1
|
Najar IN, Sharma P, Das R, Tamang S, Mondal K, Thakur N, Gandhi SG, Kumar V. From waste management to circular economy: Leveraging thermophiles for sustainable growth and global resource optimization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121136. [PMID: 38759555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Waste of any origin is one of the most serious global and man-made concerns of our day. It causes climate change, environmental degradation, and human health problems. Proper waste management practices, including waste reduction, safe handling, and appropriate treatment, are essential to mitigate these consequences. It is thus essential to implement effective waste management strategies that reduce waste at the source, promote recycling and reuse, and safely dispose of waste. Transitioning to a circular economy with policies involving governments, industries, and individuals is essential for sustainable growth and waste management. The review focuses on diverse kinds of environmental waste sources around the world, such as residential, industrial, commercial, municipal services, electronic wastes, wastewater sewerage, and agricultural wastes, and their challenges in efficiently valorizing them into useful products. It highlights the need for rational waste management, circularity, and sustainable growth, and the potential of a circular economy to address these challenges. The article has explored the role of thermophilic microbes in the bioremediation of waste. Thermophiles known for their thermostability and thermostable enzymes, have emerged to have diverse applications in biotechnology and various industrial processes. Several approaches have been explored to unlock the potential of thermophiles in achieving the objective of establishing a zero-carbon sustainable bio-economy and minimizing waste generation. Various thermophiles have demonstrated substantial potential in addressing different waste challenges. The review findings affirm that thermophilic microbes have emerged as pivotal and indispensable candidates for harnessing and valorizing a range of environmental wastes into valuable products, thereby fostering the bio-circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Nabi Najar
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR IIIM, Jammu, India
| | - Prayatna Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gairigaon, Tadong, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Rohit Das
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gairigaon, Tadong, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Sonia Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gairigaon, Tadong, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | | | - Nagendra Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gairigaon, Tadong, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | | | - Vinod Kumar
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR IIIM, Jammu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
β-Galactosidase-Producing Isolates in Mucoromycota: Screening, Enzyme Production, and Applications for Functional Oligosaccharide Synthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030229. [PMID: 33808917 PMCID: PMC8003776 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidases of Mucoromycota are rarely studied, although this group of filamentous fungi is an excellent source of many industrial enzymes. In this study, 99 isolates from the genera Lichtheimia, Mortierella, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus and Umbelopsis, were screened for their β-galactosidase activity using a chromogenic agar approach. Ten isolates from the best producers were selected, and the activity was further investigated in submerged (SmF) and solid-state (SSF) fermentation systems containing lactose and/or wheat bran substrates as enzyme production inducers. Wheat bran proved to be efficient for the enzyme production under both SmF and SSF conditions, giving maximum specific activity yields from 32 to 12,064 U/mg protein and from 783 to 22,720 U/mg protein, respectively. Oligosaccharide synthesis tests revealed the suitability of crude β-galactosidases from Lichtheimia ramosa Szeged Microbiological Collection (SZMC) 11360 and Rhizomucor pusillus SZMC 11025 to catalyze transgalactosylation reactions. In addition, the crude enzyme extracts had transfructosylation activity, resulting in the formation of fructo-oligosaccharide molecules in a sucrose-containing environment. The maximal oligosaccharide concentration varied between 0.0158 and 2.236 g/L depending on the crude enzyme and the initial material. Some oligosaccharide-enriched mixtures supported the growth of probiotics, indicating the potential of the studied enzyme extracts in future prebiotic synthesis processes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Murphy J, Ryan MP, Walsh G. Purification and Characterization of a Novel β-Galactosidase From the Thermoacidophile Alicyclobacillus vulcanalis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1190-1206. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
4
|
Martarello RD, Cunha L, Cardoso SL, de Freitas MM, Silveira D, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, Homem-de-Mello M, Filho EXF, Magalhães PO. Optimization and partial purification of beta-galactosidase production by Aspergillus niger isolated from Brazilian soils using soybean residue. AMB Express 2019; 9:81. [PMID: 31183613 PMCID: PMC6557963 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidases are widely used for industrial applications. These enzymes could be used in reactions of lactose hydrolysis and transgalactosylation. The objective of this study was the production, purification, and characterization of an extracellular β-galactosidase from a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger. The enzyme production was optimized by a factorial design. Maximal β-galactosidase activity (24.64 U/mL) was found in the system containing 2% of a soybean residue (w/v) at initial pH 7.0, 28 °C, 120 rpm in 7 days. ANOVA of the optimization study indicated that the response data on temperature and pH were significant (p < 0.05). The regression equation indicated that the R2 is 0.973. Ultrafiltration at a 100 and 30 kDa cutoff followed by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography were carried out to purify the fungal β-galactosidase. SDS-PAGE revealed a protein with molecular weight of approximately 76 kDa. The partially purified enzyme showed an optimum temperature of 50 °C and optimum pH of 5.0, being stable under these conditions for 15 h. The enzyme was exposed to conditions approaching gastric pH and in pepsin’s presence, 80% of activity was preserved after 2 h. These results reveal a A. niger β-galactosidase obtained from residue with favorable characteristics for food industries.
Collapse
|
5
|
Carneiro LA, Yu L, Dupree P, Ward RJ. Characterization of a β-galactosidase from Bacillus subtilis with transgalactosylation activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:279-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
6
|
Jensen TØ, Pogrebnyakov I, Falkenberg KB, Redl S, Nielsen AT. Application of the thermostable β-galactosidase, BgaB, from Geobacillus stearothermophilus as a versatile reporter under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. AMB Express 2017; 7:169. [PMID: 28875485 PMCID: PMC5585113 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of thermophilic organisms has a range of advantages, but the significant lack of engineering tools limits their applications. Here we show that β-galactosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (BgaB) can be applicable in a range of conditions, including different temperatures and oxygen concentrations. This protein functions both as a marker, promoting colony color development in the presence of a lactose analogue S-gal, and as a reporter enabling quantitative measurement by a simple colorimetric assay. Optimal performance was observed at 70 °C and pH 6.4. The gene was introduced into G. thermoglucosidans. The combination of BgaB expressed from promoters of varying strength with S-gal produced distinct black colonies in aerobic and anaerobic conditions at temperatures ranging from 37 to 60 °C. It showed an important advantage over the conventional β-galactosidase (LacZ) and substrate X-gal, which were inactive at high temperature and under anaerobic conditions. To demonstrate the versatility of the reporter, a promoter library was constructed by randomizing sequences around −35 and −10 regions in a wild type groES promoter from Geobacillus sp. GHH01. The library contained 28 promoter variants and encompassed fivefold variation. The experimental pipeline allowed construction and measurement of expression levels of the library in just 4 days. This β-galactosidase provides a promising tool for engineering of aerobic, anaerobic, and thermophilic production organisms such as Geobacillus species.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chiba S, Yamada M, Isobe K. Novel acidophilic β-galactosidase with high activity at extremely acidic pH region from Teratosphaeria acidotherma AIU BGA-1. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:263-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
Diandra DA, Vanessa CA, Alesandra O, Caroline H, Veridiana AADCP, Marina KK. Improved production of -galactosidase and -fructofuranosidase by fungi using alternative carbon sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/sre2015.6065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Kong F, Wang Y, Cao S, Gao R, Xie G. Cloning, purification and characterization of a thermostable β-galactosidase from Thermotoga naphthophila RUK-10. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
11
|
Zhang X, Li H, Li CJ, Ma T, Li G, Liu YH. Metagenomic approach for the isolation of a thermostable β-galactosidase with high tolerance of galactose and glucose from soil samples of Turpan Basin. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:237. [PMID: 24156692 PMCID: PMC4016535 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-Galactosidases can be used to produce low-lactose milk and dairy products for lactose intolerant people. Although commercial β-galactosidases have outstanding lactose hydrolysis ability, their thermostability is low, and reaction products have strong inhibition to these enzymes. In addition, the β-galactosidases possessing simultaneously high thermostability and tolerance of galactose and glucose are still seldom reported until now. Therefore, identification of novel β-galactosidases with high thermostability and tolerance to reaction products from unculturable microorganisms accounting for over 99% of microorganisms in the environment via metagenomic strategy is still urgently in demand. Results In the present study, a novel β-galactosidase (Gal308) consisting of 658 amino acids was identified from a metagenomic library from soil samples of Turpan Basin in China by functional screening. After being overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity, the enzymatic properties of Gal308 with N-terminal fusion tag were investigated. The recombinant enzyme displayed a pH optimum of 6.8 and a temperature optimum of 78°C, and was considerably stable in the temperature range of 40°C - 70°C with almost unchangeable activity after incubation for 60 min. Furthermore, Gal308 displayed a very high tolerance of galactose and glucose, with the highest inhibition constant Ki,gal (238 mM) and Ki,glu (1725 mM) among β-galactosidases. In addition, Gal308 also exhibited high enzymatic activity for its synthetic substrate o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG, 185 U/mg) and natural substrate lactose (47.6 U/mg). Conclusion This study will enrich the source of β-galactosidases, and attract some attentions to β-galactosidases from extreme habitats and metagenomic library. Furthermore, the recombinant Gal308 fused with 156 amino acids exhibits many novel properties including high activity and thermostability at high temperatures, the pH optimum of 6.8, high enzyme activity for lactose, as well as high tolerance of galactose and glucose. These properties make it a good candidate in the production of low-lactose milk and dairy products after further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gang Li
- School of life sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Characterization of new β-galactosidase from acidophilic fungus, Teratosphaeria acidotherma AIU BGA-1. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:293-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Isobe K, Takahashi N, Chiba S, Yamashita M, Koyama T. Acidophilic fungus, Teratosphaeria acidotherma AIU BGA-1, produces multiple forms of intracellular β-galactosidase. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:171-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Tonelotto M, Pirota RDPB, Delabona PDS, Barros GDOF, Golubev AM, Polikarpov I, Farinas CS. Isolation and characterization of a β-galactosidase from a new Amazon forest strain ofAspergillus nigeras a potential accessory enzyme for biomass conversion. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.801018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
15
|
Optimizing lactose hydrolysis by computer-guided modification of the catalytic site of a wild-type enzyme. Mol Divers 2013; 17:371-82. [PMID: 23585056 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactose intolerance is a serious global health problem. A lactose hydrolysis enzyme, thermostable β-galactosidase, BgaB (from Geobacillus stearothermophilus) has attracted the attention of industrial biologists because of its potential application in processing lactose-containing products. However, this enzyme experiences galactose product inhibition. Through homology modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we have identified the galactose binding sites in the thermostable β-galactosidase BgaB (BgaB). The binding sites are formed from Glu303, Asn310, Trp311, His354, Arg109, Phe341, Try272, Asn147, Glu148, and H354; these residues are all important for enzyme catalysis. A ligand-receptor binding model has been proposed to guide site-directed BgaB mutagenesis experiments. Based upon the model and the MD simulations, we recommend mutating Arg109, Phe341, Trp311, Asn147, Asn310, Try272, and His354 to reduce galactose product inhibition. In vitro site-directed mutagenesis experiments confirmed our predictions. The success rate for mutagenesis was 66.7 %. The best BgaB mutant, F341T, can hydrolyze lactose completely, and is the most promising enzyme for use by the dairy industry. Thus, our study is a successful example of optimizing enzyme catalytic chemical reaction by computer-guided modifying the catalytic site of a wild-type enzyme.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cheng W, Wang L, Jiang YL, Bai XH, Chu J, Li Q, Yu G, Liang QL, Zhou CZ, Chen Y. Structural insights into the substrate specificity of Streptococcus pneumoniae β(1,3)-galactosidase BgaC. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22910-8. [PMID: 22593580 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.367128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface-exposed β-galactosidase BgaC from Streptococcus pneumoniae was reported to be a virulence factor because of its specific hydrolysis activity toward the β(1,3)-linked galactose and N-acetylglucosamine (Galβ(1,3)NAG) moiety of oligosaccharides on the host molecules. Here we report the crystal structure of BgaC at 1.8 Å and its complex with galactose at 1.95 Å. At pH 5.5-8.0, BgaC exists as a stable homodimer, each subunit of which consists of three distinct domains: a catalytic domain of a classic (β/α)(8) TIM barrel, followed by two all-β domains (ABDs) of unknown function. The side walls of the TIM β-barrel and a loop extended from the first ABD constitute the active site. Superposition of the galactose-complexed structure to the apo-form revealed significant conformational changes of residues Trp-243 and Tyr-455. Simulation of a putative substrate entrance tunnel and modeling of a complex structure with Galβ(1,3)NAG enabled us to assign three key residues to the specific catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis in combination with activity assays further proved that residues Trp-240 and Tyr-455 contribute to stabilizing the N-acetylglucosamine moiety, whereas Trp-243 is critical for fixing the galactose ring. Moreover, we propose that BgaC and other galactosidases in the GH-35 family share a common domain organization and a conserved substrate-determinant aromatic residue protruding from the second domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Badarinath V, Halami PM. Purification of New β-Galactosidase fromEnterococcus faeciumMTCC 5153 with Transgalactosylation Activity. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2011.590766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Katrolia P, Yan Q, Jia H, Li Y, Jiang Z, Song C. Molecular cloning and high-level expression of a β-galactosidase gene from Paecilomyces aerugineus in Pichia pastoris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Katrolia P, Zhang M, Yan Q, Jiang Z, Song C, Li L. Characterisation of a thermostable family 42 β-galactosidase (BgalC) family from Thermotoga maritima showing efficient lactose hydrolysis. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
20
|
Panesar PS, Kumari S, Panesar R. Potential Applications of Immobilized β-Galactosidase in Food Processing Industries. Enzyme Res 2010; 2010:473137. [PMID: 21234407 PMCID: PMC3014700 DOI: 10.4061/2010/473137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme β-galactosidase can be obtained from a wide variety of sources such as microorganisms, plants, and animals. The use of β-galactosidase for the hydrolysis of lactose in milk and whey is one of the promising enzymatic applications in food and dairy processing industries. The enzyme can be used in either soluble or immobilized forms but the soluble enzyme can be used only for batch processes and the immobilized form has the advantage of being used in batch wise as well as in continuous operation. Immobilization has been found to be convenient method to make enzyme thermostable and to prevent the loss of enzyme activity. This review has been focused on the different types of techniques used for the immobilization of β-galactosidase and its potential applications in food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parmjit S. Panesar
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Punjab, 148 106, India
| | - Shweta Kumari
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Punjab, 148 106, India
| | - Reeba Panesar
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Punjab, 148 106, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maksimainen M, Hakulinen N, Kallio JM, Timoharju T, Turunen O, Rouvinen J. Crystal structures of Trichoderma reesei β-galactosidase reveal conformational changes in the active site. J Struct Biol 2010; 174:156-63. [PMID: 21130883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the crystal structure of Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) β-galactosidase (Tr-β-gal) at a 1.2Å resolution and its complex structures with galactose, IPTG and PETG at 1.5, 1.75 and 1.4Å resolutions, respectively. Tr-β-gal is a potential enzyme for lactose hydrolysis in the dairy industry and belongs to family 35 of the glycoside hydrolases (GH-35). The high resolution crystal structures of this six-domain enzyme revealed interesting features about the structure of Tr-β-gal. We discovered conformational changes in the two loop regions in the active site, implicating a conformational selection-mechanism for the enzyme. In addition, the Glu200, an acid/base catalyst showed two different conformations which undoubtedly affect the pK(a) value of this residue and the catalytic mechanism. The electron density showed extensive glycosylation, suggesting a structure stabilizing role for glycans. The longest glycan showed an electron density that extends to the eighth monosaccharide unit in the extended chain. The Tr-β-gal structure also showed a well-ordered structure for a unique octaserine motif on the surface loop of the fifth domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Maksimainen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee JH, Kim YS, Yeom SJ, Oh DK. Characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 42 β-galactosidase from Deinococcus geothermalis. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 33:577-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
A novel acid-stable, acid-active β-galactosidase potentially suited to the alleviation of lactose intolerance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:517-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
O’Connell S, Walsh G. Application Relevant Studies of Fungal β-galactosidases with Potential Application in the Alleviation of Lactose Intolerance. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 149:129-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
25
|
Kestwal RM, Bhide SV. Purification of β-galactosidase from Erythrina indica: Involvement of tryptophan in active site. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1506-12. [PMID: 17761389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
beta-Galactosidase (EC: 3.2.1.23), one of the glycosidases detected in Erythrina indica seeds, was purified to 135 fold. Amongst the four major glycosidases detected beta-galactosidase was found to be least glycosylated, and was not retained by Con-A CL Seralose affinity matrix. A homogenous preparation of the enzyme was obtained by ion-exchange chromatography, followed by gel filtration. The enzyme was found to be a dimmer with a molecular weight of 74 kDa and 78 kDa, by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, respectively. The optimum pH and optimum temperature for enzyme activity were 4.4 and 50 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme showed a K(m) value of 2.6 mM and V(max) of 3.86 U/mg for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside as substrate and was inhibited by Zn(2+) and Hg(2+). The enzyme activity was regulated by feed back inhibition as it was found to be inhibited by beta-D-galactose. Chemical modification studies revealed involvement of tryptophan and histidine for enzyme activity. Involvement of tryptophan was also supported by fluorescence studies and one tryptophan was found to be present in the active site of beta-galactosidase. Circular dichroism studies revealed 37% alpha helix, 27% beta sheet and 38% random coil in the secondary structure of the purified enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh M Kestwal
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune-411007, Maharashtra, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
O'Connell S, Walsh G. Purification and properties of a β-galactosidase with potential application as a digestive supplement. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 141:1-14. [PMID: 17625262 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-9206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional-based screening of crude beta-galactosidase activities from 42 yeast strains resulted in the selection of a single enzyme of potential interest as a digestive supplement. beta-Galactosidase produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus DSM5418 was purified to homogeneity by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange, and hydroxylapatite chromatographies. The denatured (123 kDa) and native molecular masses (251 kDa) suggest that the enzyme is a homodimer. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were 6.8 and 37 degrees C, respectively. The unpurified beta-galactosidase in particular displayed a high level of stability when exposed to simulated intestinal conditions in vitro for 4 h. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass sectrometry analysis revealed that the enzyme's trypsin-generated peptide mass fingerprint shares several peptide fragment hits with beta-galactosidases from Kluyveromyces lactis. This confirms the enzyme's identity and indicates that significant sequence homology exists between these enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S O'Connell
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences and MSSI, University of Limerick, Limerick City, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Modeling of the simultaneous hydrolysis–ultrafiltration of whey permeate by a thermostable β-galactosidase from Aspergillus niger. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
Samoshina NM, Samoshin VV. The Michaelis constants ratio for two substrates with a series of fungal (mould and yeast) β-galactosidases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
29
|
Konozy EHE, Mulay R, Faca V, Ward RJ, Greene LJ, Roque-Barriera MC, Sabharwal S, Bhide SV. Purification, some properties of a D-galactose-binding leaf lectin from Erythrina indica and further characterization of seed lectin. Biochimie 2002; 84:1035-43. [PMID: 12504284 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(02)00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lectin from a leaf of Erythrina indica was isolated by affinity chromatography on Lactamyl-Seralose 4B. Lectin gave a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). In SDS-gel electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions Erythrina indica leaf lectin (EiLL) split into two bands with subunit molecular weights of 30 and 33 kDa, whereas 58 kDa was obtained for the intact lectin by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. EiLL agglutinated all human RBC types, with a slight preference for the O blood group. Lectin was found to be a glycoprotein with a neutral sugar content of 9.5%. The carbohydrate specificity of lectin was directed towards D-galactose and its derivatives with pronounced preference for lactose. EiLL had pH optima at pH 7.0; above and below this pH lectin lost sugar-binding capability rapidly. Lectin showed broad temperature optima from 25 to 50 degrees C; however, at 55 degrees C EiLL lost more than 90% of its activity and at 60 degrees C it was totally inactivated. The pI of EiLL was found to be 7.6. The amino acid analysis of EiLL indicated that the lectin was rich in acidic as well as hydrophobic amino acids and totally lacked cysteine and methionine. The N-terminal amino acids were Val-Glu-Thr-IIe-Ser-Phe-Ser-Phe-Ser-Glu-Phe-Glu-Ala-Gly-Asn-Asp-X-Leu-Thr-Gln-Glu-Gly-Ala-Ala-Leu-. Chemical modification studies of both EiLL and Erythrina indica seed lectin (EiSL) with phenylglyoxal, DEP and DTNB revealed an absence of arginine, histidine and cysteine, respectively, in or near the ligand-binding site of both lectins. Modification of tyrosine with NAI led to partial inactivation of EiLL and EiSL; however, total inactivation was observed upon NBS-modification of two tryptophan residues in EiSL. Despite the apparent importance of these tryptophan residues for lectin activity they did not seem to have a direct role in binding haptenic sugar as D-galactose did not protect lectin from inactivation by NBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin H E Konozy
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nagy Z, Keresztessy Z, Szentirmai A, Biró S. Carbon source regulation of beta-galactosidase biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum. J Basic Microbiol 2002; 41:351-62. [PMID: 11802545 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4028(200112)41:6<351::aid-jobm351>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Growth and beta-galactosidase activity of the penicillin producer industrial Penicillium chrysogenum NCAIM 00237 strain were examined using different carbon sources. Good growth was observed using glucose, sucrose, glycerol and galactose, while growth on lactose was substantially slower. beta-Galactosidase activity was high on lactose and very low on all the other carbon sources tested. In glucose grown cultures after exhaustion of glucose as repressing carbon source a derepressed low level of the enzyme was observed. cAMP concentration in lactose grown cultures was relatively high, in glucose grown cultures was low. Caffeine substantially decreased glucose consumption and growth but did not increase beta-galactosidase activity and did not prevent glucose repression which rules out the involvement of cAMP in the regulation of beta-galactosidase biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Nagy
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nagy Z, Kiss T, Szentirmai A, Biró S. Beta-galactosidase of Penicillium chrysogenum: production, purification, and characterization of the enzyme. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 21:24-9. [PMID: 11162383 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular beta-galactosidase from Penicillium chrysogenum NCAIM 00237 was purified by procedures including precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, affinity chromatography, and chromatofocusing. These steps resulted a purification of 66-fold, a yield of about 8%, and a specific activity of 5.84 U mg(-1) protein. Some enzyme characteristics were determined using o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside as substrate. The pH and temperature optimum of the activity were about 4.0 and 30 degrees C respectively. The K(m) and pI values were 1.81 mM and 4.6. beta-Galactosidase of P. chrysogenum is a multimeric enzyme of about 270 kDa composed of monomers with a molecular mass of 66 kDa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Nagy
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|