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Srivastava S, Verhagen A, Sasmal A, Wasik BR, Diaz S, Yu H, Bensing BA, Khan N, Khedri Z, Secrest P, Sullam P, Varki N, Chen X, Parrish CR, Varki A. Development and applications of sialoglycan-recognizing probes (SGRPs) with defined specificities: exploring the dynamic mammalian sialoglycome. Glycobiology 2022; 32:1116-1136. [PMID: 35926090 PMCID: PMC9680117 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans that are abundantly displayed on vertebrate cell surface and secreted molecules are often capped with terminal sialic acids (Sias). These diverse 9-carbon-backbone monosaccharides are involved in numerous intrinsic biological processes. They also interact with commensals and pathogens, while undergoing dynamic changes in time and space, often influenced by environmental conditions. However, most of this sialoglycan complexity and variation remains poorly characterized by conventional techniques, which often tend to destroy or overlook crucial aspects of Sia diversity and/or fail to elucidate native structures in biological systems, i.e. in the intact sialome. To date, in situ detection and analysis of sialoglycans has largely relied on the use of plant lectins, sialidases, or antibodies, whose preferences (with certain exceptions) are limited and/or uncertain. We took advantage of naturally evolved microbial molecules (bacterial adhesins, toxin subunits, and viral hemagglutinin-esterases) that recognize sialoglycans with defined specificity to delineate 9 classes of sialoglycan recognizing probes (SGRPs: SGRP1-SGRP9) that can be used to explore mammalian sialome changes in a simple and systematic manner, using techniques common in most laboratories. SGRP candidates with specificity defined by sialoglycan microarray studies were engineered as tagged probes, each with a corresponding nonbinding mutant probe as a simple and reliable negative control. The optimized panel of SGRPs can be used in methods commonly available in most bioscience labs, such as ELISA, western blot, flow cytometry, and histochemistry. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we provide examples of sialoglycome differences in tissues from C57BL/6 wild-type mice and human-like Cmah-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Verhagen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Aniruddha Sasmal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Bensing
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Naazneen Khan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zahra Khedri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Secrest
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul Sullam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nissi Varki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Corresponding author: UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA.
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Achasova KM, Kozhevnikova EN, Borisova MA, Litvinova EA. Fucose Ameliorates Tritrichomonas sp.-Associated Illness in Antibiotic-Treated Muc2-/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910699. [PMID: 34639039 PMCID: PMC8509520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer in the intestine plays a critical role in regulation of host–microbe interactions and maintaining homeostasis. Disruptions of the mucus layer due to genetic, environmental, or immune factors may lead to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD frequently are accompanied with infections, and therefore are treated with antibiotics. Hence, it is important to evaluate risks of antibiotic treatment in individuals with vulnerable gut barrier and chronic inflammation. Mice with a knockout of the Muc2 gene, encoding the main glycoprotein component of the mucus, demonstrate a close contact of the microbes with the gut epithelium which leads to chronic inflammation resembling IBD. Here we demonstrate that the Muc2−/− mice harboring a gut protozoan infection Tritrichomonas sp. are susceptible to an antibiotic-induced depletion of the bacterial microbiota. Suppression of the protozoan infection with efficient metronidazole dosage or L-fucose administration resulted in amelioration of an illness observed in antibiotic-treated Muc2−/− mice. Fucose is a monosaccharide presented abundantly in gut glycoproteins, including Mucin2, and is known to be involved in host–microbe interactions, in particular in microbe adhesion. We suppose that further investigation of the role of fucose in protozoan adhesion to host cells may be of great value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya M. Achasova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (K.M.A.); (E.N.K.)
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena N. Kozhevnikova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (K.M.A.); (E.N.K.)
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- The Laboratory of Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mariya A. Borisova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina A. Litvinova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (K.M.A.); (E.N.K.)
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-923-147-94-64
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Sialic acid and biology of life: An introduction. SIALIC ACIDS AND SIALOGLYCOCONJUGATES IN THE BIOLOGY OF LIFE, HEALTH AND DISEASE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153325 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816126-5.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are important molecule with high structural diversity. They are known to occur in higher animals such as Echinoderms, Hemichordata, Cephalochorda, and Vertebrata and also in other animals such as Platyhelminthes, Cephalopoda, and Crustaceae. Plants are known to lack sialic acid. But they are reported to occur in viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Deaminated neuraminic acid although occurs in vertebrates and bacteria, is reported to occur in abundance in the lower vertebrates. Sialic acids are mostly located in terminal ends of glycoproteins and glycolipids, capsular and tissue polysialic acids, bacterial lipooligosaccharides/polysaccharides, and in different forms that dictate their role in biology. Sialic acid play important roles in human physiology of cell-cell interaction, communication, cell-cell signaling, carbohydrate-protein interactions, cellular aggregation, development processes, immune reactions, reproduction, and in neurobiology and human diseases in enabling the infection process by bacteria and virus, tumor growth and metastasis, microbiome biology, and pathology. It enables molecular mimicry in pathogens that allows them to escape host immune responses. Recently sialic acid has found role in therapeutics. In this chapter we have highlighted the (i) diversity of sialic acid, (ii) their occurrence in the diverse life forms, (iii) sialylation and disease, and (iv) sialic acid and therapeutics.
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Abstract
Lectin from loach skin mucus plays an important role in pathogen defense. However, hardly can any paper relevant to the character of lectin from loach skin mucus be found in recent years. In this study, a kind of new lectin (LML), with a high hemagglutination activity of 166.23 × 103 HU/mg, was successfully isolated and purified from loach skin mucus. LML was a kind of glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 245 kDa. Also, the monosaccharide composition suggested that its carbohydrate chain was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 2.02 : 11.66 : 2.06 : 1.00 : 14.09 : 6.00. Besides, LML depended on Ca2+to induce hemagglutination and was strongly inhibited by D-lactose. The lectin exhibited powerful resistance to alkali and kept about 30% hemagglutination activity at pH 14.0, whereas its capacity of acid resistance was weak. The maximum hemagglutination activity of LML maintained at a temperature range from 20°C to 50°C. Moreover, the structure of LML was preliminarily studied, indicating it contained abundant glutamic acid, histidine, and serine, and its secondary structure containedα-helix (4.97%),β-sheet (27.55%), turns structure (49.78%), and unordered structure (17.70%).
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Purification of Two Novel Sugar Acid-binding Lectins from Haplomitrium Mnioides (bryophyte, Plantae) and their Preliminary Characterization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:65-82. [PMID: 27507271 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel sugar acid-binding lectins were purified from Haplomitrium mnioides (Lindb.) Schust. using a procedure consisting of ammonium sulfate precipitation, G-50 gel filtration, hydroxyapatite chromatography, and HW-50 gel filtration. We reported their partial physicochemical properties: molecular weight, affinity for carbohydrates and organic acids, pH stability, and dependence of their hemagglutination activity on metal ions. We also determined their N-terminal amino acid sequences. H. mnioides lectins (HMLs) were monomers (one with a molecular weight of approximately 27 kDa, and the other with a molecular weight of approximately 105 kDa) under both nonreducing and reducing conditions. They were named HML27 and HML105, respectively. Both HMLs had an affinity for N-acetylneuraminic acid, D-glucuronic acid, D-glucaric acid, bovine submaxillary mucin, heparin, and organic acids, such as citrate, 2-oxoglutaric acid, and D-2-hydroxyglutarate. Furthermore, HML27 had an affinity for α-D-galacturonic acid, D-malate, L-malate, and pyruvate, while HML105 had an affinity for D-gluconic acid. HML27 and HML105 are novel plant lectins: they have an affinity for sugar acids and organic acids and specifically recognize the carboxyl group, and there is no homology between their N-terminal amino acid sequences and those of the previously described lectins and agglutinins.
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Knaus M, El-Matbouli M. Characterisation of carbohydrate-binding sites in developmental stages of Myxobolus cerebralis. Parasitol Res 2005; 97:505-14. [PMID: 16211413 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycans and lectins (carbohydrate-binding molecules) form a mutual recognition system, which enables parasitic organisms to attach themselves to the host cells and/or take part in the migration of their developmental stages into the target tissue. The aim of the present study was to identify and characterise the potential binding activity of glycoconjugates in different developmental stages of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease in salmonids. The binding patterns of 13 biotinylated neoglycoconjugates were histochemically examined in thin-sections of infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and oligochaetes (Tubifex tubifex), as well as isolated waterborne triactinomyxon spores. A distinct structure-selective and developmental stage-regulated expression of certain classes of carbohydrate binding was observed. In triactinomyxon spores, the expression of carbohydrate binding activity for alpha-l-Fuc-BSA-biotin, alpha-d-GalNAc-BSA-biotin, beta-d-GlcNAc-BSA-biotin, Lac-BSA-biotin and ASF-biotin was up-regulated in the polar capsules; the shell valves showed no activity. In the gut of T. tubifex, polar capsules of the parasite showed strong positive reaction only for beta-d-GlcNAc-BSA-biotin. In fish cartilage, polar capsules were negative, but the spore shell valves showed a broad range of carbohydrate binding activity. No activity was detected for either alpha6- or alpha3-linked N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid to galactose. An adhesion assay was performed on GlycoWell plates and Myxobolus spores were found to specifically adhere to matrices containing residues of lactose, fucose, galactose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. This is the first study to identify lectin activity in a myxozoan parasite; activity that is likely to play a role in the recognition systems involved in host specificity and the processes of spore attachment and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Knaus
- Fish Biology and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Zoology, University of Munich, Kaulbachstrasse 39, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Cobo ER, Campero CM, Gimeno EJ, Barbeito CG. Lectin Binding Patterns and Immunohistochemical Antigen Detection in the Genitalia of Tritrichomonas foetus-infected Heifers. J Comp Pathol 2004; 131:127-34. [PMID: 15276852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heifers inoculated intra-vaginally with Tritrichomonas foetus were examined after long-term infection (70 days) and short-term infection (20 days) by lectin-histochemical, immunohistochemical and cultural techniques. The organism was recovered from the genital tract and T. foetus antigens were detected immunohistochemically in the lumina of uterine glands and cytoplasm of vaginal subepithelial macrophages. An increase of galactosylated residues (galactose and N-acetyl galactose), binding to PNA, was observed in the genital epithelium (vagina, uterus and oviduct) from infected animals. In the oviductal epithelium of short- but not long-term infected heifers, mannose (binding to Con A) was detected, suggesting that the persistent presence of T. foetus and its virulence factors or inflammatory processes result in a change in the glycoproteins of the epithelial surface. The findings have implications for the adhesion of T. foetus to cells and for the pathogenesis of bovine trichomonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Cobo
- Department of Animal Pathology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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