1
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Cairns BE, He N. β 2-adrenergic receptor activation decreases the mechanical sensitivity of rat masticatory muscle afferent fibres. J Oral Rehabil 2024. [PMID: 38894554 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of β2 adrenergic receptors reduces cutaneous mechanical pain thresholds in rats. While β2 adrenergic receptor activation may contribute to mechanisms that underlie temporomandibular joint pain, its effect on masticatory muscle pain sensitivity is uncertain. OBJECTIVES The current study sought to determine the extent to which β adrenergic receptors are expressed by masticatory muscle afferent fibres, and to assess the effect of local activation of these receptors on the mechanical sensitivity of masticatory muscle afferent fibres in rats. METHODS Trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the rat (n = 12) masseter muscle and lower lip were identified by tissue injection of fluorescent dyes and were then stained with antibodies against β1 or β2 adrenergic receptors. Extracellular recordings from 60 trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the masticatory muscle were undertaken in a second group of anaesthetised rats of both sexes (n = 37) to assess afferent mechanical activation thresholds. Thresholds were assessed before and after injection of the β adrenergic receptor agonists into masticatory muscle. RESULTS β1 and β2 adrenergic receptor expression was greater in labial skin than in masticatory muscle ganglion neurons (p < .05, one-way ANOVA, Holm-Sidak test). There was a higher expression of β2 adrenergic receptors in masticatory muscle ganglion neurons in males than in females. The mixed β agonist isoproterenol increased afferent mechanical activation threshold in male but not female rats (p < .05, Mann-Whitney test). In male rats, salbutamol, a β2 selective agonist, also increased afferent mechanical activation threshold but hydralazine, a vasodilator, did not (p < .05, Mann-Whitney test). CONCLUSION Activation of β2 adrenergic receptors decreases the mechanical sensitivity of masticatory muscle afferent fibres in a sex-related manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathan He
- Department of Anesthesia, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Sadighparvar S, Al-Hamed FS, Sharif-Naeini R, Meloto CB. Preclinical orofacial pain assays and measures and chronic primary orofacial pain research: where we are and where we need to go. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1150749. [PMID: 37293433 PMCID: PMC10244561 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1150749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic primary orofacial pain (OFP) conditions such as painful temporomandibular disorders (pTMDs; i.e., myofascial pain and arthralgia), idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN), and burning mouth syndrome (BMS) are seemingly idiopathic, but evidence support complex and multifactorial etiology and pathophysiology. Important fragments of this complex array of factors have been identified over the years largely with the help of preclinical studies. However, findings have yet to translate into better pain care for chronic OFP patients. The need to develop preclinical assays that better simulate the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical symptoms of OFP patients and to assess OFP measures consistent with their clinical symptoms is a challenge that needs to be overcome to support this translation process. In this review, we describe rodent assays and OFP pain measures that can be used in support of chronic primary OFP research, in specific pTMDs, TN, and BMS. We discuss their suitability and limitations considering the current knowledge of the etiology and pathophysiology of these conditions and suggest possible future directions. Our goal is to foster the development of innovative animal models with greater translatability and potential to lead to better care for patients living with chronic primary OFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Sadighparvar
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Reza Sharif-Naeini
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolina Beraldo Meloto
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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3
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Kim HY, Lee JD, Lee YH, Seo SW, Lee HS, Kim S, Kim KB. Urinary Metabolomics in Young Soccer Players after Winter Training Season. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121283. [PMID: 36557321 PMCID: PMC9784126 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the off-season, soccer players in Korea attend the winter training season (WTS) to build running stamina for the next season. For young soccer players, proper recovery time is needed to prevent injury or muscle damage. In this study, urinary metabolites in young players after 1, 5, and 10 days of the WTS were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) combined with multivariate analysis to suggest appropriate recovery times for improving their soccer skills. After NMR analysis of the urine samples obtained from young players, 79 metabolites were identified, and each group (1, 5, or 10 days after WTS) was separated from the before the WTS group in the target profiling analysis using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Of these, 15 metabolites, including 1-methylnicotinamide, 3-indoxylsulfate, galactarate, glutamate, glycerol, histamine, methylmalonate, maltose, N-phenylacetylglycine, trimethylamine, urea, 2-hydroxybutyrate, adenine, alanine, and lactate, were significantly different than those from before the WTS and were mainly involved in the urea, purine nucleotide, and glucose-alanine cycles. In this study, most selected metabolites increased 1 day after the WTS and then returned to normal levels. However, 4 metabolites, adenine, 2-hydroxybutyrate, alanine, and lactate, increased during the 5 days of recovery time following the WTS. Based on excess ammonia, adenine, and lactate levels in the urine, at least 5 days of recovery time can be considered appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Dae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hwan Lee
- Department of Exercise and Medical Science, Graduate School, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Seo
- Department of Sports Science, Gwangju University, Gwangju 61743, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Lee
- Department of Exercise and Medical Science, Graduate School, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.L.); (K.-B.K.)
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan Daehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.L.); (K.-B.K.)
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4
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Liu J, Jia S, Huang F, He H, Fan W. Peripheral role of glutamate in orofacial pain. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:929136. [PMID: 36440288 PMCID: PMC9682037 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.929136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. In the periphery, glutamate acts as a transmitter and involves in the signaling and processing of sensory input. Glutamate acts at several types of receptors and also interacts with other transmitters/mediators under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions including chronic pain. The increasing amount of evidence suggests that glutamate may play a role through multiple mechanisms in orofacial pain processing. In this study, we reviewed the current understanding of how peripheral glutamate mediates orofacial pain, how glutamate is regulated in the periphery, and how these findings are translated into therapies for pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilin Jia
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Alhilou AM, Shimada A, Svensson CI, Svensson P, Ernberg M, Cairns BE, Christidis N. Nerve growth factor and glutamate increase the density and expression of substance P-containing nerve fibers in healthy human masseter muscles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15673. [PMID: 34341446 PMCID: PMC8328992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocifensive behavior induced by injection of glutamate or nerve growth factor (NGF) into rats masseter muscle is mediated, in part, through the activation of peripheral NMDA receptors. However, information is lacking about the mechanism that contributes to pain and sensitization induced by these substances in humans. Immunohistochemical analysis of microbiopsies obtained from human masseter muscle was used to investigate if injection of glutamate into the NGF-sensitized masseter muscle alters the density or expression of the NMDA receptor subtype 2B (NR2B) or NGF by putative sensory afferent (that express SP) fibers. The relationship between expression and pain characteristics was also examined. NGF and glutamate administration increased the density and expression of NR2B and NGF by muscle putative sensory afferent fibers (P < 0.050). This increase in expression was greater in women than in men (P < 0.050). Expression of NR2B receptors by putative sensory afferent fibers was positively correlated with pain characteristics. Results suggest that increased expression of peripheral NMDA receptors partly contributes to the increased pain and sensitivity induced by intramuscular injection of NGF and glutamate in healthy humans; a model of myofascial temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain. Whether a similar increase in peripheral NMDA expression occurs in patients with painful TMDs warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman M Alhilou
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia.
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Akiko Shimada
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Svensson
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, and Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Malin Ernberg
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nikolaos Christidis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden
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6
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Cao Y. Occlusal disharmony and chronic oro-facial pain: from clinical observation to animal study. J Oral Rehabil 2021; 49:116-124. [PMID: 34333797 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occlusion can be viewed as the most sensitive susceptor of the central nervous system in the oro-facial region. Its inalienable relationships to the temporomandibular joint, the muscles, the stomatognathic system and even the central nervous system are self-evident. Almost all the dental treatments inevitably change the occlusion, potentially or actually, locally or extensively, and immediately or gradually. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to present a narrative literature on occlusal disharmony and chronic oro-facial pain. METHODS Literature reviews focusing on clinical studies about the relationship between occlusal disharmony and myofascial oro-facial pain, and related preclinical studies about the animal models of, as well as the peripheral and central mechanisms underlying this condition related to, occlusal disharmony were used as starting point and guidelines to describe the topics mentioned. A search of the PubMed database was performed mainly with the following search terms: "occlusion," "occlusal interference," "occlusal disharmony," "occlusal change," "oro-facial pain" and "myofascial pain." RESULTS Relevant literature from the past 70 years until the present day was meticulously studied. The literature review together with three related characteristic clinical cases revealed an intimate association between occlusal disharmony and chronic oro-facial pain, involving pathological changes, extending from the peripheral tissues to the central nervous system. The patients suffered from psychological distress, sleep disturbance and poor life quality. CONCLUSION Occlusal disharmony-related oro-facial pain is a clinical problem that deserves attention, although there are no universally accepted clinical protocols. The existing literature provides some constructive suggestions, but further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Center for Oral and Jaw Functional Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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7
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Attenuation of Sensory Transmission Through the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion by GABA Receptor Activation. Neuroscience 2021; 471:80-92. [PMID: 34311018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While the trigeminal ganglion is often considered a passive conduit of sensory transmission, neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) within it can release neurotransmitters and express neuroreceptors. Some trigeminal ganglion neurons contain the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and express GABA receptors. There is behavioral evidence that increased GABA levels in the trigeminal ganglion decreases nociception, while a loss of GABA receptors results in hyperalgesia, although the neural mechanisms for this remain to be investigated. In this study, the expression of GABA receptors by trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate rat labial skin and masseter muscle was compared using immunohistochemistry. The effect of intraganglionic administration of GABA receptor agonists was investigated by single unit recording of trigeminal brainstem and ganglion neuron responses to stimulation of the labial skin and/or masseter muscle in anesthetized rats. The mean frequency of expression of GABAA and GABAB receptors by masseter and labial skin ganglion neurons was 62.5% and 92.7%, and 55.4% and 20.3%, respectively. The expression of both GABA receptors was significantly greater in skin ganglion neurons. Masticatory muscle evoked brainstem trigeminal neuron responses were significantly attenuated by intraganglionic injection of muscimol (GABAA) but not baclofen (GABAB). The mechanical sensitivity of slow and fast conducting masticatory muscle afferent fibers was decreased and increased, respectively, by intraganglionic injection of both muscimol and baclofen. Activation of GABAA receptors may exert a gating effect on sensory transmission through the trigeminal ganglion by decreasing putative nociceptive input and enhancing innocuous sensory input.
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8
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Alhilou AM, Shimada A, Svensson CI, Svensson P, Ernberg M, Cairns BE, Christidis N. Sex-related differences in response to masseteric injections of glutamate and nerve growth factor in healthy human participants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13873. [PMID: 34230516 PMCID: PMC8260580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurophysiological mechanisms underlying NGF-induced masseter muscle sensitization and sex-related differences in its effect are not well understood in humans. Therefore, this longitudinal cohort study aimed to investigate the effect of NGF injection on the density and expression of substance P, NMDA-receptors and NGF by the nerve fibers in the human masseter muscle, to correlate expression with pain characteristics, and to determine any possible sex-related differences in these effects of NGF. The magnitude of NGF-induced mechanical sensitization and pain during oral function was significantly greater in women than in men (P < 0.050). Significant positive correlations were found between nerve fiber expression of NMDA-receptors and peak pain intensity (rs = 0.620, P = 0.048), and expression of NMDA-receptors by putative nociceptors and change in temporal summation pain after glutamate injection (rs = 0.561, P = 0.003). In women, there was a significant inverse relationship between the degree of NGF-induced mechanical sensitization and the change in nerve fiber expression of NMDA-receptors alone (rs = - 0.659, P = 0.013), and in combination with NGF (rs = - 0.764, P = 0.001). In conclusion, women displayed a greater magnitude of NGF-induced mechanical sensitization that also was associated with nerve fibers expression of NMDA-receptors, when compared to men. The present findings suggest that, in women, increased peripheral NMDA-receptor expression could be associated with masseter muscle pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman M Alhilou
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia.
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Box 4064, SE14104, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Akiko Shimada
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, 573-1144, Japan
| | - Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Svensson
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), 5674+W3, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Malin Ernberg
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Box 4064, SE14104, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nikolaos Christidis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Box 4064, SE14104, Huddinge, Sweden
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9
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Drop homotopic effects of masseter-muscle pain on somatosensory sensitivity in healthy participants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10575. [PMID: 34012096 PMCID: PMC8136476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pain classifications use 1.0-kg palpation of the masseter muscle to distinguish between “pain patients” and “healthy controls” but a thorough understanding of the normal physiological responses to various somatosensory stimuli is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate somatosensory function of the skin over the masseter muscle in healthy participants that were divided into a masseter pain prone group (MPP) (n = 22) and non-MPP group (n = 22), according to the response to a 1.0-kg palpation. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) was performed at the skin above the right masseter muscle (homotopic). In an additional experiment, 13 individuals each from MPP and non-MPP received application of 60% topical lidocaine tape to the skin over the masseter muscle for 30 min. Immediately after, mechanical pain sensitivity (MPS), dynamic mechanical allodynia, and pressure pain threshold were tested. Homotopic MPS was significantly higher and PPTs significantly lower in MPP than in N-MPP (P < 0.05). Strikingly, no other differences in QST outcomes were observed between the groups (P > 0.05). After lidocaine application, no significant differences in homotopic MPS were observed between groups. The presence or absence of acute provoked pain in masseter muscle is exclusively associated with differences in homotopic MPS which is decreased following topical anesthesia.
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10
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Zhu YF, Linher-Melville K, Wu J, Fazzari J, Miladinovic T, Ungard R, Zhu KL, Singh G. Bone cancer-induced pain is associated with glutamate signalling in peripheral sensory neurons. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920911536. [PMID: 32133928 PMCID: PMC7059229 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920911536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified that several cancer cell lines known to induce
nociception in mouse models release glutamate in vitro. Although the mechanisms
of glutamatergic signalling have been characterized primarily in the central
nervous system, its importance in the peripheral nervous system has been
recognized in various pathologies, including cancer pain. We therefore
investigated the effect of glutamate on intracellular electrophysiological
characteristics of peripheral sensory neurons in an immunocompetent rat model of
cancer-induced pain based on surgical implantation of mammary rat metastasis
tumour-1 cells into the distal epiphysis of the right femur. Behavioural
evidence of nociception was detected using von Frey tactile assessment. Activity
of sensory neurons was measured by intracellular electrophysiological recordings
in vivo. Glutamate receptor expression at the mRNA level in relevant dorsal root
ganglia was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using
rat-specific primers. Nociceptive and non-nociceptive mechanoreceptor neurons
exhibiting changes in neural firing patterns associated with increased
nociception due to the presence of a bone tumour rapidly responded to
sulphasalazine injection, an agent that pharmacologically blocks non-vesicular
glutamate release by inhibiting the activity of the system
xC− antiporter. In addition, both types of
mechanoreceptor neurons demonstrated excitation in response to intramuscular
glutamate injection near the femoral head, which corresponds to the location of
cancer cell injection to induce the bone cancer-induced pain model. Therefore,
glutamatergic signalling contributes to cancer pain and may be a factor in
peripheral sensitization and induced tactile hypersensitivity associated with
bone cancer-induced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fang Zhu
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Katja Linher-Melville
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhan Wu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Fazzari
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tanya Miladinovic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Ungard
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kan Lun Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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11
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Chung MK, Ro JY. Peripheral glutamate receptor and transient receptor potential channel mechanisms of craniofacial muscle pain. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920914204. [PMID: 32189565 PMCID: PMC7153498 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920914204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint disorder is a common chronic craniofacial pain condition,
often involving persistent, widespread craniofacial muscle pain. Although the
etiology of chronic muscle pain is not well known, sufficient clinical and
preclinical information supports a contribution of trigeminal nociceptors to
craniofacial muscle pain processing under various experimental and pathological
conditions. Here, we review cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying
sensitization of muscle nociceptive afferents. In particular, we summarize
findings on pronociceptive roles of peripheral glutamate in humans, and we
discuss mechanistic contributions of glutamate receptors, including
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors, which have
considerably increased our understanding of peripheral mechanisms of
craniofacial muscle pain. Several members of the transient receptor potential
(TRP) family, such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and
transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, also play essential roles in the
development of spontaneous pain and mechanical hypersensitivity in craniofacial
muscles. Furthermore, glutamate receptors and TRP channels functionally and
bi-directionally interact to modulate trigeminal nociceptors. Activation of
glutamate receptors invokes protein kinase C, which leads to the phosphorylation
of TRPV1. Sensitization of TRPV1 by inflammatory mediators and glutamate
receptors in combination with endogenous ligands contributes to masseter
hyperalgesia. The distinct intracellular signaling pathways through which both
receptor systems engage and specific molecular regions of TRPV1 are offered as
novel targets for the development of mechanism-based treatment strategies for
myogenous craniofacial pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jin Y Ro
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Ramadhani A, Sofro ZM, Partadiredja G. The effect of oral administration of monosodium glutamate on orofacial pain response and the estimated number of trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons of male Wistar rats. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20214105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a worldwide flavor enhancer. The excessive glutamate concentration in nerve tissue induces the death of nerve cells, known as excitotoxicity. In the orofacial region, the nerve cells’ death affects pain perception such as mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia. The aim of the present study was to examine the pain response modification and the estimated total number of trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons after sub chronic oral administration of MSG. Twenty eight male Wistar rats, aged 6-8 weeks (100-150 grams) were divided into 4 groups: Control (2 mL NaCl 0.9%); 1 mg/gWB MSG; 2 mg/gWB MSG; 4 mg/gWB MSG groups. Daily oral administration of MSG was given for 30 days. The control group received NaCl per oral for the same period. The pin prick and air puff test were performed on days 1-2, days 41-42 and days 55-56. The number of trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons were estimated by the unbiased stereology method, using the approach of numerical density and organ volume reference. The results showed that the sub chronic oral administration of MSG does not modify either the orofacial pain response or the estimated total number of trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons. .
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Alhilou AM, Shimada A, Svensson CI, Ernberg M, Cairns BE, Christidis N. Density of nerve fibres and expression of substance P, NR2B-receptors and nerve growth factor in healthy human masseter muscle: An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Rehabil 2020; 48:35-44. [PMID: 33031568 PMCID: PMC7821289 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background In skeletal muscle, free nerve endings are mostly located within the connective tissue. However, the distribution of sensory afferent fibres in healthy human masseter muscle tissues has not been studied. Objectives Primarily to investigate human masseter muscle nerve fibre densities as well as expression of NR2B receptors, substance P (SP) and nerve growth factor (NGF), and secondarily to compare this between a) nerve fibres associated with myocytes and within connective tissue; b) sexes; and c) ages. Methods Microbiopsies of the masseter muscle were obtained from 60 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy participants. Biopsy sections were analysed using immunohistochemistry and were visualised with a Leica TCS SPE confocal microscope. The Mann‐Whitney U test was used for statistical analyses. Results The density of nerve fibres within connective tissue was significantly greater than in nerve fibres associated with myocytes (P < .001). Nerve fibres within connective tissue expressed SP alone or together with NR2B significantly more often than those associated with myocytes (P < .001). The frequency of nerve fibres, which expressed SP alone or in combination with NR2B or NGF, was significantly greater in women than in men (P < .050). Moreover, the co‐expression of the three markers together was inversely correlated with age in women (P < .002). Conclusions There is a higher density and greater expression of sensory nerve fibres within the connective tissue than associated with myocytes in healthy human masseter muscle. This suggests that nerve fibres within connective tissue are more involved in nociception than nerve fibres associated with myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman M Alhilou
- Devision of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akiko Shimada
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Ernberg
- Devision of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nikolaos Christidis
- Devision of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
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14
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α 1 adrenergic receptor activation has a dynamic effect on masticatory muscle afferent fibers. Neuropharmacology 2020; 175:108197. [PMID: 32544482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) patients report amplification of pain in the masticatory muscles after psychological trauma or stressful conditions. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are yet to be elucidated. This study combined immunohistochemistry with single cell in vivo electrophysiology recordings of masticatory muscle afferent fibers to investigate the role of α1-adrenergic receptors in muscle nociception. It was found that a subset of trigeminal afferent fibers which innervate the masseter and temporal muscles expressed α1a, α1b and α1d receptors, including a smaller number of putative nociceptors which co-expressed TrpV1 receptors. Local injection of the selective α1 adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine into masticatory muscle decreased and increased the mechanical activation threshold of slow and fast conducting afferent fibers, respectively. This effect was reversed by co-administration of the α1 selective antagonist terazosin. To rule out the possibility that local ischemia was responsible for the observed effect of phenylephrine on masticatory muscle afferent fibers, additional experiments were conducted where blood flow to the masticatory muscle was reduced by common carotid artery occlusion. This investigation found that muscle blood flow occlusion increased the mechanical activation threshold of the majority of masticatory muscle afferent fibers unrelated to conduction velocity. These findings suggest that under conditions of increased sympathetic tone, such as those related to stress, noradrenaline may sensitize masticatory muscle nociceptors to increase pain and desensitize muscle proprioceptors to alter muscle tone, through activation of α1 receptors.
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Ernberg M, Wieslander Fältmars A, Hajizadeh Kopayeh M, Arzt Wallén S, Cankalp T, Christidis N. The Effect of Granisetron on Sensory Detection and Pain Thresholds in Facial Skin of Healthy Young Males. Front Neurol 2020; 11:237. [PMID: 32328025 PMCID: PMC7161671 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The specific serotonin type 3 (5-HT3)-receptor antagonist granisetron effectively reduces clinical as well as experimental muscle pain and hyperalgesia and with a duration that exceeds that of lidocaine. Hence, it may be an alternative to lidocaine as a local anesthetic. There are also some indications that granisetron in addition to 5-HT3 receptors blocks sodium channels. Thus, the local anesthetic effect by granisetron may resemble that of lidocaine, but this has not been tested. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the effect granisetron has on facial skin sensitivity to the effect of lidocaine and isotonic saline. Methods: This was a randomized, controlled, and double-blind study, in which 1 ml of either granisetron (test-substance), lidocaine (positive control), or isotonic saline (negative control) was injected into the skin over the masseter muscle at three different occasions in 18 healthy males (27.2 ± 5.8 years old). Skin detection thresholds and pain thresholds for thermal stimuli as well as mechanical detection thresholds and sensitivity to a painful mechanical (pinprick) stimulus were assessed before (baseline) and 5, 20, 40, and 60 min after injection. The quality and area of subjective sensory change over the cheek were assessed 20 min after injection. Results: All substances increased the mechanical detection threshold (granisetron: p = 0.011; lidocaine: p = 0.016; saline: p = 0.031). Both granisetron and lidocaine, but not isotonic saline, increased the heat detection thresholds (p < 0.001 and p < 0.02, respectively), but not the cold detection thresholds. Granisetron and lidocaine also reduced pinprick pain (p = 0.001 for each comparison). There were no significant differences between granisetron and lidocaine for any of these variables. There was no effect on thermal pain thresholds for any substance. Conclusion: The similar analgesic patterns on mechanical sensory and pain thresholds as well as thermal sensory thresholds over the facial skin by subcutaneous injection of granisetron and lidocaine shown in this study and the absence of paresthesia, in combination with the reduced pain intensity and pressure pain sensitivity shown in previous studies, indicate that granisetron might be a novel candidate as a local anesthetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Ernberg
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neuroscience (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Wieslander Fältmars
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neuroscience (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Milad Hajizadeh Kopayeh
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neuroscience (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sofia Arzt Wallén
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neuroscience (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Therese Cankalp
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neuroscience (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Christidis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neuroscience (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
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16
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Linher-Melville K, Sharma M, Nakhla P, Kum E, Ungard R, Park J, Rosa D, Gunning P, Singh G. Inhibiting STAT3 in a murine model of human breast cancer-induced bone pain delays the onset of nociception. Mol Pain 2019; 15:1744806918823477. [PMID: 30799695 PMCID: PMC6329039 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918823477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive breast cancer subtypes utilize system xc-, a membrane antiporter, to import cystine for glutathione synthesis and maintenance of redox homeostasis, in turn releasing glutamate as a metabolic pro-nociceptive by-product. Metastatic breast cancers establish themselves at distal sites including bone, where changes in extracellular glutamate levels contribute to cancer-induced bone pain. We previously established that stearically blocking system xc- activity with sulfasalazine delays the onset of nociceptive behaviours and that xCT, the functional antiporter subunit, is positively regulated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). In the current investigation, a murine xenograft cancer-induced bone pain model was applied to examine whether pharmacological inhibition of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) induces changes in nociception. A high glutamate-releasing, xCT/pSTAT3 over-expressing human breast cancer cell line was selected for injection into the distal epiphysis of the right femur of female nude mice. A 14-day regimen of intraperitoneal injections with either vehicle or the novel STAT3 inhibitor DR-1-55 commenced three weeks after initial intrafemoral bone injection. Nociceptive behaviours were temporally monitored by automated von Frey, dynamic weight bearing and open-field testing for the duration of the study, beginning at the baseline. Prior to sacrifice and at ethical end point, tumour-induced osteolytic lesions were radiographically assessed. Treatment with DR-1-55 significantly delayed the onset and severity of spontaneous and induced nociceptive behaviours, also decreasing human SLC7A11 ( xCT) mRNA levels in tumour-bearing limbs without altering osteolysis. In addition, two pro-inflammatory cytokines released by this cell line, interleukin 6 and interleukin 1β, were also down-regulated at the mRNA level in response to DR-1-55 treatment in vivo, with lower human interleukin 6 levels detected in the host circulation. This study demonstrates that targeting pSTAT3 may be a viable therapeutic means to manage cancer-induced bone pain, alone or in combination with stearic system xc- blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Linher-Melville
- 1 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manu Sharma
- 1 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Nakhla
- 1 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Kum
- 1 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Ungard
- 1 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ji Park
- 2 Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Rosa
- 2 Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Gunning
- 2 Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- 1 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Jie HF, Yang GJ, Bi RY, Mo SY, Gan YH, Xie QF. Genistein Antagonizes 17β-Estradiol Effects on Glutamate-Evoked Masseter Muscle Hypernociception in Rats. Front Neurol 2018; 9:649. [PMID: 30166977 PMCID: PMC6106884 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) predominantly affect women of reproductive ages, with pain as the main symptom. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on glutamate-evoked hypernociception of masseter muscle and to examine whether genistein could antagonize the effects of E2 in female rats. Injection of glutamate into the masseter muscle dose-dependently decreased head withdrawal thresholds, a parameter for mechanical hypernociception. Head withdrawal thresholds in ovariectomized rats also decreased with increasing doses of E2 replacement, and were further aggravated by injection of glutamate (1M, 40μL) into the masseters. Genistein at doses of 7.5 and 15 mg/kg antagonized E2-induced hypernociception of masseter muscle, and at doses of 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg also antagonized E2 potentiation of glutamate-evoked hypernociception of masseter muscle. Genistein produced optimal antagonistic effects of E2 on nociception behavior at a dose of 15 mg/kg. On the molecular level, tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (pNR2B) and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (pERK1/2) were significantly upregulated in the hippocampus following glutamate injection and were further potentiated by E2 replacement. Genistein at dose of 15 mg/kg partially reversed E2-potentiated glutamate-evoked upregulation of pNR2B and pERK1/2 expression in the hippocampus. These results indicated that moderate doses of genistein could antagonize E2 enhanced glutamate-evoked hypernociception of masseter muscle possibly via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fei Jie
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Center for Oral Functional Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Ju Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Center for Oral Functional Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Yun Bi
- Third Dental Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yi Mo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Center for Oral Functional Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Hua Gan
- Central Laboratory and Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Fei Xie
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Center for Oral Functional Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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18
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Gazerani P, Cairns BE. Activation of rat masticatory muscle afferent fibres by acidic pH. Somatosens Mot Res 2018; 35:86-94. [PMID: 29848210 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2018.1473246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous research findings have suggested an important role for acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) in muscle pain mechanisms. This study was conducted to determine if masticatory muscle afferent fibres express ASICs, if there are sex differences in this expression, and to compare the effects of low pH and hypertonic saline on afferent fibres that innervate the masticatory muscle in vivo. Immunohistochemistry methods were applied to examine the expression of ASICs in trigeminal ganglion neurons, while in vivo electrophysiology techniques were employed to examine changes in masticatory muscle afferent fibre excitability. Both ASIC1 and ASIC3 were expressed by predominantly larger masticatory muscle ganglion neurons, but the frequency of ASIC3 expression (56%) was significantly greater than ASIC1 (35%). No sex-related differences in expression were identified. Injection of pH 5.8, but not pH 6.8, phosphate buffered saline evoked afferent discharges that were significantly greater than those evoked by pH 7.4 buffer (control). Since ASIC3 channels are not activated until the pH is around 6, these results indicate that activation of both channels contributes to excitation of masticatory muscle afferent fibres. The results further show that many masticatory muscle afferent fibres, which respond to low pH, are low threshold mechanoreceptors. These findings may explain why injection of low pH solutions into the masticatory muscles of healthy humans is not associated with significant muscle pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Gazerani
- a Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University , Aalborg East , Denmark
| | - Brian Edwin Cairns
- a Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University , Aalborg East , Denmark.,b Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
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19
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Spinal high-velocity low-amplitude manipulation with exercise in women with chronic temporomandibular disorders. MANUELLE MEDIZIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00337-018-0406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Wong H, Hossain S, Cairns BE. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases masticatory muscle sensitization in female rats through peripheral cannabinoid receptor activation. Eur J Pain 2017; 21:1732-1742. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Wong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S Hossain
- InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Evaluation of lateral pterygoid muscles in painful temporomandibular joints by signal intensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. Oral Radiol 2017; 34:17-23. [PMID: 30484089 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-017-0272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pathological changes of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) have been investigated using various modalities, including magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and electromyography. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is an MR sequence that we hypothesized can be used to evaluate abnormalities of the LPM. The purpose of this study was to analyze the FLAIR signal intensity of the LPM in painful temporomandibular joints (TMJs) and investigate the pathological changes of the muscle. METHODS The study was based on 149 TMJs of 77 patients who were referred for MR imaging of the TMJ. Patients rated their degree of pain during chewing and mouth opening using a visual analog scale (VAS). Regions of interest were placed over the superior and inferior heads of the LPM and gray matter on FLAIR sagittal images. Using the signal intensity of gray matter as a reference, the signal intensity ratio (SIR) of the LPM was calculated. Spearman's rank-correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the SIR and the VAS score (p < 0.05). RESULTS A significant correlation was present between the SIR on FLAIR images and the VAS score. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the FLAIR signal intensity of the superior and inferior heads of the LPM significantly increases as TMJ pain becomes more severe. Thus, FLAIR could be useful in assessing the relationship between the MR signals of the LPM and clinical symptoms.
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22
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Schain AJ, Melo-Carrillo A, Strassman AM, Burstein R. Cortical Spreading Depression Closes Paravascular Space and Impairs Glymphatic Flow: Implications for Migraine Headache. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2904-2915. [PMID: 28193695 PMCID: PMC5354333 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3390-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Functioning of the glymphatic system, a network of paravascular tunnels through which cortical interstitial solutes are cleared from the brain, has recently been linked to sleep and traumatic brain injury, both of which can affect the progression of migraine. This led us to investigate the connection between migraine and the glymphatic system. Taking advantage of a novel in vivo method we developed using two-photon microscopy to visualize the paravascular space (PVS) in naive uninjected mice, we show that a single wave of cortical spreading depression (CSD), an animal model of migraine aura, induces a rapid and nearly complete closure of the PVS around surface as well as penetrating cortical arteries and veins lasting several minutes, and gradually recovering over 30 min. A temporal mismatch between the constriction or dilation of the blood vessel lumen and the closure of the PVS suggests that this closure is not likely to result from changes in vessel diameter. We also show that CSD impairs glymphatic flow, as indicated by the reduced rate at which intraparenchymally injected dye was cleared from the cortex to the PVS. This is the first observation of a PVS closure in connection with an abnormal cortical event that underlies a neurological disorder. More specifically, the findings demonstrate a link between the glymphatic system and migraine, and suggest a novel mechanism for regulation of glymphatic flow.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Impairment of brain solute clearance through the recently described glymphatic system has been linked with traumatic brain injury, prolonged wakefulness, and aging. This paper shows that cortical spreading depression, the neural correlate of migraine aura, closes the paravascular space and impairs glymphatic flow. This closure holds the potential to define a novel mechanism for regulation of glymphatic flow. It also implicates the glymphatic system in the altered cortical and endothelial functioning of the migraine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Schain
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Agustin Melo-Carrillo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Andrew M Strassman
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Rami Burstein
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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Cho YS, Ryu CH, Won JH, Vang H, Oh SB, Ro JY, Bae YC. Rat odontoblasts may use glutamate to signal dentin injury. Neuroscience 2016; 335:54-63. [PMID: 27555550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that odontoblasts act as sensor cells, capable of triggering action potentials in adjacent pulpal nociceptive axons, suggesting a paracrine signaling via a currently unknown mediator. Since glutamate can mediate signaling by non-neuronal cells, and peripheral axons may express glutamate receptors (GluR), we hypothesized that the expression of high levels of glutamate, and of sensory receptors in odontoblasts, combined with an expression of GluR in adjacent pulpal axons, is the morphological basis for odontoblastic sensory signaling. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the expression of glutamate, the thermo- and mechanosensitive ion channels transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), and TWIK-1-related K+channel (TREK-1), and the glutamate receptor mGluR5, in a normal rat dental pulp, and following dentin injury. We also examined the glutamate release from odontoblast in cell culture. Odontoblasts were enriched with glutamate, at the level as high as in adjacent pulpal axons, and showed immunoreactivity for TRPV1, TRPA1, and TREK-1. Pulpal sensory axons adjacent to odontoblasts expressed mGluR5. Both the levels of glutamate in odontoblasts, and the expression of mGluR5 in nearby axons, were upregulated following dentin injury. The extracellular glutamate concentration was increased significantly after treating of odontoblast cell line with calcium permeable ionophore, suggesting glutamate release from odontoblasts. These findings lend morphological support to the hypothesis that odontoblasts contain glutamate as a potential neuroactive substance that may activate adjacent pulpal axons, and thus contribute to dental pain and hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sul Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Ryu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Won
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center, Dental Research Institute of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hue Vang
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center, Dental Research Institute of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center, Dental Research Institute of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Ro
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea.
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Cairns BE, O'Brien M, Dong XD, Gazerani P. Elevated Fractalkine (CX3CL1) Levels in the Trigeminal Ganglion Mechanically Sensitize Temporalis Muscle Nociceptors. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3695-3706. [PMID: 27209190 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that after nerve injury or tissue inflammation, fractalkine (CX3CL1) released from dorsal root ganglion neurons acts on satellite glial cells (SGCs) through CX3C receptor 1 (CX3CR1) to induce neuroplastic changes. The existence and importance of fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling in the trigeminal ganglia has not yet been clarified. This study investigated (1) whether trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate temporalis muscle and their associated SGCs contain fractalkine and/or express CX3CR1, (2) if intraganglionic injection of fractalkine increases the mechanical sensitivity of temporalis muscle afferent fibers, (3) whether complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation of the temporalis muscle alters the expression of fractalkine or its receptor in the trigeminal ganglion, and (4) if intraganglionic administration of CX3CR1 antibodies alters afferent mechanical sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry and in vivo electrophysiological recordings in male and female rats were used to address these questions. It was found that ∼50 % of temporalis ganglion neurons and ∼25 % of their associated SGCs express CX3CR1, while only neurons expressed fractalkine. Temporalis muscle inflammation increased the expression of fractalkine, but only in male rats. Intraganglionic injection of fractalkine (25 g/ml; 3 μl) induced prolonged afferent mechanical sensitization. Intraganglionic injection of CX3CR1 antibody increased afferent mechanical threshold, but this effect was greater in controls than in rats with CFA-induced muscle inflammation. These findings raise the possibility that basal fractalkine signalling within the trigeminal ganglion plays an important role in mechanical sensitivity of masticatory muscle sensory afferent fibers and that inhibition of CX3CR1 signaling within the trigeminal ganglia may induce analgesia through a peripheral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7-D3, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Melissa O'Brien
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xu-Dong Dong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7-D3, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark.
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Shimada A, Castrillon EE, Baad-Hansen L, Ghafouri B, Gerdle B, Wåhlén K, Ernberg M, Cairns BE, Svensson P. Increased pain and muscle glutamate concentration after single ingestion of monosodium glutamate by myofascial temporomandibular disorders patients. Eur J Pain 2016; 20:1502-12. [PMID: 27091318 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted to investigate if single monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration would elevate muscle/serum glutamate concentrations and affect muscle pain sensitivity in myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients more than in healthy individuals. METHODS Twelve myofascial TMD patients and 12 sex- and age-matched healthy controls participated in two sessions. Participants drank MSG (150 mg/kg) or NaCl (24 mg/kg; control) diluted in 400 mL of soda. The concentration of glutamate in the masseter muscle, blood plasma and saliva was determined before and after the ingestion of MSG or control. At baseline and every 15 min after the ingestion, pain intensity was scored on a 0-10 numeric rating scale. Pressure pain threshold, pressure pain tolerance (PPTol) and autonomic parameters were measured. All participants were asked to report adverse effects after the ingestion. RESULTS In TMD, interstitial glutamate concentration was significantly greater after the MSG ingestion when compared with healthy controls. TMD reported a mean pain intensity of 2.8/10 at baseline, which significantly increased by 40% 30 min post MSG ingestion. At baseline, TMD showed lower PPTols in the masseter and trapezius, and higher diastolic blood pressure and heart rate than healthy controls. The MSG ingestion resulted in reports of headache by half of the TMD and healthy controls, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that myofascial TMD patients may be particularly sensitive to the effects of ingested MSG. WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD?': Elevation of interstitial glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle caused by monosodium glutamate (MSG) ingestion was significantly greater in myofascial myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients than healthy individuals. This elevation of interstitial glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle significantly increased the intensity of spontaneous pain in myofascial TMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shimada
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark. .,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - E E Castrillon
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L Baad-Hansen
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - B Ghafouri
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Center, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - B Gerdle
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Center, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - K Wåhlén
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Center, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - M Ernberg
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark.,Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - P Svensson
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
This paper examines current knowledge about putative "pro-algesic" dietary components, and discusses whether limiting the intake of these substances can help improve chronic pain. Although there is a common impression that numerous food components, natural and synthetic, can cause or worsen pain symptoms, very few of these substances have been investigated. This article focuses on four substances, monosodium glutamate, aspartame, arachidonic acid, and caffeine, where research shows that overconsumption may induce or worsen pain. For each substance, the mechanism whereby it may act to induce pain is examined, and any clinical trials examining the effectiveness of reducing the intake of the substance discussed. While all four substances are associated with pain, decreased consumption of them does not consistently reduce pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Edwin Cairns
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada.,b Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University , Aalborg East , Denmark
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La Touche R, Paris-Alemany A, Gil-Martínez A, Pardo-Montero J, Angulo-Díaz-Parreño S, Fernández-Carnero J. Masticatory sensory-motor changes after an experimental chewing test influenced by pain catastrophizing and neck-pain-related disability in patients with headache attributed to temporomandibular disorders. J Headache Pain 2015; 16:20. [PMID: 25902781 PMCID: PMC4385233 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has shown a relationship of craniomandibular disability with neck-pain-related disability has been shown. However, there is still insufficient information demonstrating the influence of neck pain and disability in the sensory-motor activity in patients with headache attributed to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of neck-pain-related disability on masticatory sensory-motor variables. Methods An experimental case–control study investigated 83 patients with headache attributed to TMD and 39 healthy controls. Patients were grouped according to their scores on the neck disability index (NDI) (mild and moderate neck disability). Initial assessment included the pain catastrophizing scale and the Headache Impact Test-6. The protocol consisted of baseline measurements of pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and pain-free maximum mouth opening (MMO). Individuals were asked to perform the provocation chewing test, and measurements were taken immediately after and 24 hours later. During the test, patients were assessed for subjective feelings of fatigue (VAFS) and pain intensity. Results VAFS was higher at 6 minutes (mean 51.7; 95% CI: 50.15-53.26) and 24 hours after (21.08; 95% CI: 18.6-23.5) for the group showing moderate neck disability compared with the mild neck disability group (6 minutes, 44.16; 95% CI 42.65-45.67/ 24 hours after, 14.3; 95% CI: 11.9-16.7) and the control group. The analysis shows a decrease in the pain-free MMO only in the group of moderate disability 24 hours after the test. PPTs of the trigeminal region decreased immediately in all groups, whereas at 24 hours, a decrease was observed in only the groups of patients. PPTs of the cervical region decreased in only the group with moderate neck disability 24 hours after the test. The strongest negative correlation was found between pain-free MMO immediately after the test and NDI in both the mild (r = −0.49) and moderate (r = −0.54) neck disability groups. VAFS was predicted by catastrophizing, explaining 17% of the variance in the moderate neck disability group and 12% in the mild neck disability group. Conclusion Neck-pain-related disability and pain catastrophizing have an influence on the sensory-motor variables evaluated in patients with headache attributed to TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy La Touche
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Paris-Alemany
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Gil-Martínez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Pardo-Montero
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Santiago Angulo-Díaz-Parreño
- Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Josué Fernández-Carnero
- Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Blockade of glutamate release by botulinum neurotoxin type A in humans: a dermal microdialysis study. Pain Res Manag 2015; 19:126-32. [PMID: 24851237 DOI: 10.1155/2014/410415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analgesic action of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) has been linked to the blockade of peripheral release of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in animal models; however, there is no direct evidence of this in humans. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of BoNTA on glutamate release in humans, using an experimental model of pain and sensitization provoked by capsaicin plus mild heat. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers (six men, six women) were pretreated with BoNTA (10 U) on the volar forearm and with a saline control on the contralateral side. Dermal microdialysis was applied one week later to collect interstitial samples before and after the application of a capsaicin patch (8%) plus mild heat (40°C⁄60 min) to provoke glutamate release, pain and vasodilation. Samples were collected every hour for 3 h using linear microdialysis probes (10 mm, 100 kD). Dialysate was analyzed for glutamate concentration. Pain intensity and skin vasomotor reactions (temperature and blood flow changes) were also recorded. RESULTS BoNTA significantly reduced glutamate release compared with saline (P<0.05). The provoked pain intensity was lower in the BoNTA-pretreated arm (P<0.01). The reduction in pain scores was not correlated with glutamate level. Cutaneous blood flow (P<0.05), but not cutaneous temperature (P≥0.05), was significantly reduced by BoNTA. There was a correlation between glutamate level and skin blood flow (r=0.58⁄P<0.05) but not skin temperature (P≥0.05). No differences according to sex were observed in any response. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided the first direct evidence supporting the inhibitory effect of BoNTA on glutamate release in human skin, which is potentially responsible for some of the analgesic action of BoNTA.
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Nilsson M, Lassen D, Andresen T, Nielsen AK, Arendt-Nielsen L, Drewes AM. Intradermal glutamate and capsaicin injections: intra- and interindividual variability of provoked hyperalgesia and allodynia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 41:423-9. [PMID: 24684312 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal injections of glutamate and capsaicin are attractive to use in human experimental pain models because hyperalgesia and allodynia mimic isolated aspects of clinical pain disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reproducibility of these models. Twenty healthy male volunteers (mean age 24 years; range 18-38 years) received intradermal injections of glutamate and capsaicin in the volar forearm. Magnitudes of secondary pinprick hyperalgesia and brush-evoked allodynia were investigated using von Frey filaments (gauges 10, 15, 60 and 100 g) and brush strokes. Areas of secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia were quantified immediately after injection and after 15, 30 and 60 min. Two identical experiments separated by at least 7 days were performed. Reproducibility across and within volunteers (inter- and intra-individual variation, respectively) was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV). Secondary pinprick hyperalgesia was observed as a marked increase in the visual analogue scale (VAS) response to von Frey gauges 60 and 100 g (P < 0.001) after glutamate injection. For capsaicin, secondary pinprick hyperalgesia was detected with all von Frey gauges (P < 0.001). Glutamate evoked reproducible VAS response to all von Frey gauges (ICC > 0.60) and brush strokes (ICC > 0.83). Capsaicin injection was reproducible for secondary hyperalgesia (ICC > 0.70) and allodynia (ICC > 0.71). Intra-individual variability was generally lower for the VAS response to von Frey and brush compared with areas of secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia. In conclusion, glutamate and capsaicin yield reproducible hyperalgesic and allodynic responses, and the present model is well suited for basic research, as well as for assessing the modulation of central phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Nilsson
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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30
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Wong H, Dong XD, Cairns BE. Nerve growth factor alters the sensitivity of rat masseter muscle mechanoreceptors to NMDA receptor activation. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:2275-82. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00327.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular injection of nerve growth factor (NGF) into rat masseter muscle induces a local mechanical sensitization that is greater in female than in male rats. The duration of NGF-induced sensitization in male and female rats was associated with an increase in peripheral N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor expression by masseter muscle afferent fibers that began 3 days postinjection. Here, we investigated the functional consequences of increased NMDA expression on the response properties of masseter muscle mechanoreceptors. In vivo extracellular single-unit electrophysiological recordings of trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the masseter muscle were performed in anesthetized rats 3 days after NGF injection (25 μg/ml, 10 μl) into the masseter muscle. Mechanical activation threshold was assessed before and after intramuscular injection of NMDA. NMDA injection induced mechanical sensitization in both sexes that was increased significantly following NGF injection in the male rats but not in the female rats. However, in female but not male rats, further examination found that preadministration of NGF induced a greater sensitization in slow Aδ-fibers (2–7 m/s) than fast Aδ-fibers (7–12 m/s). This suggests that preadministration of NGF had a different effect on slowly conducting mechanoreceptors in the female rats compared with the male rats. Although previous studies have found an association between estrogenic tone and NMDA activity, no correlation was observed between NMDA-evoked mechanical sensitization and plasma estrogen level. This study suggests NGF alters NMDA-induced mechanical sensitization in the peripheral endings of masseter mechanoreceptors in a sexually dimorphic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayes Wong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xu-Dong Dong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- College of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Brian E. Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Center for Sensory Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
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31
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Wong H, Kang I, Dong XD, Christidis N, Ernberg M, Svensson P, Cairns B. NGF-induced mechanical sensitization of the masseter muscle is mediated through peripheral NMDA receptors. Neuroscience 2014; 269:232-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Cairns BE, Laursen JC, Dong XD, Gazerani P. Intraganglionic injection of a nitric oxide donator induces afferent mechanical sensitization that is attenuated by palmitoylethanolamide. Cephalalgia 2014; 34:686-694. [PMID: 24519701 DOI: 10.1177/0333102414521510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this article is to investigate whether the nitric oxide (NO) donator diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide (DETA/NO) affects trigeminal sensory processing through the trigeminal ganglion in part by activating trigeminal satellite glial cells (SGCs) and whether this effect is attenuated by the anti-inflammatory compound palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). METHODS DETA/NO was administered to isolated rat trigeminal SGCs in vitro, and injected into the rat trigeminal ganglion in vivo, in the presence or absence of PEA. RESULTS Administration of DETA/NO (1000 µM) increased the release of prostaglandin E2 by SGCs. PEA (1 and 10 µM) significantly attenuated prostaglandin E2 release. Two intraganglionic injections of DETA/NO (10 mM, 3 µl) or prostaglandin E2 at a 30-minute interval did not evoke discharge in trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the rat jaw-closer muscles, but did reduce the mechanical activation threshold of their peripheral endings by 30%-50%. Intravenous administration of PEA (1 mg/kg) or ketorolac (0.5 mg/kg) prevented DETA/NO-induced afferent mechanical sensitization. CONCLUSIONS Elevation of NO in the trigeminal ganglion results in the sensitization of the peripheral endings of masticatory muscle nociceptors to mechanical stimulation through a mechanism that involves prostaglandin E2 release from SGCs. Attenuation of this sensitization by PEA suggests a possible option for acute management of craniofacial pain and headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Cairns
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jens C Laursen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Xu-Dong Dong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Canada College of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, PR China
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Time course analysis of the effects of botulinum neurotoxin type A on pain and vasomotor responses evoked by glutamate injection into human temporalis muscles. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:592-607. [PMID: 24517906 PMCID: PMC3942753 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) on glutamate-evoked temporalis muscle pain and vasomotor responses was investigated in healthy men and women over a 60 day time course. Subjects participated in a pre-BoNTA session where their responses to injection of glutamate (1 M, 0.2 mL) and saline (0.2 mL) into the temporalis muscles were assessed. On Day 1, BoNTA (5 U) was injected into one temporalis muscle and saline into the contralateral temporalis muscle, in a randomized order. Subjects then received intramuscular injections of glutamate (1 M, 0.2 mL) into the left and right temporalis muscles at 3 h and subsequently 7, 30 and 60 days post-injection of BoNTA. Pain intensity, pain area, and neurogenic inflammation (skin temperature and skin blood perfusion) were recorded. Prior to BoNTA treatment, glutamate evoked significantly greater pain and vasomotor reactions (P < 0.001) than saline. BoNTA significantly reduced glutamate-evoked pain intensity (P < 0.05), pain area (P < 0.01), skin blood perfusion (P < 0.05), and skin temperature (P < 0.001). The inhibitory effect of BoNTA was present at 3 h after injection, peaked after 7 days and returned to baseline by 60 days. Findings from the present study demonstrated a rapid action of BoNTA on glutamate-evoked pain and neurogenic inflammation, which is in line with animal studies.
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Glutamate dysregulation in the trigeminal ganglion: a novel mechanism for peripheral sensitization of the craniofacial region. Neuroscience 2013; 256:23-35. [PMID: 24144624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the trigeminal ganglion (TG), satellite glial cells (SGCs) form a functional unit with neurons. It has been proposed that SGCs participate in regulating extracellular glutamate levels and that dysfunction of this SGC capacity can impact nociceptive transmission in craniofacial pain conditions. This study investigated whether SGCs release glutamate and whether elevation of TG glutamate concentration alters response properties of trigeminal afferent fibers. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess glutamate content and the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT)1 and EAAT2 in TG sections. SGCs contained glutamate and expressed EAAT1 and EAAT2. Potassium chloride (10 mM) was used to evoke glutamate release from cultured rat SGCs treated with the EAAT1/2 inhibitor (3S)-3-[[3-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)ben zoyl]amino]phenyl]methoxy]-L-aspartic acid (TFB-TBOA) or control. Treatment with TFB-TBOA (1 and 10 μM) significantly reduced the glutamate concentration from 10.6 ± 1.1 to 5.8 ± 1.4 μM and 3.0 ± 0.8 μM, respectively (p<0.05). Electrophysiology experiments were conducted in anaesthetized rats to determine the effect of intraganglionic injections of glutamate on the response properties of ganglion neurons that innervated either the temporalis or masseter muscle. Intraganglionic injection of glutamate (500 mM, 3 μl) evoked afferent discharge and significantly reduced muscle afferent mechanical threshold. Glutamate-evoked discharge was attenuated bythe N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) and increased by TFB-TBOA, whereas mechanical sensitization was only sensitive to APV. Antidromic invasion of muscle afferent fibers by electrical stimulation of the caudal brainstem (10 Hz) or local anesthesia of the brainstem with lidocaine did not alter glutamate-induced mechanical sensitization. These findings provide a novel mechanism whereby dysfunctional trigeminal SGCs could contribute to cranial muscle tenderness in craniofacial pain conditions such as migraine headache.
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Inhibition of breast cancer-cell glutamate release with sulfasalazine limits cancer-induced bone pain. Pain 2013; 155:28-36. [PMID: 23999057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer in bone is frequently a result of metastases from distant sites, particularly from the breast, lung, and prostate. Pain is a common and often severe pathological feature of cancers in bone, and is a significant impediment to the maintenance of quality of life of patients living with bone metastases. Cancer cell lines have been demonstrated to release significant amounts of the neurotransmitter and cell-signalling molecule l-glutamate via the system xC(-) cystine/glutamate antiporter. We have developed a novel mouse model of breast cancer bone metastases to investigate the impact of inhibiting cancer cell glutamate transporters on nociceptive behaviour. Immunodeficient mice were inoculated intrafemorally with the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231, then treated 14days later via mini-osmotic pumps inserted intraperitoneally with sulfasalazine, (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine, or vehicle. Both sulfasalazine and (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine attenuated in vitro cancer cell glutamate release in a dose-dependent manner via the system xC(-) transporter. Animals treated with sulfasalazine displayed reduced nociceptive behaviours and an extended time until the onset of behavioural evidence of pain. Animals treated with a lower dose of (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine did not display this reduction in nociceptive behaviour. These results suggest that a reduction in glutamate secretion from cancers in bone with the system xC(-) inhibitor sulfasalazine may provide some benefit for treating the often severe and intractable pain associated with bone metastases.
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Garcia TDA, Nunes AXE, Teixeira DG, Ferreira CMDR. Influência dos Receptores 5-HT3 no Processamento Nociceptivo de Ratos Submetidos ao Teste da Formalina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4181/rnc.2012.20.772.7p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objetivo. O estudo objetivou-se em avaliar a participação da via serotoninérgica na modulação da dor e descrever a influência dos receptores 5-HT3 na resposta nociceptiva de ratos Wistar submetidos ao teste da formalina. Método. Estudou-se o efeito da administração intraperitoneal do antagonista 5-HT3 ondansetrona sobre o comportamento de elevação da pata gerado pela injeção intraplantar de 100μL de formalina a 1%. O número de elevações da pata foi observado pelo período de 60 minutos. Resultados. Ondansetrona (2mg/kg) aumentou o comportamento de elevações da pata em relação ao grupo controle positivo durante a 1ª fase do teste e provocou uma diminuição deste comportamento durante a 2ª fase. Conclusão. A ondansetrona apresentou efeito frente ao modelo de comportamento de elevação da pata com formalina, sugerindo que a resposta nociceptiva é influenciada por receptores 5-HT3, em especial em resposta à dor inflamatória.
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Abstract
Dry needling is a common treatment technique in orthopedic manual physical therapy. Although various dry needling approaches exist, the more common and best supported approach targets myofascial trigger points. This article aims to place trigger point dry needling within the context of pain sciences. From a pain science perspective, trigger points are constant sources of peripheral nociceptive input leading to peripheral and central sensitization. Dry needling cannot only reverse some aspects of central sensitization, it reduces local and referred pain, improves range of motion and muscle activation pattern, and alters the chemical environment of trigger points. Trigger point dry needling should be based on a thorough understanding of the scientific background of trigger points, the differences and similarities between active and latent trigger points, motor adaptation, and central sensitize application. Several outcome studies are included, as well as comments on dry needling and acupuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dommerholt
- Bethesda Physiocare, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Myopain Seminars, Bethesda, MD, USA
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38
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Clinical significance of T2 mapping MRI for the evaluation of masseter muscle pain in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders. Oral Radiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11282-012-0108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Krzyzanowska A, Avendaño C. Behavioral testing in rodent models of orofacial neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Brain Behav 2012; 2:678-97. [PMID: 23139912 PMCID: PMC3489819 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial pain conditions are often very debilitating to the patient and difficult to treat. While clinical interest is high, the proportion of studies performed in the orofacial region in laboratory animals is relatively low, compared with other body regions. This is partly due to difficulties in testing freely moving animals and therefore lack of reliable testing methods. Here we present a comprehensive review of the currently used rodent models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain adapted to the orofacial areas, taking into account the difficulties and drawbacks of the existing approaches. We examine the available testing methods and procedures used for assessing the behavioral responses in the face in both mice and rats and provide a summary of some pharmacological agents used in these paradigms to date. The use of these agents in animal models is also compared with outcomes observed in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyzanowska
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Autonoma University of Madrid, Medical School Madrid, Spain
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40
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Cairns BE, Dong XD, Wong H, Svensson P. Intramuscular ketorolac inhibits activation of rat peripheral NMDA receptors. J Neurophysiol 2012; 107:3308-15. [PMID: 22402656 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01118.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac has local anesthetic-like and peripheral N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist characteristics when administered at higher concentrations to masticatory muscle. It is not known if the ability to inhibit NMDA receptors is unique to diclofenac or shared by other NSAIDs. This study was undertaken to determine whether intramuscular injection of ketorolac or naproxen at concentrations that do not induce local anesthetic-like effects could attenuate jaw-closer muscle nociceptor discharge in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. It was found that ketorolac (5 mM) inhibited hypertonic saline-evoked nociceptor discharge, which suggests that at this concentration, ketorolac has local anesthetic-like properties. A lower concentration of ketorolac (0.5 mM), which did not affect hypertonic saline-evoked discharge, did inhibit nociceptor discharge evoked by NMDA. In contrast, naproxen (5 mM) did not alter hypertonic saline- or NMDA-evoked nociceptor discharge. Subsequent experiments revealed that ketorolac (0.5 mM) had no effect on nociceptor discharge evoked by αβ-methylene ATP, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or AMPA. The inhibitory effect of ketorolac did not appear to be related to cyclooxygenase inhibition, because the concentration of prostaglandin E(2) in the masticatory muscles 10 min after injection of either NSAID was not significantly decreased. The present study indicates that in vivo, ketorolac, but not naproxen, can antagonize NMDA-evoked nociceptor discharge similarly to diclofenac. We speculate that structural similarities between ketorolac and diclofenac could account for the ability of these NSAIDs to inhibit NMDA-evoked nociceptor discharge. These properties may partly explain the analgesic effect of intramuscularly injected ketorolac in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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41
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Honda K, Noma N, Shinoda M, Miyamoto M, Katagiri A, Kita D, Liu MG, Sessle BJ, Yasuda M, Iwata K. Involvement of peripheral ionotropic glutamate receptors in orofacial thermal hyperalgesia in rats. Mol Pain 2011; 7:75. [PMID: 21952000 PMCID: PMC3216263 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms that may underlie the sensitization of trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and upper cervical spinal cord (C1-C2) neurons to heat or cold stimulation of the orofacial region following glutamate (Glu) injection. Results Glu application to the tongue or whisker pad skin caused an enhancement of head-withdrawal reflex and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in Vc-C2 neurons. Head-withdrawal reflex and ERK phosphorylation were also enhanced following cold stimulation of the tongue but not whisker pad skin in Glu-injected rats, and the head-withdrawal reflex and ERK phosphorylation were enhanced following heat stimulation of the tongue or whisker pad skin. The enhanced head-withdrawal reflex and ERK phosphorylation after heat stimulation of the tongue or whisker pad skin, and those following cold stimulation of the tongue but not whisker pad skin were suppressed following ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists administration into the tongue or whisker pad skin. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 caused significant suppression of enhanced head-withdrawal reflex in Glu-injected rats, heat head-withdrawal reflex in the rats with Glu injection into the tongue or whisker pad skin and cold head-withdrawal reflex in the rats with Glu injection into the tongue. Conclusions The present findings suggest that peripheral Glu receptor mechanisms may contribute to cold hyperalgesia in the tongue but not in the facial skin, and also contribute to heat hyperalgesia in the tongue and facial skin, and that the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in Vc-C2 neurons may be involved in these Glu-evoked hyperalgesic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniya Honda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Benoliel R, Svensson P, Heir GM, Sirois D, Zakrzewska J, Oke-Nwosu J, Torres SR, Greenberg MS, Klasser GD, Katz J, Eliav E. Persistent orofacial muscle pain. Oral Dis 2011; 17 Suppl 1:23-41. [PMID: 21382137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of persistent orofacial myalgia has been the centre of much controversy. In this article we suggest a novel descriptive term; 'persistent orofacial muscle pain' (POMP) and review current evidence that supports the hypothesis that the induction of POMP involves the interplay between a peripheral nociceptive source in muscle, a faulty central nervous system component and decreased coping ability. In this context it is widely accepted that a complex interaction of variable intrinsic and extrinsic factors act to induce POMP and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benoliel
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Faculty of Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Repeated muscle injury as a presumptive trigger for chronic masticatory muscle pain. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:647967. [PMID: 22110928 PMCID: PMC3195998 DOI: 10.1155/2011/647967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
skeletal muscles sustain a significant loss of maximal contractile force after injury, but terminally damaged fibers can eventually be replaced by the growth of new muscle (regeneration), with full restoration of contractile force over time. After a second injury, limb muscles exhibit a smaller reduction in maximal force and reduced inflammation compared with that after the initial injury (i.e., repeated bout effect). In contrast, masticatory muscles exhibit diminished regeneration and persistent fibrosis, after a single injury; following a second injury, plasma extravasation is greater than after a single injury and maximal force is decreased more than after the initial injury. Thus, masticatory muscles do not exhibit a repeated bout effect and are instead increasingly damaged by repeated injury. We propose that the impaired ability of masticatory muscles to regenerate contributes to chronic muscle pain by leading to an accumulation of tissue damage, fibrosis, and a persistent elevation and prolonged membrane translocation of nociceptive channels such as P2X(3) as well as enhanced expression of neuropeptides including CGRP within primary afferent neurons. These transformations prime primary afferent neurons for enhanced responsiveness upon subsequent injury thus triggering and/or exacerbating chronic muscle pain.
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Miller KE, Hoffman EM, Sutharshan M, Schechter R. Glutamate pharmacology and metabolism in peripheral primary afferents: physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:283-309. [PMID: 21276816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In addition to using glutamate as a neurotransmitter at central synapses, many primary sensory neurons release glutamate from peripheral terminals. Primary sensory neurons with cell bodies in dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia produce glutaminase, the synthetic enzyme for glutamate, and transport the enzyme in mitochondria to peripheral terminals. Vesicular glutamate transporters fill neurotransmitter vesicles with glutamate and they are shipped to peripheral terminals. Intense noxious stimuli or tissue damage causes glutamate to be released from peripheral afferent nerve terminals and augmented release occurs during acute and chronic inflammation. The site of action for glutamate can be at the autologous or nearby nerve terminals. Peripheral nerve terminals contain both ionotropic and metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptors (EAARs) and activation of these receptors can lower the activation threshold and increase the excitability of primary afferents. Antagonism of EAARs can reduce excitability of activated afferents and produce antinociception in many animal models of acute and chronic pain. Glutamate injected into human skin and muscle causes acute pain. Trauma in humans, such as arthritis, myalgia, and tendonitis, elevates glutamate levels in affected tissues. There is evidence that EAAR antagonism at peripheral sites can provide relief in some chronic pain sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, United States.
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45
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Bereiter DA, Okamoto K. Neurobiology of estrogen status in deep craniofacial pain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 97:251-84. [PMID: 21708314 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385198-7.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region often occurs with no overt signs of injury or inflammation. Although the etiology of TMJ-related pain may involve multiple factors, one likely risk factor is female gender or estrogen status. Evidence is reviewed from human and animal studies, supporting the proposition that estrogen status acts peripherally or centrally to influence TMJ nociceptive processing. A new model termed the "TMJ pain matrix" is proposed as critical for the initial integration of TMJ-related sensory signals in the lower brainstem that is both modified by estrogen status, and closely linked to endogenous pain and autonomic control pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bereiter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Hakim AW, Dong X, Cairns BE. TNFα Mechanically Sensitizes Masseter Muscle Nociceptors by Increasing Prostaglandin E2 Levels. J Neurophysiol 2011; 105:154-61. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00730.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFα induces mechanical sensitization of rat masseter muscle nociceptors, which takes 2–3 h to manifest and is mediated through activation of P55 and P75 receptors. This study was undertaken to determine whether TNFα induces nociceptor mechanical sensitization through the release of other algogenic substances such as glutamate, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and/or nerve growth factor (NGF), which have been shown to induce mechanical sensitization of muscle nociceptors. Masseter muscle homogenate levels of PGE2 and NGF were measured 3 h after injection of TNFα (1 μg) or vehicle control using commercially available kits. Interstitial glutamate concentration was measured after injection of TNFα or vehicle control using a glutamate-selective biosensor probe. Diclofenac, a cycloxygenase inhibitor that blocks the synthesis of PGE2, d-2-amino-5-phophonovaleric acid (APV), a competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and a tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor antibody, which blocks NGF-induced masseter muscle nociceptor sensitization, were used to assess the contribution of PGE2, glutamate, and NGF to TNFα-induced nociceptor sensitization. PGE2 and glutamate concentrations were significantly elevated 3 h after TNFα injection into the masseter muscle. Injection of diclofenac partially reversed the TNFα-induced decreases in the mechanical threshold (MT) of masseter muscle nociceptors, whereas vehicle control, APV, and TrkA antibody did not significantly alter nociceptor MT. These results suggest that TNFα-induced mechanical sensitization of masseter muscle nociceptors is mediated in part by increased PGE2 levels. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that TNFα induces a delayed mechanical sensitization of masseter muscle nociceptors indirectly by the release of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq W. Hakim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xudong Dong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian E. Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Baad-Hansen L, Cairns B, Ernberg M, Svensson P. Effect of systemic monosodium glutamate (MSG) on headache and pericranial muscle sensitivity. Cephalalgia 2010; 30:68-76. [PMID: 19438927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study to investigate the occurrence of adverse effects such as headache as well as pain and mechanical sensitivity in pericranial muscles after oral administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG). In three sessions, 14 healthy men drank sugar-free soda that contained either MSG (75 or 150 mg/kg) or NaCl (24 mg/kg, placebo). Plasma glutamate level, pain, pressure pain thresholds and tolerance levels, blood pressure (BP), heart rate and reported adverse effects were assessed for 2 h. No muscle pain or robust changes in mechanical sensitivity were detected, but there was a significant increase in reports of headache and subjectively reported pericranial muscle tenderness after MSG. Systolic BP was elevated in the high MSG session compared with low MSG and placebo. These findings add new information to the concept of MSG headache and craniofacial pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baad-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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48
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Gazerani P, Au S, Dong X, Kumar U, Arendt-Nielsen L, Cairns BE. Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) decreases the mechanical sensitivity of nociceptors and inhibits neurogenic vasodilation in a craniofacial muscle targeted for migraine prophylaxis. Pain 2010; 151:606-616. [PMID: 20728992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which intramuscular injection of BoNTA into the craniofacial muscles decreases migraine headaches is not known. In a blinded study, the effect of BoNTA on the mechanical and chemical responsiveness of individual temporalis muscle nociceptors and muscle neurogenic vasodilation was investigated in female rats. Mechanical threshold was measured for 3h following intramuscular injection of BoNTA or vehicle, and for 10 min after a subsequent injection of the algogen glutamate. Injection of BoNTA significantly increased the mechanical threshold of muscle nociceptors without altering the muscle surface temperature and blocked glutamate-induced mechanical sensitization and neurogenic vasodilation. None of these effects were reproduced by pancuronium-induced muscle paralysis. Western blot analysis of temporalis muscles indicated that BoNTA significantly decreased SNAP-25. Measurement of interstitial glutamate concentration with a glutamate biosensor indicated that BoNTA significantly reduced glutamate concentrations. The mechanical sensitivity of muscle nociceptors is modulated by glutamate concentration through activation of peripheral NMDA receptors. Immunohistochemical experiments were conducted and they indicated that half of the NMDA-expressing temporalis nerve fibers co-expressed substance P or CGRP. Additional electrophysiology experiments examined the effect of antagonists for NMDA, CGRP and NK1 receptors on glutamate-induced effects. Glutamate-induced mechanical sensitization was only blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist, but muscle neurogenic vasodilation was attenuated by NMDA or CGRP receptor antagonists. These data suggest that injection of BoNTA into craniofacial muscles acts to decrease migraine headaches by rapidly decreasing the mechanical sensitivity of temporalis muscle nociceptors through inhibition of glutamate release and by attenuating the provoked release of CGRP from muscle nociceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Gazerani
- The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Dept. of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Guo W, Wang H, Zou S, Wei F, Dubner R, Ren K. Long lasting pain hypersensitivity following ligation of the tendon of the masseter muscle in rats: a model of myogenic orofacial pain. Mol Pain 2010; 6:40. [PMID: 20633279 PMCID: PMC2914030 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A major subgroup of patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders have masticatory muscle hypersensitivity. To study myofacial temporomandibular pain, a number of preclinical models have been developed to induce myogenic pain of the masseter muscle, one of the four muscles involved in mastication. The currently used models, however, generate pain that decreases over time and only lasts from hours to weeks and hence are not suitable for studying chronicity of the myogenic pain in TMJ disorders. Here we report a model of constant myogenic orofacial pain that lasts for months. Results The model involves unilateral ligation of the tendon of the anterior superficial part of the rat masseter muscle (TASM). The ligation of the TASM was achieved with two chromic gut (4.0) ligatures via an intraoral approach. Nocifensive behavior of the rat was assessed by probing the skin site above the TASM with a series of von Frey filaments. The response frequencies were determined and an EF50 value, defined as the von Frey filament force that produces a 50% response frequency, was derived and used as a measure of mechanical sensitivity. Following TASM ligation, the EF50 of the injured side was significantly reduced and maintained throughout the 8-week observation period, suggesting the presence of mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia. In sham-operated rats, the EF50 of the injured side was transiently reduced for about a week, likely due to injury produced by the surgery. Somatotopically relevant Fos protein expression was indentified in the subnucleus caudalis of the spinal trigeminal sensory complex. In the same region, persistent upregulation of NMDA receptor NR1 phosphorylation and protein expression and increased expression of glial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (astroglia) and CD11b (microglia) were found. Morphine (0.4-8 mg/kg, s.c.) and duloxetine (0.4-20 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, produced dose-dependent attenuation of hyperalgesia. Conclusions Ligation injury of the TASM in rats led to long-lasting and constant mechanical hypersensitivity of myogenic origin. The model will be particularly useful in studying the chronicity of myogenic pain TMJ disorders. The model can also be adapted to other regions of the body for studying pathology of painful tendinopathy seen in sports injury, muscle overuse, and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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50
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Interactions of glutamate and capsaicin-evoked muscle pain on jaw motor functions of men. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:950-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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