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Shekari S, Fathi S, Roumi Z, Akbari ME, Tajadod S, Afsharfar M, Hasanpour Ardekanizadeh N, Bourbour F, Keshavarz SA, Sotoudeh M, Gholamalizadeh M, Nemat Gorgani S, Shafaei Kachaei H, Alizadeh A, Doaei S. Association between dietary intake of fatty acids and colorectal cancer, a case-control study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:856408. [PMID: 36263307 PMCID: PMC9576465 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.856408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of dietary fat and colorectal cancer (CRC) was frequently reported. However, few studies assessed the effects of different types of dietary fats on CRC. This study aimed to investigate the association between intakes of different types of dietary fatty acids with colorectal cancer risk. Methods This case-control study was conducted on 480 participants including 160 CRC cases and 320 healthy controls in Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The intake of dietary fatty acids of the participants was assessed using a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results The mean intake of cholesterol (273.07 ± 53.63 vs. 254.17 ± 61.12, P = 0.001), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (16.54 ± 4.20 vs. 15.41 ± 4.44, P = 0.012), and calorie (2,568.76 ± 404.48 vs. 2,493.38 ± 176.03, P = 0.006) was higher and the mean intake of oleic acid (5.59 ± 3.17 vs. 8.21 ± 5.46) and linoleic acid (6.03 ± 3.44 vs. 7.02 ± 4.08, P = 0.01) was lower in the case group compared to the control group. An inverse association was found between colorectal cancer (CRC) and dietary intake of oleic acid (OR: 0.85, CI 95% 0.80–0.90, P = 0.001), linoleic acid (OR: 0.85, CI 95% 0.78–0.93, P = 0.001), and α-linolenic acid (OR: 0.75, CI 95% 0.57–0.98, P = 0.04). The association remained significant after adjusting for age and sex, sleep, smoking, and alcohol consumption, and BMI. Conclusions The results of this study support a protective effect of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid against CRC. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Shekari
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroor Fathi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Roumi
- Department of Nutrition, Electronic Health and Statistics Surveillance Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Tajadod
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Afsharfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Naeemeh Hasanpour Ardekanizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bourbour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Sotoudeh
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Nemat Gorgani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Atiyeh Alizadeh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Doaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Saeid Doaei
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Murff HJ, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Su T, Dooley JH, Cai SS, Zheng W, Dai Q. N-3 Long Chain Fatty Acids Supplementation, Fatty Acids Desaturase Activity, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1388-1398. [PMID: 34291724 PMCID: PMC8782932 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1955286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) have anti-inflammatory effects and may reduce colorectal cancer risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on markers of rectal cell proliferation and apoptosis and examine how genetic variation in desaturase enzymes might modify this effect. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, control six-month trial of 2.5 grams of n-3 LCPUFA per day compared to olive oil. Study participants had a history of colorectal adenomas. Randomization was stratified based on the gene variant rs174535 in the fatty acid desaturase 1 enzyme (FADS1). Our primary outcome was change in markers of rectal epithelial proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS A total of 141 subjects were randomized. We found no difference in apoptosis markers between participants randomized to n-3 LCPUFA compared to olive oil (P = 0.41). N-3 LCPUFA supplementation increased cell proliferation in the lower colonic crypt compared to olive oil (P = 0.03) however baseline indexes of proliferation were different between the groups at randomization. We found no evidence that genotype modified the effect. CONCLUSIONS Our study did not show evidence of a proliferative or pro-apoptotic effect on n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on rectal mucosa regardless of the FADS genotype.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01661764Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.1955286.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J. Murff
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Martha J. Shrubsole
- GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Timothy Su
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | | | - Sunny S. Cai
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Wei Zheng
- GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Qi Dai
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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3
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Linseisen J, Grundmann N, Zoller D, Kühn T, Jansen EHJM, Chajès V, Fedirko V, Weiderpass E, Dahm CC, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Rothwell JA, Severi G, Kaaks R, Schulze MB, Aleksandrova K, Sieri S, Panico S, Tumino R, Masala G, De Marco L, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Vermeulen R, Gram IT, Skeie G, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ, Amiano P, Wennberg M, Bodén S, Perez-Cornago A, Aglago EK, Gunter MJ, Jenab M, Heath AK, Nieters A. Red Blood Cell Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:874-885. [PMID: 33619024 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests that alterations of dietary fatty acid (FA) profiles are associated with colorectal cancer risk. However, data from large-scale epidemiologic studies using circulating FA measurements to objectively assess individual FA and FA categories are scarce. METHODS We investigate the association between red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs and risk of colorectal cancer in a case-control study nested within a large prospective cohort. After a median follow-up of 6.4 years, 1,069 incident colorectal cancer cases were identified and matched to 1,069 controls among participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). The FA composition of RBC phospholipids (in mol%) was analyzed by gas chromatography, and their association with risk of colorectal cancer was estimated by multivariable adjusted conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS After correction for multiple testing, subjects with higher concentrations of RBC stearic acid were at higher risk for colorectal cancer (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.07-1.42, per 1 mol%). Conversely, colorectal cancer incidence decreased with increasing proportions of RBC n-3 PUFA, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (0.75; 0.62-0.92, per 1 mol%). The findings for the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS The positive association between prediagnostic RBC stearic acid and colorectal cancer reflects putative differences in FA intake and metabolism between cancer cases and matched controls, which deserve further investigation. The inverse relationship between EPA and colorectal cancer is in line with the repeatedly reported protective effect of fish consumption on colorectal cancer risk. IMPACT These findings add to the evidence on colorectal cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Linseisen
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, at UNIKA-T, Augsburg, Germany.
- Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nina Grundmann
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, at UNIKA-T, Augsburg, Germany
- Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Zoller
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, at UNIKA-T, Augsburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eugène H J M Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique Chajès
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Diet, Genes and Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1018, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Joseph A Rothwell
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1018, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1018, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (DISIA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Provincial Health Authority, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura De Marco
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inger T Gram
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - María-Dolores Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, Nutrition and Cancer Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-José Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria Wennberg
- Section of Sustainable Health, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina Bodén
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aurora Perez-Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elom K Aglago
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Mazda Jenab
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Alicia K Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Institute of Immunodeficiency, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Zhou E, Rifkin S. Colorectal Cancer and Diet: Risk Versus Prevention, Is Diet an Intervention? Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2021; 50:101-111. [PMID: 33518157 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer in men and women in the world. Epidemiologic research approximates that half of colon cancer risk is preventable by modifiable risk factors, including diet. This article reviews prior studies involving certain food items and their relation to colorectal cancer, to elucidate whether diet can be a potential intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 431, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Samara Rifkin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 6520 MSRB1, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
Diet is an important risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), and several dietary constituents implicated in CRC are modified by gut microbial metabolism. Microbial fermentation of dietary fiber produces short-chain fatty acids, e.g., acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Dietary fiber has been shown to reduce colon tumors in animal models, and, in vitro, butyrate influences cellular pathways important to cancer risk. Furthermore, work from our group suggests that the combined effects of butyrate and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) may enhance the chemopreventive potential of these dietary constituents. We postulate that the relatively low intakes of n-3 PUFA and fiber in Western populations and the failure to address interactions between these dietary components may explain why chemoprotective effects of n-3 PUFA and fermentable fibers have not been detected consistently in prospective cohort studies. In this review, we summarize the evidence outlining the effects of n-3 long-chain PUFA and highly fermentable fiber with respect to alterations in critical pathways important to CRC prevention, particularly intrinsic mitochondrial-mediated programmed cell death resulting from the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ferroptosis), and epigenetic programming related to lipid catabolism and beta-oxidation-associated genes.
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Kim Y, Kim J. Intake or Blood Levels of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 29:288-299. [PMID: 31767566 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous results of the association between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and colorectal cancer were inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS The PubMed and Embase databases were searched through July 10, 2019, followed by a manual search. A random-effects model was used. RESULTS Twenty prospective studies, including 18,102 cases and 1,360,046 participants, were included. The pooled RR of colorectal cancer for the highest versus lowest category of n-3 PUFA intake was 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.90-1.04]. Regarding the type of n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intakes were inversely associated with 11% (RR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.99) and 12% (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.96) lower colorectal cancer risks, respectively, in the comparison of the highest versus lowest category. Increments of 0.1 g/day of EPA (RR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.98) and DHA (RR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99) intakes were associated with a lower colorectal cancer risk. Regarding the blood levels of n-3 PUFAs, the pooled RR of colorectal cancer for the highest versus lowest category of blood levels of n-3 PUFAs was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.64-0.98). The risk of colorectal cancer decreased by 4% for every 1% increase in blood n-3 PUFA levels (RR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-1.00). CONCLUSIONS High blood n-3 PUFA levels are inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk, and high n-3 PUFA intake is suggestively associated with lower colorectal cancer risk. IMPACT Our findings suggest that high blood n-3 PUFA levels may be associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk, but further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngyo Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
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7
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Irún P, Lanas A, Piazuelo E. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Bioactive Metabolites in Gastrointestinal Malignancies Related to Unresolved Inflammation. A Review. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:852. [PMID: 31427966 PMCID: PMC6687876 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation takes part in the pathogenesis of some malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract including colorectal (CRC), gastric, and esophageal cancers. The use of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω3-PUFA) supplements for chemoprevention or adjuvant therapy of gastrointestinal cancers is being investigated in recent years. Most evidence has been reported in CRC, although their protective role has also been reported for Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer or Barrett’s esophagus-derived adenocarcinoma. Studies based on ω3-PUFA supplementation in animal models of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and CRC revealed positive effects on cancer prevention, reducing the number and size of tumors, down-regulating arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, upregulating anti-oxidant enzymes, and reducing lipid peroxidation, whereas contradictory results have been found in induced colitis and colitis-associated cancer. Beneficial effects have also been found in FAP and ulcerative colitis patients. Of special interest is their positive effect as adjuvants on radio- and chemo-sensitivity, specificity, and prevention of treatment complications. Some controversial results obtained in CRC might be justified by different dietary sources, extraction and preparation procedures of ω3-PUFAs, difficulties on filling out food questionnaires, daily dose and type of PUFAs, adenoma subtype, location of CRC, sex differences, and genetic factors. Studies using animal models of inflammatory bowel disease have confirmed that exogenous administration of active metabolites derived from PUFAs called pro-resolving mediators like lipoxin A4, arachidonic acid-derived, resolvins derived from eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), and docosapentaenoic (DPA) acids as well as maresin 1 and protectins DHA- and DPA-derived improve disease and inflammatory outcomes without causing immunosuppression or other side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Irún
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Lanas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Psiquiatría y Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Piazuelo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Effects of fish oil supplementation on eicosanoid production in patients at higher risk for colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2019; 28:188-195. [PMID: 30640206 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil supplementation may represent a potential chemopreventive agent for reducing colorectal cancer risk. The mechanism of action of fish oil is unknown but presumed to be related to eicosanoid modification. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fish oil supplementation on the levels of urinary and rectal eicosanoids. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of 2.5 g of fish oil per day compared with olive oil supplementation over a 6-month period. Study participants had a history of colorectal adenomas. Randomization was stratified based on the gene variant rs174535 in the fatty acid desaturase 1 enzyme (FADS1), which affects tissue levels of arachidonic acid. A total of 141 participants were randomized. Urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGE-M) was measured at baseline, 3, and 6 months and rectal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) at baseline and 6 months. Repeated-measures linear regression was used to determine the effect of the intervention on each outcome measure. Overall, fish oil supplementation was found to reduce urinary PGE-M production compared with olive oil (P=0.03). Fish oil did not reduce rectal PGE2 overall; however, it did significantly reduce PGE2 in the subgroup of participants not using aspirin or NSAIDs (P=0.04). FADS1 genotype did not seem to modify effects of fish oil on PGE2 production. We conclude that fish oil supplementation has a modest but beneficial effect on eicosanoids associated with colorectal carcinogenesis, particularly in those not taking aspirin or NSAIDs.
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9
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Rescigno T, Tecce MF, Capasso A. Protective and Restorative Effects of Nutrients and Phytochemicals. Open Biochem J 2018; 12:46-64. [PMID: 29760813 PMCID: PMC5906970 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01812010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intoroduction: Dietary intake fundamentally provides reintegration of energy and essential nutrients to human organisms. However, its qualitative and quantitative composition strongly affects individual’s health, possibly being either a preventive or a risk factor. It was shown that nutritional status resulting from long-term exposition to specific diet formulations can outstandingly reduce incidences of most common and most important diseases of the developed world, such as cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. Diet formulations result from different food combinations which bring specific nutrient molecules. Numerous molecules, mostly but not exclusively from vegetal foods, have been characterized among nutritional components as being particularly responsible for diet capabilities to exert risk reduction. These “bioactive nutrients” are able to produce effects which go beyond basic reintegration tasks, i.e. energetic and/or structural, but are specifically pharmacologically active within pathophysiological pathways related to many diseases, being able to selectively affect processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, differentiation, angiogenesis, DNA repair and carcinogens activation. Conclusion: The present review was aimed to know the molecular mechanisms and pathways of activity of bioactive molecules; which will firstly allow search for optimal food composition and intake, and then use them as possible therapeutical targets and/or diagnostics. Also, the present review discussed the therapeutic effect of both nutrients and phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rescigno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Mario F Tecce
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Fuentes NR, Salinas ML, Kim E, Chapkin RS. Emerging role of chemoprotective agents in the dynamic shaping of plasma membrane organization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1668-1678. [PMID: 28342710 PMCID: PMC5501766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the context of an organism, epithelial cells by nature are designed to be the defining barrier between self and the outside world. This is especially true for the epithelial cells that form the lining of the digestive tract, which absorb nutrients and serve as a barrier against harmful substances. These cells are constantly bathed by a complex mixture of endogenous (bile acids, mucus, microbial metabolites) and exogenous (food, nutrients, drugs) bioactive compounds. From a cell biology perspective, this type of exposure would directly impact the plasma membrane, which consists of a myriad of complex lipids and proteins. The plasma membrane not only functions as a barrier but also as the medium in which cellular signaling complexes form and function. This property is mediated by the organization of the plasma membrane, which is exquisitely temporally (nanoseconds to minutes) and spatially (nanometers to micrometers) regulated. Since numerous bioactive compounds found in the intestinal lumen can directly interact with lipid membranes, we hypothesize that the dynamic reshaping of plasma membrane organization underlies the chemoprotective effect of select membrane targeted dietary bioactives (MTDBs). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad R Fuentes
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, USA; Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Michael L Salinas
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, USA; Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, USA; Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, USA; Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, USA; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, USA.
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Rifkin SB, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Smalley WE, Ness RM, Swift LL, Zheng W, Murff HJ. PUFA levels in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids are differentially associated with colorectal adenoma risk. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1615-1622. [PMID: 28660850 PMCID: PMC5891121 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake of PUFA has been associated with colorectal neoplasm risk; however, results from observational studies have been inconsistent. Most prior studies have utilised self-reported dietary measures to assess fatty acid exposure which might be more susceptible to measurement error and biases compared with biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether erythrocyte phospholipid membrane PUFA percentages are associated with colorectal adenoma risk. We included data from 904 adenoma cases and 835 polyp-free controls who participated in the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study, a large colonoscopy-based case-control study. Erythrocyte membrane PUFA percentages were measured using GC. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted OR for risk of colorectal adenomas with erythrocyte membrane PUFA. Higher erythrocyte membrane percentages of arachidonic acid was associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas (adjusted OR 1·66; 95 % CI 1·05, 2·62, P trend=0·02) comparing the highest tertile to the lowest tertile. The effect size for arachidonic acid was more pronounced when restricting the analysis to advanced adenomas only. Higher erythrocyte membrane EPA percentages were associated with a trend towards a reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenomas (P trend=0·05). Erythrocyte membrane arachidonic acid percentages are associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara B Rifkin
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,1800 Orleans Street,Baltimore, MD 21287,USA
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- 2Division of Epidemiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 800,Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- 2Division of Epidemiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 800,Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Walter E Smalley
- 4Department of Health Policy,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 1200, Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Reid M Ness
- 5Division of Gastroenterology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,1211 Medical Center Drive,Nashville, TN 37232,USA
| | - Larry L Swift
- 6Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,1211 Medical Center Drive,Nashville, TN 37232,USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- 2Division of Epidemiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 800,Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Harvey J Murff
- 3Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC),Department of Veterans Affairs,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System,1310 24th Avenue S,Nashville, TN 37212,USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Othman
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, The University of Manitoba and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
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Serini S, Ottes Vasconcelos R, Fasano E, Calviello G. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression and M2 macrophage polarization as new potential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid targets in colon inflammation and cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:843-58. [PMID: 26781478 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1139085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has become increasingly clear that dietary habits may affect the risk/progression of chronic diseases with a pathogenic inflammatory component, such as colorectal cancer. Considerable attention has been directed toward the ability of nutritional agents to target key molecular pathways involved in these inflammatory-related diseases. AREAS COVERED ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their oxidative metabolites have attracted considerable interest as possible anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents, especially in areas such as the large bowel, where the influence of orally introduced substances is high and tumors show deranged PUFA patterns. On this basis, we have analyzed pre-clinical findings that have recently revealed new insight into the molecular pathways targeted by ω-3 PUFA. EXPERT OPINION The findings analyzed herein demonstrate that ω-3 PUFA may exert beneficial effects by targeting the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and altering M2 macrophage polarization during the inflammatory response. These mechanisms need to be better explored in the large bowel, and further studies could better clarify their role and the potential of dietary interventions with ω-3 PUFA in the large bowel. The epigenomic mechanism is discussed in view of the potential of ω-3 PUFA to enhance the efficacy of other agents used in the therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serini
- a Institute of General Pathology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Renata Ottes Vasconcelos
- a Institute of General Pathology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy.,b Institute of Biological Sciences , Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Elena Fasano
- c Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Medical Oncology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Gabriella Calviello
- a Institute of General Pathology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
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15
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Talero E, García-Mauriño S, Ávila-Román J, Rodríguez-Luna A, Alcaide A, Motilva V. Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Microalgae in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6152-209. [PMID: 26437418 PMCID: PMC4626684 DOI: 10.3390/md13106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of onset of cancer is influenced by poorly controlled chronic inflammatory processes. Inflammatory diseases related to cancer development include inflammatory bowel disease, which can lead to colon cancer, or actinic keratosis, associated with chronic exposure to ultraviolet light, which can progress to squamous cell carcinoma. Chronic inflammatory states expose these patients to a number of signals with tumorigenic effects, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins release and ROS production. In addition, the participation of inflammasomes, autophagy and sirtuins has been demonstrated in pathological processes such as inflammation and cancer. Chemoprevention consists in the use of drugs, vitamins, or nutritional supplements to reduce the risk of developing or having a recurrence of cancer. Numerous in vitro and animal studies have established the potential colon and skin cancer chemopreventive properties of substances from marine environment, including microalgae species and their products (carotenoids, fatty acids, glycolipids, polysaccharides and proteins). This review summarizes the main mechanisms of actions of these compounds in the chemoprevention of these cancers. These actions include suppression of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, stimulation of antimetastatic and antiangiogenic responses and increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Talero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Sofía García-Mauriño
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Javier Ávila-Román
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Azahara Rodríguez-Luna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Antonio Alcaide
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Virginia Motilva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
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Lewis C, Xun P, Fly AD, Luo J, He K. Fish Oil Supplementation and Quality of Life in Stage II Colorectal Cancer Patients: A 24-Month Follow-Up Study. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:1239-46. [PMID: 26380892 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1078900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that cancer survivors have an interest in lifestyle changes following a diagnosis. However, few studies have prospectively investigated whether these changes result in positive outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between fish oil supplementation and quality of life (QoL), cancer recurrence, and all-cause mortality in Stage 2 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients following diagnosis. Four hundred fifty-three patients were enrolled from the North Carolina Cancer Registry from 2009 to 2011. Data on demography, treatment, and health behaviors were collected at diagnosis, 12-, and 24 mo postdiagnosis. Generalized estimating equations were performed to examine fish oil supplementation in relation to QoL, recurrence, and all-cause mortality. An increase in fish oil supplementation over 24 mo postdiagnosis was associated with an increase in the physical component score of the 12-item Medical Outcomes Short Form (β = 2.43, 95% CI: 0.10-4.76). Supplementation showed no association with the Functional Assessment of Cancer-Colorectal, cancer recurrence or mortality across the 24-mo follow-up. This study suggests that fish oil supplementation may improve symptom-related QoL (i.e., physical functioning) in Stage 2 CRC patients following diagnosis. Future research should address the dose-dependent effects of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari Lewis
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , USA
| | - Pengcheng Xun
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , USA
| | - Alyce D Fly
- b Department of Applied Health Science (Alyce D. Fly) , School of Public Health, Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , USA
| | - Juhua Luo
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , USA
| | - Ka He
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , USA
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Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: The Way Forward in Times of Mixed Evidence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:143109. [PMID: 26301240 PMCID: PMC4537707 DOI: 10.1155/2015/143109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Almost forty years ago, it was first hypothesized that an increased dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish fat could exert protective effects against several pathologies. Decades of intense preclinical investigation have supported this hypothesis in a variety of model systems. Several clinical cardiovascular studies demonstrated the beneficial health effects of omega-3 PUFA, leading medical institutions worldwide to publish recommendations for their increased intake. However, particularly in recent years, contradictory results have been obtained in human studies focusing on cardiovascular disease and the clinical evidence in other diseases, particularly chronic inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, was never established to a degree that led to clear approval of treatment with omega-3 PUFA. Recent data not in line with the previous findings have sparked a debate on the health efficacy of omega-3 PUFA and the usefulness of increasing their intake for the prevention of a number of pathologies. In this review, we aim to examine the controversies on the possible use of these fatty acids as preventive/curative tools against the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases, as well as several kinds of cancer.
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Tokudome S, Kuriki K, Yokoyama Y, Sasaki M, Joh T, Kamiya T, Cheng J, Ogawa K, Shirai T, Imaeda N, Goto C, Tokudome Y, Ichikawa H, Okuyama H. Dietary n-3/long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for prevention of sporadic colorectal tumors: a randomized controlled trial in polypectomized participants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 94:1-11. [PMID: 25451556 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To address preventive effects of n-3 PUFAs/LC n-3 PUFAs on CRTs, a randomized controlled trial was conducted. One-hundred four experimental group participants were advised to increase intake of n-3 PUFAs, including fish/shell fish, fish oil supplements and perilla oils, and to decrease consumption of n-6 PUFAs and fats/oils as a whole for 24 months. One-hundred one control group participants were only cautioned to reduce consumption of fats/oils as a whole. Random allocation was satisfactorily attained, and participants sufficiently complied with our regimen. Intakes, plasma concentrations, and compositions of the RBC and sigmoid colon membranes of n-3 PUFAs, LC n-3 PUFAs, EPA and DHA increased, and the ratios of n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs and AA/LC n-3 PUFAs decreased without any adverse response. Twenty-four months after the intervention, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) was estimated to be 0.805 (0.536-1.209) with a signal towards the reduced CRT incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinkan Tokudome
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Social Welfare Institutions Seizanri-kai, Biwajima Care Center, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kiyonori Kuriki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Nagoya Medical Association Health Care Center, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kamiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jinglei Cheng
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shirai
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Nagoya City Rehabilitation Center, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nahomi Imaeda
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiho Goto
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Health and Nutrition, Nagoya Bunri University, Inazawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Tokudome
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; School of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nisshin, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Ichikawa
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Harumi Okuyama
- Institute for Consumer Science and Human Life, Kinjo Gakuin University, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Yang K, Li H, Dong J, Dong Y, Wang CZ. Expression profile of polyunsaturated fatty acids in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2405-2412. [PMID: 25741148 PMCID: PMC4342917 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i8.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and tumor-associated factors for predicting the outcome of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) in Chinese patients.
METHODS: Fresh-frozen malignant and normal tissues from 82 Chinese patients with CRC were analyzed for PUFA composition using gas-liquid chromatography. The levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the levels of VEGF, p53 and Ki-67 were measured by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: In malignant tissue, compared with normal tissue, the levels of total ω-6 PUFAs (24.64% ± 3.41% vs 26.77% ± 3.37%, P = 0.00) and linoleic acid (LA) (15.46% ± 3.51% vs 18.30% ± 2.83%, P < 0.01) were lower, whereas the levels of total ω-3 PUFAs (1.58% ± 0.74% vs 1.35% ± 0.60%, P < 0.01) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) (1.32% ± 0.69% vs 0.85% ± 0.29%, P < 0.01) were significantly higher. The ratios of arachidonic acid (AA)/LA (0.53 ± 0.22 vs 0.42 ± 0.19, P < 0.01) and AA/total ω-6 PUFAs (0.31 ± 0.09 vs 0.27 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) were also significantly higher in malignant tissue. The levels of PDGF (353.10 ± 148.85 pg/mL vs 286.09 ± 104.91 pg/mL, P < 0.01), COX-2 (125.21 ± 70.29 ng/mL vs 67.06 ± 42.22 ng/mL, P < 0.01) and VEGF (357.11 ± 128.76 pg/mL vs 211.38 ± 99.47 pg/mL, P < 0.01) were also higher in malignant tissue compared to normal tissue. COX-2 was inversely correlated with LA (R = -0.3244, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with AA/total ω-6 PUFAs (R = 0.3083, P < 0.05) and AA/LA (R = 0.3001, P < 0.05). The tissue level of LA was highest in poorly differentiated tumors (19.9% ± 6.3%, P < 0.05), while the ratio of AA/ω-3 PUFAs was lowest in these tumors (10.8 ± 2.6, P < 0.05). In VEGF-positive tumors, the level of LA was higher (16.2% ± 3.7% vs 13.9% ± 2.7%, P < 0.01), while the AA/ω-3PUFA, AA/ω-6 PUFA, and AA/LA ratios were lower than in VEGF-negative tumors (5.0 ± 1.8 vs 6.7 ± 3.3, 0.30 ± 0.09 vs 0.34 ± 0.09, 0.50 ± 0.21 vs 0.61 ± 0.21, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The metabolism of PUFAs may play an important role in the evolution of inflammation-driven tumorigenesis in CRC and may be considered a potential marker for prognosis.
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Chapkin RS, DeClercq V, Kim E, Fuentes NR, Fan YY. Mechanisms by Which Pleiotropic Amphiphilic n-3 PUFA Reduce Colon Cancer Risk. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014; 10:442-452. [PMID: 25400530 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality in both men and women worldwide. Genetic susceptibility and diet are primary determinants of cancer risk and tumor behavior. Experimental, epidemiological, and clinical data substantiate the beneficial role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in preventing chronic inflammation and colon cancer. From a mechanistic perspective, n-3 PUFA are pleiotropic and multifaceted with respect to their molecular mechanisms of action. For example, this class of dietary lipid uniquely alters membrane structure/ cytoskeletal function, impacting membrane receptor function and downstream signaling cascades, including gene expression profiles and cell phenotype. In addition, n-3 PUFA can synergize with other potential anti-tumor agents, such as fermentable fiber and curcumin. With the rising prevalence of diet-induced obesity, there is also an urgent need to elucidate the link between chronic inflammation in adipose tissue and colon cancer risk in obesity. In this review, we will summarize recent developments linking n-3 PUFA intake, membrane alterations, epigenetic modulation, and effects on obesity-associated colon cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Faculty of Toxicity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vanessa DeClercq
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Natividad Roberto Fuentes
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Faculty of Toxicity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Augoff K, Biernatowska A, Podkalicka J, Sikorski AF. Membrane rafts as a novel target in cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:155-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Boca SM, Sinha R, Cross AJ, Moore SC, Sampson JN. Testing multiple biological mediators simultaneously. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 30:214-20. [PMID: 24202540 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Modern biomedical and epidemiological studies often measure hundreds or thousands of biomarkers, such as gene expression or metabolite levels. Although there is an extensive statistical literature on adjusting for 'multiple comparisons' when testing whether these biomarkers are directly associated with a disease, testing whether they are biological mediators between a known risk factor and a disease requires a more complex null hypothesis, thus offering additional methodological challenges. RESULTS We propose a permutation approach that tests multiple putative mediators and controls the family wise error rate. We demonstrate that, unlike when testing direct associations, replacing the Bonferroni correction with a permutation approach that focuses on the maximum of the test statistics can significantly improve the power to detect mediators even when all biomarkers are independent. Through simulations, we show the power of our method is 2-5× larger than the power achieved by Bonferroni correction. Finally, we apply our permutation test to a case-control study of dietary risk factors and colorectal adenoma to show that, of 149 test metabolites, docosahexaenoate is a possible mediator between fish consumption and decreased colorectal adenoma risk. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION R-package included in online Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simina M Boca
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Kansal S, Negi AK, Agnihotri N. n-3 PUFAs as Modulators of Stem Cells in Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-012-0145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Davidson LA, Goldsby JS, Callaway ES, Shah MS, Barker N, Chapkin RS. Alteration of colonic stem cell gene signatures during the regenerative response to injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1600-7. [PMID: 22750333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since aberrant wound healing and chronic inflammation can promote malignant transformation, we determined whether dietary bioactive fish oil (FO)-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) modulate stem cell kinetics in a colitis-wounding model. Lgr5-LacZ and Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creER(T2) mice were fed diets enriched with n-3 PUFA vs n-6 PUFA (control) and exposed to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 5days in order to induce crypt damage and colitis throughout the colon. Stem cell number, cell proliferation, apoptosis, expression of stem cell (Lgr5, Sox9, Bmi1, Hopx, mTert, Ascl2, and DCAMKL-1) and inflammation (STAT3) markers were quantified. DSS treatment resulted in the ablation of Lgr5(+) stem cells in the distal colon, concurrent with the loss of distal crypt structure and proliferating cells. Lgr5, Ascl2 and Hopx mRNA expression levels were decreased in damaged colonic mucosa. Lgr5(+) stem cells reappeared at day 5 of DSS recovery, with normal levels attained by day 6 of recovery. There was no effect of diet on the recovery of stem cells. FO fed animals exhibited higher levels of phospho-STAT3 at all time points, consistent with a higher wounding by DSS in FO feeding. n-3 PUFA-fed mice exhibited a reduction in stem cell associated factors, Ascl2, Axin2 and EphB3. These results indicate that rapidly cycling Lgr5(+) stem cells residing at position 1 in the colon epithelium are highly susceptible to DSS-induced damage and that dietary cues can impact stem cell regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Davidson
- Center for Environmental & Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Turk HF, Barhoumi R, Chapkin RS. Alteration of EGFR spatiotemporal dynamics suppresses signal transduction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39682. [PMID: 22761867 PMCID: PMC3384615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which regulates cell growth and survival, is integral to colon tumorigenesis. Lipid rafts play a role in regulating EGFR signaling, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to perturb membrane domain organization through changes in lipid rafts. Therefore, we investigated the mechanistic link between EGFR function and DHA. Membrane incorporation of DHA into immortalized colonocytes altered the lateral organization of EGFR. DHA additionally increased EGFR phosphorylation but paradoxically suppressed downstream signaling. Assessment of the EGFR-Ras-ERK1/2 signaling cascade identified Ras GTP binding as the locus of the DHA-induced disruption of signal transduction. DHA also antagonized EGFR signaling capacity by increasing receptor internalization and degradation. DHA suppressed cell proliferation in an EGFR-dependent manner, but cell proliferation could be partially rescued by expression of constitutively active Ras. Feeding chronically-inflamed, carcinogen-injected C57BL/6 mice a fish oil containing diet enriched in DHA recapitulated the effects on the EGFR signaling axis observed in cell culture and additionally suppressed tumor formation. We conclude that DHA-induced alteration in both the lateral and subcellular localization of EGFR culminates in the suppression of EGFR downstream signal transduction, which has implications for the molecular basis of colon cancer prevention by DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony F. Turk
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Image Analysis Laboratory, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hepatocyte growth factor and omega-3-enriched feeds have a synergistic effect on mucosal mass in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:194-8. [PMID: 22244416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) decreases intestinal inflammation and cytokine levels in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Luminal omega-3 (OM-3) is anti-angiogenic, reduces inflammation, and may decrease symptoms in patients with Crohn's disease. This study evaluates the synergism of HGF and OM-3. METHODS Twenty adult female transgenic HLA-B27 rats were divided into 4 groups: group 1: regular feeds, IV saline; group 2: OM-3-enriched feeds, IV saline; group 3: regular feeds, IV HGF (150 µg/kg per day); and group 4: OM-3-enriched feeds, IV HGF(150 µg/kg per day). Rats were killed at 14 days after pump placement. Small and large bowel mucosa was harvested, and DNA and protein were extracted and quantified. Statistical analysis was done by analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey's HSD test. RESULTS Content of protein and DNA in the ileum were significantly increased by supplementation of HGF (P < .001, P < .01, respectively) alone. OM-3 significantly increased protein content but not DNA (P = .02, P = 0.3, respectively). Combined, they had a synergistic effect greater than either supplement alone (P = .0001, P = .002, respectively). In the colon, HGF and OM-3 did not significantly increase protein or DNA content individually or together. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of the synergistic effect of a growth factor (HGF) and a dietary supplement (OM-3) in an immunologic model of IBD.
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Burlamaqui IMB, Dornelas CA, Valença Júnior JT, Mota DMC, Mesquita FJC, Veras LB, Vasconcelos PRL, Rodrigues LV. Effect of a hyperlipidic diet rich in omegas 3, 6 and 9 on aberrant crypt formation in rat colonic mucosa. Acta Cir Bras 2011; 27:30-6. [PMID: 22159436 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether a hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids influences the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in colonic mucosa of Wistar rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM). METHODS At eight weeks of life, the rats were assigned to four groups: Group I-standard diet (STD) not treated with AOM; Group II-hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diet (FED), not treated with AOM; Group III-STD, treated with AOM; Group IV-FED, treated with AOM. At 16 weeks, the animals were injected intraperitoneal with 0.9% saline solution (Group I and II) or AOM at 15 mg/Kg (Groups III and IV) once a week for two weeks. Fifteen weeks later, the animals were euthanized. RESULTS FED promoted weight gain in Groups II and IV compared to Groups I and III, respectively. The groups did not differ with regard to the total number of ACF. The Chi-square test revealed no predominance of the presence of foci with <4 crypts. However, foci with ≥5 crypts were proportionally more prevalent in Group III than in Group IV (p=0.043). CONCLUSION The administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids did not interfere with the formation of aberrant crypt foci, but reduced ACF multiplicity, exercising an attenuating effect on carcinogenesis.
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Manna S, Das S, Chatterjee M, Janarthan M, Chatterjee M. Combined supplementation of vanadium and fish oil suppresses tumor growth, cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2327-39. [PMID: 21503968 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The anti-cancer activity of vanadium and fish oil has been shown in a large number of studies. This study was undertaken to analyze the combined effect of vanadium and fish oil on 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The whole experiment was divided into three parts: (1) DNA strand breaks study, (2) morphological analysis, and (3) histological and immunohistochemical study. Rats were treated with DMBA (0.5 mg/0.2 ml corn oil/100 g body weight) by a tail vein injection. Rats received vanadium (w/v) as ammonium monovanadate at a concentration of 0.5 ppm (4.27 µmol/L) in the drinking water and given ad libitum and/or fish oil (0.5 ml/day/rat) by oral gavage. Histology, morphology, DNA strand breaks, cell proliferation, and apoptosis of the mammary tissue were assessed in this study. Treatment with vanadium or fish oil alone significantly reduced the DNA strand breaks, palpable mammary tumors, tumor multiplicity, and cell proliferation but the maximum protection effect was found in the group that received both vanadium and fish oil and the combination treatment offered an additive effect (P < 0.05). Furthermore, vanadium and fish oil significantly increased the TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells (P < 0.05) but the increase was maximal with combination treatment and had an additive effect. These results affirm the benefits of administration of vanadium and fish oil in the prevention of rat mammary carcinogenesis which was associated with reduced DNA strand breaks, palpable mammary tumors and cell proliferation and increased TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Manna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, PO Box - 17028, Kolkata - 700 032, India
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Kachroo P, Ivanov I, Davidson LA, Chowdhary BP, Lupton JR, Chapkin RS. Classification of diet-modulated gene signatures at the colon cancer initiation and progression stages. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2595-604. [PMID: 21409376 PMCID: PMC3139012 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of dietary polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on intestinal cytokinetics within the context of colon cancer initiation and progression have been extensively studied. n-3 PUFAs have received the most attention due to their potential protective role. However, further investigation of the epigenetic perturbations caused by fatty acids in the context of colon cancer development is needed. METHODS We used DNA microarrays to identify discriminative gene signatures (gene combinations) for the purpose of classifying n-3 PUFA-fed, carcinogen-injected, Sprague-Dawley rats at the initiation and progression stages. Animals were assigned to three dietary treatments differing only in the type of fat (corn oil/n-6 PUFA, fish oil/n-3 PUFA, or olive oil/n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid). RESULTS The effects of diet on colonic mucosal gene expression signatures during tumor initiation and progression were subsequently compared (12 h and 10 weeks after azoxymethane injection). Microarray analysis revealed that the number of differentially expressed (DE) genes in each of the three diet comparisons increased with the progression of colon cancer. Each dietary lipid source exhibited its own unique transcriptional profile, as assessed by linear discriminant analysis. Applying this novel approach, we identified the single genes and the two- to three-gene combinations that best distinguished the dietary treatment groups. For the chemoprotective (fish oil) diet, mediators of stem cell homeostasis, e.g., ephrin B1 and bone morphogenic protein 4, were the top-performing gene classifiers. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary chemoprotective n-3 PUFA impact genes that regulate the colon stem cell niche and tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kachroo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 422C VMR Bldg, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Laurie A. Davidson
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Bhanu P. Chowdhary
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Joanne R. Lupton
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
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Dyck MC, Ma DWL, Meckling KA. The anticancer effects of Vitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs in combination via cod-liver oil: One plus one may equal more than two. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:326-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kolar S, Barhoumi R, Jones CK, Wesley J, Lupton JR, Fan YY, Chapkin RS. Interactive effects of fatty acid and butyrate-induced mitochondrial Ca²⁺ loading and apoptosis in colonocytes. Cancer 2011; 117:5294-303. [PMID: 21563175 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of fish oil-derived docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6; omega 3 [n-3]) and butyrate (4:0), a fiber fermentation product, synergized to enhance colonocyte apoptosis by inducing a p53-independent, oxidation sensitive, mitochondrial Ca(2+) -dependent (intrinsic) pathway. METHODS In this study, the authors probed the specificity of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid induction of Ca(2+) -dependent proapoptotic events in immortalized young adult mouse colonocytes and determined whether combinations of polyunsaturated fatty acid and butyrate could trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions, thereby promoting mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload. Cultures were treated with 0 μM to 50 μM of DHA (22:6; n-3), EPA (20:5; n-3), arachidoinic acid (AA) (20:4; n-6), linoleic acid (18:2; n-6), or oleic acid (OA) (18:1; n-9) for a total of 72 hours with or without RU-360 (to inhibit the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter) for 30 minutes before cotreatment with butyrate (0 mM or 5 mM). RESULTS Combined DHA and butyrate maximally induced apoptosis and mitochondrial-to-cytosolic Ca(2+) levels. By comparison, EPA, a precursor to DHA, was minimally effective. Similarly, AA and OA in combination with butyrate had no effect on mitochondrial Ca(2+) or apoptosis compared with butyrate alone. DHA with or without butyrate cotreatment minimally altered the ER stress-regulated genes DNA damage-inducible transcript 3, the CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP), and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α. CONCLUSIONS The current data indicated that butyrate and DHA, but not EPA, worked in a coordinated fashion to trigger an ER-independent, Ca(2+) -dependent, intrinsic mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway in colonocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Kolar
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Fan YY, Ran Q, Toyokuni S, Okazaki Y, Callaway ES, Lupton JR, Chapkin RS. Dietary fish oil promotes colonic apoptosis and mitochondrial proton leak in oxidatively stressed mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1267-74. [PMID: 21490130 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An alteration of mitochondrial function can result in disruption of redox homeostasis and is associated with abnormal cancer cell growth. Manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) are two of the most important antioxidant defense enzymes that protect cells against oxidative stress. We had previously shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) promote colonocyte apoptosis, a marker of colon cancer risk, in part by enhancing phospholipid oxidation. To elucidate the mechanisms regulating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in vivo, we fed heterozygous SOD2(Het), Gpx4(Het), and transgenic Gpx4(Tg) mice diets containing either 15% corn oil by weight (CO, enriched in n-6 PUFA) or 3.5% CO + 11.5% fish oil (FO, enriched in n-3 PUFA) for 4 weeks. Our data showed that (i) genetic predeposition to oxidative stress facilitates apoptosis in the mouse colon (Gpx4(Het) > SOD2(Het) > Wt > Gpx4(Tg)), (ii) dietary n-3 PUFA have an additive effect on the induction of apoptosis in Gpx4(Het) and SOD2(Het) mice; and (iii) dietary n-3 PUFA reverse the phenotype in oxidatively protected Gpx4(Tg) mice by elevating apoptosis to a level observed in wild-type (Wt; control) animals. Complimentary experiments examining colonic mitochondrial bioenergetic profiles indicate that FO-fed mice exhibit a significantly (P < 0.05) increased respiration-induced proton leak relative to control CO treatment. This finding was consistent with a loss of membrane potential in response to chronic oxidative stress and supports the contention that n-3 PUFA alter mitochondrial metabolic activity, thereby enhancing apoptosis and reducing colon cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Turk HF, Kolar SS, Fan YY, Cozby CA, Lupton JR, Chapkin RS. Linoleic acid and butyrate synergize to increase Bcl-2 levels in colonocytes. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:63-71. [PMID: 20232381 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The biological properties of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) classes have been the source of much contention. For example, n-3 PUFA are chemoprotective, whereas n-6 PUFA may promote tumor development. Since dietary components can have combinatorial effects, we further examined the apoptotic properties of n-3 or n-6 fatty acids when combined with different fiber sources. Mice were fed diets supplemented with either fish oil (FO; enriched in n-3 PUFA) or corn oil (CO; enriched in n-6 PUFA) and nonfermentable (cellulose) or fermentable (pectin) fiber sources. In complementary experiments, immortalized young adult mouse colonic (YAMC) cells were treated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) or linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) with or without butyrate. Mice fed a FO and pectin diet had significantly (p < 0.05) increased levels of apoptosis in colonocytes compared to all other diets. Similarly, apoptosis was highly induced in DHA and butyrate cotreated YAMC cells. In contrast, in both YAMC and mouse models, LA/CO with butyrate/pectin treatment reduced apoptosis and enhanced expression of bcl-2. The LA and butyrate induced antiapoptotic phenotype was reversed by knocking down bcl-2 using targeted siRNA. In comparison, overexpression of bcl-2 blocked the proapoptotic effect of DHA and butyrate. These data provide new mechanistic insights into the regulation of apoptosis by dietary PUFA and fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony F Turk
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Fini L, Piazzi G, Ceccarelli C, Daoud Y, Belluzzi A, Munarini A, Graziani G, Fogliano V, Selgrad M, Garcia M, Gasbarrini A, Genta RM, Boland CR, Ricciardiello L. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid as free fatty acids strongly suppresses polyps in Apc(Min/+) mice. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5703-11. [PMID: 21030497 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors could represent the most effective chemopreventive tool against colorectal cancer (CRC), their use in clinical practice is hampered by cardiovascular side effects. Consumption of ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3-PUFAs) is associated with a reduced risk of CRC. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the efficacy of a novel 99% pure preparation of ω-3-PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid as free fatty acids (EPA-FFA) on polyps in Apc(Min/+) mice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Apc(Min/+) and corresponding wild-type mice were fed control diet (Ctrl) or diets containing either EPA-FFA 2.5% or 5%, for 12 weeks while monitoring food intake and body weight. RESULTS We found that both EPA-FFA diets protected from the cachexia observed among Apc(Min/+) animals fed Ctrl diet (P < 0.0054), without toxic effect, in conjunction with a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation in the treated arms. Moreover, both EPA-FFA diets dramatically suppressed polyp number (by 71.5% and 78.6%, respectively; P < 0.0001) and load (by 82.5% and 93.4%, respectively; P < 0.0001) in both small intestine and colon. In addition, polyps less than 1 mm in size were predominantly found in the EPA-FFA 5% arm whereas those 1 to 3 mm in size were more frequent in the Ctrl arm (P < 0.0001). Interestingly, in the EPA-FFA groups, mucosal arachidonic acid was replaced by EPA (P < 0.0001), leading to a significant reduction in COX-2 expression and β-catenin nuclear translocation. Moreover, in the EPA-FFA arms, we found a significant decrease in proliferation throughout the intestine together with an increase in apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data make 99% pure EPA-FFA an excellent candidate for CRC chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Fini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Habermann N, Schön A, Lund EK, Glei M. Fish fatty acids alter markers of apoptosis in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines but fish consumption has no impact on apoptosis-induction ex vivo. Apoptosis 2010; 15:621-30. [PMID: 20107900 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapenteinoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), constituents of fish oil, exert chemopreventive activity in colon cancer. One of the mechanisms involved is the facilitation of apoptosis. While a pro-apoptotic potential of n-3 PUFAs has been suggested, it is still unclear whether additional consumption of fish will also lead to comparable results. The aim of this study was to assess EPA- and DHA-mediated effects on endpoints of apoptosis and to use a novel biomarker-approach to measure modulation of apoptosis by consumption of fish. LT97 human colon adenoma and HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells were used to investigate modulation of apoptosis by EPA, DHA or linoleic acid (LA) using a set of endpoints, namely phosphatidylserine staining with Annexin-V (flow cytometry), Bcl-2 expression (Real-time RT-PCR), and Bid, caspase 3, 8 and 9 expression as well as PARP cleavage (Western Blot). Furthermore, faecal water (FW) of volunteers (n = 89) from a human trial intervening with fish was used to investigate changes in apoptosis by flow cytometry. DHA was more effective at inducing apoptosis than EPA. LT97 cells were more prone to DHA and EPA induced apoptosis than HT29 cells. Treatment of LT97 cells with FW from volunteers consuming fish did not result in any changes in apoptosis. Taken together, our results show that adenoma cells are highly susceptible to n-3 PUFA-induced apoptosis. By using a biomarker-approach (FW) to measure apoptosis-induction ex vivo no change in apoptosis after additional fish consumption was detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Habermann
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Davidson LA, Wang N, Shah MS, Lupton JR, Ivanov I, Chapkin RS. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate carcinogen-directed non-coding microRNA signatures in rat colon. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:2077-84. [PMID: 19825969 PMCID: PMC2792315 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have hypothesized that dietary modulation of intestinal non-coding RNA [microRNA (miRNA)] expression may contribute to the chemoprotective effects of nutritional bioactives (fish oil and pectin). To fully understand the effects of these agents on the expression of miRNAs, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing corn oil or fish oil with pectin or cellulose and injected with azoxymethane (AOM, a colon-specific carcinogen) or saline (control). Real-time polymerase chain reaction using miRNA-specific primers and Taq Man probes was carried out to quantify effects on miRNA expression in colonic mucosa. From 368 mature miRNAs assayed, at an early stage of cancer progression (10 week post AOM injection), let-7d, miR-15b, miR-107, miR-191 and miR-324-5p were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by diet x carcinogen interactions. Overall, fish oil fed animals exhibited the smallest number of differentially expressed miRNAs (AOM versus saline treatment). With respect to the tumor stage (34 week post AOM injection), 46 miRNAs were dysregulated in adenocarcinomas compared with normal mucosa from saline-injected animals. Of the 27 miRNAs expressed at higher (P < 0.05) levels in tumors, miR-34a, 132, 223 and 224 were overexpressed at >10-fold. In contrast, the expression levels of miR-192, 194, 215 and 375 were dramatically reduced (< or = 0.32-fold) in adenocarcinomas. These results demonstrate for the first time the utility of the rat AOM model and the novel role of fish oil in protecting the colon from carcinogen-induced miRNA dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A. Davidson
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health
| | | | - Manasvi S. Shah
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Genetics
| | - Joanne R. Lupton
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Genetics
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Pot GK, Habermann N, Majsak-Newman G, Harvey LJ, Geelen A, Przybylska-Philips K, Nagengast FM, Witteman BJM, van de Meeberg PC, Hart AR, Schaafsma G, Hooiveld G, Glei M, Lund EK, Pool-Zobel BL, Kampman E. Increasing fish consumption does not affect genotoxicity markers in the colon in an intervention study. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:1087-91. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pot GK, Majsak-Newman G, Geelen A, Harvey LJ, Nagengast FM, Witteman BJM, van de Meeberg PC, Timmer R, Tan A, Wahab PJ, Hart AR, Williams MP, Przybylska-Phillips K, Dainty JR, Schaafsma G, Kampman E, Lund EK. Fish consumption and markers of colorectal cancer risk: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:354-61. [PMID: 19553301 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet is a major factor in the etiology of colorectal cancer, with high fish consumption possibly decreasing colorectal cancer risk, as was shown in several observational studies. To date, no intervention trials have examined the possible beneficial effects of fish intake on colorectal cancer risk. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effects of a 6-mo intervention with oil-rich or lean fish on apoptosis and mitosis within the colonic crypt. DESIGN In a multicenter, randomized, controlled intervention trial, patients with colorectal polyps, inactive ulcerative colitis, or no macroscopic signs of disease were recruited (n = 242) and randomly allocated to receive dietary advice plus either 300 g oil-rich fish (salmon) per week (n = 82), 300 g lean fish (cod) per week (n = 78), or only dietary advice (DA) (n = 82). Apoptosis and mitosis were measured in colonic biopsy samples collected before and after intervention (n = 213). RESULTS The total number of apoptotic cells per crypt did not increase in the salmon or cod group: -0.10 (95% CI: -0.36, 0.16) and -0.06 (95% CI: -0.32, 0.20), respectively, compared with the DA group. The total number of mitotic cells per crypt decreased nonsignificantly in the salmon group (-0.87; 95% CI: -2.41, 0.68) and in the cod group (-1.04; 95% CI: -2.62, 0.53) compared with the DA group. Furthermore, the distribution of mitosis within the crypt did not significantly change in either group. CONCLUSION An increase in the consumption of either oil-rich or lean fish to 2 portions weekly over 6 mo does not markedly change apoptotic and mitotic rates in the colonic mucosa. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00145015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda K Pot
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Netherlands
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Fan YY, Zhan Y, Aukema HM, Davidson LA, Zhou L, Callaway E, Tian Y, Weeks BR, Lupton JR, Toyokuni S, Chapkin RS. Proapoptotic effects of dietary (n-3) fatty acids are enhanced in colonocytes of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase knockout mice. J Nutr 2009; 139:1328-32. [PMID: 19458032 PMCID: PMC2696987 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.106203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that (n-3) PUFA trigger the induction of apoptosis in the colon by enhancing phospholipid oxidation and mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation. To further elucidate the mechanisms regulating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in vivo, a 2 x 2 experiment was designed using both wild type (control) and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD2) heterozygous knockout mice (SOD2(+/-)), which exhibit increased mitochondrial oxidative stress. Mice were fed diets differing only in the type of fat [corn oil or fish oil containing (n-3) PUFA] at 15% by weight for 4 wk. Dietary (n-3) PUFA treatment enhanced (22%) apoptosis in colonic crypts. In addition, SOD2 haploinsufficiency enhanced (20%) apoptosis, which was further increased (36%) by (n-3) PUFA feeding. Dietary lipid source and genotype interactively modulated nitrotyrosine levels (P = 0.027) and inflammation (P = 0.032). These findings demonstrate that the proapoptotic effects of (n-3) PUFA are enhanced in oxidatively stressed SOD2(+/-) mice. Thus, (n-3) PUFA appear to promote an oxidation-reduction imbalance in the intestine, which may directly or indirectly trigger apoptosis and thereby reduce colon cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada
| | - Yang Zhan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada
| | - Harold M. Aukema
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada
| | - Laurie A. Davidson
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada
| | - Lan Zhou
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada
| | - Evelyn Callaway
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada
| | - Yanan Tian
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada
| | - Brad R. Weeks
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada
| | - Joanne R. Lupton
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Statistics, and Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3P4, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Calviello G, Serini S, Piccioni E, Pessina G. Antineoplastic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in combination with drugs and radiotherapy: preventive and therapeutic strategies. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:287-301. [PMID: 19373602 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802582777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many data support the beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of several chronic pathologies including cancer. Different molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain their effects, including alterations in arachidonic acid oxidative metabolism and metabolic conversion of n-3 PUFAs to novel discovered bioactive derivatives; modification of oxidative stress; changes in cell membrane fluidity and structure and altered metabolism and function of membrane proteins. Considerable knowledge has been recently gathered on the possible beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs administered in combination with different antineoplastic drugs and radiotherapy against melanoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancer. The efficacy of these combinations has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, and clinical trials have also been conducted. The aim of this review is to analyze all the n-3 PUFA combinations investigated so far, their efficacy, and the possible molecular mechanisms involved. It would be highly auspicable that the detailed analysis of the literature in this field could further support the common use of n-3 PUFAs in combination with other chemopreventive agents and warrant more clinical investigations designed to test the effectiveness of n-3 PUFA treatments coupled with conventional antineoplastic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Calviello
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, Rome 00168, Italy.
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41
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West NJ, Courtney EDJ, Poullis AP, Leicester RJ. Apoptosis in the colonic crypt, colorectal adenomata, and manipulation by chemoprevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1680-7. [PMID: 19505899 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the biology and the methods of assessment of apoptosis, of which, the monoclonal antibody M30 would seem to be the most useful; the role of apoptosis in the etiology of colorectal cancer; and its use as a marker to monitor the beneficial effects of chemopreventative interventions to reduce the development of colorectal cancer within the context of clinical trials.
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42
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Daniel CR, McCullough ML, Patel RC, Jacobs EJ, Flanders WD, Thun MJ, Calle EE. Dietary Intake of ω-6 and ω-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Men and Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:516-25. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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43
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van Beelen VA, Spenkelink B, Mooibroek H, Sijtsma L, Bosch D, Rietjens IM, Alink GM. An n-3 PUFA-rich microalgal oil diet protects to a similar extent as a fish oil-rich diet against AOM-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:316-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Serini S, Piccioni E, Merendino N, Calviello G. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids as inducers of apoptosis: implications for cancer. Apoptosis 2009; 14:135-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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45
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Hall MN, Chavarro JE, Lee IM, Willett WC, Ma J. A 22-year prospective study of fish, n-3 fatty acid intake, and colorectal cancer risk in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1136-43. [PMID: 18483335 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish is the main dietary source of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, which have been suggested to play a protective role in colorectal cancer development in laboratory and animal studies. Human studies have not shown consistent results. We examined the association between intakes of fish and n-3 fatty acids from fish and colorectal cancer risk in men enrolled in the Physicians' Health Study. METHODS The Physicians' Health Study began as a randomized trial to examine the effect of aspirin and beta-carotene supplementation on cancer and cardiovascular disease. Fish intake was assessed at the 12-month follow-up with an abbreviated food-frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariate relative risks for colorectal cancer for the categories of fish intake and quartiles of n-3 fatty acid intake. RESULTS During 22 years of follow-up, 500 men had a confirmed diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Fish intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk [multivariate relative risk (95% confidence interval) for highest versus lowest category, 0.63 (0.42-0.95); P trend = 0.02] [corrected] The inverse association was observed for both colon and rectal cancers. Our findings for n-3 fatty acids were similar to those for fish; the multivariate relative risk (95% confidence interval) of total colorectal cancer for the highest versus lowest quartile of n-3 fatty acids was 0.74 (0.57-0.95; P trend = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results from this long-term prospective study suggest that intakes of fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids from fish may decrease the risk for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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46
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Manna S, Chakraborty T, Ghosh B, Chatterjee M, Panda A, Srivastava S, Rana A, Chatterjee M. Dietary fish oil associated with increased apoptosis and modulated expression of Bax and Bcl-2 during 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79:5-14. [PMID: 18614344 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the chemopreventive effect of dietary fish oil (Maxepa), rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on induction of apoptosis in mammary carcinogenesis model. Mammary carcinogenesis was initiated by a single, tail vein injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) (0.5mg/0.2ml corn oil/100g body weight) at 7 weeks of animal age. Ninety female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two parts: part one was used for histology and immunohistochemical study and part two for morphological analysis. Each part consists of three experimental groups having 15 animals, i.e., Group A (DMBA control), Group B (DMBA+fish oil) and Group C (DMBA+corn oil). Rats were fed either fish oil or corn oil (0.5ml/day/rat) by oral gavage, 2 weeks prior to DMBA injection. Treatment was continued 25 weeks, studying histopathology, expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins by immunohistochemistry and apoptosis by TUNEL assay and morphological study at 36 weeks. Results showed that the fish oil-treated group exhibited a substantial increase in Bax (p<0.05) immunolabelling and a reduction of Bcl-2 immunopositivity (p<0.05), and increased TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells (p<0.05); however, corn oil treatment did not show these beneficial effects toward mammary preneoplasia. We conclude that fish oil has the potential to play a significant role in limiting mammary tumourigenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Manna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17028, Kolkata 700032, India
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47
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Jia Q, Lupton JR, Smith R, Weeks BR, Callaway E, Davidson LA, Kim W, Fan YY, Yang P, Newman RA, Kang JX, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Reduced colitis-associated colon cancer in Fat-1 (n-3 fatty acid desaturase) transgenic mice. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3985-91. [PMID: 18483285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive food components containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) modulate multiple determinants that link inflammation to cancer initiation and progression. Therefore, in this study, fat-1 transgenic mice, which convert endogenous n-6 PUFA to n-3 PUFA in multiple tissues, were injected with azoxymethane followed by three cycles of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis-associated cancer. Fat-1 mice exhibited a reduced number of colonic adenocarcinomas per mouse (1.05 +/- 0.29 versus 2.12 +/- 0.51, P = 0.033), elevated apoptosis (P = 0.03), and a decrease in n-6 PUFA-derived eicosanoids, compared with wild-type (wt) mice. To determine whether the chemoprotective effects of n-3 PUFA could be attributed to its pleiotropic anti-inflammatory properties, colonic inflammation and injury scores were evaluated 5 days after DSS exposure followed by either a 3-day or 2-week recovery period. There was no effect of n-3 PUFA at 3 days. However, following a 2-week recovery period, colonic inflammation and ulceration scores returned to pretreatment levels compared with 3-day recovery only in fat-1 mice. For the purpose of examining the specific reactivity of lymphoid elements in the intestine, CD3(+) T cells, CD4(+) T helper cells, and macrophages from colonic lamina propria were quantified. Comparison of 3-day versus 2-week recovery time points revealed that fat-1 mice exhibited decreased (P < 0.05) CD3(+), CD4(+) T helper, and macrophage cell numbers per colon as compared with wt mice. These results suggest that the antitumorigenic effect of n-3 PUFA may be mediated, in part, via its anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, Houston, USA
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Kuriki K, Wakai K, Matsuo K, Hiraki A, Suzuki T, Yamamura Y, Yamao K, Nakamura T, Tatematsu M, Tajima K. Gastric cancer risk and erythrocyte composition of docosahexaenoic acid with anti-inflammatory effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 16:2406-15. [PMID: 18006930 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is linked to inflammation and is the main cause of peptic ulcer, gastritis, and gastric malignancies. To examine associations between gastric cancer risk and the erythrocyte composition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-inducing effects, here we conducted a case-control study of 179 incident gastric cancer cases and 357 noncancer controls (matched by age, sex, and season of sample collection). Dietary information and blood samples were collected from all subjects, and erythrocyte fatty acid levels were measured using accelerated solvent extraction and gas-liquid chromatography. Gastric cancer risk did not seem to be directly associated with dietary intake of fish and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), such as DHA, derived from fish. However, risk was inversely associated with erythrocyte compositions of n-3 HUFAs [the highest to the lowest tertile, odds ratio (OR), 0.39; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.23-0.68; P(trend)<0.005] and DHA (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28-0.79; P(trend)<0.01). Particularly strong associations were noted for well-differentiated type lesions and n-3 HUFAs (OR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03-0.35; P(trend)=0.0005) as well as DHA (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.07-0.58; P(trend)<0.01) values. In conclusion, the erythrocyte composition of DHA was found to be negatively linked to risk of gastric cancer, especially of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Further studies are needed to investigate mechanisms of action of DHA relevant to antitumor effects in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonori Kuriki
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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49
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Okuyama H, Hashimoto M, Ito M, Tokudome S, Shimano H, Itakura H. [Diverse physiological and pharmacological functions of fatty acids]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2008; 131:259-267. [PMID: 18408336 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.131.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Chapkin RS, Seo J, McMurray DN, Lupton JR. Mechanisms by which docosahexaenoic acid and related fatty acids reduce colon cancer risk and inflammatory disorders of the intestine. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 153:14-23. [PMID: 18346463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence has underscored both the pharmacological potential and the nutritional value of dietary fish oil enriched in very long chain n-3 PUFAs such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3). The broad health benefits of very long chain n-3 PUFAs and the pleiotropic effects of dietary fish oil and DHA have been proposed to involve alterations in membrane structure and function, eicosanoid metabolism, gene expression and the formation of lipid peroxidation products, although a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of action has yet to be elucidated. In this review, we present data demonstrating that DHA selectively modulates the subcellular localization of lipidated signaling proteins depending on their transport pathway, which may be universally applied to other lipidated protein trafficking. An interesting possibility raised by the current observations is that lipidated proteins may exhibit different subcellular distribution profiles in various tissues, which contain a distinct membrane lipid composition. In addition, the current findings clearly indicate that subcellular localization of proteins with a certain trafficking pathway can be subjected to selective regulation by dietary manipulation. This form of regulated plasma membrane targeting of a select subset of upstream signaling proteins may provide cells with the flexibility to coordinate the arrangement of signaling translators on the cell surface. Ultimately, this may allow organ systems such as the colon to optimally decode, respond, and adapt to the vagaries of an ever-changing extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Chapkin
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2553, United States.
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