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Abstract
Gastric cancer is an active topic of clinical and basic research due to high morbidity and mortality. To date, gastrectomy and chemotherapy are the only therapeutic options for gastric cancer patients, but drug resistance, either acquired or primary, is the main cause for treatment failure. Differences in development and response to cancer treatments have been observed among ethnically diverse GC patient populations. In spite of major incidence, GC Asian patients have a significantly better prognosis and response to treatments than Caucasian ones due to genetic discordances between the two populations. Gene therapy could be an alternative strategy to overcome such issues and especially CRISPR/Cas9 represents one of the most intriguing gene-editing system. Thus, in this review article, we want to provide an update on the currently used therapies for the treatment of advanced GC. Graphical abstract.
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2
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Guo X, Zheng H, Luo W, Zhang Q, Liu J, Yao K. 5T4-specific chimeric antigen receptor modification promotes the immune efficacy of cytokine-induced killer cells against nasopharyngeal carcinoma stem cell-like cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4859. [PMID: 28687750 PMCID: PMC5501797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are presumably attributed to cancer stem cells (CSCs). In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified immune effector cells have been shown to have impressive antitumour efficacy. In this study, we aimed to identify appropriate tumour-associated antigens predominantly expressed on NPC stem cells (NPCSCs) and determine their suitability for CAR-engineered cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy against NPC. By investigating the expression patterns of potential target antigens (ROR1, 5T4 and CAIX) in NPC, we found that the oncofetal antigen 5T4 was predominately expressed in NPC cell lines and tissues but absent in non-cancerous nasopharyngeal tissues. Moreover, significantly enhanced expression of 5T4 in NPC spheroids revealed its relationship with putative NPCSCs. Hence, we designed a CAR construct (5T4-28Z) specific for 5T4 and generated CAR-transduced CIK cells. Our results showed that the artificial CAR was efficiently expressed on the surface of CIK cells and that no native phenotypes were altered by the gene transduction. Functional assays revealed that 5T4-28Z-CIK cells possessed both CAR-mediated and CAR-independent anti-NPC activity and were capable of efficiently attacking NPC cells, especially NPCSC-like cells in vitro, suggesting that they might serve as an attractive tool for developing efficient therapies against NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiren Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianbing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaitai Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Maunder HE, Wright J, Kolli BR, Vieira CR, Mkandawire TT, Tatoris S, Kennedy V, Iqball S, Devarajan G, Ellis S, Lad Y, Clarkson NG, Mitrophanous KA, Farley DC. Enhancing titres of therapeutic viral vectors using the transgene repression in vector production (TRiP) system. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14834. [PMID: 28345582 PMCID: PMC5378976 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in the field of therapeutic viral vector/vaccine manufacturing is maximizing production. For most vector platforms, the ‘benchmark' vector titres are achieved with inert reporter genes. However, expression of therapeutic transgenes can often adversely affect vector titres due to biological effects on cell metabolism and/or on the vector virion itself. Here, we exemplify the novel ‘Transgene Repression In vector Production' (TRiP) system for the production of both RNA- and DNA-based viral vectors. The TRiP system utilizes a translational block of one or more transgenes by employing the bacterial tryptophan RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP), which binds its target RNA sequence close to the transgene initiation codon. We report enhancement of titres of lentiviral vectors expressing Cyclo-oxygenase-2 by 600-fold, and adenoviral vectors expressing the pro-apoptotic gene Bax by >150,000-fold. The TRiP system is transgene-independent and will be a particularly useful platform in the clinical development of viral vectors expressing problematic transgenes. The maximum titre of therapeutic viral vectors can be adversely affected by the encoded transgene. Here the authors repress transgene expression in producing cells by employing the tryptophan RNA-binding attenuation protein and show that it improves titre of RNA- and DNA-based viral vectors expressing toxic transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Maunder
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - J Wright
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - B R Kolli
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - C R Vieira
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - T T Mkandawire
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - S Tatoris
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - V Kennedy
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - S Iqball
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - G Devarajan
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - S Ellis
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - Y Lad
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - N G Clarkson
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - K A Mitrophanous
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - D C Farley
- Research Department, Oxford BioMedica Ltd., Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
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4
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Kawakami Y, Kinoshita M, Mori Y, Okochi S, Hirano S, Shimoda I, Kanzaki K, Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Kimoto M, Sugahara M, Hori T, Saino H, Miyano M, Yamamoto S, Takahashi Y. The Y54(L)W mutation of anti-leukotriene C 4single-chain antibody increases affinity to leukotriene E 4. J Biochem 2017; 161:79-86. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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5
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Patterson KG, Dixon Pittaro JL, Bastedo PS, Hess DA, Haeryfar SMM, McCormick JK. Control of established colon cancer xenografts using a novel humanized single chain antibody-streptococcal superantigen fusion protein targeting the 5T4 oncofetal antigen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95200. [PMID: 24736661 PMCID: PMC3988171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) are microbial toxins that cross-link T cell receptors with major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) molecules leading to the activation of large numbers of T cells. Herein, we describe the development and preclinical testing of a novel tumor-targeted SAg (TTS) therapeutic built using the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SpeC) SAg and targeting cancer cells expressing the 5T4 tumor-associated antigen (TAA). To inhibit potentially harmful widespread immune cell activation, a SpeC mutation within the high-affinity MHC-II binding interface was generated (SpeCD203A) that demonstrated a pronounced reduction in mitogenic activity, yet this mutant could still induce immune cell-mediated cancer cell death in vitro. To target 5T4+ cancer cells, we engineered a humanized single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody to recognize 5T4 (scFv5T4). Specific targeting of scFv5T4 was verified. SpeCD203A fused to scFv5T4 maintained the ability to activate and induce immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity of colorectal cancer cells. Using a xenograft model of established human colon cancer, we demonstrated that the SpeC-based TTS was able to control the growth and spread of large tumors in vivo. This required both TAA targeting by scFv5T4 and functional SAg activity. These studies lay the foundation for the development of streptococcal SAgs as ‘next-generation’ TTSs for cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Streptococcus/immunology
- Superantigens/genetics
- Superantigens/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelcey G. Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Peter S. Bastedo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A. Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London Ontario, Canada
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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6
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Sánchez-Martínez C, Grueso E, Carroll M, Rommelaere J, Almendral JM. Essential role of the unordered VP2 n-terminal domain of the parvovirus MVM capsid in nuclear assembly and endosomal enlargement of the virion fivefold channel for cell entry. Virology 2012; 432:45-56. [PMID: 22727830 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The unordered N-termini of parvovirus capsid proteins (Nt) are translocated through a channel at the icosahedral five-fold axis to serve for virus traffick. Heterologous peptides were genetically inserted at the Nt of MVM to study their functional tolerance to manipulations. Insertion of a 5T4-single-chain antibody at VP2-Nt (2Nt) yielded chimeric capsid subunits failing to enter the nucleus. The VEGFR2-binding peptide (V1) inserted at both 2Nt and VP1-Nt efficiently assembled in virions, but V1 disrupted VP1 and VP2 entry functions. The VP2 defect correlated with restricted externalization of V1-2Nt out of the coat. The specific infectivity of MVM and wtVP-pseudotyped mosaic MVM-V1 virions, upon heating and/or partial 2Nt cleavage, demonstrated that some 2Nt domains become intracellularly translocated out of the virus shell and cleaved to initiate entry. The V1 insertion defines a VP2-driven endosomal enlargement of the channel as an essential structural rearrangement performed by the MVM virion to infect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-Martínez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Characterisation of monoclonal antibody against aflatoxin B1 produced in hybridoma 2C12 and its single-chain variable fragment expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Kawakami Y, Yamashita C, Kashiwase Y, Morinaka T, Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Yamashita H, Kimoto M, Tsuji H, Kurahashi Y, Daiyasu H, Toh H, Sugahara M, Miyano M, Yamamoto S, Takahashi Y. Functional expression of single-chain antibody to leukotriene C4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 392:421-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Elkord E, Dangoor A, Burt DJ, Southgate TD, Daayana S, Harrop R, Drijfhout JW, Sherlock D, Hawkins RE, Stern PL. Immune evasion mechanisms in colorectal cancer liver metastasis patients vaccinated with TroVax (MVA-5T4). Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1657-67. [PMID: 19221742 PMCID: PMC11029831 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported the results of a phase II trial in which two TroVax [modified vaccinia ankara (MVA) encoding the tumour antigen 5T4] vaccinations were given to patients both pre- and post-surgical resection of liver metastases secondary to colorectal cancer (CRC). 5T4-specific cellular responses were assessed at the entry and 2 weeks after each vaccination by proliferation of fresh lymphocytes and ELISA for antibody responses; 18 from the 19 CRC patients mounted a 5T4-specific cellular and/or humoral response. Here, we present a comparison of individual and between patient responses over the course of the treatments using cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) samples from the baseline until after the fourth vaccination at 14 weeks. Assays used were proliferation assay with 5T4-Fc fusion protein, overlapping 32mer 5T4 peptides, MVA-LacZ and MVA-5T4 infected autologous monocytes. Responses to 5T4 protein or one or more peptide pools were pre-existing in 12/20 patients and subsequently 10 and 12 patients showed boosted and/or de novo responses, respectively. Cumulatively, 13/20 patients showed proliferative responses by week 14. We also assessed the levels of systemic T regulatory cells, plasma cytokine levels, phenotype of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes including T regulatory cells and tumour HLA class I loss of expression. More than half of the patients showed phenotypes consistent with relative immune suppression and/or escape highlighting the complexity of positive and negative factors challenging any simple correlation with clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Elkord
- CR UK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX UK
- Present Address: Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Adam Dangoor
- CR UK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX UK
| | - Deborah J. Burt
- CR UK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX UK
| | - Thomas D. Southgate
- CR UK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX UK
| | - Sai Daayana
- CR UK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX UK
| | - Richard Harrop
- Oxford BioMedica, Medawar Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA UK
| | - Jan W. Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - David Sherlock
- Department of Surgery, North Manchester Healthcare NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert E. Hawkins
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX UK
| | - Peter L. Stern
- CR UK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX UK
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10
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Dezorzová-Tomanová K, Molinková D, Pekarová M, Celer V, Smola J. Isolation of Lawsonia intracellularis specific single-chain Fv antibody fragments from phage display library. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:85-90. [PMID: 17198717 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain antibodies (scFv) exhibiting specific binding to Lawsonia intracellularis were isolated from a phagemid library expressing scFvs molecules on the surface of filamentous bacteriophages. For scFv selection whole bacterial cells were used and individual clones were tested in ELISA test. The total of seven unique clones with different fingerprint profiles was isolated. All clones were able to bind specifically in immunofluorescence assay. This is the first report of species specific recombinant antibodies against L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dezorzová-Tomanová
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Smyth LJC, Elkord E, Taher TEI, Jiang HR, Burt DJ, Clayton A, van Veelen PA, de Ru A, Ossendorp F, Melief CJM, Drijfhout JW, Dermime S, Hawkins RE, Stern PL. Cd8 T-cell recognition of human 5T4 oncofetal antigen. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1638-47. [PMID: 16646078 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The 5T4 oncofetal antigen is expressed by a wide variety of human carcinomas, including colorectal, ovarian and gastric carcinomas. The restricted expression of 5T4 on tumor tissues as well as its implication in tumor progression and bad prognosis makes 5T4 a promising new candidate for immunotherapy. An MVA vaccine encoding 5T4 antigen has been successfully evaluated in preclinical studies in a murine tumor model. Here, we report the generation of human CD8 T cells specific for the 5T4 antigen by stimulation with autologous monocyte derived DC infected with a replication defective adenovirus encoding the 5T4 cDNA (Ad5T4). Analysis of several donors confirms a repertoire of such CD8 responses. In a parallel approach, incorporating the results of proteasome-mediated digestion of 5T4 derived 35-mer peptides and the potential high affinity epitopes predicted by a computer-based algorithm, we identified 8 putative HLA-A*0201-presented CD8 MHC class I epitopes of 5T4 antigen. Two of these generated specific CD8 T cells after restimulation with peptide loaded autologous DC and assay by cytotoxicity and IFN gamma ELISPOT. Moreover these particular peptide generated T cells recognized naturally 5T4 positive tumor cells only if they expressed HLA-A*0201 as judged by IFN gamma ELISPOT or ELISA. Also, HLA-A*0201 CD8 T cells recognized these peptides in a DC-Ad5T4 polyclonal response. In conclusion, there is a repertoire of CD8 T cell recognition of 5T4 in normal human donors and some candidate HLA-A*0201 epitopes have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J C Smyth
- Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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12
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Barrow KM, Ward CM, Rutter J, Ali S, Stern PL. Embryonic expression of murine 5T4 oncofoetal antigen is associated with morphogenetic events at implantation and in developing epithelia. Dev Dyn 2005; 233:1535-45. [PMID: 15977177 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of 5T4 oncofoetal antigen, an early marker of ES cell differentiation, in vitro increases cellular motility and decreases adhesion, properties relevant to development and cancer. Embryonic expression of m5T4 antigen is first detected on trophectoderm at implantation and is restricted to extra-embryonic tissues to embryonic day (E) 11.5. In the embryo, significant m5T4 expression is detected at E12.5 in hindbrain roofplate and in various epithelia derived from all germ layers. In keratin 14-expressing epithelia, there is a congruent 5T4 expression pattern with many of these cells being Ki-67 positive. In brain, expression is observed in roofplate, ependymal layers, choroid plexus, and subventricular zones of lateral ventricles at E14.5. By E17.5, expression is decreased in the subventricular zone with further restriction to choroid plexus in adult brain. Our data demonstrate a limited 5T4 expression profile during embryogenesis associated with actively cycling, undifferentiated epithelial progenitor cells that may contribute to their migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Barrow
- CR UK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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13
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Guest RD, Hawkins RE, Kirillova N, Cheadle EJ, Arnold J, O'Neill A, Irlam J, Chester KA, Kemshead JT, Shaw DM, Embleton MJ, Stern PL, Gilham DE. The role of extracellular spacer regions in the optimal design of chimeric immune receptors: evaluation of four different scFvs and antigens. J Immunother 2005; 28:203-11. [PMID: 15838376 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000161397.96582.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes can be transduced to express antigen-dependent CD3zeta chimeric immune receptors (CIRs), which function independently of the T-cell receptor (TCR). Although the exact function of these domains is unclear, previous studies imply that an extracellular spacer region is required for optimal CIR activity. In this study, four scFvs (in the context of CIRs with or without extracellular spacer regions) were used to target the human tumor-associated antigens carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), the oncofetal antigen 5T4, and the B-cell antigen CD19. In all cases human T-cell populations expressing the CIRs were functionally active against their respective targets, but the anti-5T4 and anti-NCAM CIRs showed enhanced specific cytokine release and cytotoxicity only when possessing an extracellular spacer region. In contrast, the anti-CEA and anti-CD19 CIRs displayed optimal cytokine release activity only in the absence of an extracellular spacer. Interestingly, mapping of the scFv epitopes has revealed that the anti-CEA scFv binds close to the amino-terminal of CEA, which is easily accessible to the CIR. In contrast, CIRs enhanced by a spacer domain appear to bind to epitopes residing closer to the cell membrane, suggesting that a more flexible extracellular domain may be required to permit the efficient binding of such epitopes. These results show that a spacer is not necessary for optimal activity of CIRs but that the optimal design varies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Guest
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester and Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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14
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Hamdy N, Goustin AS, Desaulniers JP, Li M, Chow CS, Al-Katib A. Sheep red blood cells armed with anti-CD20 single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) fused to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor: a strategy to target CD20-positive tumor cells. J Immunol Methods 2005; 297:109-24. [PMID: 15777935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFv) retain antigen specificity and offer advantages over intact antibodies as therapeutic agents. We cloned the cDNA of the V(H) and V(kappa) regions from a mouse hybridoma (HB-9645) directed against human CD20. In addition to the basic scFv construct (V(kappa)-L-V(H)), we genetically engineered a secretory signal, six histidine residues, and a 'Flu' tag to facilitate secretion, purification, and detection. A glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) modification signal was added at the C terminus. The GPI-tagged and the non-tagged scFvs were expressed in high yields on the surface of stably transfected insect cells. The CD20-binding properties of purified non-GPI tagged scFv were examined using flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. The non-GPI-tagged scFv selectively recognizes CD20-positive cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Double-flow cytometry analysis using fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes and WSU-FSCCL cells revealed that our scFv resolves the B-cell population better than the intact antibody. The GPI-tagged scFv was loaded onto the surface of sheep erythrocytes to form rosettes with CD20-positive cells. The genetically engineered anti-CD20 scFv and GPI-tagged derivative have binding specificity for the CD20 antigen. The scFvs described here has potential uses as an in vivo tumor-imaging agent and as a carrier vehicle for targeted delivery of cytocidal agents to CD20-positive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayera Hamdy
- Lymphoma Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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15
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Dermime S, Gilham DE, Shaw DM, Davidson EJ, Meziane EK, Armstrong A, Hawkins RE, Stern PL. Vaccine and antibody-directed T cell tumour immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2004; 1704:11-35. [PMID: 15238242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clearer evidence for immune surveillance in malignancy and the identification of many new tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) have driven novel vaccine and antibody-targeted responses for therapy in cancer. The exploitation of active immunisation may be particularly favourable for TAA where tolerance is incomplete but passive immunisation may offer an additional strategy where the immune repertoire is affected by either tolerance or immune suppression. This review will consider how to utilise both active and passive types of therapy delivered by T cells in the context of the failure of tumour-specific immunity by presenting cancer patients. This article will outline the progress, problems and prospects of several different vaccine and antibody-targeted approaches for immunotherapy of cancer where proof of principle pre-clinical studies have been or will soon be translated into the clinic. Two examples of vaccination-based therapies where both T cell- and antibody-mediated anti-tumour responses are likely to be relevant and two examples of oncofoetal antigen-specific antibody-directed T cell therapies are described in the following sections: (1) therapeutic vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) antigens in cervical neoplasia; (2) B cell lymphoma vaccines including against immunoglobulin idiotype; (3) oncofoetal antigens as tumour targets for redirecting T cells with antibody strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Dermime
- Immunology, Cancer Research UK Groups, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research and University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Murali J, Koteeswari D, Rifkind JM, Jayakumar R. Amyloid insulin interaction with erythrocytes. Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 81:51-9. [PMID: 12683636 DOI: 10.1139/o03-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte membrane interactions with insulin fibrils (amyloid) have been investigated using centrifugation, fluorescence spectroscopy, light scattering, and flow cytometric techniques. The results indicate that insulin fibrils are having moderate affinity to erythrocyte membrane. However, analysis of the apparent dissociation constants of human erythrocyte membranes (leaky and resealed vesicles) with amyloid insulin reveal that the insulin binding is drastically reduced on attaining the fibrillar state compared with native insulin. To understand the role of insulin receptors on erythrocytes binding to amyloid, we have studied the interaction of biotinylated forms of denatured and amyloidic insulin with erythrocytes. FITC-streptavidin was used as a counter staining in flow cytometry measurements. We found that insulin fibrils bind 10 times more with erythrocyte membranes than with amylin and denatured insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Murali
- Bio organic and Neurochemistry Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
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17
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Myers KA, Ryan MG, Stern PL, Shaw DM, Embleton MJ, Kingsman SM, Carroll MW. Targeting immune effector molecules to human tumor cells through genetic delivery of 5T4-specific scFv fusion proteins. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:884-96. [PMID: 12386827 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although several clinical trials have shown beneficial effects by targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) with monoclonal antibodies, a number of issues, including poor penetration of the tumor mass and human antimouse antibody responses, remain. The use of recombinant single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments has the potential to address these and other issues while allowing the addition of different effector functions. To develop therapeutic strategies that recruit both humoral and cellular arms of the immune response, we have constructed chimeric proteins linking either the human IgG1 Fc domain or the extracellular domain of murine B7.1 to a scFv specific for the oncofetal glycoprotein, 5T4. This TAA is expressed by a wide variety of carcinomas and is associated with metastasis and poorer clinical outcome. We have engineered retroviral constructs that produce fusion proteins able to interact simultaneously with both 5T4-positive cells and with the receptor/ligands of the immune effector moieties. Genetic delivery through a murine leukemia virus vector to 5T4-positive tumor cells results in the secreted scFv fusion protein binding to the cell surface. Furthermore, the scFv-HIgG1 fusion protein is able to direct lysis of 5T4-expressing human tumor cell lines through antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, indicating its potential as a gene therapy for human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Myers
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd., Medawar Centre, Oxford Science Park, UK
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18
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Woods AM, Wang WW, Shaw DM, Ward CM, Carroll MW, Rees BR, Stern PL. Characterization of the murine 5T4 oncofoetal antigen: a target for immunotherapy in cancer. Biochem J 2002; 366:353-65. [PMID: 12003637 PMCID: PMC1222756 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2002] [Revised: 05/03/2002] [Accepted: 05/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human 5T4 oncofoetal antigen defined by the murine 5T4 monoclonal antibody is a highly glycosylated protein expressed by trophoblast and a few specialized adult epithelia. Up-regulation of 5T4 expression in some cancers is associated with poor clinical outcome; overexpression of human 5T4 cDNA in epithelial cells can alter their morphology and motility, supporting a role for such functions in cancer and development. A murine model to study 5T4 biology and tumour immunology would be useful. The production of m5T4-specific antibodies, their use in establishing transfected cells and documenting their biological properties in vitro are described. A rat monoclonal antibody specific for mouse 5T4 molecules by ELISA, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and immunoprecipitation was isolated and epitope mapped. Similar to its human counterpart, murine 5T4 antigen is a 72 kDa glycoprotein (immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis) and exhibits punctate cell surface expression, dependent upon the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton. Likewise, overexpression of autologous murine 5T4 by B16 F10 melanoma cells and A9 L fibroblasts accentuates the 5T4 phenotype, which is characterized by a spindle-like morphology, increased motility, and reduced adhesion and proliferation rate. Immunohistochemical analysis of adult mouse tissues shows a restricted pattern of expression similar to that of human 5T4 antigen. The murine 5T4 antigen-expressing cell lines and antibody reagents are now being used to explore novel immunotherapies in pre-clinical models and the biology of 5T4 in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Woods
- CRUK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, U.K
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Vukovic P, Chen K, Qin Liu X, Foley M, Boyd A, Kaslow D, Good MF. Single-chain antibodies produced by phage display against the C-terminal 19 kDa region of merozoite surface protein-1 of Plasmodium yoelii reduce parasite growth following challenge. Vaccine 2002; 20:2826-35. [PMID: 12034110 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies have the potential to be therapeutic reagents for malaria. Here we describe the production of a novel phage antibody display library against the C-terminal 19kDa region of the Plasmodium yoelii YM merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1(19)). In vivo studies against homologous lethal malaria challenge show an anti-parasite effect in a dose dependent manner, and analysis by plasmon resonance indicates binding to the antigen is comparable to the binding of a protective monoclonal antibody. The data support the lack of a need for any antibody Fc-related function and hold great significance for the development of a therapeutic reagent for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vukovic
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Qld. 40029, Australia
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Xu CT, Huang LT, Pan BR. Current gene therapy for stomach carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:752-9. [PMID: 11819868 PMCID: PMC4695588 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i6.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2001] [Revised: 05/29/2001] [Accepted: 06/06/2001] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C T Xu
- Editorial Department, the Journal of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Abstract
We have compiled a comprehensive list of the articles published in the year 2000 that describe work employing commercial optical biosensors. Selected reviews of interest for the general biosensor user are highlighted. Emerging applications in areas of drug discovery, clinical support, food and environment monitoring, and cell membrane biology are emphasized. In addition, the experimental design and data processing steps necessary to achieve high-quality biosensor data are described and examples of well-performed kinetic analysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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