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Becker AL, Indra AK. Oxidative Stress in Melanoma: Beneficial Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113038. [PMID: 37297001 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma ranks as the fifth most common cancer in the United States and represents one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer. While recent advances in systemic targeted therapies and immunotherapies have positively impacted melanoma survival, the survival rate of stage IV melanoma remains at a meager 32%. Unfortunately, tumor resistance can impede the effectiveness of these treatments. Oxidative stress is a pivotal player in all stages of melanoma progression, with a somewhat paradoxical function that promotes tumor initiation but hinders vertical growth and metastasis in later disease. As melanoma progresses, it employs adaptive mechanisms to lessen oxidative stress in the tumor environment. Redox metabolic rewiring has been implicated in acquired resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors. A promising approach to enhance the response to therapy involves boosting intracellular ROS production using active biomolecules or targeting enzymes that regulate oxidative stress. The complex interplay between oxidative stress, redox homeostasis, and melanomagenesis can also be leveraged in a preventive context. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of oxidative stress in melanoma, and how the antioxidant system may be manipulated in a therapeutic context for improved efficacy and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
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2
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Corti A, Belcastro E, Dominici S, Maellaro E, Pompella A. The dark side of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT): Pathogenic effects of an 'antioxidant' enzyme. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:807-819. [PMID: 32916278 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Having long been regarded as just a member in the cellular antioxidant systems, as well as a clinical biomarker of hepatobiliary diseases and alcohol abuse, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) enzyme activity has been highlighted by more recent research as a critical factor in modulation of redox equilibria within the cell and in its surroundings. Moreover, due to the prooxidant reactions which can originate during its metabolic function in selected conditions, experimental and clinical studies are increasingly involving GGT in the pathogenesis of several important disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, lung inflammation, neuroinflammation and bone disorders. The present article is an overview of the laboratory findings that have prompted an evolution in interpretation of the significance of GGT in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Eugenia Belcastro
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Silvia Dominici
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Emilia Maellaro
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pompella
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy.
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3
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Rastogi M, Singh SK. Zika virus NS1 affects the junctional integrity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Biochimie 2020; 176:52-61. [PMID: 32640279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection leads to microcephaly in newborns. Flaviviruses are known to secrete NS1 protein extracellularly and its concentration in serum directly co-relate to disease severity. The presence of ZIKV-NS1 near the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) affects blood-brain-barrier, which is composed of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). Viruses utilize different strategies to circumvent this barrier to enter in brain. The present study demonstrated the mechanism of junctional integrity disruption in BMVECs by ZIKV-NS1 protein exposure. The Transendothelial Electrical Resistance and sodium fluorescein migration assays revealed the endothelial barrier disruption in BMVECs exposed to ZIKV-NS1 at different time (12hr and 24hr) and doses (500 ng/mL, 1000 ng/mL and 1500 ng/mL). The exposure of ZIKV-NS1 on BMVECs led to the phosphorylation of AJs and suppression of TJs through secreted ZIKV-NS1 in a bystander fashion. The activation of NADPH dependent reactive oxygen species activity and redox sensitive tyrosine kinase further increased the phosphorylation of AJs. The reduced expression of the phosphatase led to the increased phosphorylation of the AJs. The treatment with Diphenyleneiodonium chloride rescued the phosphatase and TJs expression and suppressed the expression of kinase and AJs in BMVECs exposed to ZIKV-NS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Rastogi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, U.P, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, U.P, India.
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The Role of Hydrogen Peroxide and Peroxiredoxins throughout the Cell Cycle. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040280. [PMID: 32224940 PMCID: PMC7222192 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an oxidizing agent that induces cellular damage at inappropriate concentrations and gives rise to an arrest during cell cycle progression, causing cell death. Recent evidence indicates that H2O2 also acts as a promoter for cell cycle progression by oxidizing specific thiol proteins. The intracellular concentration of H2O2 is regulated tightly, enabling its use as a cellular signaling molecule while minimizing its potential to cause cellular damage. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have peroxidase activity toward H2O2, organic hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite for protecting cells from oxidative stress. They are suggested to work as signaling mediators, allowing the local accumulation of H2O2 by inactivating their peroxidase activity uniquely compared with other antioxidant proteins such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Given that Prxs are highly sensitive to oxidation by H2O2, they act as sensors and transducers of H2O2 signaling via transferring their oxidation state to effector proteins. The concentrations of intracellular H2O2 increase as the cell cycle progresses from G1 to mitosis. Here, we summarize the roles of Prxs with regard to the regulation of cell cycle-dependent kinase activity and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome in terms of changes in H2O2 levels. Protection of the cell from unwanted progression of the cell cycle is suggested to be a role of Prx. We discuss the possible roles of Prxs to control H2O2 levels.
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Bjørklund G, Rajib SA, Saffoon N, Pen JJ, Chirumbolo S. Insights on Melatonin as an Active Pharmacological Molecule in Cancer Prevention: What's New? Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6304-6320. [PMID: 29714136 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180501094850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Along with playing an important role in circadian rhythm, melatonin is thought to play a significant role in preventing cells from damage, as well as in the inhibition of growth and in triggering apoptosis in malignant cells. Its relationship with circadian rhythms, energetic homeostasis, diet, and metabolism, is fundamental to achieve a better comprehension of how melatonin has been considered a chemopreventive molecule, though very few papers dealing with this issue. In this article, we tried to review the most recent evidence regarding the protective as well as the antitumoral mechanisms of melatonin, as related to diet and metabolic balance. From different studies, it was evident that an intracellular antioxidant defense mechanism is activated by upregulating an antioxidant gene battery in the presence of high-dose melatonin in malignant cells. Like other broad-spectrum antioxidant molecules, melatonin plays a vital role in killing tumor cells, preventing metastasis, and simultaneously keeping normal cells protected from oxidative stress and other types of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | | | - Nadia Saffoon
- Department of Pharmacy and Forensic Science, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joeri J Pen
- Diabetes Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Nutrition, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Zhao D, Meng H, Shi MQ, Li N, Mao GJ. Two-photon excited fluorescent silica nanoparticles loaded with iron(II) as a probe for determination and imaging of hydrogen peroxide in living cells. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cannavò SP, Tonacci A, Bertino L, Casciaro M, Borgia F, Gangemi S. The role of oxidative stress in the biology of melanoma: A systematic review. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Xu D, Song R, Wang G, Jeyabal PVS, Weiskoff AM, Ding K, Shi ZZ. Obg-like ATPase 1 regulates global protein serine/threonine phosphorylation in cancer cells by suppressing the GSK3β-inhibitor 2-PP1 positive feedback loop. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3427-39. [PMID: 26655089 PMCID: PMC4823117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OLA1 is an Obg family P-loop NTPase that possesses both GTP- and ATP-hydrolyzing activities. Here we report that OLA1 is a GSK3β interacting protein, and through its ATPase activity, inhibits the GSK3β-mediated activation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1 (PP1). It is hypothesized that GSK3β phosphorylates inhibitor 2 (I-2) of PP1 at Thr-72 and activates the PP1 · I-2 complex, which in turn dephosphorylates and stimulates GSK3β, thus forming a positive feedback loop. We revealed that the positive feedback loop is normally suppressed by OLA1, and becomes over-activated under OLA1 deficiency, resulting in increased cellular PP1 activity and dephosphorylation of multiple Ser/Thr phosphoproteins, and more strikingly, decreased global protein threonine phosphorylation. Furthermore, using xenograft models of colon cancer (H116) and ovarian cancer (SKOV3), we established a correlation among downregulation of OLA1, over-activation of the positive feedback loop as indicated by under-phosphorylation of I-2, and more aggressive tumor growth. This study provides the first evidence for the existence of a GSK3β-I-2-PP1 positive feedback loop in human cancer cells, and identifies OLA1 as an endogenous suppressor of this signaling motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Renduo Song
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guohui Wang
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Prince V S Jeyabal
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda M Weiskoff
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Shi
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Lim JM, Lee KS, Woo HA, Kang D, Rhee SG. Control of the pericentrosomal H2O2 level by peroxiredoxin I is critical for mitotic progression. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:23-33. [PMID: 26150388 PMCID: PMC4493999 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible oxidative inactivation of centrosome-bound protein phosphatases such as Cdc14B by H2O2 is likely responsible for the inhibition of Cdk1-opposing phosphatases during early mitosis, which prevents premature degradation of mitotic activators. Proteins associated with the centrosome play key roles in mitotic progression in mammalian cells. The activity of Cdk1-opposing phosphatases at the centrosome must be inhibited during early mitosis to prevent premature dephosphorylation of Cdh1—an activator of the ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome—and the consequent premature degradation of mitotic activators. In this paper, we show that reversible oxidative inactivation of centrosome-bound protein phosphatases such as Cdc14B by H2O2 is likely responsible for this inhibition. The intracellular concentration of H2O2 increases as the cell cycle progresses. Whereas the centrosome is shielded from H2O2 through its association with the H2O2-eliminating enzyme peroxiredoxin I (PrxI) during interphase, the centrosome-associated PrxI is selectively inactivated through phosphorylation by Cdk1 during early mitosis, thereby exposing the centrosome to H2O2 and facilitating inactivation of centrosome-bound phosphatases. Dephosphorylation of PrxI by okadaic acid–sensitive phosphatases during late mitosis again shields the centrosome from H2O2 and thereby allows the reactivation of Cdk1-opposing phosphatases at the organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mi Lim
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Kyung S Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Dongmin Kang
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Sue Goo Rhee
- Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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Mishra R, Singh SK. HIV-1 Tat C phosphorylates VE-cadherin complex and increases human brain microvascular endothelial cell permeability. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:80. [PMID: 24965120 PMCID: PMC4230799 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMVECs) are integral part of the blood brain barrier. Post-translational modifications of adherens junction proteins regulate the permeability of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Pro-inflammatory signals can induce tyrosine phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins. The primary objective of this work is to provide a molecular model; how the HIV-1 Tat protein can compromise the BBB integrity and eventually lead to neurological consequences. We exposed hBMVECs to recombinant HIV-1 clade C Tat protein to study the effect of HIV-1 Tat C on permeability of hBMVECs. Trans-endothelial electrical resistance and fluorescent dye migration assay have been used to check the permeability of hBMVECs. DCFDA staining has been used for intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection. Western blotting has been used to study the expression levels and co-immunoprecipitation has been used to study the interactions among adherens junction proteins. Results HIV-1 Tat C protein induced NOX2 and NOX4 expression level and increased intracellular ROS level. Redox-sensitive kinase; PYK2 activation led to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin and β-catenin, leading to disruption of junctional assembly. The dissociation of tyrosine phosphatases VE-PTP and SHP2 from cadherin complex resulted into increased tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin and β-catenin in HIV-1 Tat C treated hBMVECs. Conclusion Unrestricted phosphorylation of junctional proteins in hBMVECs, in response to HIV-1 Tat C protein; leads to the disruption of junctional complexes and increased endothelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunit Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Neurovirology and Inflammation Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Castellano I, Merlino A. Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidases: Structure and Function. GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0682-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Baba H, Sueyoshi N, Shigeri Y, Ishida A, Kameshita I. Regulation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP) by oxidation/reduction at Cys-359. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 526:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kaur N, Ranjan A, Tiwari V, Aneja R, Tandon V. DMA, a bisbenzimidazole, offers radioprotection by promoting NFκB transactivation through NIK/IKK in human glioma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39426. [PMID: 22745752 PMCID: PMC3382165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation (IR) exposure often occurs for human beings through occupational, medical, environmental, accidental and/or other sources. Thus, the role of radioprotector is essential to overcome the complex series of overlapping responses to radiation induced DNA damage. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of human glioma U87 cells with DMA (5- {4-methylpiperazin-1-yl}-2-[2'-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5'-benzimidazolyl] in the presence or absence of radiation uncovered differential regulation of an array of genes and proteins using microarray and 2D PAGE techniques. Pathway construction followed by relative quantitation of gene expression of the identified proteins and their interacting partners led to the identification of MAP3K14 (NFκB inducing kinase, NIK) as the candidate gene affected in response to DMA. Subsequently, over expression and knock down of NIK suggested that DMA affects NFκB inducing kinase mediated phosphorylation of IKKα and IKKβ both alone and in the presence of ionizing radiation (IR). The TNF-α induced NFκB dependent luciferase reporter assay demonstrated 1.65, 2.26 and 3.62 fold increase in NFκB activation at 10, 25 and 50 µM DMA concentrations respectively, compared to control cells. This activation was further increased by 5.8 fold in drug + radiation (50 µM +8.5 Gy) treated cells in comparison to control. We observed 51% radioprotection in control siRNA transfected cells that attenuated to 15% in siRNA NIK treated U87 cells, irradiated in presence of DMA at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Our studies show that NIK/IKK mediated NFκB activation is more intensified in cells over expressing NIK and treated with DMA, alone or in combination with ionizing radiation, indicating that DMA promotes NIK mediated NFκB signaling. This subsequently leads to the radioprotective effect exhibited by DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navrinder Kaur
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Atul Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Jung CH, Yu JH, Bae SJ, Koh EH, Kim MS, Park JY, Kim HK, Lee WJ. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase is associated with arterial stiffness in healthy individuals. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:328-34. [PMID: 21521327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) has been reported to be useful in predicting cardiovascular disease. Arterial stiffness measured by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is not only a marker of vascular damage but a significant predictor of cardiovascular events. Gender difference has been reported in the association between GGT and baPWV. We assessed, therefore, the association between GGT and baPWV in a large population and determined whether there was gender difference. DESIGN This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Asan Medical Centre, Seoul, Republic of Korea. SUBJECTS AND MEASUREMENTS Serum GGT, baPWV and conventional risk factors were measured in 10 988 apparently healthy subjects (7248 men, 3740 women) who participated in a routine health screening examination. RESULTS In both men and women, we observed positive linearity between GGT quartiles and body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score (P for trends < 0·001). The proportion of individuals with diabetes, hypertension increased as the GGT quartile increased (P for trends < 0·001). Age-adjusted mean baPWV increased gradually in both males and females according to GGT quartiles (P for trends < 0·001 in both genders). The odds for higher baPWV (i.e. >75th percentile in each sex) were significantly higher in the highest compared with the lowest GGT quartiles, after adjustment for confounding variables, in both men [odds ratio (OR) = 1·63, 95% CI = 1·21-2·20] and women (OR = 1·56, 95% CI = 1·08-2·27). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GGT is independently associated with the increased level of arterial stiffness both in men and in women and the association between them appears to be stronger in men compared to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hee Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Wright VP, Reiser PJ, Clanton TL. Redox modulation of global phosphatase activity and protein phosphorylation in intact skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2009; 587:5767-81. [PMID: 19841000 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.178285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles produce transient reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to intense stimulation, disuse atrophy, heat stress, hypoxia, osmotic stress, stretch and cell receptor activation. The physiological significance is not well understood. Protein phosphatases (PPases) are known to be highly sensitive to oxidants and could contribute to many different signalling responses in muscle. We tested whether broad categories of PPases are inhibited by levels of acute oxidant exposure that do not result in loss of contractile function or gross oxidative stress. We also tested if this exposure results in elevated levels of global protein phosphorylation. Rat diaphragm muscles were treated with either 2,3-dimethoxy-1-naphthoquinone (DMNQ; 1, 10, 100 microm; a mitochondrial O(2)(.-)/H2O2 generator) or exogenous H2O2 (5, 50, 500 microm) for 30 min. Supernatants were assayed for serine/threonine PPase (Ser/Thr-PPase) or protein tyrosine PPase (PTP) activities. With the exception of 500 microm H2O2, no other oxidant exposures significantly elevated protein carbonyl formation, nor did they alter the magnitude of twitch force. DMNQ significantly decreased all categories of PPase activity at 10 and 100 microm and reduced PTP at 1 microm. Similar reductions in Ser/Thr-PPase activity were seen in response to 50 and 500 microm H2O2 and PTP at 500 microm H2O2. ROS treatments resulted a dose-dependent increase in the phosphorylation states of many proteins. The data are consistent with the concept that PPases, within intact skeletal muscles, are highly sensitive to acute changes in ROS activity and that localized ROS play a critical role in lowering the barriers for effective phosphorylation events to occur in muscle cells, thus increasing the probability for cell signalling responses to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie P Wright
- University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, Room 100 FLG, PO Box 118205, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Saijo Y, Utsugi M, Yoshioka E, Horikawa N, Sato T, Gong Y, Kishi R. The relationship of gamma-glutamyltransferase to C-reactive protein and arterial stiffness. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:211-219. [PMID: 17412574 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationships between gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and arterial stiffness have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to clarify whether serum GGT is related to CRP and arterial stiffness estimated using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). METHODS AND RESULTS The subjects were 3412 males and 854 females. GGT, CRP, baPWV, and conventional risk factors were evaluated. On multiple regression analysis, after adjustment for the conventional risk factors, log GGT was significantly associated with log CRP in male and female subjects (male subjects: beta=0.168, p<0.0001; female subjects: beta=0.098, p<0.05). After adjustment for the conventional risk factors, log GGT was significantly associated with PWV in male subjects (beta=0.060, p<0.0001), but in female subjects, no significant relationships were found after adjustment (beta=0.007, p=0.82). CONCLUSION These results suggest that GGT is independently associated with an increased level of CRP in both males and females. In addition, in males, GGT is related to an increased level of arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Saijo
- Department of Health Science, Asahikwa Medical College, Midorigaoka, E2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
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Battino M, Greabu M, Totan A, Bullon P, Bucur A, Tovaru S, Mohora M, Didilescu A, Parlatescu I, Spinu T, Totan C. Oxidative stress markers in oral lichen planus. Biofactors 2008; 33:301-10. [PMID: 19509465 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520330406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common disorder whose cause is still unknown. Oral cancer is preceded in most cases by pre malignant lesions-leukoplasia, submucous fibrosis and lichen planus. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species play important roles in both pathogenesis of lichen planus and carcinogenesis. Thus monitoring systemic and saliva compounds important for the antioxidant defence (oxidative balance) could be important for the clinician's treatment strategy. Thorough medical management and early active treatment are necessary to improve symptoms and might also be a relevant prevention strategy from squamous cell carcinoma risk, although data to fully support this statement still need investigation. The principal aim of this study was to determine the systemic uric acid, GGT, and albumin levels as well as the levels of uric acid and albumin in 20 patients diagnosed with lichen planus and 20 controls. Extensive medline search failed to reveal any study of this type. Our results showed a significant decrease of saliva (p < 0.005) uric acid and an increase in serum gamma glutamyl transpherase (GGT) (p < 0.01) as well as in the total antioxidant capacity of saliva in patient group with respect to the control one. The preliminary conclusion of our study is that uric acid, the most important salivary antioxidant and GGT could be considered in the future as useful markers of oxidative stress for elaboration of treatment strategy and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Battino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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18
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Wang Y, Huang X, Cang H, Gao F, Yamamoto T, Osaki T, Yi J. The endogenous reactive oxygen species promote NF-kappaB activation by targeting on activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:963-71. [PMID: 17729113 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701445045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) could stimulate or inhibit NF-kappaB pathways. However, most results have been obtained on the basis of the exogenous ROS and the molecular target of ROS in NF-kappaB signalling pathways has remained unclear. Here, the oral squamous carcinoma (OSC) cells, with a mild difference in the endogenous ROS level, were used to investigate how slight fluctuation of the endogenous ROS regulates NF-kappaB activation. This study demonstrates that NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) is a critical target of the endogenous ROS in NF-kappaB pathways. The results indicate that ROS may function as a physiological signalling modulator on NF-kappaB signalling cascades through its ability to facilitate the activity of NIK and subsequent NF-kappaB transactivation. In addition, the data are useful to explain why the altered intracellular microenvironment related to redox state may influence biological behaviours of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry of China for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Iciek M, Chwatko G, Rokita H, Bald E, Włodek L. The effects of modulation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in HepG2 cells on thiol homeostasis and caspase-3-activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:201-8. [PMID: 17141888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present studies aimed to elucidate how the modulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT) activity in human hepatoma (HepG2) cell line influences H(2)O(2) production, caspase 3 activity, protein S-thiolation by glutathione (GSH), cysteinyl-glycine (Cys-Gly) and cysteine (Cys), and the level of other redox forms of these thiols. The experiments showed that 1-h stimulation of gammaGT elevated H(2)O(2) production, leading to prooxidant conditions. After 24-h stimulation, H(2)O(2) concentration was at the control level, while Cys-Gly-, Cys- and GSH-dependent S-thiolation was markedly increased, which was accompanied by a drop in caspase-3 activity. The inhibition of gammaGT activity by acivicin led to H(2)O(2) decrease after 1-h incubation which still persisted after 24 h. The inhibition of gammaGT activity in HepG2 cells was also connected with the lowering of S-thiolation with Cys and Cys-Gly and with increasing of caspase-3 activity. The results of our studies indicate that the modulation of gammaGT activity can be used to change cellular redox status, and can affect Cys- and Cys-Gly-dependent S-thiolation and caspase-3 activity. We suggest that the role of high gammaGT activity in HepG2 cells can be connected with production of reactive oxygen species and with S-thiolation with Cys and Cys-Gly that can influence activity of caspase 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Iciek
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str., 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
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20
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Abdala-Valencia H, Cook-Mills JM. VCAM-1 signals activate endothelial cell protein kinase Calpha via oxidation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6379-87. [PMID: 17056569 PMCID: PMC2711556 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte binding to VCAM-1 activates endothelial cell NADPH oxidase, resulting in the generation of 1 muM H(2)O(2). This is required for VCAM-1-dependent lymphocyte migration. In this study, we identified a role for protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) in VCAM-1 signal transduction in human and mouse endothelial cells. VCAM-1-dependent spleen cell migration under 2 dynes/cm(2) laminar flow was blocked by pretreatment of endothelial cells with dominant-negative PKCalpha or the PKCalpha inhibitors, Rö-32-0432 or Gö-6976. Phosphorylation of PKCalpha(Thr638), an autophosphorylation site indicating enzyme activity, was increased by Ab cross-linking of VCAM-1 on endothelial cells or by the exogenous addition of 1 muM H(2)O(2). The anti-VCAM-1-stimulated phosphorylation of PKCalpha(Thr638) was blocked by scavenging of H(2)O(2) and by inhibition of NADPH oxidase. Furthermore, anti-VCAM-1 signaling induced the oxidation of endothelial cell PKCalpha. Oxidized PKCalpha is a transiently active form of PKCalpha that is diacylglycerol independent. This oxidation was blocked by inhibition of NADPH oxidase. In summary, VCAM-1 activation of endothelial cell NADPH oxidase induces transient PKCalpha activation that is necessary for VCAM-1-dependent transendothelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan M. Cook-Mills
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Joan M. Cook-Mills, Allergy-Immunology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, McGaw-304, 240 East Huron, Chicago, IL 60611. E-mail address:
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21
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Franzini M, Corti A, Lorenzini E, Paolicchi A, Pompella A, De Cesare M, Perego P, Gatti L, Leone R, Apostoli P, Zunino F. Modulation of cell growth and cisplatin sensitivity by membrane γ-glutamyltransferase in melanoma cells. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:2623-30. [PMID: 16928443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is regarded as critical for the maintenance of intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH). GGT expression has been implicated in drug resistance through elevation of intracellular GSH. The dependence of intracellular GSH on GGT expression was not conclusively ascertained. The present study was designed to investigate the role of GGT and of intracellular GSH levels in modulating proliferation and sensitivity to cisplatin of melanoma cells. GGT transfection resulted in increased growth, both in vitro and in tumour xenografts. In addition, GGT-transfected cells exhibited reduced sensitivity to cisplatin associated with lower DNA platination. A decrease in intracellular GSH levels, rather than an increase, was observed in GGT-transfected cells; moreover, in cysteine-deficient conditions, the expression of GGT did not provide transfected cells with the ability of utilising extracellular GSH. In conclusion, these results indicate that GGT activity confers a growth advantage unrelated with intracellular glutathione supply, and are consistent with the interpretation that cisplatin resistance is the consequence of modifications of cellular pharmacokinetics as a result of extracellular drug inactivation by thiol metabolites originated by GGT-mediated GSH cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Franzini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale BMIE, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
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22
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Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a well-documented component of living cells. It plays important roles in host defense and oxidative biosynthetic reactions. In addition there is growing evidence that at low levels, H2O2 also functions as a signaling agent, particularly in higher organisms. This review evaluates the evidence that H2O2 functions as a signaling agent in higher organisms in light of the known biology and biochemistry of H2O2. All aerobic organisms studied to date from prokaryotes to humans appear to tightly regulate their intracellular H2O2 concentrations at relatively similar levels. Multiple biochemical strategies for rapidly reacting with these low endogenous levels of H2O2 have been elucidated from the study of peroxidases and catalases. Well-defined biochemical pathways involved in the response to exogenous H2O2 have been described in both prokaryotes and yeast. In animals and plants, regulated enzymatic systems for generating H2O2 have been described. In addition oxidation-dependent steps in signal transduction pathways are being uncovered, and evidence is accumulating regarding the nature of the specific reactive oxygen species involved in each of these pathways. Application of physiologic levels of H2O2 to mammalian cells has been shown to stimulate biological responses and to activate specific biochemical pathways in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Stone
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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23
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Sung B, Jung KJ, Song HS, Son MJ, Yu BP, Chung HY. cDNA representational difference analysis used in the identification of genes related to the aging process in rat kidney. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:882-91. [PMID: 15893360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex physiological process by which the functions of many organ systems deteriorate. Growing evidence shows that age-related changes and damage are causally related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses from reactive species. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in old and young kidneys of Fisher 344 male rats during the aging process using complementary DNA representational difference analysis (cDNA RDA). cDNA RDA is a subtractive technique for identifying a focused set of differentially expressed genes. The distinctive advantage of this technique is its capability of detecting differences in gene expressions at less than one copy per cell and identifying genes not previously described in the database. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with specific primers was applied to confirm the differences found by RDA. Twenty-one putative differentially expressed genes were identified. Sixteen genes were up-regulated during aging and were associated with stress-response and inflammatory reactions, while five genes were down-regulated. These data suggested that the inflammatory process is a plausible cause of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Sung
- College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-ku, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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24
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Dominici S, Pieri L, Paolicchi A, De Tata V, Zunino F, Pompella A. Endogenous oxidative stress induces distinct redox forms of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 in melanoma cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1030:62-8. [PMID: 15659781 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1329.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Receptors of the TNFR superfamily possess abundant thiols in their extracellular domains, which makes them susceptible to redox modulation by prooxidant agents and processes. Previous studies from our laboratory have documented that membrane gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity can originate reactive oxygen species in the extracellular milieu, during the GGT-mediated metabolism of extracellular glutathione. The present study was aimed thus to verify a possible redox-modulating effect of GGT activity on TNFR1 receptors. The thiol-specific probe maleimide-polyethylene glycol was used to selectively label the reduced thiol groups in proteins of cell lysates; fractions corresponding to TNFR1 were then identified by immunoblot. In human melanoma Me665/2 cells, expressing varying GGT levels, at least five distinct forms of TNFR1 have been thus identified. The more oxidized forms appear to be prevalent in the 2/60 clone, expressing higher GGT levels, as compared to clone 2/21. Stimulation of GGT activity in the latter induced an increase of the oxidized TNFR1 forms. It is conceivable that different redox states of TNFR1 may correspond to different binding affinity and/or changes in the transducing function of the receptor. As GGT is frequently expressed by malignant tumors, the described phenomena might concur to alter the sensitivity of cancer cells to agents targeted on activation of TNF-alpha-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dominici
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa Medical School, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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25
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Abstract
The primary role of cellular gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) is to metabolize extracellular reduced glutathione (GSH), allowing for precursor amino acids to be assimilated and reutilized for intracellular GSH synthesis. Paradoxically, recent experimental studies indicate that cellular GGT may also be involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of iron or other transition metals. Although the relationship between cellular GGT and serum GGT is not known and serum GGT activity has been commonly used as a marker for excessive alcohol consumption or liver diseases, our series of epidemiological studies consistently suggest that serum GGT within its normal range might be an early and sensitive enzyme related to oxidative stress. For example, serum and dietary antioxidant vitamins had inverse, dose-response relations to serum GGT level within its normal range, whereas dietary heme iron was positively related to serum GGT level. More importantly, serum GGT level within its normal range positively predicted F2-isoprostanes, an oxidative damage product of arachidonic acid, and fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, markers of inflammation, which were measured 5 or 15 years later, in dose-response manners. These findings suggest that strong associations of serum GGT with many cardiovascular risk factors and/or events might be explained by a mechanism related to oxidative stress. Even though studies on serum and/or cellular GGT is at a beginning stage, our epidemiological findings suggest that serum GGT might be useful in studying oxidative stress-related issues in both epidemiological and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Promotion Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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26
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Lim JS, Yang JH, Chun BY, Kam S, Jacobs DR, Lee DH. Is serum gamma-glutamyltransferase inversely associated with serum antioxidants as a marker of oxidative stress? Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1018-23. [PMID: 15336318 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of studies in black and white women and men have suggested that serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) within its normal range might be an early marker of oxidative stress. If serum GGT is a marker of oxidative stress, it might have important implications both clinically and epidemiologically because measurement of serum GGT is easy, reliable, and not expensive. We examined the cross-sectional association between deciles of serum GGT and concentrations of serum antioxidants among 9083 adult participants in the third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After adjustment for race, sex, age, and total cholesterol, serum concentration of GGT across all deciles was inversely associated with serum concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin/lutein, lycopene, and vitamin C (p for trend <.01, respectively). Vitamin E was not associated with serum GGT. All these associations were not materially different after additional adjustment for total energy intake, body mass index, smoking status, smoking amount, alcohol intake, and exercise. These associations were similarly observed among most subgroups. In conclusion, the current and previous studies strongly suggest that serum GGT level within its normal range may be an early marker of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seun Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Promotion Research Center, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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27
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Bai X, Cerimele F, Ushio-Fukai M, Waqas M, Campbell PM, Govindarajan B, Der CJ, Battle T, Frank DA, Ye K, Murad E, Dubiel W, Soff G, Arbiser JL. Honokiol, a small molecular weight natural product, inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:35501-7. [PMID: 12816951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302967200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products comprise a major source of small molecular weight angiogenesis inhibitors. We have used the transformed endothelial cell line SVR as an effective screen of natural product extracts to isolate anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumor compounds. Aqueous extracts of Magnolia grandiflora exhibit potent activity in our SVR proliferation assays. We found that the small molecular weight compound honokiol is the active principle of magnolia extract. Honokiol exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity against SVR cells in vitro. In addition, honokiol demonstrated preferential inhibition of primary human endothelial cells compared with fibroblasts and this inhibition was antagonized by antibodies against TNF alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. In vivo, honokiol was highly effective against angiosarcoma in nude mice. Our preclinical data suggests that honokiol is a systemically available and non-toxic inhibitor of angiogenesis and should be further evaluated as a potential chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhe Bai
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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