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Chakraborty A, Dharmaraj S, Truong N, Pearson RM. Excipient-Free Ionizable Polyester Nanoparticles for Lung-Selective and Innate Immune Cell Plasmid DNA and mRNA Transfection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56440-56453. [PMID: 36525379 PMCID: PMC9872050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Extrahepatic nucleic acid delivery using polymers typically requires the synthesis and purification of custom monomers, post-synthetic modifications, and incorporation of additional excipients to augment their stability, endosomal escape, and in vivo effectiveness. Here, we report the development of a single-component and excipient-free, polyester-based nucleic acid delivery nanoparticle platform comprising ionizable N-methyldiethanolamine (MDET) and various hydrophobic alkyl diols (Cp) that achieves lung-selective nucleic acid transfection in vivo. PolyMDET and polyMDET-Cp polyplexes displayed high serum and enzymatic stability, while delivering pDNA or mRNA to "hard-to-transfect" innate immune cells. PolyMDET-C4 and polyMDET-C6 mediated high protein expression in lung alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells without inducing tissue damage or systemic inflammatory responses. Improved strategies using readily available starting materials to produce a simple, excipient-free, non-viral nucleic acid delivery platform with lung-selective and innate immune cell tropism has the potential to expedite clinical deployment of polymer-based genetic medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
| | - Shruti Dharmaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
| | - Nhu Truong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
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2
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Pugsley CE, Isaac RE, Warren NJ, Behra JS, Cappelle K, Dominguez-Espinosa R, Cayre OJ. Protection of Double-Stranded RNA via Complexation with Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymers: Influence of Neutral Block Length in Biologically Relevant Environments. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2362-2373. [PMID: 35549247 PMCID: PMC9198985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between the anionic phosphodiester backbone of DNA/RNA and polycations can be exploited as a means of delivering genetic material for therapeutic and agrochemical applications. In this work, quaternized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PQDMAEMA-b-PDMAm) double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization as nonviral delivery vehicles for double-stranded RNA. The assembly of DHBCs and dsRNA forms distinct polyplexes that were thoroughly characterized to establish a relationship between the length of the uncharged poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) block and the polyplex size, complexation efficiency, and colloidal stability. Dynamic light scattering reveals the formation of smaller polyplexes with increasing PDMA lengths, while gel electrophoresis confirms that these polyplexes require higher N/P ratio for full complexation. DHBC polyplexes exhibit enhanced stability in low ionic strength environments in comparison to homopolymer-based polyplexes. In vitro enzymatic degradation assays demonstrate that both homopolymer and DHBC polymers efficiently protect dsRNA from degradation by RNase A enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Pugsley
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School
of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - R. Elwyn Isaac
- School
of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas. J. Warren
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Juliette S. Behra
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Kaat Cappelle
- Syngenta
Ghent Innovation Center, Technologiepark 30, B-9052 Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Rosa Dominguez-Espinosa
- Syngenta
Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42
6EY, England
| | - Olivier. J. Cayre
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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3
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Delivery of DNA into Human Cells by Functionalized Lignin Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15010303. [PMID: 35009448 PMCID: PMC8745861 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic plant cell wall polymer that is generated in large quantities as a low-value by-product by the pulp and paper industry and by biorefineries that produce renewable fuels and chemicals from plant biomass. Lignin structure varies among plant species and as a function of the method used for its extraction from plant biomass. We first explored the impact of this variation on the physico-chemical properties of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) produced via a solvent exchange procedure and then examined whether LNPs produced from industrial sources of lignin could be used as delivery vehicles for DNA. Spherical LNPs were formed from birch and wheat BioLignin™ and from poplar thioglycolic acid lignin after dissolving the lignin in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dialyzing it against water. Dynamic light scattering indicated that the diameter of these LNPs was dependent on the initial concentration of the lignin, while electrophoretic light scattering indicated that the LNPs had a negative zeta potential, which became less negative as the diameter increased. The dynamics of LNP formation as a function of the initial lignin concentration varied as a function of the source of the lignin, as did the absolute value of the zeta potential. After coating the LNPs with cationic poly-l-lysine, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that DNA could adsorb to LNPs. Upon transfection of human A549 lung carcinoma basal epithelial cells with functionalized LNPs carrying plasmid DNA encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), green foci were observed under the microscope, and the presence of eGFP in the transfected cells was confirmed by ELISA. The low cytotoxicity of these LNPs and the ability to tailor diameter and zeta potential make these LNPs of interest for future gene therapy applications.
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4
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Tortajada L, Felip C, Vicent MJ. Polymer-based Non-viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in the Skin. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has emerged as a versatile technique with the potential to treat a range of human diseases; however, examples of the topical application of gene therapy as a treatment...
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5
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Kawamura A, Harada A, Ueno S, Miyata T. Weakly Acidic pH and Reduction Dual Stimuli-Responsive Gel Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11484-11492. [PMID: 34565150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the facile preparation of dual stimuli-responsive gel particles that simultaneously respond to weakly acidic and reducing stimuli and the application of these gel particles as a drug delivery carrier. The dual stimuli-responsive gel particles composed of a pH-responsive polymer network cross-linked with reduction stimuli-responsive disulfide cross-links, and biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) cross-links were prepared by soap-free emulsion polymerization. The resulting gel particles were colloidally stable at physiological ionic strength and had a diameter of approximately 200 nm with a narrow size distribution. The resulting gel particles slightly swelled in an acidic environment. On the other hand, the gel particles drastically swelled under simultaneous weakly acidic and reducing conditions because of the ionization of tertiary amino groups in the gel network and a decrease in the cross-linking density resulting from cleavage of the disulfide cross-links. When cells were treated with the gel particles, they were taken up by cells via the endocytosis pathway and distributed in the cytosol after endosomal escape by the proton sponge effect. In addition, a hydrophobic drug, doxorubicin (Dox), was loaded into the gel particles through hydrophobic interactions. Dox was released from the gel particles under weakly acidic and reducing conditions, while the Dox release was inhibited at neutral pH. The weakly acidic pH- and reduction stimuli-responsive release of Dox from gel particles was attributed to the drastic swelling of these particles. The fascinating properties of the dual stimuli-responsive gel particles suggest that they can provide a useful platform for designing intracellular drug delivery carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Ayaka Harada
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyata
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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6
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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Naik S, Shreya AB, Raychaudhuri R, Pandey A, Lewis SA, Hazarika M, Bhandary SV, Rao BSS, Mutalik S. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) based gene silencing strategies for the treatment of glaucoma: Recent advancements and future perspectives. Life Sci 2020; 264:118712. [PMID: 33159955 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RNA-interference-based mechanisms, especially the use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), have been under investigation for the treatment of several ailments and have shown promising results for ocular diseases including glaucoma. The eye, being a confined compartment, serves as a good target for the delivery of siRNAs. This review focuses on siRNA-based strategies for gene silencing to treat glaucoma. We have discussed the ocular structures and barriers to gene therapy (tear film, corneal, conjunctival, vitreous, and blood ocular barriers), methods of administration for ocular gene delivery (topical instillation, periocular, intracameral, intravitreal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal routes) and various viral and non-viral vectors in siRNA-based therapy for glaucoma. The components and mechanism of siRNA-based gene silencing have been mentioned briefly followed by the basic strategies and challenges faced during siRNA therapeutics development. We have emphasized different therapeutic targets for glaucoma which have been under research by scientists and the current siRNA-based drugs used in glaucoma treatment. We also mention briefly strategies for siRNA-based treatment after glaucoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshi Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ajjappla Basavaraj Shreya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ruchira Raychaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Shaila A Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Manali Hazarika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Sulatha V Bhandary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Bola Sadashiva Satish Rao
- Director - Research, Directorte of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India.
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8
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Tockary TA, Foo W, Dirisala A, Chen Q, Uchida S, Osawa S, Mochida Y, Liu X, Kinoh H, Cabral H, Osada K, Kataoka K. Single-Stranded DNA-Packaged Polyplex Micelle as Adeno-Associated-Virus-Inspired Compact Vector to Systemically Target Stroma-Rich Pancreatic Cancer. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12732-12742. [PMID: 31647640 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rigidity of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), its packaging is used to construct nonviral gene carriers due to its availability and the importance of its double-helix to elicit transcription. However, there is an increasing demand for more compact-sized carriers to facilitate tissue penetration, which may be easily fulfilled by using the more flexible single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as an alternative template. Inspired by the adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a prime example of a transcriptionally active ssDNA system, we considered a methodology that can capture unpaired ssDNA within the polyplex micelle system (PM), an assembly of DNA and poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lysine) (PEG-PLys). A micellar assembly retaining unpaired ssDNA was prepared by unpairing linearized pDNA with heat and performing polyion complexation on site with PEG-PLys. The PM thus formed had a compact and spherical shape, which was distinguishable from the rod-shaped PM formed from dsDNA, and still retained its ability to activate gene expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that its capacity to encapsulate DNA was much higher than AAV, thereby potentially allowing the delivery of a larger variety of protein-encoding DNA. These features permit the ssDNA-loaded PM to easily penetrate the size-restricting stromal barrier after systemic application. Further, they can elicit gene expression in tumor cell nests of an intractable pancreatic cancer mouse model to achieve antitumor effects through suicide gene therapy. Thus, single-stranded DNA-packaged PM is appealing as a potential gene vector to tackle intractable diseases, particularly those with target delivery issues due to size-restriction barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofilus A Tockary
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , Tonomachi 3-25-14 , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Wanling Foo
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Anjaneyulu Dirisala
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , Tonomachi 3-25-14 , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Qixian Chen
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , 2 Linggong Road , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , Tonomachi 3-25-14 , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Shigehito Osawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Tokyo University of Science , 1-3 Kagurazaka , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 , Japan
| | - Yuki Mochida
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , Tonomachi 3-25-14 , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Xueying Liu
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , Tonomachi 3-25-14 , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kinoh
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , Tonomachi 3-25-14 , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Kensuke Osada
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiology Science and Technology , 4-9-1 Anagawa , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555 , Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , Tonomachi 3-25-14 , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
- Institute for Future Initiatives , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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9
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Tan Z, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Karls L, Lodge TP, Reineke TM. Polycation Architecture and Assembly Direct Successful Gene Delivery: Micelleplexes Outperform Polyplexes via Optimal DNA Packaging. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15804-15817. [PMID: 31553590 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular delivery of biomacromolecules is vital to medical research and therapeutic development. Cationic polymers are promising and affordable candidate vehicles for these precious payloads. However, the impact of polycation architecture and solution assembly on the biological mechanisms and efficacy of these vehicles has not been clearly defined. In this study, four polymers containing the same cationic poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (D) block but placed in different architectures have been synthesized, characterized, and compared for cargo binding and biological performance. The D homopolymer and its diblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (OD) readily encapsulate pDNA to form polyplexes. Two amphiphilic block polymer variants, poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (DB) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (ODB), self-assemble into micelles, which template pDNA winding around the cationic corona to form micelleplexes. Micelleplexes were found to have superior delivery efficiency compared to polyplexes and detailed physicochemical and biological characterizations were performed to pinpoint the mechanisms by testing hypotheses related to cellular internalization, intracellular trafficking, and pDNA unpackaging. For the first time, we find that the higher concentration of amines housed in micelleplexes stimulates both cellular internalization and potential endosomal escape, and the physical motif of pDNA winding into micelleplexes, reminiscent of DNA compaction by histones in chromatin, preserves the pDNA secondary structure in its native B form. This likely allows greater payload accessibility for protein expression with micelleplexes compared to polyplexes, which tightly condense pDNA and significantly distort its helicity. This work provides important guidance for the design of successful biomolecular delivery systems via optimizing the physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Tan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Logan Karls
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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10
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Tuning with Phosphorylcholine Grafts Improves the Physicochemical Properties of PLL/pDNA Nanoparticles at Neutral pH. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Sun D, Sun Z, Jiang H, Vaidya AM, Xin R, Ayat NR, Schilb AL, Qiao PL, Han Z, Naderi A, Lu ZR. Synthesis and Evaluation of pH-Sensitive Multifunctional Lipids for Efficient Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 in Gene Editing. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:667-678. [PMID: 30582790 PMCID: PMC6429435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 system is a promising approach for gene editing in gene therapy. Effective gene editing requires safe and efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system in target cells. Several new multifunctional pH-sensitive amino lipids were designed and synthesized with modification of the amino head groups for intracellular delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system. These multifunctional pH-sensitive amino lipids exhibited structurally dependent formulation of stable nanoparticles with the DNA plasmids of CRISPR/Cas9 system with the sizes ranging from 100 to 200 nm. The amino lipid plasmid DNA nanoparticles showed pH-sensitive hemolysis with minimal hemolytic activity at pH 7.4 and increased hemolysis at acidic pH (pH = 5.5, 6.5). The nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity at an N/P ratio of 10. Expression of both Cas9 and sgRNA of the CRISPR/Cas9 system was in the range from 4.4% to 33%, dependent on the lipid structure in NIH3T3-GFP cells. The amino lipids that formed stable nanoparticles with high expression of both Cas9 and sgRNA mediated high gene editing efficiency. ECO and iECO mediated more efficient gene editing than other tested lipids. ECO mediated up to 50% GFP suppression based on observations with confocal microscopy and nearly 80% reduction of GFP mRNA based on RT-PCR measurement in NIH3T3-GFP cells. The multifunctional pH-sensitive amino lipids have the potential for efficient intracellular delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for effective gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongfa Jiang
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Amita M. Vaidya
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Rui Xin
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nadia R. Ayat
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Andrew L. Schilb
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Peter L. Qiao
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Zheng Han
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Amirreza Naderi
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Zheng-Rong Lu
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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12
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Sung YK, Kim SW. Recent advances in the development of gene delivery systems. Biomater Res 2019; 23:8. [PMID: 30915230 PMCID: PMC6417261 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-019-0156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene delivery systems are essentially necessary for the gene therapy of human genetic diseases. Gene therapy is the unique way that is able to use the adjustable gene to cure any disease. The gene therapy is one of promising therapies for a number of diseases such as inherited disorders, viral infection and cancers. The useful results of gene delivery systems depend open the adjustable targeting gene delivery systems. Some of successful gene delivery systems have recently reported for the practical application of gene therapy. Main body The recent developments of viral gene delivery systems and non-viral gene delivery systems for gene therapy have briefly reviewed. The viral gene delivery systems have discussed for the viral vectors based on DNA, RNA and oncolytic viral vectors. The non-viral gene delivery systems have also treated for the physicochemical approaches such as physical methods and chemical methods. Several kinds of successful gene delivery systems have briefly discussed on the bases of the gene delivery systems such as cationic polymers, poly(L-lysine), polysaccharides, and poly(ethylenimine)s. Conclusion The goal of the research for gene delivery system is to develop the clinically relevant vectors such as viral and non-viral vectors that use to combat elusive diseases such as AIDS, cancer, Alzheimer, etc. Next step research will focus on advancing DNA and RNA molecular technologies to become the standard treatment options in the clinical area of biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Sung
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.,2Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.,3Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Chung-gu, Seoul 04620 Korea.,4Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, BPRB, Room 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - S W Kim
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.,2Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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13
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14
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Hu X, Kim CJ, Albert SK, Park SJ. DNA-Grafted Poly(acrylic acid) for One-Step DNA Functionalization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14342-14346. [PMID: 30392363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report one-step DNA functionalization of hydrophobic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using DNA-grafted poly(acrylic acid) (PAA- g-DNA). PAA- g-DNA was synthesized by coupling PAA to amine-modified oligonucleotides via solid-phase amide chemistry, which yielded PAA grafted with multiple DNA strands with high graft efficiencies. Synthesized PAA- g-DNA was utilized as a phase-transfer and DNA functionalization agent for hydrophobic IONPs, taking advantage of unreacted carboxylic acid groups. The resulting DNA-modified IONPs were well dispersed in aqueous solutions and possessed DNA binding properties characteristic of polyvalent DNA nanostructures, showing that this approach provides a simple one-step method for DNA functionalization of hydrophobic IONPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Chan-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Shine K Albert
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , 52 Ewhayeodae-gil , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 , Korea
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15
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Domljanovic I, Hansen AH, Hansen LH, Klitgaard JK, Taskova M, Astakhova K. Studies of Impending Oligonucleotide Therapeutics in Simulated Biofluids. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:348-356. [PMID: 30106665 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oligonucleotides, their complexes and conjugates with other biomolecules represent valuable research tools and therapeutic agents. In spite of growing applications in basic research and clinical science, only few studies have addressed the issue of such compounds' stability in biological media. Herein, we studied the stability of two therapeutically relevant oligonucleotide probes in simulated biofluids; the 21 nucleotide-long DNA/locked nucleic acid oligonucleotide ON targeted toward cancer-associated BRAF V600E mutation, and a longer DNA analog (TTC) originating from BRAF gene. We found that stability of peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates (POCs) in human serum (HS) was superior compared with the naked or complexed 21mer oligonucleotide, whereas stability of POCs in simulated gastric juice (GJ) was dependent on the peptide sequence. Addition of pepstatin A in general increased the stability of oligonucleotides after 24 h digestion in HS and simulated GJ. Similarly, complexation with optimal amounts of histone proteins was found to rescue oligonucleotide stability after 24 h digestion in hydrochloric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Domljanovic
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lykke H Hansen
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Janne Kudsk Klitgaard
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,3 Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Taskova
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kira Astakhova
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Abstract
Gene therapy has emerged as an alternative in the treatment of cancer, particularly in cases of resistance to chemo and radiotherapy. Different approaches to deliver genetic material to tumor tissues have been proposed, including the use of small non-coding RNAs due to their multiple mechanisms of action. However, such promise has shown limits in in vivo application related to RNA's biological instability and stimulation of immunity, urging the development of systems able to overcome those barriers. In this review, we discuss the use of RNA interference in cancer therapy with special attention to the role of siRNA and miRNA and to the challenges of their delivery in vivo. We introduce a promising class of drug delivery system known as micelle-like nanoparticles and explore their synthesis and advantages for gene therapy as well as the recent findings in in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies.
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17
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Cabral H, Miyata K, Osada K, Kataoka K. Block Copolymer Micelles in Nanomedicine Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6844-6892. [PMID: 29957926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles are demonstrating high potential as nanomedicines capable of controlling the distribution and function of loaded bioactive agents in the body, effectively overcoming biological barriers, and various formulations are engaged in intensive preclinical and clinical testing. This Review focuses on polymeric micelles assembled through multimolecular interactions between block copolymers and the loaded drugs, proteins, or nucleic acids as translationable nanomedicines. The aspects involved in the design of successful micellar carriers are described in detail on the basis of the type of polymer/payload interaction, as well as the interplay of micelles with the biological interface, emphasizing on the chemistry and engineering of the block copolymers. By shaping these features, polymeric micelles have been propitious for delivering a wide range of therapeutics through effective sensing of targets in the body and adjustment of their properties in response to particular stimuli, modulating the activity of the loaded drugs at the targeted sites, even at the subcellular level. Finally, the future perspectives and imminent challenges for polymeric micelles as nanomedicines are discussed, anticipating to spur further innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , 3-25-14, Tonomachi , Kawasaki-ku , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan.,Policy Alternatives Research Institute , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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18
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Klein PM, Klinker K, Zhang W, Kern S, Kessel E, Wagner E, Barz M. Efficient Shielding of Polyplexes Using Heterotelechelic Polysarcosines. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E689. [PMID: 30966723 PMCID: PMC6404158 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shielding agents are commonly used to shield polyelectrolyte complexes, e.g., polyplexes, from agglomeration and precipitation in complex media like blood, and thus enhance their in vivo circulation times. Since up to now primarily poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been investigated to shield non-viral carriers for systemic delivery, we report on the use of polysarcosine (pSar) as a potential alternative for steric stabilization. A redox-sensitive, cationizable lipo-oligomer structure (containing two cholanic acids attached via a bioreducible disulfide linker to an oligoaminoamide backbone in T-shape configuration) was equipped with azide-functionality by solid phase supported synthesis. After mixing with small interfering RNA (siRNA), lipopolyplexes formed spontaneously and were further surface-functionalized with polysarcosines. Polysarcosine was synthesized by living controlled ring-opening polymerization using an azide-reactive dibenzo-aza-cyclooctyne-amine as an initiator. The shielding ability of the resulting formulations was investigated with biophysical assays and by near-infrared fluorescence bioimaging in mice. The modification of ~100 nm lipopolyplexes was only slightly increased upon functionalization. Cellular uptake into cells was strongly reduced by the pSar shielding. Moreover, polysarcosine-shielded polyplexes showed enhanced blood circulation times in bioimaging studies compared to unshielded polyplexes and similar to PEG-shielded polyplexes. Therefore, polysarcosine is a promising alternative for the shielding of non-viral, lipo-cationic polyplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Michael Klein
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Kristina Klinker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sarah Kern
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Eva Kessel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Schellingstraße 4, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Cambón A, Villar-Alvarez E, Alatorre-Meda M, Pardo A, Hiram B, Barbosa S, Taboada P, Mosquera V. Characterization of the complexation phenomenon and biological activity in vitro of polyplexes based on Tetronic T901 and DNA. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 519:58-70. [PMID: 29482097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The complexation process and underlying mechanisms that rule the interaction of DNA with the cationic block copolymer Tetronic T901 to form polyplexes and their potential transfection efficiency have been studied under different solution conditions. We noted that T901 favors the formation of self-assembled structures with partially condensed DNA at smaller polymer concentrations than other Pluronic™/Tetronic™-type copolymers previously analysed. The observed polyplexes display sizes from the nano- to the micro- range as derived from DLS, electronic and optical microscopies. Also, copolymer micelles are observed at concentrations below the copolymer critical micellar concentration (cmc) induced by the presence of DNA. The complexation process is dependent on solution conditions, with electrostatic and ionic interactions being more important at acidic pH thanks to the predominant diprotonated form of the block copolymer which is less aggregation-prone, whilst dispersive forces are increasingly enhanced under basic conditions or when rising the solution temperature. Whatever the case, the complexation is mainly governed by entropic contributions, as denoted from ITC data. In vitro transfection experiments after complexing T901 with a pDNA encoding the expression of green fluorescein protein, GFP, show a relative successful fluorescence of transfected HeLa cells, which confirms the uptake, internalization and release of the genetic material within the cells at suitable [N]/[P] ratios with relatively low cytotoxicity. Despite the observed successful outcomes, the obtained transfection efficacies are slightly lower than those obtained with Lipofectamine2000, so further optimization of the polyplex formation conditions is envisaged in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cambón
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Eva Villar-Alvarez
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Manuel Alatorre-Meda
- CONACyT-Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, 22510 Tijuana, B.C., Mexico
| | - Alberto Pardo
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Baltazar Hiram
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Transversal, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - Víctor Mosquera
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Department of Particle Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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20
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Kim Y, Uthaman S, Nurunnabi M, Mallick S, Oh KS, Kang SW, Cho S, Kang HC, Lee YK, Huh KM. Synthesis and characterization of bioreducible cationic biarm polymer for efficient gene delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110:366-374. [PMID: 29305212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a new cationic AB2 miktoarm block copolymer consisting of one poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) block and two cationic poly (l-lysine) (PLL) blocks, wherein the PLL blocks were conjugated to the PEG blocks with or without a bioreducible linker (disulfide bonds). Bioreducible and non-bioreducible miktoarm block copolymers (mPEG-(ss-PLL)2 and mPEG-PLL2) were prepared for efficient gene delivery as a non-viral gene delivery approach. Both cationic copolymers (bioreducible and nonbioreducible) efficiently formed the nanopolyplexes with plasmid DNA (pDNA) through electrostatic interaction at different weight ratio of polymer and pDNA. Gene condensation ability of the polymers and release of the DNA under reduction condition were measured by gel electrophoresis. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) were used to measure the average hydrodynamic diameter and morphology of the nanoparticles, respectively. The bioreducible nanopolyplexes showed lower cytotoxicity and higher gene expression than the non-reducible nanopolyplexes in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugyeong Kim
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudipta Mallick
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Sang Oh
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpil Cho
- KB Biomed Inc., 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju, Chungbuk 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy & Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP) technologies are based on virus-inspired artificial structures and the intrinsic ability of viral proteins to self-assemble at controlled conditions. Therefore, the basic knowledge about the mechanisms of viral particle formation is highly important for designing of industrial applications. As an alternative to genetic and chemical processes, different physical methods are frequently used for VLP construction, including well characterized protein complexes for introduction of foreign molecules in VLP structures.This chapter shortly discusses the mechanisms how the viruses form their perfectly ordered structures as well as the principles and most interesting application examples, how to exploit the structural and assembly/disassembly properties of viral structures for creation of new nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
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22
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Tan Z, Dhande YK, Reineke TM. Cell Penetrating Polymers Containing Guanidinium Trigger Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells unless Conjugated to a Targeting N-Acetyl-Galactosamine Block. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2985-2997. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Tan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yogesh K. Dhande
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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23
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Morys S, Urnauer S, Spitzweg C, Wagner E. EGFR Targeting and Shielding of pDNA Lipopolyplexes via Bivalent Attachment of a Sequence-Defined PEG Agent. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [PMID: 28877405 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For successful nonviral gene delivery, cationic polymers are promising DNA carrier, which need to comprise several functionalities. The current work focuses on the postincorporation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted PEGylation agents onto lipopolyplexes for pDNA delivery. T-shaped lipo-oligomers are previously found to be effective sequence-defined carriers for pDNA and siRNA. Here, the bis-oleoyl-oligoaminoethanamide 454 containing tyrosine trimer-cysteine ends is applied for complex formation with pDNA coding for luciferase or sodium iodide symporter (NIS). In a second step, the lipopolyplexes are modified via disulfide formation with sequence-defined monovalent or bivalent PEGylation agents containing one or two 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl (NPys)-activated cysteines, respectively. For targeting, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) agents comprise the EGFR targeting peptide GE11. In comparison of all transfection complexes, 454 lipopolyplexes modified with the bidentate PEG-GE11 agent show the best, EGFR-dependent uptake as well as luciferase and NIS gene expression into receptor-positive tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Morys
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Urnauer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Metelev V, Zhang S, Zheng S, Kumar AT, Bogdanov A. Fluorocarbons Enhance Intracellular Delivery of Short STAT3-sensors and Enable Specific Imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:3354-3368. [PMID: 28900515 PMCID: PMC5595137 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short oligonucleotide sequences are now being widely investigated for their potential therapeutic properties. The modification of oligonucleotide termini with short fluorinated residues is capable of drastically altering their behavior in complex in vitro and in vivo systems, and thus may serve to greatly enhance their therapeutic potential. The main goals of our work were to explore: 1) how modification of STAT3 transcription factor-binding oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) duplexes (ODND) with one or two short fluorocarbon (FC)-based residues would change their properties in vitro and in vivo, and if so, how this would affect their intracellular uptake by cancer cells, and 2) the ability of such modified ODND to form non-covalent complexes with FC-modified carrier macromolecule. The latter has an inherent advantage of producing a 19F-specific magnetic resonance (MR) imaging signature. Thus, we also tested the ability of such copolymers to generate 19F-MR signals. Materials and Methods. Fluorinated nucleic acid residues were incorporated into ODN by using automated synthesis or via activated esters on ODN 5'-ends. To quantify ODND uptake by the cells and to track their stability, we covalently labeled ODN with fluorophores using internucleoside linker technology; the FC-modified carrier was synthesized by acylation of pegylated polylysine graft copolymer with perfluoroundecanoic acid (M5-gPLL-PFUDA). Results. ODN with a single FC group exhibited a tendency to form duplexes with higher melting points and with increased stability against degradation when compared to control non-modified ODNs. ODND carrying fluorinated residues showed complex formation with M5-gPLL-PFUDA as predicted by molecular dynamics simulations. Moreover, FC groups modulated the specificity of ODND binding to the STAT3 target. Finally, FC modification resulted in greater cell uptake (2 to 4 fold higher) when compared to the uptake of non-modified ODND as determined by quantitative confocal fluorescence imaging of A431 and INS-1 cells. Conclusion. ODND modification with FC residues enables fine-tuning of protein binding specificity to double-strand binding motifs and results in an increased internalization by A431 and INS-1 cells in culture. Our results show that modification of ODN termini with FC residues is both a feasible and powerful strategy for developing more efficient nucleic acid-based therapies with the added benefit of allowing for non-invasive MR imaging of ODND therapeutic targeting and response.
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Influence of Defined Hydrophilic Blocks within Oligoaminoamide Copolymers: Compaction versus Shielding of pDNA Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9040142. [PMID: 30970822 PMCID: PMC6432433 DOI: 10.3390/polym9040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic polymers are promising components of the versatile platform of non-viral nucleic acid (NA) delivery agents. For a successful gene delivery system, these NA vehicles need to comprise several functionalities. This work focuses on the modification of oligoaminoamide carriers with hydrophilic oligomer blocks mediating nanoparticle shielding potential, which is necessary to prevent aggregation or dissociation of NA polyplexes in vitro, and hinder opsonization with blood components in vivo. Herein, the shielding agent polyethylene glycol (PEG) in three defined lengths (12, 24, or 48 oxyethylene repeats) is compared with two peptidic shielding blocks composed of four or eight repeats of sequential proline-alanine-serine (PAS). With both types of shielding agents, we found opposing effects of the length of hydrophilic segments on shielding and compaction of formed plasmid DNA (pDNA) nanoparticles. Two-arm oligoaminoamides with 37 cationizable nitrogens linked to 12 oxyethylene units or four PAS repeats resulted in very compact 40⁻50 nm pDNA nanoparticles, whereas longer shielding molecules destabilize the investigated polyplexes. Thus, the balance between sufficiently shielded but still compact and stable particles can be considered a critical optimization parameter for non-viral nucleic acid vehicles based on hydrophilic-cationic block oligomers.
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26
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Sun Q, Zhou Z, Qiu N, Shen Y. Rational Design of Cancer Nanomedicine: Nanoproperty Integration and Synchronization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606628. [PMID: 28234430 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Current cancer nanomedicines can only mitigate adverse effects but fail to enhance therapeutic efficacies of anticancer drugs. Rational design of next-generation cancer nanomedicines should aim to enhance their therapeutic efficacies. Taking this into account, this review first analyzes the typical cancer-drug-delivery process of an intravenously administered nanomedicine and concludes that the delivery involves a five-step CAPIR cascade and that high efficiency at every step is critical to guarantee high overall therapeutic efficiency. Further analysis shows that the nanoproperties needed in each step for a nanomedicine to maximize its efficiency are different and even opposing in different steps, particularly what the authors call the PEG, surface-charge, size and stability dilemmas. To resolve those dilemmas in order to integrate all needed nanoproperties into one nanomedicine, stability, surface and size nanoproperty transitions (3S transitions for short) are proposed and the reported strategies to realize these transitions are comprehensively summarized. Examples of nanomedicines capable of the 3S transitions are discussed, as are future research directions to design high-performance cancer nanomedicines and their clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Sun
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nasha Qiu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Ward CM, Fisher KD, Seymour LW. A Sensitive Assay System for the Determination of Poly(L-Lysine) Concentration Using Turbidometry. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159901400202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The titration of albumin into poly(l-lysine) (pLL) dissolved in HEPES buffer (50 mM, pH 7.5) leads to a maximum turbidity that is directly proportional to the pLL concentration. This technique provides an accurate and precise determination of unknown pLL concentrations. Turbidity of albumin/pLL is decreased at high concentrations of salt and high pHs, suggesting that the albumin/pLL interaction has an electrostatic component. A standard ratio of albumin to pLL is required to attain maximum turbidity which is independent of pLL concentration. Increasing salt concentration or increasing pH decreases the albuminlpLL ratio required to attain maximum turbidity. An apparent association of log10 molecular weight with turbidity could provide a method to determine pLL molecular weights. A comparison of this method with two commercially available protein assays and size exclusion Catsec HPLC analysis revealed the turbidometric method to have the best correlation (R = 1.0) and the lowest detection limits (0.05 μg/mL limit of detection). This turbidometric analysis can also be used for the determination of polyethyleneimine concentrations (R = 1.0) and, possibly, other cationic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Ward
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TA, UK
| | - Kerry D. Fisher
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TA, UK
| | - Leonard W Seymour
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TA, UK
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28
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Dubruel P, Schacht EH. Effect of Polyethylene Oxide Blocks or Grafts on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(2-N-(Dimethylaminoethyl) Methacrylate) DNA Complexes. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391150001500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and the physicochemical evaluation of a series of polyethylene oxide (PEO) containing polyamines are described as potential vectors in gene therapy. Two different types of vectors were synthesized: PEO block copolymers and copolymers containing PEO grafts. The building unit of the polyamine is 2-N-(dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate. All polymers are able to condense DNA according to dynamic light scattering measurements and ethidium bromide exclusion tests. Complexes of PEO block copolymers and DNA show a stability comparable to that of the homopolymer poly(2-N-(dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate) (PDMAEMA). Polymers with a PEO graft show a lower stability compared to the unmodified polymer. Incorporation of a PEO graft resulted in a decrease in the zeta potential of the complexes at all charge ratios. The interaction of a serum albumin with complexes of DNA and PEO containing polymers was studied at different protein concentrations. Polymers with a PEO graft show a lower interaction with serum albumin compared to the homopolymer based on turbidity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Materials Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Etienne H. Schacht
- Polymer Materials Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium,
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29
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Vanderkerken S, Vanheede T, Toncheva V, Schacht E, Wolfert MA, Seymour L, Urtti A. Synthesis and Evaluation of Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Polylysine Block Copolymers as Carriers for Gene Delivery. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391150001500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different types of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lysine) PEG-PLL block copolymers were examined for their ability to form polyelectrolyte complexes with DNA, their toxicity toward red blood cells and their in vitro transfection efficiency. The complexation of the polymers with DNA was studied using the ethidium bromide fluorescence technique. All polymers complexed DNA to form particles with sizes ranging from 80 nm to 150 nm. In most cases, smaller particles were also observed, and sometimes populations of even larger particles could be detected. In vitro toxicity toward red blood cells was low. Agglutination of red blood cells with some of the noncomplexed block copolymers was observed, but the aggregates were less dense than with polylysine. Transfection efficiency of 293 cells in vitro in the presence of chloroquine was dependent upon the charge ratio of polymer/DNA. Efficient transfection was achieved for the PEG-PLL block copolymers with linear PLL blocks. On the other hand, very low transfection efficiency was obtained from the PEG-PLL with a dendritic PLL block.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Vanderkerken
- Polymer Materials Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S-4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - T. Vanheede
- Polymer Materials Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S-4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - V. Toncheva
- Polymer Materials Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S-4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - E. Schacht
- Polymer Materials Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S-4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. A. Wolfert
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - L. Seymour
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - A. Urtti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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30
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Dubruel P, Toncheva V, Schacht EH. pH Sensitive Vinyl Copolymers as Vectors for Gene Therapy. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391150001500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of pH-sensitive vinyl (co)polymers was synthesised to investigate whether the buffering capacity is a crucial factor in determining the transfection efficiency of synthetic vectors in gene therapy. The polymers containing side groups with different pKa were prepared by radical polymerization. All cationic polymers were able to condense DNA, yielding rather small and homogeneous particles, as determined by dynamic light scattering. The effect of pH, temperature and serum albumin on complex formation was also investigated. The results from the titration studies showed that copolymers of (2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate and 4-methyl-5-imidazoyl methyl methacrylate or methacrylic acid have a buffering effect over a broader pH range compared to poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate). Introduction of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) nicotinamide methacrylate had no significant effect on the buffering range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Materials Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Veska Toncheva
- Polymer Materials Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Etienne H. Schacht
- Polymer Materials Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium,
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31
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Abstract
The use of gene delivery systems for the expression of antigenic proteins is an established means for activating a patient’s own immune system against the cancer they carry. Since tumor cells are poor antigen-presenting cells, cross-presentation of tumor antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) is essential for the generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. A number of polymer-based nanomedicines have been developed to deliver genes into DCs, primarily by incorporating tumor-specific, antigen-encoding plasmid DNA with polycationic molecules to facilitate DNA loading and intracellular trafficking. Direct in vivo targeting of plasmid DNA to DC surface receptors can induce high transfection efficiency and long-term gene expression, essential for antigen loading onto major histocompatibility complex molecules and stimulation of T-cell responses. This chapter summarizes the physicochemical properties and biological information on polymer-based non-viral vectors used for targeting DCs, and discusses the main challenges for successful in vivo gene transfer into DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Howard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Gen, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (i, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Biophysical I, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dan Peer
- Britannia Bldg, 2nd Fl, Rm 226, Tel-Aviv Univ, Dept Cell Research, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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32
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Ruan Z, Liu L, Fu L, Xing T, Yan L. An amphiphilic block copolymer conjugated with carborane and a NIR fluorescent probe for potential imaging-guided BNCT therapy. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00799f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A carborane-containing triblock copolymer conjugated with a near infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe has been synthesized via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), ring open polymerization (ROP), and conjugations of a cyanine NIR dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- iChEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Le Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- iChEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Liyi Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- iChEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Tao Xing
- Institute of System and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- iChEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
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33
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Alhakamy NA, Ishiguro S, Uppalapati D, Berkland CJ, Tamura M. AT2R Gene Delivered by Condensed Polylysine Complexes Attenuates Lewis Lung Carcinoma after Intravenous Injection or Intratracheal Spray. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:209-18. [PMID: 26637367 PMCID: PMC4707093 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfection efficiency and toxicity concerns remain a challenge for gene therapy. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been broadly investigated to improve the transfection of genetic material (e.g., pDNA and siRNA). Here, a synthetic CPP (polylysine, K9 peptide) was complexed with angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) plasmid DNA (pAT2R) and complexes were condensed using calcium chloride. The resulting complexes were small (∼150 nm) and showed high levels of gene expression in vitro and in vivo. This simple nonviral formulation approach showed negligible cytotoxicity in four different human cell lines (cervix, breast, kidney, and lung cell lines) and one mouse cell line (a lung cancer cell line). In addition, this K9-pDNA-Ca(2+) complex demonstrated cancer-targeted gene delivery when administered via intravenous injection or intratracheal spray. The transfection efficiency was evaluated in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell lines cultured in vitro and in orthotopic cancer grafts in syngeneic mice. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that the complex effectively delivered pAT2R to the cancer cells, where it was expressed mainly in cancer cells along with bronchial epithelial cells. A single administration of these complexes markedly attenuated lung cancer growth, offering preclinical proof-of-concept for a novel nonviral gene delivery method exhibiting effective lung tumor gene therapy via either intravenous or intratracheal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Susumu Ishiguro
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Deepthi Uppalapati
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
| | - Masaaki Tamura
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
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34
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Tang M, Dong H, Cai X, Zhu H, Ren T, Li Y. Disulfide-Bridged Cleavable PEGylation of Poly-L-Lysine for SiRNA Delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1364:49-61. [PMID: 26472441 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3112-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineered PEG-cleavable catiomers based on poly-L-lysine have been developed as nonviral gene vectors, which have been found to be one of important methods to balance "PEG dilemma." In this protocol, we aim at the standardization of the method and procedure of PEG-cleavable catiomers. Major steps including ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine N-carboxyanhydride (zLL-NCA) monomers to yield PEG-cleavable polylysine, examination on bio-stability and bio-efficacy of its gene complexes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiqing Dong
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianbin Ren
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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35
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Joyeux M. Compaction of bacterial genomic DNA: clarifying the concepts. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:383001. [PMID: 26345139 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/38/383001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The unconstrained genomic DNA of bacteria forms a coil, whose volume exceeds 1000 times the volume of the cell. Since prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus, in sharp contrast with eukaryotes, the DNA may consequently be expected to occupy the whole available volume when constrained to fit in the cell. Still, it has been known for more than half a century that the DNA is localized in a well-defined region of the cell, called the nucleoid, which occupies only 15% to 25% of the total volume. Although this problem has focused the attention of many scientists in recent decades, there is still no certainty concerning the mechanism that enables such a dramatic compaction. The goal of this Topical Review is to take stock of our knowledge on this question by listing all possible compaction mechanisms with the proclaimed desire to clarify the physical principles they are based upon and discuss them in the light of experimental results and the results of simulations based on coarse-grained models. In particular, the fundamental differences between ψ-condensation and segregative phase separation and between the condensation by small and long polycations are highlighted. This review suggests that the importance of certain mechanisms, like supercoiling and the architectural properties of DNA-bridging and DNA-bending nucleoid proteins, may have been overestimated, whereas other mechanisms, like segregative phase separation and the self-association of nucleoid proteins, as well as the possible role of the synergy of two or more mechanisms, may conversely deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Joyeux
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique (CNRS UMR5588), Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, BP 87, 38402 St Martin d'Hères, France
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36
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Angelescu DG, Linse P. Branched-linear polyion complexes at variable charge densities. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:355101. [PMID: 26249029 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/35/355101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural behavior of complexes formed by a charged and branched copolymer and an oppositely charged and linear polyion was examined by Monte Carlo simulations employing a coarse-grained bead-spring model. The fractional bead charge and the branching density were systematically varied; the former between 0e and 1e and the latter such that both the comb-polymer and the bottle-brush limits were included. The number of beads of the main chain of the branched copolymer and of the linear polyion was always kept constant and equal, and a single side-chain length was used. Our analysis involved characterization of the complex as well as investigation of size, shape, and flexibility of the charged moieties. An interplay between Coulomb interaction and side-chain repulsion governed the structure of the polyion complex. At strong Coulomb interaction, the complexes underwent a gradual transition from a globular structure at low branching density to an extended one at high branching density. As the electrostatic coupling was decreased, the transition was smoothened and shifted to lower branching density, and, eventually, a behavior similar to that found for neutral branched polymer was observed. Structural analogies and dissimilarities with uncharged branched polymers in poor solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Angelescu
- Romanian Academy, Institute of Physical Chemistry Ilie Murgulescu, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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37
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Look J, Wilhelm N, von Briesen H, Noske N, Günther C, Langer K, Gorjup E. Ligand-Modified Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles for Enhanced Gene Delivery. Mol Pharm 2015. [PMID: 26218774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of nonviral gene delivery systems is a great challenge to enable safe gene therapy. In this study, ligand-modified nanoparticles based on human serum albumin (HSA) were developed and optimized for an efficient gene therapy. Different glutaraldehyde cross-linking degrees were investigated to optimize the HSA nanoparticles for gene delivery. The peptide sequence arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) and the HIV-1 transactivator of transduction sequence (Tat) are well-known as promising targeting ligands. Plasmid DNA loaded HSA nanoparticles were covalently modified on their surface with these different ligands. The transfection potential of the obtained plasmid DNA loaded RGD- and Tat-modified nanoparticles was investigated in vitro, and optimal incubation conditions for these preparations were studied. It turned out that Tat-modified HSA nanoparticles with the lowest cross-linking degree of 20% showed the highest transfection potential. Taken together, ligand-functionalized HSA nanoparticles represent promising tools for efficient and safe gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Look
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster , Corrensstraße 48, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Nadine Wilhelm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering , Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering , Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Nadja Noske
- apceth GmbH & Co. KG , Max-Lebsche-Platz 30, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Langer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster , Corrensstraße 48, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Erwin Gorjup
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering , Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
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38
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Choi JH, Kim SO, Linardy E, Dreaden EC, Zhdanov VP, Hammond PT, Cho NJ. Influence of pH and Surface Chemistry on Poly(l-lysine) Adsorption onto Solid Supports Investigated by Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:10554-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyeok Choi
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Seong-Oh Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Eric Linardy
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Erik C. Dreaden
- Koch
Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vladimir P. Zhdanov
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Drive, 637553 Singapore
- Boreskov
Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Paula T. Hammond
- Koch
Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Drive, 637553 Singapore
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
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39
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Lächelt U, Wagner E. Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Using Polyplexes: A Journey of 50 Years (and Beyond). Chem Rev 2015; 115:11043-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lächelt
- Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems
Initiative
Munich (NIM), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems
Initiative
Munich (NIM), 80799 Munich, Germany
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40
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Raafatnia S, Hickey OA, Holm C. Electrophoresis of a Spherical Polyelectrolyte-Grafted Colloid in Monovalent Salt Solutions: Comparison of Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Theory and Numerical Calculations. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502238z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Raafatnia
- Institute
for Computational
Physics, Stuttgart University, Allmandring 3, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Owen A. Hickey
- Institute
for Computational
Physics, Stuttgart University, Allmandring 3, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute
for Computational
Physics, Stuttgart University, Allmandring 3, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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41
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Chitkara D, Mittal A, Mahato RI. miRNAs in pancreatic cancer: therapeutic potential, delivery challenges and strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 81:34-52. [PMID: 25252098 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a severe pancreatic malignancy and is predicted to victimize 1.5% of men and women during their lifetime (Cancer statistics: SEER stat fact sheet, National Cancer Institute, 2014). miRNAs have emerged as a promising prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic tool to fight against pancreatic cancer. miRNAs could modulate gene expression by imperfect base-pairing with target mRNA and hence provide means to fine-tune multiple genes simultaneously and alter various signaling pathways associated with the disease. This exceptional miRNA feature has provided a paradigm shift from the conventional one drug one target concept to one drug multiple target theory. However, in vivo miRNA delivery is not fully realized due to challenges posed by this special class of therapeutic molecules, which involves thorough understanding of the biogenesis and physicochemical properties of miRNA and delivery carriers along with the pathophysiology of the PDAC. This review highlights the delivery strategies of miRNA modulators (mimic/inhibitor) in cancer with special emphasis on PDAC since successful delivery of miRNA in vivo constitutes the major challenge in clinical translation of this promising class of therapeutics.
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42
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Raafatnia S, Hickey OA, Holm C. Mobility reversal of polyelectrolyte-grafted colloids in monovalent salt solutions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:238301. [PMID: 25526166 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.238301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present molecular dynamics simulations on the electrophoresis of a negative colloid grafted with positive polyelectrolytes. Net-neutral colloids show a varying mobility in monovalent salt. For colloids with negative net charge the mobility is negative at low and positive at high salt concentrations. This mobility reversal is an electrokinetic effect, and thus different from that observed in multivalent salt. Our results agree with numerical calculations based on the Darcy-Brinkman formalism, with which we predict the mobility reversal to also occur for experimentally accessible colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Raafatnia
- Institut für Computerphysik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Owen A Hickey
- Institut für Computerphysik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Holm
- Institut für Computerphysik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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43
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Ganesh VA, Baji A, Ramakrishna S. Smart functional polymers – a new route towards creating a sustainable environment. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10631h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart functional polymers have gained a huge amount of interest in recent times due to their innumerable applications in areas including sensors, actuators, switchable wettability, bio-medical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Anand Ganesh
- Division of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)
- Singapore – 138682, Singapore
| | - Avinash Baji
- Division of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)
- Singapore – 138682, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore – 117576, Singapore
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44
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Shi J, Schellinger JG, Pun SH. Engineering biodegradable and multifunctional peptide-based polymers for gene delivery. J Biol Eng 2013; 7:25. [PMID: 24156736 PMCID: PMC4015834 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex nature of in vivo gene transfer establishes the need for multifunctional delivery vectors capable of meeting these challenges. An additional consideration for clinical translation of synthetic delivery formulations is reproducibility and scale-up of materials. In this review, we summarize our work over the last five years in developing a modular approach for synthesizing peptide-based polymers. In these materials, bioactive peptides that address various barriers to gene delivery are copolymerized with a hydrophilic backbone of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) using reversible-addition fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. We demonstrate that this synthetic approach results in well-defined, narrowly-disperse polymers with controllable composition and molecular weight. To date, we have investigated the effectiveness of various bioactive peptides for DNA condensation, endosomal escape, cell targeting, and degradability on gene transfer, as well as the impact of multivalency and polymer architecture on peptide bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Shi
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Joan G Schellinger
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Zhang M, Zhou X, Wang B, Yung BC, Lee LJ, Ghoshal K, Lee RJ. Lactosylated gramicidin-based lipid nanoparticles (Lac-GLN) for targeted delivery of anti-miR-155 to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Control Release 2013; 168:251-61. [PMID: 23567045 PMCID: PMC3672318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactosylated gramicidin-containing lipid nanoparticles (Lac-GLN) were developed for delivery of anti-microRNA-155 (anti-miR-155) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. MiR-155 is an oncomiR frequently elevated in HCC. The Lac-GLN formulation contained N-lactobionyl-dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (Lac-DOPE), a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR), and an antibiotic peptide gramicidin A. The nanoparticles exhibited a mean particle diameter of 73 nm, zeta potential of +3.5mV, anti-miR encapsulation efficiency of 88%, and excellent colloidal stability at 4°C. Lac-GLN effectively delivered anti-miR-155 to HCC cells with a 16.1- and 4.1-fold up-regulation of miR-155 targets C/EBPβ and FOXP3 genes, respectively, and exhibited significant greater efficiency over Lipofectamine 2000. In mice, intravenous injection of Lac-GLN containing Cy3-anti-miR-155 led to preferential accumulation of the anti-miR-155 in hepatocytes. Intravenous administration of 1.5 mg/kg anti-miR-155 loaded Lac-GLN resulted in up-regulation of C/EBPβ and FOXP3 by 6.9- and 2.2-fold, respectively. These results suggest potential application of Lac-GLN as a liver-specific delivery vehicle for anti-miR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzi Zhang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoju Zhou
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bryant C. Yung
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ly J. Lee
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC) for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices (CANPBD), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Kalpana Ghoshal
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert J. Lee
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC) for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices (CANPBD), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A
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Bertin A. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of DNA and Polycations as Gene Delivery Vectors. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Block copolymer micelles for drug delivery: Design, characterization and biological significance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tseng WC, Su LY, Fang TY. pH responsive PEGylation through metal affinity for gene delivery mediated by histidine-grafted polyethylenimine. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 101:375-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Casettari L, Vllasaliu D, Lam JK, Soliman M, Illum L. Biomedical applications of amino acid-modified chitosans: A review. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7565-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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