathogens, including parasites. For instance, investigations of the transcriptomes of different developmental stages of parasitic nematodes give insights into gene expression, regulation and function in a parasite, which is a significant step to understanding their biology, as well as interactions with their host(s) and disease. This chapter (1) gives a background on some key parasitic nematodes of socioeconomic importance, (2) describes sequencing and bioinformatic technologies for large-scale studies of the transcriptomes and genomes of these parasites, (3) provides some recent examples of applications and (4) emphasizes the prospects of fundamental biological explorations of parasites using these technologies for the development of new interventions to combat parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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26
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Li Y, Zhang F, Althunayan MH, Hu XA, Xin Y, Jia H, Guo Y, Ma X, Wen H, Ding J. Construction and identification of the recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgA31-Eg95 of Echinococcus granulosus.. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:204-208. [PMID: 24348791 PMCID: PMC3861358 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To clone the Eg95 and EgA31 antigen genes into the prokaryotic expression plasmid pET30a-EgA31-Eg95, we expressed the recombinant protein EgA31-Eg95 and confirmed with western blot analysis. The total RNA was extracted from the protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) adult worms. The complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the EgA31 antigen was amplified via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgA31 was used as a carrier and was connected with the Eg95 vector. The recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgA31-Eg95 was constructed and the fusion protein EgA31-Eg95 was detected using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The positive clone was the empty recombinant vector. The recombinant protein pET30a-EgA31-Eg95 was ~46 kDa, and the expressed product accounted for approximately 20% of the total soluble proteins. We successfully constructed the recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgA31-Eg95 and expressed the recombinant protein EgA31-Eg95. The results may be the foundation of research on its immunogenicity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Fengbo Zhang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Mohammed H Althunayan
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-An Hu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Jia
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yuyuan Guo
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin Ma
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wen
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China ; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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Kueakhai P, Changklungmoa N, Riengrojpitak S, Chaichanasak P, Meemon K, Chaithirayanon K, Chantree P, Sansri V, Itagaki T, Sobhon P. Vaccine potential of recombinant saposin-like protein 2 against Fasciolosis gigantica in mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:5518-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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MA XIUMIN, ZHOU XIAOTAO, ZHU YUEJIE, LI YANHUA, WANG HONGYING, MAMUTI WULAMU, LI YUJIAO, WEN HAO, DING JIANBING. The prediction of T- and B-combined epitope and tertiary structure of the Eg95 antigen of Echinococcus granulosus.. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:657-662. [PMID: 24137242 PMCID: PMC3786808 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, is a type of zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the Echinococcus larvae infection. The disease is severely harmful to both humans and animals. Research and development of an epitope vaccine is crucial. To determine the dominant epitopes of the Eg95 antigen, the tertiary structure and the T- and B-combined epitope of the Eg95 protein for Echinococcus granulosus were predicted and analyzed in the present study. The tertiary structure of the Eg95 protein was predicted using the 3DLigandsite server and RasMol software. The T- and B-combined epitope of the Eg95 antigen was analyzed using the DNAStar (V5.0), IEDB, SYFPEITHI and BIMAS. Tertiary structure prediction results showed that there were potential epitopes in Eg95 antigen. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the T- and B-combined epitopes of Eg95 antigen. Four and six T- and B-combined epitopes induced immune responses in humans and mice. Additionally, four T- and B-combined epitopes induced immune responses in both humans and mice. The tertiary structure and T- and B-combined epitopes of the Eg95 protein were also determined. The results obtained in the present study may be beneficial in the investigation of Eg95 antigenicity and the development of dominant epitope vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- XIUMIN MA
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - XIAOTAO ZHOU
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - YUEJIE ZHU
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - YANHUA LI
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - HONGYING WANG
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - WULAMU MAMUTI
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - YUJIAO LI
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - HAO WEN
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - JIANBING DING
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
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29
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Effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Ochrobactrum intermedium on sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2913-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Dalton JP, Robinson MW, Mulcahy G, O'Neill SM, Donnelly S. Immunomodulatory molecules of Fasciola hepatica: candidates for both vaccine and immunotherapeutic development. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:272-85. [PMID: 23623183 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, causes fascioliasis in domestic animals (sheep, cattle), a global disease that is also an important infection of humans. As soon as the parasite invades the gut wall its interaction with various host immune cells (e.g. dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells) is complex. The parasite secretes a myriad of molecules that direct the immune response towards a favourable non-protective Th2-mediate/regulatory environment. These immunomodulatory molecules, such as cathepsin L peptidase (FhCL1), are under development as the first generation of fluke vaccines. However, this peptidase and other molecules, such as peroxiredoxin (FhPrx) and helminth defence molecule (FhHDM-1), exhibit various immunomodulatory properties that could be harnessed to help treat immune-related conditions in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Dalton
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, St. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.
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31
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Yan R, Sun W, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Vaccination of goats with DNA vaccine encoding Dim-1 induced partial protection against Haemonchus contortus: a preliminary experimental study. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:189-99. [PMID: 23545480 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Disorganized muscle family member (Dim-1) belongs to immunoglobulin superfamily, and is a structural protein localized to the region of the muscle cell membrane around and between the dense bodies. Strong immunogenicity to host's immune system was induced by Dim-1 from Ascaris suum, which indicated that Dim-1 could be a potential candidate for vaccine. The homologues of Dim-1 were also detected in nematodes Brugia malayi and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. However, information on the complete coding sequence and protection potential of this molecule in Haemonchus contortus is lacking. In this study, full length of Dim-1 cDNA was cloned using a rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) strategy and the DNA vaccine encoding Dim-1 open reading frame (ORF) was tested for protection against experimental H. contortus infections in goats. Fifteen goats were allocated into three trial groups. The animals of Dim-1 group were vaccinated with the DNA vaccine encoding Dim-1 on day 0 and 14, and challenged with 5000 infective H. contortus third larval stage (L3) on day 28. An unvaccinated positive control group was challenged with L3 at the same time. An unvaccinated negative control group was not challenged with L3. The results indicated Dim-1 DNA vaccines were transcribed at local injection sites and expressed in vivo post immunizations respectively. Following L3 challenge, the mean eggs per gram feces (EPG) and worm burdens of Dim-1 group were reduced by 45.7% and 51.1%, respectively. Significantly high levels of serum IgG, serum IgA, mucosal IgA, CD4(+) T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes of Dim-1 group were produced. While compared with the negative control group, increased numbers of blood eosinophils and lymphocytes and declined haemoglobin level were observed in the Dim-1 group after L3 challenge. The preliminary study suggest that recombinant H. contortus Dim-1 DNA vaccine induced partial immune response and has protective potential against goat haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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32
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Cantacessi C, Mulvenna J, Young ND, Kasny M, Horak P, Aziz A, Hofmann A, Loukas A, Gasser RB. A deep exploration of the transcriptome and "excretory/secretory" proteome of adult Fascioloides magna. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1340-53. [PMID: 22899770 PMCID: PMC3494180 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic liver flukes of the family Fasciolidae are responsible for major socioeconomic losses worldwide. However, at present, knowledge of the fundamental molecular biology of these organisms is scant. Here, we characterize, for the first time, the transcriptome and secreted proteome of the adult stage of the "giant liver fluke," Fascioloides magna, using Illumina sequencing technology and one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and OFFGEL protein electrophoresis, respectively. A total of ∼54,000,000 reads were generated and assembled into ∼39,000 contiguous sequences (contigs); ∼20,000 peptides were predicted and classified based on homology searches, protein motifs, gene ontology, and biological pathway mapping. From the predicted proteome, 48.1% of proteins could be assigned to 384 biological pathway terms, including "spliceosome," "RNA transport," and "endocytosis." Putative proteins involved in amino acid degradation were most abundant. Of the 835 secreted proteins predicted from the transcriptome of F. magna, 80 were identified in the excretory/secretory products from this parasite. Highly represented were antioxidant proteins, followed by peptidases (particularly cathepsins) and proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The integration of transcriptomic and proteomic datasets generated herein sets the scene for future studies aimed at exploring the potential role(s) that molecules might play at the host-parasite interface and for establishing novel strategies for the treatment or control of parasitic fluke infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- From the ‡Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- §Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- ‖Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Neil D. Young
- From the ‡Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Martin Kasny
- ‡‡Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Horak
- ‡‡Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ammar Aziz
- §Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- §§Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- §Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- From the ‡Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Zafra R, Pérez-Écija RA, Buffoni L, Moreno P, Bautista MJ, Martínez-Moreno A, Mulcahy G, Dalton JP, Pérez J. Early and late peritoneal and hepatic changes in goats immunized with recombinant cathepsin L1 and infected with Fasciola hepatica. J Comp Pathol 2012; 148:373-84. [PMID: 23083835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to study peritoneal and hepatic changes during early [7-9 days postinfection (dpi)] and late [15 weeks postinfection (wpi)] infection of goats immunized with recombinant F. hepatica pro cathepsin L1 (rCL1) in Quil A and challenged with Fasciola hepatica. Despite finding no significant reduction in fluke burdens between the control and immunized group, at 15 dpi the rCL1-vaccinated group showed significantly higher weight gain and reduced severity of hepatic lesions compared with the control group that received only Quil A. In the rCL1-vaccinated group, two of three goats sacrificed at 7-9 dpi had little hepatic damage and had a higher percentage of peritoneal eosinophils and elevated induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in peritoneal cells than the goats from the control group. Moreover, while these two goats showed a heavy infiltration of eosinophils surrounding migrating flukes, the remaining animals examined at 7-9 dpi had no inflammatory infiltration surrounding migrating flukes. Two out of seven goats in the rCL1-vaccinated group had low fluke burdens and little hepatic damage at 15 wpi, suggesting an effective protective response in some of the vaccinated goats. This protective response did not correlate with peripheral eosinophilia or with serum titres of anti-rCL1 immunoglobulin (Ig) G. The results of the present work suggest that an eosinophil-mediated immune response plays a crucial role in the early effective host response against F. hepatica in goats. Adjuvants designed to increase cell-mediated immunity should be tested in future vaccine trials against F. hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zafra
- Animal Health Institute (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Trasmontaña, Aurcas, Spain
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Sun W, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Cloning and characterization of a selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase (HC29) from adult Haemonchus contortus. J Vet Sci 2012; 13:49-58. [PMID: 22437536 PMCID: PMC3317457 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete coding sequence of Haemonchus (H.) contortus HC29 cDNA was generated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends in combination with PCR using primers targeting the 5'- and 3'-ends of the partial mRNA sequence. The cloned HC29 cDNA was shown to be 1,113 bp in size with an open reading frame of 507 bp, encoding a protein of 168 amino acid with a calculated molecular mass of 18.9 kDa. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the cloned HC29 cDNA contained the conserved catalytic triad and dimer interface of selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences demonstrated that the protein shared 44.7~80.4% similarity with GPX homologues in the thioredoxin-like family. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close evolutionary proximity of the GPX sequence to the counterpart sequences. These results suggest that HC29 cDNA is a GPX, a member of the thioredoxin-like family. Alignment of the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of HC29 with those of the reported selenium-independent GPX of H. contortus showed that HC29 contained different types of spliced leader sequences as well as dimer interface sites, although the active sites of both were identical. Enzymatic analysis of recombinant prokaryotic HC29 protein showed activity for the hydrolysis of H2O2. These findings indicate that HC29 is a selenium-independent GPX of H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
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35
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Ni F, Wang Y, Zhang J, Yu L, Fang W, Luo D. Cathepsin B-like and hemoglobin-type cysteine proteases: stage-specific gene expression in Angiostrongy cantonensis. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:433-41. [PMID: 22668746 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Three cysteine protease genes, cathepsin B-like enzyme gene 1, 2 (AC-cathB-1, AC-cathB-2) and hemoglobin-type cysteine protease gene (AC-hem) were isolated and described from Angiostrongylus cantonensis adult. The deduced amino acid sequence of Ac-cathB-1 and AC-cathB-2 contain all of the conserved regions of cathepsin B. AC-cathB-2 is similar to a host intrusion-related cysteine protease B from Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, and the AC-hem shares high similarity to legumain from Haemonchus contortus. AC-cathB-1 was expressed significantly higher in L1 as compared with AC-hem, the AC-cathB-2 followed; AC-cathB-2 transcripts in L3 were found increased rapidly and obviously abundant, suggesting that AC-cathB-1 and AC-cathB-2 may play an important role in intermediate and final host invasion, separately. The cysteine protease genes were more or less expressed in adult stage excepted for AC-cathB-2. As the AC-cathB-1 and AC-hem highly expressed in adult worms, suggesting AC-hem may activate AC-cathB-1 which involved in the host invasion and feeding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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36
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Haçarız O, Sayers G, Baykal AT. A Proteomic Approach To Investigate the Distribution and Abundance of Surface and Internal Fasciola hepatica Proteins during the Chronic Stage of Natural Liver Fluke Infection in Cattle. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3592-604. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300015p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Haçarız
- TÜBİTAK
Marmara
Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gearóid Sayers
- Veterinary Sciences Centre,
School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College
of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ahmet Tarık Baykal
- TÜBİTAK
Marmara
Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Cantacessi C, Campbell BE, Gasser RB. Key strongylid nematodes of animals — Impact of next-generation transcriptomics on systems biology and biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:469-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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38
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Sun W, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Vaccination of goats with a glutathione peroxidase DNA vaccine induced partial protection against Haemonchus contortus infection. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Tavassoli M, Allymehr M, Pourseyed S, Ownag A, Bernousi I, Mardani K, Ghorbanzadegan M, Shokrpoor S. Field bioassay of Metarhizium anisopliae strains to control the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Vet Parasitol 2011; 178:374-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Immunization with crude antigens plus aluminium hydroxide protects cattle fromFasciola hepaticainfection. J Helminthol 2011; 86:64-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x11000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe ability of total homogenate (TH) ofFasciola hepaticaconjugated with aluminium hydroxide (alum) or Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) to protect cattle against experimental fasciolosis was evaluated. Compared with the infected group, the immunized animals with alum-TH and FCA-TH presented a significant reduction in fluke burden (85.9% and 96.8%, respectively), a higher percentage of short-sized worms, a marked reduction in the released eggs in faeces (89% and 57%, respectively), as well as an increased production of specific antibodies before infection. The alum-TH immunized group also showed a significant increase in the antigen-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as early as 4 weeks before infection. Although both immunized groups (alum-TH and FCA-TH) were able to develop an efficient protective immune response to metacercarial challenge, an earlier PBMC response, lower hepatic damage and less effect on weight gain were found in alum-immunized animals. Therefore, alum is a good candidate for future immunization against bovine fasciolosis.
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Mordmüller B, Szywon K, Greutelaers B, Esen M, Mewono L, Treut C, Mürbeth RE, Chilengi R, Noor R, Kilama WL, Imoukhuede EB, Imbault N, Leroy O, Theisen M, Jepsen S, Milligan P, Fendel R, Kremsner PG, Issifou S. Safety and immunogenicity of the malaria vaccine candidate GMZ2 in malaria-exposed, adult individuals from Lambaréné, Gabon. Vaccine 2010; 28:6698-703. [PMID: 20696154 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is still one of the major public health threats in sub-Saharan Africa. An effective vaccine could be a sustainable control measure that can be integrated into existing health infrastructures. The malaria vaccine candidate GMZ2 is a recombinant fusion protein of conserved parts of Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate Rich Protein and Merozoite Surface Protein 3 adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide. GMZ2 is immunogenic and well tolerated in malaria-naive adults from Germany. To assess safety and immunogenicity in malaria-exposed individuals, 40 adults from Lambaréné, Gabon were randomly assigned to receive either 100 μg GMZ2 or a rabies control vaccine three times in monthly intervals. Both vaccines were well tolerated. One month after a full course of vaccination, GMZ2-vaccinated individuals had 1.4-fold (95% confidence interval: [1.1, 1.7]) higher baseline-corrected anti-GMZ2 antibody levels and more GMZ2-specific memory B-cells compared to the rabies group (p=0.039), despite a high prevalence of GMZ2-specific immune reactivity due to previous intense exposure to P. falciparum.
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The effect of essential oils showing acaricidal activity against the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) on aspects of welfare and production of laying hens. Anim Welf 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) causes severe welfare concerns for laying hens arising from anaemia and disease transmission, and has been identified as an associated risk factor in cannibalistic feather pecking. Previous work suggests that essential oils may offer an alternative to synthetic acaricides to control D. gallinae. Such alternatives are needed due to the limitations of synthetic acaricides (eg availability, resistance, environmental concerns and product residues). The aim of the current study was to ensure that selected essential oils have no negative impact on either hen welfare or egg production. To achieve this aim, small groups of laying hens were confined in poultry huts for a period of eight weeks during which time the interior of the huts was sprayed at weekly intervals with one of four different treatments: i) Thyme essential oil at 5× the LC90 level (the concentration of oil previously found to kill 90% of D. gallinae under laboratory conditions) for D. gallinae in 500 ml of water, ii) Pennyroyal essential oil at 5× the LC90 level for D. gallinae in 500 ml of water, iii) Solvent-only (huts treated with 500 ml of water); and iv) Pseudo-spray where huts were not treated with any product, but subjected to sham-spraying. The results suggest that pennyroyal essential oil would not be suitable for further development as an acaricide for D. gallinae, since this treatment had to be terminated early in the study period as a result of concerns about the welfare of hens exposed to this oil. Conversely, there were few differences in feather condition, hen weight, feed intake, feeding efficiency, egg production or egg weight between thyme-treated huts and huts that were either pseudo-sprayed or sprayed with solvent-only (water). It is concluded that thyme essential oil is a promising candidate for further development as an acaricide for D. gallinae to help safeguard the welfare of laying hens in commercial poultry systems.
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George DR, Sparagano OAE, Port G, Okello E, Shiel RS, Guy JH. Environmental interactions with the toxicity of plant essential oils to the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 24:1-8. [PMID: 20377725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of a range of plant essential oils to the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae), a serious ectoparasitic pest of laying hens throughout Europe and elsewhere, was assessed in the laboratory. Dermanyssus gallinae may cause losses in egg production, anaemia and, in extreme cases, death of hens. With changes in legislation and consumer demand, alternatives to synthetic acaricides are needed to manage this pest. Fifty plant essential oils were selected for their toxicity to arthropods reported in the literature. Twenty-four of these essential oils were found to kill > 75% of adult D. gallinae in contact toxicity tests over a 24-h period at a rate of 0.21 mg/cm(2). Subsequent testing at lower rates showed that the essential oils of cade, manuka and thyme were especially toxic to adult D. gallinae. The toxicity of the seven most acaricidal essential oils was found to be stable at different temperatures likely to be encountered in commercial poultry housing (15 degrees C, 22 degrees C and 29 degrees C), although results suggest that humidity and dust might influence the toxicity of some of the oils tested. The toxicity of clove bud essential oil to D. gallinae, for example, was increased at high humidity and dust levels compared with ambient levels. The results suggest that certain essential oils may make effective botanical pesticides for use against D. gallinae, although it is likely that issues relating to the consistency of the toxic effect of some oils will determine which oils will be most effective in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R George
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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George DR, Sparagano OAE, Port G, Okello E, Shiel RS, Guy JH. Toxicity of plant essential oils to different life stages of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, and non-target invertebrates. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 24:9-15. [PMID: 20377726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Seven essential oils with potential as acaricides for use against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae), were selected for study. These products (essential oils of manuka, cade, pennyroyal, thyme, garlic, clove bud and cinnamon bark) were deployed against different life stages of D. gallinae in laboratory tests at the (lethal concentration) LC(50) level for adult mites. For all essential oils tested, toxicity to D. gallinae juveniles was as high as toxicity to adults, if not higher. However, at the LC(50) level determined for adults, some oils were ineffective in preventing hatching of D. gallinae eggs. The essential oils were also tested under laboratory conditions at their LC(90) levels for D. gallinae adults on two model non-target species, the brine shrimp, Artemia salina (L.), and the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor (L.). Results showed that not all essential oils were as toxic to A. salina and T. molitor as they were to D. gallinae, suggesting that it may be possible to select certain oils for development as acaricides against D. gallinae that would have minimal impact on non-target organisms. However, the level of toxicity to A. salina and T. molitor was not consistent across the selected essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R George
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Young ND, Hall RS, Jex AR, Cantacessi C, Gasser RB. Elucidating the transcriptome of Fasciola hepatica - a key to fundamental and biotechnological discoveries for a neglected parasite. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 28:222-31. [PMID: 20006979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver flukes of animals are parasitic flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) of major socioeconomic importance in many countries. Key representatives, such as Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, cause "liver fluke disease" (= fascioliasis), which is of major animal health significance worldwide. In particular, F. hepatica is a leading cause of production losses to the livestock (mainly sheep and cattle) and meat industries due to clinical disease, reduced weight gain and milk production, and deaths. This parasite is also a major food-borne pathogen of humans throughout parts of the Middle East, Asia and South America. Currently, there is a significant focus on the development of new approaches for the prevention and control of fascioliasis in livestock. Recent technological advances in genomics and bioinformatics provide unique opportunities for the identification and prevalidation of drug targets and vaccines through a better understanding of the biology of F. hepatica and related species as well as their relationship with their hosts at the molecular level. Surprisingly, despite the widespread socioeconomic impact of fascioliasis, genomic datasets for F. hepatica are scant, limiting the molecular biological research of this parasite. The present article explores specifically the transcriptome of the adult stage of F. hepatica using an integrated genomic-bioinformatic platform. The analysis of the current data reveals numerous molecules of biological relevance, some of which are inferred to be involved in key biological processes or pathways that could serve as targets for new trematocidal drugs or vaccines. Improved insights into the transcriptome of F. hepatica should pave the way for future, comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of other developmental stages of this and related parasites, such as F. gigantica, cancer-causing flatworms (Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini) and blood flukes (Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum). Prediction of the essentiality of genes and their products, molecular network connectivity of trematode genes as well as experimental exploration of function should also add value to the genomic discovery efforts in the future, focused on biotechnological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Robinson MW, Dalton JP. Zoonotic helminth infections with particular emphasis on fasciolosis and other trematodiases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:2763-76. [PMID: 19687044 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic infections are among the most common on earth and are responsible for >60 per cent of all human infectious diseases. Some of the most important and well-known human zoonoses are caused by worm or helminth parasites, including species of nematodes (trichinellosis), cestodes (cysticercosis, echinococcosis) and trematodes (schistosomiasis). However, along with social, epidemiological and environmental changes, together with improvements in our ability to diagnose helminth infections, several neglected parasite species are now fast-becoming recognized as important zoonotic diseases of humans, e.g. anasakiasis, several fish-borne trematodiasis and fasciolosis. In the present review, we discuss the current disease status of these primary helminth zoonotic infections with particular emphasis on their diagnosis and control. Advances in molecular biology, proteomics and the release of helminth genome-sequencing project data are revolutionizing parasitology research. The use of these powerful experimental approaches, and their potential benefits to helminth biology are also discussed in relation to the future control of helminth infections of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Robinson
- Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases (IBID), University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, Sydney NSW 2007, Australia.
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Haçariz O, Sayers G, Flynn RJ, Lejeune A, Mulcahy G. IL-10 and TGF-beta1 are associated with variations in fluke burdens following experimental fasciolosis in sheep. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:613-22. [PMID: 19751473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Fasciola hepatica causes an economically important disease in ruminants. Variability in parasite load may indicate innate differences in the host immune system. This study aimed to investigate the immunological mechanisms that are associated with variability in parasite burden following experimental F. hepatica infection in cross-bred sheep. Of a total of 16 animals, four were randomly chosen as uninfected controls, and the remainder infected with 100 viable metacercariae. Uninfected animals were used as the control group for evaluation of cytokine gene expression levels. For comparative analysis, specific animals were selected on the basis of extremes of fluke burdens, and were categorised into light (n = 4) and heavy burdened (n = 3) cohorts. Serum antibody levels, haematological parameters, and expression of IL-4 and IFN-gamma genes in hepatic lymph nodes were equivalent in both groups. However, significant differences in mitogen-specific lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and in expression of TGF-beta1 and IL-10 genes in hepatic lymph nodes were observed at acute and chronic phases of infection, respectively. These results provide useful information in developing further understanding of natural resistance to fasciolosis in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Haçariz
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Delpietro HA, Russo RG. Acquired Resistance to Saliva Anticoagulants by Prey Previously Fed upon by Vampire Bats (Desmodus rotundus): Evidence for Immune Response. J Mammal 2009. [DOI: 10.1644/07-mamm-a-374.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Muleke CI, Ruofeng Y, Lixin X, Xinwen B, Xiangrui L. Cloning and sequence analysis ofHemonchus ContortusHC58cDNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 18:176-83. [PMID: 17454001 DOI: 10.1080/10425170600751496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The complete coding sequence of Hemonchus contortus HC58cDNA was generated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and polymerase chain reaction using primers based on the 5' and 3' ends of the parasite mRNA, accession no. AF305964. The HC58cDNA gene was 851 bp long, with open reading frame of 717 bp, precursors to 239 amino acids coding for approximately 27 kDa protein. Analysis of amino acid sequence revealed conserved residues of cysteine, histidine, asparagine, occluding loop pattern, hemoglobinase motif and glutamine of the oxyanion hole characteristic of cathepsin B like proteases (CBL). Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences showed the protein shared 33.5-58.7% identity to cathepsin B homologues in the papain clan CA family (family C1). Phylogenetic analysis revealed close evolutionary proximity of the protein sequence to counterpart sequences in the CBL, suggesting that HC58cDNA was a member of the papain family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles I Muleke
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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George D, Sparagano O, Port G, Okello E, Shiel R, Guy J. Repellence of plant essential oils to Dermanyssus gallinae and toxicity to the non-target invertebrate Tenebrio molitor. Vet Parasitol 2009; 162:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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