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Baldauf C, Sondhi M, Shin BC, Ko YE, Ye X, Lee KW, Devaskar SU. Murine maternal dietary restriction affects neural Humanin expression and cellular profile. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:902-920. [PMID: 31840315 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To understand the cellular basis for the neurodevelopmental effects of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), we examined the global and regional expression of various cell types within murine (Mus musculus) fetal brain. Our model employed maternal calorie restriction to 50% daily food intake from gestation day 10-19, producing IUGR offspring. Offspring had smaller head sizes with larger head:body ratios indicating a head sparing IUGR effect. IUGR fetuses at embryonic day 19 (E19) had reduced nestin (progenitors), β-III tubulin (immature neurons), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocytes), and O4 (oligodendrocytes) cell lineages via immunofluorescence quantification and a 30% reduction in cortical thickness. No difference was found in Bcl-2 or Bax (apoptosis) between controls and IUGR, though qualitatively, immunoreactivity of doublecortin (migration) and Ki67 (proliferation) was decreased. In the interest of examining a potential therapeutic peptide, we next investigated a novel pro-survival peptide, mouse Humanin (mHN). Ontogeny examination revealed highest mHN expression at E19, diminishing by postnatal day 15 (P15), and nearly absent in adult (3 months). Subanalysis by sex at E19 yielded higher mHN expression among males during fetal life, without significant difference between sexes postnatally. Furthermore, female IUGR mice at E19 had a greater increase in cortical mHN versus the male fetus over their respective controls. We conclude that maternal dietary restriction-associated IUGR interferes with neural progenitors differentiating into the various cellular components populating the cerebral cortex, and reduces cerebral cortical size. mHN expression is developmental stage and sex specific, with IUGR, particularly in the females, adaptively increasing its expression toward mediating a pro-survival approach against nutritional adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Baldauf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monica Sondhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bo-Chul Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Young Eun Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kuk-Wha Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Neonatal Research Center of the UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sherin U Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Carlin SM, Khoo MLM, Ma DD, Moore JJ. Notch signalling inhibits CD4 expression during initiation and differentiation of human T cell lineage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45342. [PMID: 23071513 PMCID: PMC3470571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Delta/Notch signal transduction pathway is central to T cell differentiation from haemopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Although T cell development is well characterized using expression of cell surface markers, the detailed mechanisms driving differentiation have not been established. This issue becomes central with observations that adult HSCs exhibit poor differentiation towards the T cell lineage relative to neonatal or embryonic precursors. This study investigates the contribution of Notch signalling and stromal support cells to differentiation of adult and Cord Blood (CB) human HSCs, using the Notch signalling OP9Delta co-culture system. Co-cultured cells were assayed at weekly intervals during development for phenotype markers using flow cytometry. Cells were also assayed for mRNA expression at critical developmental stages. Expression of the central thymocyte marker CD4 was initiated independently of Notch signalling, while cells grown with Notch signalling had reduced expression of CD4 mRNA and protein. Interruption of Notch signalling in partially differentiated cells increased CD4 mRNA and protein expression, and promoted differentiation to CD4+ CD8+ T cells. We identified a set of genes related to T cell development that were initiated by Notch signalling, and also a set of genes subsequently altered by Notch signal interruption. These results demonstrate that while Notch signalling is essential for establishment of the T cell lineage, at later stages of differentiation, its removal late in differentiation promotes more efficient DP cell generation. Notch signalling adds to signals provided by stromal cells to allow HSCs to differentiate to T cells via initiation of transcription factors such as HES1, GATA3 and TCF7. We also identify gene expression profile differences that may account for low generation of T cells from adult HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carlin
- Blood Stem Cells and Cancer Research, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa L. M. Khoo
- Blood Stem Cells and Cancer Research, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David D. Ma
- Blood Stem Cells and Cancer Research, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Haematology Department, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John J. Moore
- Haematology Department, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in aged populations, is believed to be caused by both environmental factors and genetic variations. Extensive linkage and association studies have established that a broad range of loci are associated with AD, including both causative and susceptibility (risk factor) genes. So far, at least three genes, APP, PS1, and PS2, have been identified as causative genes. Mutations in these genes have been found to cause mainly early-onset AD. On the other hand, APOE has been identified to be the most common high genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. Polymorphisms in the coding region, intron, and promoter region of certain genes constitute another kind of genetic variation associated with AD. A number of other genes or loci have been reported to have linkage with AD, but many show only a weak linkage or the results are not well reproduced. Currently, the measurable genetic associations account for about 50% of the population risk for AD. It is believed that more new loci will be found to associate with AD, either as causative genes or genetic risk factors, and that eventually the understanding of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of AD will be important for our efforts to cure this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, III, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Neill D. Should Alzheimer's disease be equated with human brain ageing? A maladaptive interaction between brain evolution and senescence. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:104-22. [PMID: 21763787 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review Alzheimer's disease is seen as a maladaptive interaction between human brain evolution and senescence. It is predicted to occur in everyone although does not necessarily lead to dementia. The pathological process is initiated in relation to a senescence mediated functional down-regulation in the posteromedial cortex (Initiation Phase). This leads to a loss of glutamatergic excitatory input to layer II entorhinal cortex neurons. A human specific maladaptive neuroplastic response is initiated in these neurons leading to neuronal dysfunction, NFT formation and death. This leads to further loss of glutamatergic excitatory input and propagation of the maladaptive response along excitatory pathways linking evolutionary progressed vulnerable neurons (Propagation Phase). Eventually neurons are affected in many brain areas resulting in dementia. Possible therapeutic approaches include enhancing glutamatergic transmission. The theory may have implications with regards to how Alzheimer's disease is classified.
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Transient activation of Notch signaling in the injured adult brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2010; 39:15-9. [PMID: 19800401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury induces various kinds of cellular responses that lead to tissue regeneration and repair. Recent studies have demonstrated that resident progenitors proliferate and then differentiate into mature neuronal cells. We show here that proliferating cells in the cryo-injured cerebral cortex transiently expressed Notch1 immunoreactivity in their cytoplasm. Since activated Notch signaling regulates cellular fate in the developing nervous system, similar regulation may exist in the injured adult brain. To monitor the Notch signaling pathway, we examined whether components of the signaling pathway were co-expressed in Notch1-positive cells. Presenilin-1, a membrane-spanning protease that is required for the release of the Notch intracellular domain, was detected in the Notch1-positive cells and Hes1, a target of the Notch intracellular domain, also co-localized with Notch1 three days after cryo-injury. These results suggest that transient activity of the Notch signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of progenitors in the injured brain.
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Uchihara T, Sanjo N, Nakamura A, Han K, Song SY, St George-Hyslop P, Fraser PE. Transient abundance of presenilin 1 fragments/nicastrin complex associated with synaptogenesis during development in rat cerebellum. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:88-97. [PMID: 16298244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunolocalization and expression of endogenous nicastrin (NCT) and presenilin 1 (PS1) fragments during postnatal development of rat cerebellum were investigated with fragment-specific antibodies. Immunoblotting for NCT revealed the expected mature and immature species, which gradually declined during development. In contrast, the expression of PS1 N-terminal fragment exhibited a peak at postnatal day 14 (P14) and declined thereafter. This chronological change was similarly observed with PS1 C-terminal fragment. Immunoprecipitation of NCT indicated its physical association with PS1 fragments. Colocalization of these molecules to the endoplasmic reticulum in cerebellar Purkinje cells indicates that they are organized into a complex in developing neurons. In addition, active sites of synaptogenesis, the base of the external granular layer and glomeruli, contained PS1 fragments and smaller amount of NCT. Isolated synaptic fraction contained both PS1 and NCT, suggesting their functional association within synapses. Transient abundance of NCT and PS1 fragments as a complex, when (P14) and where synaptogenesis is active, is consistent with intracellular trafficking of this complex in developing neurons and suggests its role as gamma-secretase in synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Uchihara
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashi-dai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8526 Japan.
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Wen PH, De Gasperi R, Sosa MAG, Rocher AB, Friedrich VL, Hof PR, Elder GA. Selective expression of presenilin 1 in neural progenitor cells rescues the cerebral hemorrhages and cortical lamination defects in presenilin 1-null mutant mice. Development 2005; 132:3873-83. [PMID: 16079160 PMCID: PMC1698506 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mice with a null mutation of the presenilin 1 gene (Psen1(-/-)) die during late intrauterine life or shortly after birth and exhibit multiple CNS and non-CNS abnormalities, including cerebral hemorrhages and altered cortical development. The cellular and molecular basis for the developmental effects of Psen1 remain incompletely understood. Psen1 is expressed in neural progenitors in developing brain, as well as in postmitotic neurons. We crossed transgenic mice with either neuron-specific or neural progenitor-specific expression of Psen1 onto the Psen1(-/-) background. We show that neither neuron-specific nor neural progenitor-specific expression of Psen1 can rescue the embryonic lethality of the Psen1(-/-) embryo. Indeed neuron-specific expression rescued none of the abnormalities in Psen1(-/-) mice. However, Psen1 expression in neural progenitors rescued the cortical lamination defects, as well as the cerebral hemorrhages, and restored a normal vascular pattern in Psen1(-/-) embryos. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that Psen1 expression in neural progenitor cells is crucial for cortical development and reveal a novel role for neuroectodermal expression of Psen1 in development of the brain vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Kostyszyn B, Cowburn RF, Seiger A, Kjaeldgaard A, Sundström E. Distribution of presenilin 1 and 2 and their relation to Notch receptors and ligands in human embryonic/foetal central nervous system. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 151:75-86. [PMID: 15246694 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling in vertebrates is mediated by four Notch receptors (Notch-1, -2, -3, and -4) that are activated by interacting with at least five different Notch ligands, Jagged-1, Jagged-2, Delta-1, -2, and -3. Recent studies have shown that the gamma-secretase-like intramembranous cleavage of Notch receptors to release their cytoplasmic signaling domains requires the presenilin (PS) proteins 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2). Here, we used immunohistochemistry to compare the distribution of all four Notch receptor proteins and three ligands in the context of co-localization with PS1 and PS2 in first trimester human central nervous system (CNS). In addition, we investigated Notch receptors and ligands expression by Western blotting. The study was performed on the forebrain and spinal cord of human embryonic/foetal CNS (5-11 gestational weeks). Results showed a divergent distribution of the different Notch receptor proteins with only Notch-1 being co-localized with PS1 and PS2. Notch-2 was only seen occasionally within the developing cortex and spinal cord. Notch-3 expression was restricted to neuroepithelial cells of the spinal cord and endothelial cells in blood vessels of both developing cerebral cortex and spinal cord. The weak, punctate staining of Notch-4 in the neuroepithelium of the spinal cord could not be confirmed with Western blotting. Neither Notch-2, nor -3 showed overlap with either PS1 or PS2 immunoreactivity. The ligand Jagged-1 was found sporadically in the neuroepithelial cell layer in cerebral cortex of the earlier stages of development and of the spinal cord during the first trimester while Jagged-2 was not detected. Jagged-1 and Jagged-2 immunoreactivities were not found in the 9-11-week cortex. No co-distribution of Jagged-1 and PS1 or PS2 was found. Delta-1 ligand expression was detected in neuroepithelial cells of the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex, and also in maturating neurons in the cortical plate and ventral horns of the developing spinal cord. The presence of Notch-1, Delta-1 and Jagged-1 in the neuroepithelium of developing CNS indicates that Notch signaling in proliferating human progenitor cells only involves these two receptor ligands and that cleavage of Notch-1 is mediated both by PS1 and PS2. The strong immunoreactivity of Notch-1, Delta-1 and PS1 in the cortical plate and in maturating neurons of the spinal cord also suggests that these proteins may regulate the maturation processes of post-mitotic neurons. The pronounced PS1 immunoreactivity in neurites in the hindbrain and spinal cord without detectable expression of any Notch receptor or ligand suggests that a possible role for PS1 in neurite growth involves either gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of other substrates or gamma-secretase-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kostyszyn
- Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Neurotec Department, Division of Experimental Geriatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Novum, Huddinge S-141 86, Sweden
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Flood F, Sundström E, Samuelsson EB, Wiehager B, Seiger A, Johnston JA, Cowburn RF. Presenilin expression during induced differentiation of the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Neurochem Int 2004; 44:487-96. [PMID: 15209417 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells stably transfected with both wild-type and exon-9 deleted (deltaE9) presenilin constructs were used to study the role of the presenilin proteins during differentiation. Cells transfected with either wild-type or deltaE9 PS1, of which the latter abolishes normal endoproteolytic cleavage of the protein, showed no obvious differences in their ability to differentiate to a neuronal-like phenotype upon treatment with retinoic acid (RA). A defined pattern of PS1 expression was observed during differentiation with both RA and the phorbol ester TPA. Full-length PS1 was shown to increase dramatically within 5-24 h of RA treatment. TPA gave an earlier and longer lasting increase in full-length PS1 levels. The intracellular distribution pattern of PS1 was markedly altered following RA treatment. Within 24h PS1 was highly up-regulated throughout the cell body around the nucleus. Between 2 and 4 weeks PS1 staining appeared punctate and also localised to the nucleus. Increases in PS1 expression upon treatment with RA and TPA were blocked by treatment with cycloheximide, indicating a role of de-novo protein synthesis in this effect. PS2 expression remained unchanged during differentiation. Levels of full-length PS1 were also seen to increase during neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation in the forebrain of first trimester human foetuses between 6.5 and 11 weeks. These combined observations support the idea that PS1 is involved in neuronal differentiation by a mechanism likely independent of endoproteolysis of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Flood
- Neurotec Department, Division of Experimental Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, KASPAC, Novum pl 5, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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