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Tidwell TR, Røsland G, Tronstad KJ, Søreide K, Hagland HR. Comparing in vitro cytotoxic drug sensitivity in colon and pancreatic cancer using 2D and 3D cell models: Contrasting viability and growth inhibition in clinically relevant dose and repeated drug cycles. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7318. [PMID: 38872378 PMCID: PMC11176582 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro drug screening that is more translatable to the in vivo tumor environment can reduce both time and cost of cancer drug development. Here we address some of the shortcomings in screening and show how treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in 2D and 3D culture models of colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) give different responses regarding growth inhibition. METHODS The sensitivity of the cell lines at clinically relevant 5-FU concentrations was monitored over 4 days of treatment in both 2D and 3D cultures for CRC (SW948 and HCT116) and PDAC (Panc-1 and MIA-Pa-Ca-2) cell lines. The 3D cultures were maintained beyond this point to enable a second treatment cycle at Day 14, following the timeline of a standard clinical 5-FU regimen. RESULTS Evaluation after one cycle did not reveal significant growth inhibition in any of the CRC or PDAC 2D models. By the end of the second cycle of treatment the CRC spheroids reached 50% inhibition at clinically achievable concentrations in the 3D model, but not in the 2D model. The PDAC models were not sensitive to clinical doses even after two cycles. High content viability metrics point to even lower response in the resistant PDAC models. CONCLUSION This study reveals the limitations of testing drugs in 2D cancer models and short exposure in 3D models, and the importance of using appropriate growth inhibition analysis. We found that screening with longer exposure and several cycles of treatment in 3D models suggests a more reliable way to assess drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia R Tidwell
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Gro Røsland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Group, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hanne R Hagland
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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2
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Bayraktar E, Bayraktar R, Oztatlici H, Lopez-Berestein G, Amero P, Rodriguez-Aguayo C. Targeting miRNAs and Other Non-Coding RNAs as a Therapeutic Approach: An Update. Noncoding RNA 2023; 9:ncrna9020027. [PMID: 37104009 PMCID: PMC10145226 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna9020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs), the understanding of miRNA biology has expanded substantially. miRNAs are involved and described as master regulators of the major hallmarks of cancer, including cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, the cell cycle, invasion, and metastasis. Experimental data indicate that cancer phenotypes can be modified by targeting miRNA expression, and because miRNAs act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes (oncomiRs), they have emerged as attractive tools and, more importantly, as a new class of targets for drug development in cancer therapeutics. With the use of miRNA mimics or molecules targeting miRNAs (i.e., small-molecule inhibitors such as anti-miRS), these therapeutics have shown promise in preclinical settings. Some miRNA-targeted therapeutics have been extended to clinical development, such as the mimic of miRNA-34 for treating cancer. Here, we discuss insights into the role of miRNAs and other non-coding RNAs in tumorigenesis and resistance and summarize some recent successful systemic delivery approaches and recent developments in miRNAs as targets for anticancer drug development. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive overview of mimics and inhibitors that are in clinical trials and finally a list of clinical trials based on miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Bayraktar
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Recep Bayraktar
- UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hulya Oztatlici
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paola Amero
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Mafi A, Rezaee M, Hedayati N, Hogan SD, Reiter RJ, Aarabi MH, Asemi Z. Melatonin and 5-fluorouracil combination chemotherapy: opportunities and efficacy in cancer therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:33. [PMID: 36759799 PMCID: PMC9912526 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined chemotherapy is a treatment method based on the simultaneous use of two or more therapeutic agents; it is frequently necessary to produce a more effective treatment for cancer patients. Such combined treatments often improve the outcomes over that of the monotherapy approach, as the drugs synergistically target critical cell signaling pathways or work independently at different oncostatic sites. A better prognosis has been reported in patients treated with combination therapy than in patients treated with single drug chemotherapy. In recent decades, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has become one of the most widely used chemotherapy agents in cancer treatment. This medication, which is soluble in water, is used as the first line of anti-neoplastic agent in the treatment of several cancer types including breast, head and neck, stomach and colon cancer. Within the last three decades, many studies have investigated melatonin as an anti-cancer agent; this molecule exhibits various functions in controlling the behavior of cancer cells, such as inhibiting cell growth, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting invasion. The aim of this review is to comprehensively evaluate the role of melatonin as a complementary agent with 5-FU-based chemotherapy for cancers. Additionally, we identify the potential common signaling pathways by which melatonin and 5-FU interact to enhance the efficacy of the combined therapy. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mafi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Malihe Rezaee
- grid.411600.2School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Neda Hedayati
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sara Diana Hogan
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- grid.43582.380000 0000 9852 649XDepartment of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health. Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Aarabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Ketcham A, Freddolino PL, Tavazoie S. Intracellular acidification is a hallmark of thymineless death in E. coli. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010456. [PMID: 36279294 PMCID: PMC9632930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine starvation causes rapid cell death. This enigmatic process known as thymineless death (TLD) is the underlying killing mechanism of diverse antimicrobial and antineoplastic drugs. Despite decades of investigation, we still lack a mechanistic understanding of the causal sequence of events that culminate in TLD. Here, we used a diverse set of unbiased approaches to systematically determine the genetic and regulatory underpinnings of TLD in Escherichia coli. In addition to discovering novel genes in previously implicated pathways, our studies revealed a critical and previously unknown role for intracellular acidification in TLD. We observed that a decrease in cytoplasmic pH is a robust early event in TLD across different genetic backgrounds. Furthermore, we show that acidification is a causal event in the death process, as chemical and genetic perturbations that increase intracellular pH substantially reduce killing. We also observe a decrease in intracellular pH in response to exposure to the antibiotic gentamicin, suggesting that intracellular acidification may be a common mechanistic step in the bactericidal effects of other antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ketcham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter L. Freddolino
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Saeed Tavazoie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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5
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Chen L, Tian B, Liu W, Liang H, You Y, Liu W. Molecular Biomarker of Drug Resistance Developed From Patient-Derived Organoids Predicts Survival of Colorectal Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855674. [PMID: 35425715 PMCID: PMC9004628 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) is the critical composition of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatments. Prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers for CRC patients (CRCpts) treated with 5-Fu-based chemotherapy can provide assistance for tailoring treatment approach. Here, we established a molecular biomarker of 5-Fu resistance derived from colorectal cancer organoids (CRCOs) for predicting the survival of CRCpts. Forty-one CRCO cultures were generated from 50 CRC tumor tissues after surgery (82%). The following experiments revealed a great diversity in drug sensitivity for 10 μM 5-Fu treatment tested by using organoid size change. Fourteen cases (34.1%) were 5-Fu sensitive and the other 27 (65.9%) were resistant. Then, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with 5-Fu resistance were outputted by transcriptome sequencing. In particular, DEGs were generated in two comparison groups: 1) 5-Fu sensitive and resistant untreated CRCOs; 2) CRCOs before 5-Fu treatment and surviving CRCOs after 5-Fu treatment. Some molecules and most of the pathways that have been reported to be involved in 5-Fu resistance were identified in the current research. By using DEGs correlated with 5-Fu resistance and survival of CRCpts, the gene signature and drug-resistant score model (DRSM) containing five molecules were established in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-CRC cohort by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and 5-fold cross-validation. Multivariate analysis revealed that drug-resistant score (DRS) was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in CRCpts in TCGA-CRC cohort (P < 0.001). Further validation results from four Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts elucidated that the DRSM based on five genes related to 5-Fu chemosensitivity and developed from patient-derived organoids can predict survival of CRCpts. Meanwhile, our model could predict the survival of CRCpts in different subgroups. Besides, the difference of molecular pathways, tumor mutational burden (TMB), immune response-related pathways, immune score, stromal score, and immune cell proportion were dissected between DRS-high and DRS-low patients in TCGA-CRC cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Chen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haitao Liang
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong You
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers as Nanocarriers for 5-Fluorouracil: Effectiveness of Complex Formation and Cytotoxicity Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011167. [PMID: 34681827 PMCID: PMC8537672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two generations of positively charged poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAMs) were selected for study as potential carriers for the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU), a drug primarily used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Analytical techniques, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, NMR Spectroscopy and Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), have shown that the most critical factor determining the formation of a PAMAM-5FU complex is the starting components' protonation degree. The tests confirmed the system's ability to attach about 20 5FU molecules per one dendrimer molecule for the G4PAMAM dendrimer and about 25 molecules for the G6PAMAM dendrimer, which gives a system yield of 16% for the fourth generation and 5% for sixth generation dendrimers. Additionally, using the QCM-D method, the adsorption efficiency and the number of drug molecules immobilized in the dendrimer structure were determined. A new aspect in our study was the determination of the change in zeta potential (ζ) induced by the immobilization of 5FU molecules on the dendrimer's outer shell and the importance of this effect in the direct contact of the carrier with cells. Cytotoxicity tests (resazurin reduction and MTS tests) showed no toxicity of dendrimers against mouse fibroblast cells (L929) and a significant decrease in cell viability in the case of four human malignant cell lines: malignant melanoma (A375), glioblastoma (SNB-19), prostate cancer (Du-145) and colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) during incubation with PAMAM-5FU complexes. The purpose of our work was to investigate the correlation between the physicochemical properties of the carrier and active substance and the system efficiency and optimizing conditions for the formation of an efficient system based on PAMAM dendrimers as nanocarriers for 5-fluorouracil. An additional aspect was to identify potential application properties of the complexes, as demonstrated by cytotoxicity tests.
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7
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LEF1 silencing sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin, 5-FU, and irinotecan. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112091. [PMID: 34474344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer all around the world. Chemotherapy plays an essential role in the treatment of CRC while Oxaliplatin, Irinotecan, and 5 - fluorouracil (5-FU) are the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs. However, chemo-resistance is a major obstacle to successful therapy. It has been shown that inhibition of Wnt signaling pathway can sensitize the cells to chemotherapy. Lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF1) is a member of TCF/LEF transcription family mediating Wnt nuclear responses. The long isoform of LEF1 is highly expressed in colorectal cancer cells compared to the normal intestinal cells, in which expression of the short isoform is dominant. We found that the downregulation of long isoforms of LEF1 makes CRC cell lines more sensitive to the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs. This sensitivity is imposed by reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, or cell cycle arrest. Our results also demonstrated that there is a balance in the expression of long, and short isoforms of LEF1. In summary, we showed the role of LEF1 in chemo-resistance of colorectal cancer cells to Oxaliplatin, Irinotecan and 5-FU.
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8
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Liu Y, Zheng C, Huang Y, He M, Xu WW, Li B. Molecular mechanisms of chemo- and radiotherapy resistance and the potential implications for cancer treatment. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:315-340. [PMID: 34766149 PMCID: PMC8554658 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Surgery is the primary treatment approach for cancer, but the survival rate is very low due to the rapid progression of the disease and presence of local and distant metastasis at diagnosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy are important components of the multidisciplinary approaches for cancer treatment. However, resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy may result in treatment failure or even cancer recurrence. Radioresistance in cancer is often caused by the repair response to radiation-induced DNA damage, cell cycle dysregulation, cancer stem cells (CSCs) resilience, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Understanding the molecular alterations that lead to radioresistance may provide new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets to improve radiotherapy efficacy. Patients who develop resistance to chemotherapy drugs cannot benefit from the cytotoxicity induced by the prescribed drug and will likely have a poor outcome with these treatments. Chemotherapy often shows a low response rate due to various drug resistance mechanisms. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance and chemoresistance in cancer and discusses recent developments in therapeutic strategies targeting chemoradiotherapy resistance to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Ping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Can‐Can Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Yun‐Na Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineNational Engineering Research Center of Genetic MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Ming‐Liang He
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Wen Wen Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineNational Engineering Research Center of Genetic MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
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Pich O, Cortes-Bullich A, Muiños F, Pratcorona M, Gonzalez-Perez A, Lopez-Bigas N. The evolution of hematopoietic cells under cancer therapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4803. [PMID: 34376657 PMCID: PMC8355079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapies may increase mutagenesis of healthy cells and change the selective pressures in tissues, thus influencing their evolution. However, their contributions to the mutation burden and clonal expansions of healthy somatic tissues are not clear. Here, exploiting the mutational footprint of some chemotherapies, we explore their influence on the evolution of hematopoietic cells. Cells of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) secondary to treatment with platinum-based drugs show the mutational footprint of these drugs, indicating that non-malignant blood cells receive chemotherapy mutations. No trace of the 5-fluorouracil (5FU) mutational signature is found in AMLs secondary to exposure to 5FU, suggesting that cells establishing the leukemia could be quiescent during treatment. Using the platinum-based mutational signature as a barcode, we determine that the clonal expansion originating the secondary AMLs begins after the start of the cytotoxic treatment. Its absence in clonal hematopoiesis cases is consistent with the start of the clonal expansion predating the exposure to platinum-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Pich
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Cortes-Bullich
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Muiños
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pratcorona
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abel Gonzalez-Perez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Nuria Lopez-Bigas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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Delfosse P, Seaton CC, Male L, Lord RM, Pike SJ. Influence of Terminal Functionality on the Crystal Packing Behaviour and Cytotoxicity of Aromatic Oligoamides. Front Chem 2021; 9:709161. [PMID: 34277574 PMCID: PMC8277928 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.709161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of three aromatic oligoamides, constructed from the same pyridyl carboxamide core but incorporating distinct end groups of acetyl (Ac) 1, tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) 2 and amine 3 is reported. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 1-3 and a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solvate of 2 (2-DMSO), has identified the presence of a range of intra- and intermolecular interactions including N-H⋯N, N-H⋯O=C and N-H⋯O=S(CH3)2 hydrogen-bonding interactions, C-H⋯π interactions and off-set, face-to-face stacking π-π interactions that support the variety of slipped stack, herringbone and cofacial crystal packing arrangements observed in 1-3. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of this series of aromatic oligoamides was assessed against two human ovarian (A2780 and A2780cisR), two human breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cancerous cell lines and one non-malignant human epithelial cell line (PNT-2), to investigate the influence of the terminal functionality of these aromatic oligoamides on their biological activity. The chemosensitivity results highlight that modification of the terminal group from Ac to Boc in 1 and 2 leads to a 3-fold increase in antiproliferative activity against the cisplatin-sensitive ovarian carcinoma cell line, A2780. The presence of the amine termini in 3 gave the only member of the series to display activity against the cisplatin-resistance ovarian carcinoma cell line, A2780cisR. Compound 2 is the lead candidate of this series, displaying high selectivity towards A2780 cancer cells when compared to non-malignant PNT-2 cells, with a selectivity index value >4.2. Importantly, this compound is more selective towards A2780 (cf. PNT-2) than the clinical platinum drugs oxaliplatin by > 2.6-fold and carboplatin by > 1.6-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Delfosse
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Colin C. Seaton
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Male
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rianne M. Lord
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Pike
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Zheng M, Mei Z, Junaid M, Tania M, Fu J, Chen HC, Khan MA. Synergistic Role of Thymoquinone on Anticancer Activity of 5-fluorouracil in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1111-1118. [PMID: 34170813 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210624111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is considered the most deadly subtype of breast cancer because of heterogeneity, fewer treatment options, and resistance to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE We investigated the combined therapy of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and thymoquinone (TQ) against TNBC cell lines BT-549 and MDA-MB-231 in this study to find out efficient chemotherapeutic options. METHODS We tested 5-FU and TQ alone and in combination (5-FU + TQ) to observe the cellular growth, cell cycle, and apoptosis status of BT-549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Also, we have measured the mRNA level expression of genes related to the cell cycle and apoptosis. RESULTS Experimental results suggest that both 5-FU and TQ are effective in controlling cell growth, cell cycle, and inducing apoptosis, but their combination is much more effective. 5-FU was found more effective in controlling cell growth, while TQ was found more effective in inducing apoptosis, but in both cases, their combination was most effective. TQ was found to be more effective in increasing and BAX/BCL-2 ratio), while 5-FU was more effective in inhibiting thymidylate synthase. They had shown significant increasing effects on caspases and P53 and decreasing effects on CDK-2, where their combination was found most effective. CONCLUSIONS Thus, TQ and 5-FU probably showed a synergistic effect on both of cell cycle and apoptosis of tested TNBC cell lines. Our study reveals that TQ can synergise 5-FU action and increase its anticancer efficiency against TNBC cells, which might be a good choice in drug development for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Md Junaid
- Advanced Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Data Science Laboratory, Bangladesh, Chattogram, China
| | - Mousumi Tania
- Research Division, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Han-Chun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Md Asaduzzaman Khan
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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12
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Enhanced performance of gelatin 5-fluorouracil-containing nanoparticles against squamous cell carcinoma in simulated chronic wounds conditions. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 124:112073. [PMID: 33947565 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are considered a silent epidemic affecting a significant fraction of the World population. Their treatment supposes a large fraction of the public spending on the health of developed countries. In chronic wounds secondary to burns, trauma, UV light radiation, and diabetes, among others, the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been reported. If detected early, 95% of SCC are most comfortable to be treated and cured; however, 5% of advanced SCC is more dangerous and challenging to treat. It has been reported that the pH value within the wound-milieu influences indirectly and directly all biochemical reactions taking place in this process of healing. Differences in pH values between normal skin and chronic cutaneous wounds could be considered in designing and developing stimuli-responsive nanomaterials. In this work, the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) inclusion on gelatin-based NPs for SCC treatment has been projected. The present work goal is to prepare and characterize physicochemical and biological properties of new therapeutic-containing NPs for the sustainable delivery of 5-FU under simulated chronic wound conditions. In vitro experiments have been performed to assess the biocompatible character of these gelatin-based NPs in terms of their hemolytic and cytotoxicity properties. Due to hyperglycemia impact on both the chronicity of the wounds and chemotherapy efficacy, cellular responses have been determined under euglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. In vitro cytotoxicity studies have reported good selective toxicity against the A431 cell line, demonstrating that gelatin-based NPs are promising dual-responsive delivery systems to SCC targeting under simulated chronic wound conditions.
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13
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Wei F, Ba S, Jin M, Ci R, Wang X, E F, Long Z. RNF180 Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis of Colorectal Cancer Through Ubiquitination of WISP1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:623455. [PMID: 33553163 PMCID: PMC7862563 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally and is biologically and clinically heterogeneous. Due to lack of gene expression signatures for risk and prognosis stratification of CRC, identifying novel molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets may potentially improve CRC prognosis and treatment. RNF180 has been shown to play key contributions to the development of several types of cancers. In the current study, we investigate its role in CRC. In this study, we show that RNF180 expression was significantly downregulated in human CRC tumors and cell lines. Overexpression of RNF180 in CRC cells markedly inhibited cell viability and induced cell apoptosis, while depletion of RNF180 dramatically enhanced cell survival. Moreover, WISP1 was found to be the critical downstream molecule that mediated the tumor suppressive effects of RNF180. Mechanistically, RNF180 ubiquitinated WISP1, resulting in WISP1 downregulation and ultimately leading to suppression of CRC tumor growth in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. Last, 5-FU and RNF180 had synergetic effect on the apoptosis induction and tumor growth inhibition. Our findings revealed a crucial role of RNF180 in suppressing tumor growth by ubiquitinating WISP1 in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- Department of Surgery, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, China
| | - Sang Ba
- Department of Surgery, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, China
| | - Mei Jin
- Department of Surgery, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, China
| | - Ren Ci
- Department of Surgery, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, China
| | - Fusheng E
- Department of Surgery, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, China
| | - Ziwen Long
- Department of Gastric Cancer Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Blondy S, Talbot H, Saada S, Christou N, Battu S, Pannequin J, Jauberteau M, Lalloué F, Verdier M, Mathonnet M, Perraud A. Overexpression of sortilin is associated with 5-FU resistance and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:47-60. [PMID: 33325631 PMCID: PMC7810928 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Even if 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is used as the first-line chemotherapeutic drug, responsiveness is only 20-30%. Acquired resistance to 5-FU contributes to both poor patient prognosis and relapse, emphasizing the need to identify biomarkers. Sortilin, a vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p), implicated in protein trafficking, is over expressed in CRC cell lines cultured 72 hours in presence of 5-FU. This overexpression was also observed in 5-FU-resistant cells derived from these cell lines as well as in CRC primary cultures (or patients derived cell lines). A significantly higher expression of sortilin was observed in vivo, in 5-FU-treated tumours engrafted in Nude mice, as compared with non-treated tumour. A study of transcriptional regulation allowed identifying a decrease in ATF3 expression, as an explanation of sortilin overexpression following 5-FU treatment. In silico analysis revealed SORT1 expression correlation with poor prognosis. Moreover, sortilin expression was found to be positively correlated with CRC tumour grades. Collectively, our findings identify sortilin as a potential biomarker of 5-FU resistance associated with poor clinical outcomes and aggressiveness in CRC. As a new prognostic factor, sortilin expression could be used to fight against CRC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Disease-Free Survival
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Fluorouracil/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Grading
- Prognosis
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Blondy
- Laboratoire EA3842 Contrôle de l’Activation CellulaireProgression Tumorale et Résistances thérapeutiques «CAPTuR»Faculté de médecineLimogesFrance
| | - Hugo Talbot
- Laboratoire EA3842 Contrôle de l’Activation CellulaireProgression Tumorale et Résistances thérapeutiques «CAPTuR»Faculté de médecineLimogesFrance
| | - Sofiane Saada
- Laboratoire EA3842 Contrôle de l’Activation CellulaireProgression Tumorale et Résistances thérapeutiques «CAPTuR»Faculté de médecineLimogesFrance
| | - Niki Christou
- Laboratoire EA3842 Contrôle de l’Activation CellulaireProgression Tumorale et Résistances thérapeutiques «CAPTuR»Faculté de médecineLimogesFrance
- Service de Chirurgie DigestiveEndocrinienne et GénéraleCHU de LimogesLimogesFrance
| | - Serge Battu
- Laboratoire EA3842 Contrôle de l’Activation CellulaireProgression Tumorale et Résistances thérapeutiques «CAPTuR»Faculté de médecineLimogesFrance
| | - Julie Pannequin
- IGFUniversité MontpellierCNRSINSERMMontpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Marie‐Odile Jauberteau
- Laboratoire EA3842 Contrôle de l’Activation CellulaireProgression Tumorale et Résistances thérapeutiques «CAPTuR»Faculté de médecineLimogesFrance
- Service d’ImmunologieCHU de LimogesLimogesFrance
| | - Fabrice Lalloué
- Laboratoire EA3842 Contrôle de l’Activation CellulaireProgression Tumorale et Résistances thérapeutiques «CAPTuR»Faculté de médecineLimogesFrance
| | - Mireille Verdier
- Laboratoire EA3842 Contrôle de l’Activation CellulaireProgression Tumorale et Résistances thérapeutiques «CAPTuR»Faculté de médecineLimogesFrance
| | - Muriel Mathonnet
- Laboratoire EA3842 Contrôle de l’Activation CellulaireProgression Tumorale et Résistances thérapeutiques «CAPTuR»Faculté de médecineLimogesFrance
- Service de Chirurgie DigestiveEndocrinienne et GénéraleCHU de LimogesLimogesFrance
| | - Aurélie Perraud
- Laboratoire EA3842 Contrôle de l’Activation CellulaireProgression Tumorale et Résistances thérapeutiques «CAPTuR»Faculté de médecineLimogesFrance
- Service de Chirurgie DigestiveEndocrinienne et GénéraleCHU de LimogesLimogesFrance
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15
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Morán MC, Cirisano F, Ferrari M. 3D profilometry and cell viability studies for drug response screening. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 115:111142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Semail NF, Abdul Keyon AS, Saad B, Noordin SS, Nik Mohamed Kamal NNS, Mohamad Zain NN, Azizi J, Kamaruzaman S, Yahaya N. Analytical method development and validation of anticancer agent, 5-fluorouracil, and its metabolites in biological matrices: An updated review. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1781654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadhiratul-Farihin Semail
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- Fundamental and Applied Science Department, Universiti Technologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Salmah Noordin
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nik Nur Syazni Nik Mohamed Kamal
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Nadhirah Mohamad Zain
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Juzaili Azizi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sazlinda Kamaruzaman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Noorfatimah Yahaya
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
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17
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Rizvi SAA, Shahzad Y, Saleh AM, Muhammad N. Dose Issues in Cancer Chemotherapy. Oncology 2020; 98:520-527. [PMID: 32369814 DOI: 10.1159/000506705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, human methotrexate dosing regimens, as well as their relationship to data from in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal and human studies, are discussed. Low-dose, intermediate-dose, and high-dose therapies are covered. Since in vitro and in vivo screenings of potential cancer drugs are commonplace in the development of cancer chemotherapy, comparisons of the three criteria for effectiveness are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A A Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University School of Pharmacy, Hampton, Virginia, USA,
| | - Yasser Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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18
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Dual responsive gelatin-based nanoparticles for enhanced 5-fluorouracil efficiency. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 172:646-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Abánades Lázaro I, Haddad S, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Marshall RJ, Sastre B, Del Pozo V, Fairen-Jimenez D, Forgan RS. Surface-Functionalization of Zr-Fumarate MOF for Selective Cytotoxicity and Immune System Compatibility in Nanoscale Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31146-31157. [PMID: 30136840 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), network structures wherein metal ions or clusters link organic ligands into porous materials, are being actively researched as nanoscale drug delivery devices as they offer tunable structures with high cargo loading that can easily be further functionalized for targeting and enhanced physiological stability. The excellent biocompatibility of Zr has meant that its MOFs are among the most studied to date, in particular the archetypal Zr terephthalate UiO-66. In contrast, the isoreticular analog linked by fumarate (Zr-fum) has received little attention, despite the endogenous linker being part of the Krebs cycle. Herein, we report a comprehensive study of Zr-fum in the context of drug delivery. Reducing particle size is shown to increase uptake by cancer cells while reducing internalization by macrophages, immune system cells that remove foreign objects from the bloodstream. Zr-fum is compatible with defect loading of the drug dichloroacetate (DCA) as well as surface modification during synthesis, through coordination modulation and postsynthetically. DCA-loaded, PEGylated Zr-fum shows selective in vitro cytotoxicity toward HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells, likely as a consequence of its enhanced caveolae-mediated endocytosis compared to uncoated precursors, and it is well tolerated by HEK293 kidney cells, J774 macrophages, and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Compared to UiO-66, Zr-fum is more efficient at transporting the drug mimic calcein into HeLa cells, and DCA-loaded, PEGylated Zr-fum is more effective at reducing HeLa and MCF-7 cell proliferation than the analogous UiO-66 sample. In vitro examination of immune system response shows that Zr-fum samples induce less reactive oxygen species than UiO-66 analogs, possibly as a consequence of the linker being endogenous, and do not activate the C3 and C4 complement cascade pathways, suggesting that Zr-fum can avoid phagocytic activation. The results show that Zr-fum is an attractive alternative to UiO-66 for nanoscale drug delivery, and that a wide range of in vitro experiments is available to greatly inform the design of drug delivery systems prior to early stage animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Abánades Lázaro
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - Salame Haddad
- Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive , Cambridge CB3 0AS , U.K
| | - Jose M Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Ross J Marshall
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Victoria Del Pozo
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - David Fairen-Jimenez
- Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive , Cambridge CB3 0AS , U.K
| | - Ross S Forgan
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
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20
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Patrinia scabiosaefolia Inhibits Growth of 5-FU-Resistant Colorectal Carcinoma Cells via Induction of Apoptosis and Suppression of AKT Pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 25:116-121. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-3002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Placet M, Arguin G, Molle CM, Babeu JP, Jones C, Carrier JC, Robaye B, Geha S, Boudreau F, Gendron FP. The G protein-coupled P2Y₆ receptor promotes colorectal cancer tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1539-1551. [PMID: 29454075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal tumors are immersed in an array of tumor-promoting factors including extracellular nucleotides such as uridine 5'‑diphosphate (UDP). UDP is the endogenous agonist of the G protein-coupled P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R), which may contribute to the formation of a tumor-promoting microenvironment by coordinating resistance to apoptosis. Colorectal cancer (CRC) was chemically induced in P2ry6 knockout (P2ry6-/-) mice using azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium challenges. Mice were euthanatized and their tumor load determined. Fixed tissues were stained for histological and immunohistochemistry analysis. Tumoroids were also prepared from CRC tumors resected from P2ry6+/+ mice to determine the role of P2Y6R in resistance to apoptosis, whereas HT29 carcinoma cells were used to elucidate the signaling mechanism involved in P2Y6R anti-apoptotic effect. P2ry6-/- mice developed a reduced number of colorectal tumors with apparent tumors having smaller volumes. Overall dysplastic score was significantly lower in P2ry6-/- animals. Stimulation of P2Y6R with the selective agonist MRS2693 protected HT-29 cells from TNFα-induced apoptosis. This protective effect was mediated by the stabilizing phosphorylation of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) by AKT. Using CRC-derived tumoroids, P2Y6R activation was found to contribute to chemoresistance since addition of the P2Y6R agonist MRS2693 significantly prevented the cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil. The present study shows that sustained activation of P2Y6R may contribute to intestinal tumorigenesis by blocking the apoptotic process and by contributing to chemoresistance, a substantial concern in the treatment of patients with CRC. These results suggest that P2Y6R may represent a prime target for reducing colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Placet
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Arguin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline M Molle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Babeu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christine Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie C Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernand Robaye
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sameh Geha
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francois Boudreau
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fernand-Pierre Gendron
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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22
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Pereira DM, Simões AES, Gomes SE, Castro RE, Carvalho T, Rodrigues CMP, Borralho PM. MEK5/ERK5 signaling inhibition increases colon cancer cell sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil through a p53-dependent mechanism. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34322-40. [PMID: 27144434 PMCID: PMC5085159 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MEK5/ERK5 signaling pathway is emerging as an important contributor to colon cancer onset, progression and metastasis; however, its relevance to chemotherapy resistance remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the impact of the MEK5/ERK5 cascade in colon cancer cell sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Increased ERK5 expression was correlated with poor overall survival in colon cancer patients. In colon cancer cells, 5-FU exposure impaired endogenous KRAS/MEK5/ERK5 expression and/or activation. In turn, MEK5 constitutive activation reduced 5-FU-induced cytotoxicity. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we showed that ERK5 inhibition increased caspase-3/7 activity and apoptosis following 5-FU exposure. Mechanistically, this was further associated with increased p53 transcriptional activation of p21 and PUMA. In addition, ERK5 inhibition increased the response of HCT116 p53+/+ cells to 5-FU, but failed to sensitize HCT116 p53−/− cells to the cytotoxic effects of this chemotherapeutic agent, suggesting a p53-dependent axis mediating 5-FU sensitization. Finally, ERK5 inhibition using XMD8-92 was shown to increase the antitumor effects of 5-FU in a murine subcutaneous xenograft model, enhancing apoptosis while markedly reducing tumor growth. Collectively, our results suggest that ERK5-targeted in hibition provides a promising therapeutic approach to overcome resistance to 5-FU-based chemotherapy and improve colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Pereira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André E S Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia E Gomes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui E Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia Carvalho
- Histology and Comparative Pathology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Borralho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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23
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Hoang VT, Yan TJ, Cavanaugh JE, Flaherty PT, Beckman BS, Burow ME. Oncogenic signaling of MEK5-ERK5. Cancer Lett 2017; 392:51-59. [PMID: 28153789 PMCID: PMC5901897 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular processes including proliferation, cell survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. While conventional MAPK constituents have well-defined roles in oncogenesis, the MEK5 pathway has only recently emerged in cancer research. In this review, we consider the MEK5 signaling cascade, focusing specifically on its involvement in drug resistance and regulation of aggressive cancer phenotypes. Moreover, we explore the role of MEK5/ERK5 in tumorigenesis and metastatic progression, discussing the discrepancies in preclinical studies and assessing its viability as a therapeutic target for anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van T Hoang
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas J Yan
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jane E Cavanaugh
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick T Flaherty
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Matthew E Burow
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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24
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Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, Biochemical Actions, and Chemical Synthesis of Anticancer Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Base Analogs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14379-14455. [PMID: 27960273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs have been in the clinic for decades to treat both viral pathogens and neoplasms. More than 20% of patients on anticancer chemotherapy have been treated with one or more of these analogs. This review focuses on the chemical synthesis and biology of anticancer nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs that are FDA-approved and in clinical development since 2000. We highlight the cellular biology and clinical biology of analogs, drug resistance mechanisms, and compound specificity towards different cancer types. Furthermore, we explore analog syntheses as well as improved and scale-up syntheses. We conclude with a discussion on what might lie ahead for medicinal chemists, biologists, and physicians as they try to improve analog efficacy through prodrug strategies and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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25
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Rahman A, Hoque MM, Khan MAK, Sarwar MG, Halim MA. Non-covalent interactions involving halogenated derivatives of capecitabine and thymidylate synthase: a computational approach. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:146. [PMID: 27026843 PMCID: PMC4764604 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Capecitabine, a fluoropyrimidine prodrug, has been a frequently chosen ligand for the last one and half decades to inhibit thymidylate synthase (TYMS) for treatment of colorectal cancer. TYMS is a key enzyme for de novo synthesis of deoxythymidine monophosphate and subsequent synthesis of DNA. Recent years have also seen the trait of modifying ligands using halogens and trifluoromethyl (–CF3) group to ensure enhanced drug performance. In this study, in silico modification of capecitabine with Cl, Br, I atoms and –CF3 group has been performed. Density functional theory has been employed to optimize the drug molecules and elucidate their thermodynamic and electrical properties such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, electronic energy, dipole moment and frontier orbital features (HOMO–LUMO gap, hardness and softness). Flexible and rigid molecular docking have been implemented between drugs and the receptor TYMS. Both inter- and intra-molecular non-covalent interactions involving the amino acid residues of TYMS and the drug molecules are explored in details. The drugs were superimposed on the resolved crystal structure (at 1.9 Å) of ZD1694/dUMP/TYMS system to shed light on similarity of the binding of capecitabine, and its modifiers, to that of ZD1694. Together, these results may provide more insights prior to synthesizing halogen-directed derivatives of capecitabine for anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhip Rahman
- Bangladesh Institute of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, 38 Green Road West, Dhaka, 1205 Bangladesh ; Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mazharol Hoque
- Bangladesh Institute of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, 38 Green Road West, Dhaka, 1205 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A K Khan
- Department of General Studies, Jubail University College, Jubail Industrial City, 31961 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed G Sarwar
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB26, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Mohammad A Halim
- Bangladesh Institute of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, 38 Green Road West, Dhaka, 1205 Bangladesh ; Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1 - CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Li X, Cai H, Zheng W, Tong M, Li H, Ao L, Li J, Hong G, Li M, Guan Q, Yang S, Yang D, Lin X, Guo Z. An individualized prognostic signature for gastric cancer patients treated with 5-Fluorouracil-based chemotherapy and distinct multi-omics characteristics of prognostic groups. Oncotarget 2016; 7:8743-55. [PMID: 26840027 PMCID: PMC4891001 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy is currently the first-line treatment for gastric cancer. In this study, using gene expression profiles for a panel of cell lines with drug sensitivity data and two cohorts of patients, we extracted a signature consisting of two gene pairs (KCNE2 and API5, KCNE2 and PRPF3) whose within-sample relative expression orderings (REOs) could robustly predict prognoses of gastric cancer patients treated with 5-FU-based chemotherapy. This REOs-based signature was insensitive to experimental batch effects and could be directly applied to samples measured by different laboratories. Taking this unique advantage of the REOs-based signature, we classified gastric cancer samples of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) into two prognostic groups with distinct transcriptional characteristics, circumventing the usage of confounded TCGA survival data. We further showed that the two prognostic groups displayed distinct copy number, gene mutation and DNA methylation landscapes using the TCGA multi-omics data. The results provided hints for understanding molecular mechanisms determining prognoses of gastric cancer patients treated with 5-FU-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Zheng
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengsha Tong
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongdong Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Ao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guini Hong
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingzhou Guan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Da Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Mattos ACD, Altmeyer C, Tominaga TT, Khalil NM, Mainardes RM. Polymeric nanoparticles for oral delivery of 5-fluorouracil: Formulation optimization, cytotoxicity assay and pre-clinical pharmacokinetics study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 84:83-91. [PMID: 26775869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) or poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) blend nanoparticles were developed loading 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antitumor agent broadly used in therapy. A 2(3) factorial experimental design was conducted to indicate an optimal formulation and demonstrate the influence of the interactions of components on the mean particle size and drug encapsulation efficiency. Optimized PLA nanoparticles presented 294nm and 51% of 5-FU encapsulation efficiency and PLA-PEG blend nanoparticles presented 283nm and 55% of 5-FU encapsulation efficiency. In vitro release assay demonstrated after 320h about 50% of 5-FU was released from PLA and PLA-PEG blend nanoparticles. Release kinetics of 5-FU from nanoparticles followed second order and the release mechanism calculated by Korsmeyer-Peppas model was diffusion and erosion. In the assessment of cytotoxicity over Hep-2 tumor cells, PLA or PLA-PEG blend nanoparticles presented similar IC50 value than free 5-FU. Pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of 5-FU were improved by nanoencapsulation. Bioavailability, Cmax, Tmax, t1/2 and distribution volume were significantly improved, while clearance were decreased. PEG presence in nanoparticles didn't influence physicochemical and biological parameters evaluated. PLA and PLA-PEG nanoparticles can be potential carriers for oral delivery of 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina de Mattos
- Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO, Brazil
| | - Clescila Altmeyer
- Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO, Brazil
| | | | - Najeh Maissar Khalil
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Rubiana Mara Mainardes
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
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Florindo PR, Pereira DM, Borralho PM, Rodrigues CMP, Piedade MFM, Fernandes AC. Cyclopentadienyl-ruthenium(II) and iron(II) organometallic compounds with carbohydrate derivative ligands as good colorectal anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4339-47. [PMID: 25923600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New ruthenium(II) and iron(II) organometallic compounds of general formula [(η(5)-C5H5)M(PP)Lc][PF6], bearing carbohydrate derivative ligands (Lc), were prepared and fully characterized and the crystal structures of five of those compounds were determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Cell viability of colon cancer HCT116 cell line was determined for a total of 23 organometallic compounds and SAR's data analysis within this library showed an interesting dependency of the cytotoxic activity on the carbohydrate moiety, linker, phosphane coligands, and metal center. More importantly, two compounds, 14Ru and 18Ru, matched oxaliplatin IC50 (0.45 μM), the standard metallodrug used in CC chemotherapeutics, and our leading compound 14Ru was shown to be significantly more cytotoxic than oxaliplatin to HCT116 cells, triggering higher levels of caspase-3 and -7 activity and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R Florindo
- †Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diane M Pereira
- ‡Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Borralho
- ‡Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- ‡Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M F M Piedade
- †Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,§Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Fernandes
- †Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Ng PL, Rajab NF, Then SM, Mohd Yusof YA, Wan Ngah WZ, Pin KY, Looi ML. Piper betle leaf extract enhances the cytotoxicity effect of 5-fluorouracil in inhibiting the growth of HT29 and HCT116 colon cancer cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 15:692-700. [PMID: 25091987 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The combination effect of Piper betle (PB) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in enhancing the cytotoxic potential of 5-FU in inhibiting the growth of colon cancer cells was investigated. METHODS HT29 and HCT116 cells were subjected to 5-FU or PB treatment. 5-FU and PB were then combined and their effects on both cell lines were observed after 24 h of treatment. PB-5-FU interaction was elucidated by isobologram analysis. Apoptosis features of the treated cells were revealed by annexin V/PI stain. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to exclude any possible chemical interaction between the compounds. RESULTS In the presence of PB extract, the cytotoxicity of 5-FU was observed at a lower dose (IC50 12.5 µmol/L) and a shorter time (24 h) in both cell lines. Both cell lines treated with 5-FU or PB alone induced a greater apoptosis effect compared with the combination treatment. Isobologram analysis indicated that PB and 5-FU interacted synergistically and antagonistically in inhibiting the growth of HT29 and HCT116 cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In the presence of PB, a lower dosage of 5-FU is required to achieve the maximum drug effect in inhibiting the growth of HT29 cells. However, PB did not significantly reduce 5-FU dosage in HCT116 cells. Our result showed that this interaction may not solely contribute to the apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pek Leng Ng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Kepong, Malaysia; School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Mansoor TA, Borralho PM, Luo X, Mulhovo S, Rodrigues CMP, Ferreira MJU. 6-Acetonyldihydrochelerythrine Is a Potent Inducer of Apoptosis in HCT116 and SW620 Colon Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1825-1830. [PMID: 25066282 DOI: 10.1021/np500161n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
6-Acetonyldihydrochelerythrine (1), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, isolated from the methanol extract of Zanthoxylum capense, displayed potent cytotoxic activity in human HCT116 and SW620 colon carcinoma cells, to a higher extent than 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the cornerstone chemotherapeutic agent in colon cancer. Cytotoxicity of 1 was evaluated by MTS, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Guava ViaCount assays. Interestingly, 1 significantly induced cytotoxicity in both cell lines, leading to a significant increase in LDH release, as compared to 5-FU. Further, Guava ViaCount flow cytometry assays demonstrated that 1 significantly increased cell death, as shown by the presence of a significantly higher population of apoptotic cells in both cell lines, as compared to cells exposed to 5-FU. Furthermore, evaluation of nuclear morphology by Hoechst staining of 1-treated HCT116 and SW620 cells confirmed flow cytometry results, demonstrating a marked induction of apoptotic cell death by 1, again to a further extent than that elicited by 5-FU. In addition, immunoblot analysis to ascertain the molecular events triggered by 1 exposure was performed. The results show that 1 exposure reduced the steady-state expression and activation of the pro-survival proteins ERK5 and Akt and increased the steady-state expression of p53 in both HCT116 and SW620 cells. Changes in ERK5 or Akt activation can be ascertained by evaluating the ratio of p-ERK5/ERK5 or p-Akt/Akt. In addition, exposure to 1 reduced expression of XIAP, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-2, while increasing the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in both cell lines. Collectively, the data indicate that 6-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine (1) is a potent inducer of apoptosis in HCT116 and SW620 cell lines, highlighting its potential relevance in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyab A Mansoor
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon , 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Borralho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon , 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Xuan Luo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon , 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silva Mulhovo
- Centro de Estudos Moçambicanos e de Etnociências, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Pedagogical University , 21402161 Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon , 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria-José U Ferreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon , 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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31
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Milczarek M, Filip-Psurska B, Swiętnicki W, Kutner A, Wietrzyk J. Vitamin D analogs combined with 5-fluorouracil in human HT-29 colon cancer treatment. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:491-504. [PMID: 24919507 PMCID: PMC4091879 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the antitumor effect of two synthetic analogs of vitamin D, namely PRI-2191 [(24R)-1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3] and PRI-2205 (5,6-trans calcipotriol), in combined human colon HT-29 cancer treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Mice bearing HT-29 tumors transplanted subcutaneously or orthotopically were injected with vitamin D analogs and 5-FU in various schedules. A statistically significant inhibition of subcutaneous or orthotopic tumor growth was observed as a result of combined therapy. In HT-29 tumors and in cells from in vitro culture, we observed increased vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression after treatment with either PRI-2205 or 5-FU alone, or in combination. Moreover, PRI-2205 decreased the percentage of cells from intestinal tumors in G2/M and S stages and increased sub-G1. Increased VDR expression was also observed after combined treatment of mice with 5-FU and PRI-2191. Moreover, our docking studies showed that PRI-2205 has stronger affinity for VDR, DBP and CAR/RXR ligand binding domains than PRI-2191. PRI-2191 analog, used with 5-FU, increased the percentage of subcutaneous tumor cells in G0/G1 and decreased the percentage in G2/M, S and sub-G1 populations as compared to 5-FU alone. In in vitro studies, we observed increased expression of p21 and p-ERK1/2 diminution via use of both analogs as compared to use of 5-FU alone. Simultaneously, PRI-2191 antagonizes some pro-apoptotic activities of 5-FU in vitro. However, in spite of these disadvantageous effects in terms of apoptosis, the therapeutic effect expressed as tumor growth retardation by PRI-2191 is significant. Our results suggest that the mechanism of potentiation of 5-FU antitumor action by both analogs is realized via increased p21 expression and decreased p-ERK1/2 level which may lead to diminution of thymidylate synthase expression. Higher binding affinity for VDR, DBP, but also for CAR\RXR ligand binding domain of PRI-2205 may, in part, explain its very low toxicity with sustained anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Milczarek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Filip-Psurska
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Kutner
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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Truman JP, García-Barros M, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Evolving concepts in cancer therapy through targeting sphingolipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:1174-88. [PMID: 24384461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional methods of cancer treatment are limited in their efficacy due to both inherent and acquired factors. Many different studies have shown that the generation of ceramide in response to cytotoxic therapy is generally an important step leading to cell death. Cancer cells employ different methods to both limit ceramide generation and to remove ceramide in order to become resistant to treatment. Furthermore, sphingosine kinase activity, which phosphorylates sphingosine the product of ceramide hydrolysis, has been linked to multidrug resistance, and can act as a strong survival factor. This review will examine several of the most frequently used cancer therapies and their effect on both ceramide generation and the mechanisms employed to remove it. The development and use of inhibitors of sphingosine kinase will be focused upon as an example of how targeting sphingolipid metabolism may provide an effective means to improve treatment response rates and reduce associated treatment toxicity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philip Truman
- Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, T15, 023, 11794 Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Mónica García-Barros
- Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, T15, 023, 11794 Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA; Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, L4, 178, 11794 Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook Cancer Center, Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, L4, 178, 11794 Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Zhong J, Yang L, Liu N, Zheng J, Lin CY. Knockdown of inhibitor of growth protein 2 inhibits cell invasion and enhances chemosensitivity to 5-FU in human gastric cancer cells. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:3189-97. [PMID: 23864195 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inhibitor of growth (ING) family is involved in multiple cellular functions, but the role of ING2 in gastric cancer progression is unclear. AIM To investigate the effects of ING2 gene knockdown on chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in human gastric cancer cells and its possible mechanisms. METHODS Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting ING2 (shING2) was transfected into MGC-803 cells using Lipofectamine 2000, and stable transfection cell lines were established using G418. Cell viability, cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis, and invasive ability were measured to determine the influence of ING2 knockdown on cell biologic characteristics. Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of ING2, cyclin D1, NF-kappaB/p65, and several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were determined by use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Our results showed that ING2 knockdown induced cell apoptosis and inhibited cell viability significantly (P < 0.05). Additionally, ING2 knockdown induced a specific G0/G1 arrest. Furthermore, the suppression of ING2 could enhance the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cells to 5-FU significantly. Moreover, knockdown of ING2 expression significantly reduced cellular metastatic ability and expression of MMPs in MGC-803 cells. The expression of cyclin D1 and NF-kappaB/p65 was also markedly inhibited in MGC-803/shING2 cells compared with control cells. CONCLUSIONS ING2 not only plays an essential role in the growth and invasion of MGC-803 cells but also represents a potential approach to chemosensitization therapy in human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, No 122 Xianzheng Street, Hanyang District, Wuhan, 430050, Hubei, People's Republic of China,
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Xavier CP, Lima CF, Pedro DF, Wilson JM, Kristiansen K, Pereira-Wilson C. Ursolic acid induces cell death and modulates autophagy through JNK pathway in apoptosis-resistant colorectal cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:706-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Flanagan SA, Cooper KS, Mannava S, Nikiforov MA, Shewach DS. Short hairpin RNA suppression of thymidylate synthase produces DNA mismatches and results in excellent radiosensitization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 84:e613-20. [PMID: 22867891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA)-mediated suppression of thymidylate synthase (TS) on cytotoxicity and radiosensitization and the mechanism by which these events occur. METHODS AND MATERIALS shRNA suppression of TS was compared with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) inactivation of TS with or without ionizing radiation in HCT116 and HT29 colon cancer cells. Cytotoxicity and radiosensitization were measured by clonogenic assay. Cell cycle effects were measured by flow cytometry. The effects of FdUrd or shRNA suppression of TS on dNTP deoxynucleotide triphosphate imbalances and consequent nucleotide misincorporations into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and as pSP189 plasmid mutations, respectively. RESULTS TS shRNA produced profound (≥ 90%) and prolonged (≥ 8 days) suppression of TS in HCT116 and HT29 cells, whereas FdUrd increased TS expression. TS shRNA also produced more specific and prolonged effects on dNTPs deoxynucleotide triphosphates compared with FdUrd. TS shRNA suppression allowed accumulation of cells in S-phase, although its effects were not as long-lasting as those of FdUrd. Both treatments resulted in phosphorylation of Chk1. TS shRNA alone was less cytotoxic than FdUrd but was equally effective as FdUrd in eliciting radiosensitization (radiation enhancement ratio: TS shRNA, 1.5-1.7; FdUrd, 1.4-1.6). TS shRNA and FdUrd produced a similar increase in the number and type of pSP189 mutations. CONCLUSIONS TS shRNA produced less cytotoxicity than FdUrd but was equally effective at radiosensitizing tumor cells. Thus, the inhibitory effect of FdUrd on TS alone is sufficient to elicit radiosensitization with FdUrd, but it only partially explains FdUrd-mediated cytotoxicity and cell cycle inhibition. The increase in DNA mismatches after TS shRNA or FdUrd supports a causal and sufficient role for the depletion of dTTP thymidine triphosphate and consequent DNA mismatches underlying radiosensitization. Importantly, shRNA suppression of TS avoids FP-mediated TS elevation and its negative prognostic role. These studies support the further exploration of TS suppression as a novel radiosensitizing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl A Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Xavier CPR, Lima CF, Rohde M, Pereira-Wilson C. Quercetin enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in MSI colorectal cancer cells through p53 modulation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 68:1449-57. [PMID: 21479885 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal tumors (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI) show resistance to chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the most widely used pharmacological drug for CRC treatment. The aims of this study were to test the ability of quercetin (Q) and luteolin (L) to increase the sensitivity of MSI CRC cells to 5-FU and characterize the dependence of the effects on cells' p53 status. METHODS Two MSI human CRC-derived cell lines were used: CO115 wild type (wt) for p53 and HCT15 that harbors a p53 mutation. Apoptosis induction in these cells by 5-FU, Q and L alone, and in combinations was evaluated by TUNEL and western blot. The dependence of the effects on p53 was confirmed by small interference RNA (siRNA) in CO115 cells and in MSI HCT116 wt and p53 knockout cells. RESULTS CO115 p53-wt cells are more sensitive to 5-FU than the p53-mutated HCT15. The combination treatment of 5-FU with L and Q increased apoptosis with a significant effect for Q in CO115. Both flavonoids increased p53 expression in both cell lines, an effect particularly remarkable for Q. The significant apoptotic enhancement in CO115 incubated with Q plus 5-FU involved the activation of the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway. Importantly, knockdown of p53 by siRNA in CO115 cells and p53 knockout in HCT116 cells totally abrogated apoptosis induction, demonstrating the dependence of the effect on p53 modulation by Q. CONCLUSION This study suggests the potential applicability of these phytochemicals for enhancement 5-FU efficiency in MSI CRC therapy, especially Q in p53 wt tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina P R Xavier
- CBMA-Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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In vivo toxicity study of N-1-sulfonylcytosine derivatives and their mechanisms of action in cervical carcinoma cell line. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:981-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vainchtein LD, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. A new, validated HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of the anti-cancer agent capecitabine and its metabolites: 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodihydrouracil, in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 24:374-86. [PMID: 19650151 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and selective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of capecitabine and its metabolites 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'-DFCR), 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouracil (5'-DFUR), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and dihydro-5-fluorouracil (FUH(2)) in human plasma. A 200 microL human plasma aliquot was spiked with a mixture of internal standards fludarabine and 5-chlorouracil. A single-step protein precipitation method was employed using 10% (v/v) trichloroacetic acid in water to separate analytes from bio-matrices. Volumes of 20 microL of the supernatant were directly injected onto the HPLC system. Separation was achieved on a 30 x 2.1 mm Hypercarb (porous graphitic carbon) column using a gradient by mixing 10 mm ammonium acetate and acetonitrile-2-propanol-tetrahydrofuran (1 : 3 : 2.25, v/v/v). The detection was performed using a Finnigan TSQ Quantum Ultra equipped with the electrospray ion source operated in positive and negative mode. The assay quantifies a range from 10 to 1000 ng/mL for capecitabine, from 10 to 5000 ng/mL for 5'-DFCR and 5'-DFUR, and from 50 to 5000 ng/mL for 5-FU and FUH(2) using a plasma sample of 200 microL. Correlation coefficients (r(2)) of the calibration curves in human plasma were better than 0.99 for all compounds. At all concentration levels, deviations of measured concentrations from nominal concentration were between -4.41 and 3.65% with CV values less than 12.0% for capecitabine, between -7.00 and 6.59% with CV values less than 13.0 for 5'-DFUR, between -3.25 and 4.11% with CV values less than 9.34% for 5'-DFCR, between -5.54 and 5.91% with CV values less than 9.69% for 5-FU and between -4.26 and 6.86% with CV values less than 14.9% for FUH(2). The described method was successfully applied for the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profile of capecitabine and its metabolites in plasma of treated cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liia D Vainchtein
- Astellas Pharma Europe B.V., Exploratory Development Department, Elisabethhof 1, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.
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Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of water extract from Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. leaves. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:799-806. [PMID: 21130829 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. (Berberidaceae) leaves have been widely used as a tea leaf beverage south of the Qinling Mountains of China. In this study, the antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of M. bealei leaves were investigated. Our data showed that the water extract of M. bealei leaves (WML) exhibited extremely high antioxidant properties, which were demonstrated by its ability to scavenge 50% of 1,1-diphenyll-2-2-pricylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals at 60.46 μg/ml, and it eliminated approximately 71.19% of superoxide radicals at 500 μg/ml. In addition, the WML showed strong reducing abilities and provided protection against oxidative protein damage induced by hydroxyl radicals. Cellular proliferation and the induction of apoptosis were also examined by cellular proliferation assay, flow cytometry, and mRNA expression analysis. These results demonstrate that WML significantly inhibited the growth of human colon cancer (HT-29) cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and it gradually increased the proportion of apoptotic cells and reduced the expression of the survivin gene. The bioactivity-guided study of WML resulted in the isolation and identification of berberine, a known isoquinoline alkaloid. Berberine exhibited strong antiproliferative activity on HT-29 cells, with IC(50) values of 36.54 μM, suggesting it is, in part, responsible of the anticancer activity of WML.
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Yao X, Yoshioka Y, Morishige T, Eto Y, Watanabe H, Okada Y, Mizuguchi H, Mukai Y, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Systemic administration of a PEGylated adenovirus vector with a cancer-specific promoter is effective in a mouse model of metastasis. Gene Ther 2010; 16:1395-404. [PMID: 19641532 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer gene therapy by adenovirus vectors (Advs) for metastatic cancer is limited because systemic administration of Adv produces low therapeutic effect and severe side effects. In this study, we generated a dual cancer-specific targeting vector system by using PEGylation and the telomere reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter and attempted to treat experimental metastases through systemic administration of the vectors. We first optimized the molecular size of PEG and modification ratios used to create PEG-Ads. Systemic administration of PEG-Ad with 20-kDa PEG at a 45% modification ratio (PEG[20K/45%]-Ad) resulted in higher tumor-selective transgene expression than unmodified Adv. Next, we examined the effectiveness against metastases and side effects of a TERT promoter-driven PEG[20K/45%]-Ad containing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) gene (PEG-Ad-TERT/HSVtk). Systemic administration of PEG-Ad-TERT/HSVtk showed superior antitumor effects against metastases with negligible side effects. A cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-driven PEG[20K/45%]-Ad also produced antimetastatic effects, but these were accompanied by side effects. Combining PEG-Ad-TERT/HSVtk with etoposide or 5-fluorouracil enhanced the therapeutic effects with negligible side effects. These results suggest that modification with 20-kDa PEG at a 45% modification ratio is the optimal condition for PEGylation of Adv, and PEG-Ad-TERT/HSVtk is a prototype Adv for systemic cancer gene therapy against metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yao
- Department of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Cao LQ, Wang XL, Wang Q, Xue P, Jiao XY, Peng HP, Lu HW, Zheng Q, Chen XL, Huang XH, Fu XH, Chen JS. Rosiglitazone sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines to 5-fluorouracil antitumor activity through activation of the PPARgamma signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1316-22. [PMID: 19684609 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a major cause of chemotherapy failure in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonist, has a crucial role in growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in several carcinoma cell lines. In this study, we examine rosiglitazone-induced sensitization of HCC cell lines (BEL-7402 and Huh-7 cells) to 5-FU. METHODS The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate cell viability. Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the protein expression (PPARgamma, PTEN, and COX-2) in BEL-7402 cells. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to examine the expression of PTEN in 100 advanced HCC tissues and paracancerous tissues. In addition, small interfering RNA was used to suppress PPARgamma, PTEN, and COX-2 expression. RESULTS Rosiglitazone facilitates the anti-tumor effect of 5-FU in HCC cell lines, which is mediated by the PPARgamma signaling pathway. Activation of PPARgamma by rosiglitazone increases PTEN expression and decreases COX-2 expression. Since distribution of PTEN in HCC tissues is significantly decreased compared with the paracancerous tissue, over-expression of PTEN by rosiglitazone enhances 5-FU-inhibited cell growth of HCC. Moreover, down-regulation of COX-2 is implicated in the synergistic effect of 5-FU. CONCLUSION Rosiglitazone sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines to 5-FU antitumor activity through the activation of PPARgamma. The results suggest potential novel therapies for the treatment of advanced liver cancer.
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He S, Zhang D, Cheng F, Gong F, Guo Y. Applications of RNA interference in cancer therapeutics as a powerful tool for suppressing gene expression. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 36:2153-63. [PMID: 19117119 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer poses a tremendous therapeutic challenge worldwide, highlighting the critical need for developing novel therapeutics. A promising cancer treatment modality is gene therapy, which is a form of molecular medicine designed to introduce into target cells genetic material with therapeutic intent. The history of RNA interference (RNAi) has only a dozen years, however, further studies have revealed that it is a potent method of gene silencing that has developed rapidly over the past few years as a result of its extensive importance in the study of genetics, molecular biology and physiology. RNAi is a natural process by which small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplex directs sequence specific post-transcriptional silencing of homologous genes by binding to its complementary mRNA and triggering its elimination. RNAi has been extensively used as a novel and effective gene silencing tool for the fundamental research of cancer therapeutics, and has displayed great potential in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song He
- Molecular Medicine & Tumor Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Flanagan SA, Krokosky CM, Mannava S, Nikiforov MA, Shewach DS. MLH1 deficiency enhances radiosensitization with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine by increasing DNA mismatches. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:863-71. [PMID: 18535288 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.043349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor drug 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) also sensitizes tumor cells to ionizing radiation in vitro and in vivo. Although radiosensitization with FdUrd requires dTTP depletion and S-phase arrest, the exact mechanism by which these events produce radiosensitization remains unknown. We hypothesized that the depletion of dTTP produces DNA mismatches that, if not repaired before irradiation, would result in radiosensitization. We evaluated this hypothesis in mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient HCT116 0-1 cells that lack the expression of the required MMR protein MLH1 (inactive MLH1), and in MMR-proficient (wild-type MLH1) HCT116 1-2 cells. Although HCT116 0-1 cells were less sensitive to FdUrd (IC(50) = 3.5 microM) versus HCT116 1-2 cells (IC(50) = 0.75 microM), when irradiation followed FdUrd (IC(50)) the MLH1-inactivated cells exhibited greater radiosensitization compared with MMR-wild-type cells [radiation enhancement ratio (RER) = 1.8 +/- 0.28 versus 1.1 +/- 0.1, respectively] and an increase (> or =8-fold) in nucleotide misincorporations. In SW620 cells and HCT116 1-2 MLH1-wild-type cells, FdUrd (IC(50)) did not produce radiosensitization nor did it increase the mutation frequency, but after short hairpin RNA-directed suppression of MLH1 this concentration produced excellent radiosensitization (RER = 1.6 +/- 0.10 and 1.5 +/- 0.06, respectively) and an increase in nucleotide misincorporations (8-fold and 6-fold, respectively). Incubation with higher concentrations of FdUrd (IC(90)) after suppression of MLH1 produced a further increase in ionizing radiation sensitivity in both SW620 and HCT116 1-2 cells (RER = 1.8 +/- 0.03 and 1.7 +/- 0.13, respectively) and nucleotide misincorporations (>10-fold in both cell lines). These results demonstrate an important role for MLH1 and implicate mismatches in radiosensitization by FdUrd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl A Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0504, USA
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Qin L, Zhang X, Zhang L, Feng Y, Weng GX, Li MZ, Kong QL, Qian CN, Zeng YX, Zeng MS, Liao DF, Song LB. Downregulation of BMI-1 enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:531-5. [PMID: 18452707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an important chemotherapeutic agent for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, drug resistance may occur after several cycles of 5-FU-based chemotherapy. The oncogene B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion site 1 (BMI-1) has been shown to be involved in the protection of cancer cells from apoptosis. In this study, 5-FU treatment could increase the percentage of apoptotic NPC cells among BMI-1/RNAi-transfected cells than that among cells transfected with the empty vector. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 5-FU were significantly decreased to a greater extent in the cells transfected with BMI-1/RNAi. Most importantly, the expression of phospho-AKT and the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 were downregulated in the cells in which BMI-1 expression was inhibited, whereas the apoptosis-inducer BAX was observed to be upregulated. Abrogation of AKT pathway by a PI3K inhibitor could not further increase the sensitivity to 5-FU in the cells with reduced BMI-1 expression. Taken together, BMI-1 depletion enhanced the chemosensitivity of NPC cells by inducing apoptosis; which is associated with inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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Hu CM, Chang ZF. Synthetic Lethality by Lentiviral Short Hairpin RNA Silencing of Thymidylate Kinase and Doxorubicin in Colon Cancer Cells Regardless of the p53 Status. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2831-40. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Grivicich I, Regner A, Zanoni C, Correa LP, Jotz GP, Henriques JAP, Schwartsmann G, da Rocha AB. Hsp70 response to 5-fluorouracil treatment in human colon cancer cell lines. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22:1201-8. [PMID: 17390142 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-007-0307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Colorectal cancer is a common disease with high rate of mortality. Although there is evidence of some benefits of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the most commonly used drug in colon cancer therapy, it still remains unsatisfactory because of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) synthesis can be increased by cellular insults, such as chemotherapy-induced damage. Inducible Hsp70 has been suggested to be involved in cytoprotection against apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated whether the content of Hsp70 is associated to 5-FU resistance. METHODS HT-29 and SNU-C4 human colon cancer cell lines were treated with 5-FU and their relative chemoresistance, and Hsp70 were determined. RESULTS Comparison of IC(50) values showed that the HT-29 cells were relatively resistant to 5-FU, whereas the SNU-C4 cells presented greater sensitivity to this drug. Further, 5-FU treatment leads to a hypodiploid population in HT-29 cells significantly lower compared to SNU-C4 cells. In the HT-29 cell line, 5-FU treatment promoted an increase of 5.5 times in Hsp70 concentration after 12 h. Then, within 24 h, the increase in Hsp70 levels was still about two times. In contrast, in the SNU-C4 cell line, 5-FU induced an increase of about two times in the Hsp70 content after 12 h and, after 24 h, did not significantly affect Hsp70 content. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that 5-FU induced Hsp70 synthesis in the HT-29 resistant cell line and that this Hsp70 accumulation could protect against 5-FU-induced apoptosis. Thus, Hsp70 protection against 5-FU-induced apoptosis might underlie colon cancer chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grivicich
- Laboratório de Marcadores de Estresse Celular, Centro de Pesquisas em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Hamaguchi J, Nakagawa H, Takahashi M, Kudo T, Kamiyama N, Sun B, Oshima T, Sato Y, Deguchi K, Todo S, Nishimura SI. Swainsonine reduces 5-fluorouracil tolerance in the multistage resistance of colorectal cancer cell lines. Mol Cancer 2007; 6:58. [PMID: 17883871 PMCID: PMC2071919 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug resistance is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. Acquisition of chemo-resistance not only reduces the effectiveness of drugs, but also promotes side effects and markedly reduces the patient's quality of life. However, a number of resistance mechanisms have been reported and are thought to be the reason for the difficulties in solving drug-resistance problems. Result To investigate the mechanisms of drug resistance, a set of cell lines with different levels of sensitivity and possessing different mechanisms of resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was established from a colorectal cancer cell line. The expression of thymidylate synthase, orotic acid phosphoribosyltransferase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which are well known to be related to drug resistance, differed among these cell lines, indicating that these cell lines acquired different resistance mechanisms. However, swainsonine, an inhibitor of N-glycan biosynthesis, reduced 5-FU-tolerance in all resistant cells, whereas the sensitivity of the parental cells was unchanged. Further analysis of the N-glycan profiles of all cell lines showed partial inhibition of biosynthesis and no cytotoxicity at the swainsonine dosage tested. Conclusion These observations suggest that N-linked oligosaccharides affect 5-FU resistance more widely than do drug-resistance related enzymes in colorectal cancer cells, and that the N-glycan could be a universal target for chemotherapy. Further, swainsonine may enhance the performance of chemotherapy by reducing tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hamaguchi
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Masato Takahashi
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takeaki Kudo
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naoya Kamiyama
- Department of Sensory Physiology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Bailong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oshima
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuji Sato
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kisaburo Deguchi
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Satoru Todo
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, 001-0021, Japan
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Szöke D, Györffy A, Surowiak P, Tulassay Z, Dietel M, Györffy B. Identification of consensus genes and key regulatory elements in 5-fluorouracil resistance in gastric and colon cancer. Oncol Res Treat 2007; 30:421-6. [PMID: 17848813 DOI: 10.1159/000104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in the treatment of gastric and colorectal cancer. Recent microrarray studies associated different gene lists with 5-FU resistance. A major challenge in the genomic era is to find the most validated genes, and to decipher the regulatory networks responsible for the expression changes in a set of co-regulated transcripts. Our aim was to find genes repeatedly associated with 5-FU resistance, and to identify transcription factors (TFs) having overrepresented binding sites (TFBSs) in the promoter regions of genes associated with 5-FU resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analyzed data originated from 5 different publications describing genome-wide gene expression patterns associated with 5- FU resistance in gastric and colorectal cancer. First, a data warehouse containing all genes associated with resistance was set up. 39 genes were identified which were repeatedly associated with resistance. Of these, using the EZ-Retrieve web service, proximal promoter sequences were available for 33 genes. The MotifScanner software was used to detect TFBSs in this set of sequences. RESULTS A total of 200 different TFBSs were identified. Using the statistics tool of the Java program TOUCAN, 4 binding sites were found to be significantly overrepresented: NFKappaB50 (p = 0.01), EGR2 (p = 0.027), EGR3 (p = 0.007), and NGFIC (or EGR4) (p = 0.001). These genes intercept apoptotic pathways at multiple locations in the tumor cells. CONCLUSION We identified a consensus gene list associated with 5-FU resistance, performed an in silico comparative promoter analysis, and highlighted the potential implication of some TFs in the development of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Szöke
- Semmelweis University Budapest, 1st Dept. of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
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Dhananjeyan MR, Liu J, Bykowski C, Trendel JA, Sarver JG, Ando H, Erhardt PW. Rapid and simultaneous determination of capecitabine and its metabolites in mouse plasma, mouse serum, and in rabbit bile by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1138:101-8. [PMID: 17070825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for simultaneous determination of capecitabine and its metabolites: 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'-DFCR), 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). 5'-DFCR was synthesized by hydrolyzing capecitabine using commercially available carboxyl esterase (CES) and characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Base-line separations between capecitabine, 5'-DFCR, 5'-DFUR and 5-FU were found with symmetrical peak shapes on a Discovery RP-amide C16 column using 10 mM ammonium acetate at pH 4.0 and methanol as the mobile phase. The retention times of capecitabine, 5'-DFCR, 5'-DFUR and 5-FU were 8.9, 5.0, 5.3 and 3.0 min, respectively. Linear calibration curves were obtained for each compound across a range from 1 to 500 microg ml(-1). The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (%RSD) were <5%. A single-step protein precipitation method was employed for separation of the analytes from bio-matrices. Greater than 85% recoveries were obtained for capecitabine, 5'-DFCR, 5'-DFUR and 5-FU from bio-fluids including mouse plasma, mouse serum and rabbit bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugunthu R Dhananjeyan
- Center for Drug Design and Development, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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