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Chongtham A, Sharma A, Nath B, Murtha K, Gorbachev K, Ramakrishnan A, Schmidt EF, Shen L, Pereira AC. Common and divergent pathways in early stages of glutamate and tau-mediated toxicities in neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2024; 382:114967. [PMID: 39326823 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
It has been shown that excitotoxicity and tau-mediated toxicities are major contributing factors to neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2 or GLT-1), the major glutamate transporter in the brain that regulates glutamate levels synaptically and extrasynaptically, has been shown to be deficient in AD brains, leading to excitotoxicity and subsequent cell death. Similarly, buildup of neurofibrillary tangles, which consist of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, correlates with cognitive decline and neuronal atrophy in AD. However, common genes and pathways that are critical in the aforementioned toxicities have not been well elucidated. To investigate the impact of glutamate dyshomeostasis and tau accumulation on translational profiles of affected hippocampal neurons, we used mouse models of excitotoxicity and tau-mediated toxicities (GLT-1-/- and P301S, respectively) in conjunction with BAC-TRAP technology. Our data show that GLT-1 deficiency in CA3 pyramidal neurons leads to translational signatures characterized by dysregulation of pathways associated with synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, while the P301S mutation induces changes in endocytic pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, the commonly dysregulated pathways include impaired ion homeostasis and metabolic pathways. These common pathways may shed light on potential therapeutic targets for ameliorating glutamate and tau-mediated toxicities in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjalika Chongtham
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America
| | - Abhijeet Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America
| | - Banshi Nath
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Murtha
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America
| | - Kirill Gorbachev
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America
| | - Eric F Schmidt
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Li Shen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America
| | - Ana C Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America.
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2
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Cui Y, Rolova T, Fagerholm SC. The role of integrins in brain health and neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151441. [PMID: 39002282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric membrane proteins expressed on the surface of most cells. They mediate adhesion and signaling processes relevant for a wealth of physiological processes, including nervous system development and function. Interestingly, integrins are also recognized therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Here, we discuss the role of integrins in brain development and function, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the brain (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke). Furthermore, we discuss therapeutic targeting of these adhesion receptors in inflammatory diseases of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Cui
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Taisia Rolova
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland.
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3
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Simon PYR, Bus J, David R. [Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-b peptides and ubiquitin-proteasome system: Therapeutic perspectives]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:643-649. [PMID: 37695154 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Alzheimer's disease - an age-related neurodegenerative disorder leading to a progressive cognitive impairment - is characterized by an intracerebral accumulation of soluble β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers, followed by the appearance of abnormally ubiquitinylated neurofibrillary tangles - a process associated with a chronic inflammation. The systematic presence of ubiquitinylated inclusions reflects a decrease in the proteasome activity due to (and contributing to) the presence of Aβ oligomers - a central dysfunction in the etiology of the disease. The involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system opens new therapeutic perspectives for both prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Bus
- Communication, hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne, 83800 Toulon, France
| | - Renaud David
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nice, hôpital Cimiez, 06000 Nice, France
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4
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Nogueira Godinho WD, Vasconcelos Filho FSL, Pinto DV, Alves JO, de Souza Nascimento T, de Aguiar ID, Silva Almeida GN, Ceccatto VM, Soares PM. High-Intense Interval Training Prevents Cognitive Impairment and Increases the Expression of Muscle Genes FNDC5 and PPARGC1A in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:830-840. [PMID: 36503461 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221207103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, whose main histopathological landmark is the accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain. OBJECTIVE It is well known that exercise is a neuroprotective factor and that muscles produce and release myokines that exert endocrine effects in inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Thus, this work intends to establish the relationship between the benefits of exercise through the chronic training of HIIT on cognitive damage induced by the Alzheimer's model by the injection of β amyloid1-42. METHODS For this purpose, forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary Sham (SS), Trained Sham (ST), Sedentary Alzheimer's (AS), and Trained Alzheimer's (AT). Animals were submitted to stereotactic surgery and received a hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 or a saline solution. Seven days after surgery, twelve days of treadmill adaptation followed by five maximal running tests (MRT) and fifty-five days of HIIT, rats underwent the Morris water maze test. The animals were then euthanized, and their gastrocnemius muscle tissue was extracted to analyze the Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), PPARG Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARGC1A), and Integrin subunit beta 5 (ITGB5-R) expression by qRT-PCR in addition to cross-sectional areas. RESULTS The HIIT prevents the cognitive deficit induced by the infusion of amyloid β1-42 (p < 0.0001), causes adaptation of muscle fibers (p < 0.0001), modulates the gene expression of FNDC5 (p < 0.01), ITGB5 (p < 0.01) and PPARGC1A (p < 0.01), and induces an increase in peripheral protein expression of FNDC5 (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION Thus, we conclude that HIIT can prevent cognitive damage induced by the infusion of Aβ1-42, constituting a non-pharmacological tool that modulates important genetic and protein pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welton Daniel Nogueira Godinho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi, Fortaleza, 60714-903, CE, Brazil
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Ten. Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Cidade Universitária, Juazeiro do Norte, 63048- 080 CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Sérgio Lopes Vasconcelos Filho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi, Fortaleza, 60714-903, CE, Brazil
- Coordenadoria de Esporte e Cultura do Movimento, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Av. Ten. Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Cidade Universitária, Juazeiro do Norte, 63048-080, CE, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vieira Pinto
- Departmento de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Ten. Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Cidade Universitária, Juazeiro do Norte, 63048-080, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliana Osório Alves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi, Fortaleza, 60714-903, CE, Brazil
| | - Tyciane de Souza Nascimento
- Coordenadoria de Esporte e Cultura do Movimento, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Av. Ten. Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Cidade Universitária, Juazeiro do Norte, 63048-080, CE, Brazil
| | - Isabele Dutra de Aguiar
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi, Fortaleza, 60714-903, CE, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Nizan Silva Almeida
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi, Fortaleza, 60714-903, CE, Brazil
| | - Vânia Marilande Ceccatto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi, Fortaleza, 60714-903, CE, Brazil
| | - Paula Matias Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Itaperi, Fortaleza, 60714-903, CE, Brazil
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5
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Dilna A, Deepak KV, Damodaran N, Kielkopf CS, Kagedal K, Ollinger K, Nath S. Amyloid-β induced membrane damage instigates tunneling nanotube-like conduits by p21-activated kinase dependent actin remodulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166246. [PMID: 34403739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology progresses gradually via anatomically connected brain regions. Direct transfer of amyloid-β1-42 oligomers (oAβ) between connected neurons has been shown, however, the mechanism is not fully revealed. We observed formation of oAβ induced tunneling nanotubes (TNTs)-like nanoscaled f-actin containing membrane conduits, in differentially differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal models. Time-lapse images showed that oAβ propagate from one cell to another via TNT-like structures. Preceding the formation of TNT-like conduits, we detected oAβ-induced plasma membrane (PM) damage and calcium-dependent repair through lysosomal-exocytosis, followed by massive endocytosis to re-establish the PM. Massive endocytosis was monitored by an influx of the membrane-staining dye TMA-DPH and PM damage was quantified by propidium iodide influx in the absence of Ca2+. The massive endocytosis eventually caused accumulation of internalized oAβ in Lamp1 positive multivesicular bodies/lysosomes via the actin cytoskeleton remodulating p21-activated kinase1 (PAK1) dependent endocytic pathway. Three-dimensional quantitative confocal imaging, structured illumination superresolution microscopy, and flowcytometry quantifications revealed that oAβ induces activation of phospho-PAK1, which modulates the formation of long stretched f-actin extensions between cells. Moreover, the formation of TNT-like conduits was inhibited by preventing PAK1-dependent internalization of oAβ using the small-molecule inhibitor IPA-3, a highly selective cell-permeable auto-regulatory inhibitor of PAK1. The present study reveals that the TNT-like conduits are probably instigated as a consequence of oAβ induced PM damage and repair process, followed by PAK1 dependent endocytosis and actin remodeling, probably to maintain cell surface expansion and/or membrane tension in equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Dilna
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - K V Deepak
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Nandini Damodaran
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Claudia S Kielkopf
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Katarina Kagedal
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Ollinger
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India.
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6
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Berrocal M, Saez L, Mata AM. Sorcin Activates the Brain PMCA and Blocks the Inhibitory Effects of Molecular Markers of Alzheimer's Disease on the Pump Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116055. [PMID: 34205207 PMCID: PMC8200006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since dysregulation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) levels is a common occurrence in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the study of proteins that can correct neuronal Ca2+ dysregulation is of great interest. In previous work, we have shown that plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), a high-affinity Ca2+ pump, is functionally impaired in AD and is inhibited by amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and tau, two key components of pathological AD hallmarks. On the other hand, sorcin is a Ca2+-binding protein highly expressed in the brain, although its mechanism of action is far from being clear. Sorcin has been shown to interact with the intracellular sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), and other modulators of intracellular Ca2+ signaling, such as the ryanodine receptor or presenilin 2, which is closely associated with AD. The present work focuses on sorcin in search of new regulators of PMCA and antagonists of Aβ and tau toxicity. Results show sorcin as an activator of PMCA, which also prevents the inhibitory effects of Aβ and tau on the pump, and counteracts the neurotoxicity of Aβ and tau by interacting with them.
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7
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Findley CA, Bartke A, Hascup KN, Hascup ER. Amyloid Beta-Related Alterations to Glutamate Signaling Dynamics During Alzheimer's Disease Progression. ASN Neuro 2020; 11:1759091419855541. [PMID: 31213067 PMCID: PMC6582288 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419855541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) ranks sixth on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Top 10 Leading Causes of Death list for 2016, and the Alzheimer’s Association attributes 60% to 80% of dementia cases as AD related. AD pathology hallmarks include accumulation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles; however, evidence supports that soluble amyloid beta (Aβ), rather than insoluble plaques, may instigate synaptic failure. Soluble Aβ accumulation results in depression of long-term potentiation leading to cognitive deficits commonly characterized in AD. The mechanisms through which Aβ incites cognitive decline have been extensively explored, with a growing body of evidence pointing to modulation of the glutamatergic system. The period of glutamatergic hypoactivation observed alongside long-term potentiation depression and cognitive deficits in later disease stages may be the consequence of a preceding period of increased glutamatergic activity. This review will explore the Aβ-related changes to the tripartite glutamate synapse resulting in altered cell signaling throughout disease progression, ultimately culminating in oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleigh A Findley
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Kevin N Hascup
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,4 Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Erin R Hascup
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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8
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Ahn KC, Learman CR, Baker GB, Weaver CL, Chung PS, Kim HG, Song MS. Regulation of Diabetes: a Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease? J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34:e297. [PMID: 31779058 PMCID: PMC6882941 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that sporadic cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) make up more than 95% of total AD patients, and diabetes has been implicated as a strong risk factor for the development of AD. Diabetes shares pathological features of AD, such as impaired insulin signaling, increased oxidative stress, increased amyloid-beta (Aβ) production, tauopathy and cerebrovascular complication. Due to shared pathologies between the two diseases, anti-diabetic drugs may be a suitable therapeutic option for AD treatment. In this article, we will discuss the well-known pathologies of AD, including Aβ plaques and tau tangles, as well as other mechanisms shared in AD and diabetes including reactive glia and the breakdown of blood brain barrier in order to evaluate the presence of any potential, indirect or direct links of pre-diabetic conditions to AD pathology. In addition, clinical evidence of high incidence of diabetic patients to the development of AD are described together with application of anti-diabetic medications to AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Chan Ahn
- NeuroVIS, Cheonan, Korea
- EnviroBrain, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cameron R Learman
- Chapman University Physician Assistant Studies Program, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Glen B Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurochemical Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Charles L Weaver
- Department of Health Sciences, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI, USA
| | - Phil Sang Chung
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Faculty of Medical School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyung Gun Kim
- NeuroVIS, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Mee Sook Song
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Faculty of Medical School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea.
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9
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Castro MA, Hadziselimovic A, Sanders CR. The vexing complexity of the amyloidogenic pathway. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1177-1193. [PMID: 30897251 PMCID: PMC6566549 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the amyloidogenic pathway in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly the common sporadic late onset forms of the disease, is controversial. To some degree, this is a consequence of the failure of drug and therapeutic antibody trials based either on targeting the proteases in this pathway or its amyloid end products. Here, we explore the formidable complexity of the biochemistry and cell biology associated with this pathway. For example, we review evidence that the immediate precursor of amyloid-β, the C99 domain of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), may itself be toxic. We also review important new results that appear to finally establish a direct genetic link between mutations in APP and the sporadic forms of AD. Based on the complexity of amyloidogenesis, it seems possible that a major contributor to the failure of related drug trials is that we have an incomplete understanding of this pathway and how it is linked to Alzheimer's pathogenesis. If so, this highlights a need for further characterization of this pathway, not its abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Castro
- Departments of Biochemistry and MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee 37240
| | - Arina Hadziselimovic
- Departments of Biochemistry and MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee 37240
| | - Charles R. Sanders
- Departments of Biochemistry and MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee 37240
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10
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Abstract
Most common neurodegenerative diseases feature deposition of protein amyloids and degeneration of brain networks. Amyloids are ordered protein assemblies that can act as templates for their own replication through monomer addition. Evidence suggests that this characteristic may underlie the progression of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Many different amyloid proteins, including Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein, exhibit properties similar to those of infectious prion protein in experimental systems: discrete and self-replicating amyloid structures, transcellular propagation of aggregation, and transmissible neuropathology. This review discusses the contribution of prion phenomena and transcellular propagation to the progression of pathology in common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. It reviews fundamental events such as cell entry, amplification, and transcellular movement. It also discusses amyloid strains, which produce distinct patterns of neuropathology and spread through the nervous system. These concepts may impact the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Vaquer-Alicea
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Marc I Diamond
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
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11
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Dynamic effect of beta-amyloid 42 on cell mechanics. J Biomech 2019; 86:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Liu J, Chang L, Song Y, Li H, Wu Y. The Role of NMDA Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:43. [PMID: 30800052 PMCID: PMC6375899 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), early synaptic dysfunction is associated with the increased oligomeric amyloid-beta peptide, which causes NMDAR-dependent synaptic depression and spine elimination. Memantine, low-affinity NMDAR channel blocker, has been used in the treatment of moderate to severe AD. However, clear evidence is still deficient in demonstrating the underlying mechanisms and a relationship between NMDARs dysfunction and AD. This review focuses on not only changes in expression of different NMDAR subunits, but also some unconventional modes of NMDAR action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Liu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhi Song
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Kim OY, Song J. The Role of Irisin in Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7110407. [PMID: 30388754 PMCID: PMC6262319 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory dysfunction, oxidative stress, and presence of senile plaques formed by amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in the brain. AD is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. AD has a variety of risk factors, including environmental factors, metabolic dysfunction, and genetic background. Recent research has highlighted the relationship between AD and systemic metabolic changes such as glucose and lipid imbalance and insulin resistance. Irisin, a myokine closely linked to exercise, has been associated with glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and fat browning. Recent studies have suggested that irisin is involved in the process in central nervous system (CNS) such as neurogenesis and has reported the effects of irisin on AD as one of the neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review the roles of irisin with respect to AD and suggest that irisin highlight therapeutic important roles in AD. Thus, we propose that irisin could be a potential future target for ameliorating AD pathology and preventing AD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Center for Silver-targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Human Life Research Center, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Human Life Research Center, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-379-2706
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14
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Reiss AB, Arain HA, Stecker MM, Siegart NM, Kasselman LJ. Amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:613-627. [PMID: 29447116 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is the plaque composed of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Although these plaques may have harmful properties, there is much evidence to implicate soluble oligomeric Aβ as the primary noxious form. Aβ oligomers can be generated both extracellularly and intracellularly. Aβ is toxic to neurons in a myriad of ways. It can cause pore formation resulting in the leakage of ions, disruption of cellular calcium balance, and loss of membrane potential. It can promote apoptosis, cause synaptic loss, and disrupt the cytoskeleton. Current treatments for AD are limited and palliative. Much research and effort is being devoted to reducing Aβ production as an approach to slowing or preventing the development of AD. Aβ formation results from the amyloidogenic cleavage of human amyloid precursor protein (APP). Reconfiguring this process to disfavor amyloid generation might be possible through the reduction of APP or inhibition of enzymes that convert the precursor protein to amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Reiss
- Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Hirra A Arain
- Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Mark M Stecker
- Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Nicolle M Siegart
- Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Lora J Kasselman
- Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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15
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Exploring the mechanistic insights of Cas scaffolding protein family member 4 with protein tyrosine kinase 2 in Alzheimer's disease by evaluating protein interactions through molecular docking and dynamic simulations. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:1361-1374. [PMID: 29789968 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cas scaffolding protein family member 4 and protein tyrosine kinase 2 are signaling proteins, which are involved in neuritic plaques burden, neurofibrillary tangles, and disruption of synaptic connections in Alzheimer's disease. In the current study, a computational approach was employed to explore the active binding sites of Cas scaffolding protein family member 4 and protein tyrosine kinase 2 proteins and their significant role in the activation of downstream signaling pathways. Sequential and structural analyses were performed on Cas scaffolding protein family member 4 and protein tyrosine kinase 2 to identify their core active binding sites. Molecular docking servers were used to predict the common interacting residues in both Cas scaffolding protein family member 4 and protein tyrosine kinase 2 and their involvement in Alzheimer's disease-mediated pathways. Furthermore, the results from molecular dynamic simulation experiment show the stability of targeted proteins. In addition, the generated root mean square deviations and fluctuations, solvent-accessible surface area, and gyration graphs also depict their backbone stability and compactness, respectively. A better understanding of CAS and their interconnected protein signaling cascade may help provide a treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Further, Cas scaffolding protein family member 4 could be used as a novel target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting the protein tyrosine kinase 2 pathway.
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16
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Lowry JR, Klegeris A. Emerging roles of microglial cathepsins in neurodegenerative disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:144-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Hidisoglu E, Kantar-Gok D, Er H, Acun AD, Yargicoglu P. Alterations in spontaneous delta and gamma activity might provide clues to detect changes induced by amyloid-β administration. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1013-1023. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enis Hidisoglu
- Department of Biophysics; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine; Dumlupinar Boulevard TR-07058 Campus; Antalya Turkey
| | - Deniz Kantar-Gok
- Department of Biophysics; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine; Dumlupinar Boulevard TR-07058 Campus; Antalya Turkey
| | - Hakan Er
- Department of Biophysics; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine; Dumlupinar Boulevard TR-07058 Campus; Antalya Turkey
| | - Alev Duygu Acun
- Department of Biophysics; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine; Dumlupinar Boulevard TR-07058 Campus; Antalya Turkey
| | - Piraye Yargicoglu
- Department of Biophysics; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine; Dumlupinar Boulevard TR-07058 Campus; Antalya Turkey
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18
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Park SW, Kim JH, Park SM, Moon M, Lee KH, Park KH, Park WJ, Kim JH. RAGE mediated intracellular Aβ uptake contributes to the breakdown of tight junction in retinal pigment epithelium. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35263-73. [PMID: 26431165 PMCID: PMC4742103 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) has been implicated in neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intracellular Aβ also contributes to tight junction breakdown of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although Aβ is predominantly secreted from neuronal cells, the mechanism of Aβ transport into RPE remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that intracellular Aβ was found concomitantly with the breakdown of tight junction in RPE after subretinal injection of Aβ into the mouse eye. We also presented evidence that receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) contributed to endocytosis of Aβ in RPE. siRNA-mediated knockdown of RAGE prevented intracellular Aβ accumulation as well as subsequent tight junction breakdown in RPE. In addition, we found that RAGE-mediated p38 MAPK signaling contributed to endocytosis of Aβ. Blockade of RAGE/p38 MAPK signaling inhibited Aβ endocytosis, thereby preventing tight junction breakdown in RPE. These results implicate that intracellular Aβ contributes to the breakdown of tight junction in RPE via the RAGE/p38 MAPK-mediated endocytosis. Thus, we suggest that RAGE could be a potential therapeutic target for intracellular Aβ induced outer BRB breakdown in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Park
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Concentration GIST (Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology), Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki Hwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Concentration GIST (Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology), Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Han SH, Park JC, Mook-Jung I. Amyloid β-interacting partners in Alzheimer's disease: From accomplices to possible therapeutic targets. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 137:17-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Perforin Promotes Amyloid Beta Internalisation in Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:874-887. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Aguzzi A, Lakkaraju AKK. Cell Biology of Prions and Prionoids: A Status Report. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:40-51. [PMID: 26455408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The coalescence of proteins into highly ordered aggregates is a hallmark of protein misfolding disorders (PMDs), which, when affecting the central nervous system, lead to progressive neurodegeneration. Although the chemical identity and the topology of each culprit protein are unique, the principles governing aggregation and propagation are strikingly stereotypical. It is now clear that such protein aggregates can spread from cell to cell and eventually affect entire organ systems - similarly to prion diseases. However, because most aggregates are not found to transmit between individuals, they are not infectious sensu strictiori. Therefore, they are not identical to prions and we prefer to define them as 'prionoids'. Here we review recent advances in understanding the toxicity of protein aggregation affecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Asvin K K Lakkaraju
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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22
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Ferreira IL, Ferreiro E, Schmidt J, Cardoso JM, Pereira CM, Carvalho AL, Oliveira CR, Rego AC. Aβ and NMDAR activation cause mitochondrial dysfunction involving ER calcium release. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:680-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Parsons CG, Ruitenberg M, Freitag CE, Sroka-Saidi K, Russ H, Rammes G. MRZ-99030 - A novel modulator of Aβ aggregation: I - Mechanism of action (MoA) underlying the potential neuroprotective treatment of Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Neuropharmacology 2015; 92:158-69. [PMID: 25634238 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches addressing β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ1-42) aggregation represent a promising neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma. MRZ-99030 is a dipeptide containing d-tryptophan and 2-amino-2-methylpropionic acid in clinical development for the topical treatment of glaucoma and AMD. MRZ-99030 is an Aβ aggregation modulator, previously reported to prevent the formation of soluble toxic oligomeric Aβ species. The present study confirmed that MRZ-99030 prevents the formation of oligomeric Aβ species using similar SDS-PAGE experiments. However, additional data from TR-FRET, DLS and AFM experiments revealed that MRZ-99030 does not directly prevent early protein/protein interactions between monomeric Aβ, but rather promotes the formation of large, non-amyloidogenic, amorphous Aβ aggregates and thereby reduces the amount of intermediate toxic soluble oligomeric Aβ species. The affinity of MRZ-99030 to Aβ1-42 determined by SPR was 28.4 nM but the ratio of compound to Aβ is also important: a 10-20 fold excess of MRZ-99030 over Aβ is probably required for effective modulation of protein/protein interactions. For example, in glaucoma, assuming a maximal Aβ concentration of 1-15 nM in the retina, up to 150 nM MRZ-99030 could be required at the protein target. In line with this consideration, MRZ-99030 was able to prevent Aβ-induced toxicity on PC12 cells, retinal ganglion cells and retinal pigment epithelium cells when present at a 10-20 fold stoichiometric excess over Aβ. Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrate the neuroprotective potential of MRZ-99030 after systemic and topical administration in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma/AMD respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maarten Ruitenberg
- Merz Pharmaceuticals, Eckenheimer Landstrasse 100, D-60318 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine E Freitag
- Merz Pharmaceuticals, Eckenheimer Landstrasse 100, D-60318 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kamila Sroka-Saidi
- Merz Pharmaceuticals, Eckenheimer Landstrasse 100, D-60318 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hermann Russ
- Merz Pharmaceuticals, Eckenheimer Landstrasse 100, D-60318 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Technische Universität München, D-81675, Germany
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24
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Intracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein plays a major role in Aβ-induced alterations of glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity. J Neurosci 2014; 34:12893-903. [PMID: 25232124 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1201-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein has been proposed as an early event in AD pathogenesis. In patients with mild cognitive impairment, intraneuronal Aβ immunoreactivity was found especially in brain regions critically involved in the cognitive deficits of AD. Although a large body of evidence demonstrates that Aβ42 accumulates intraneuronally ((in)Aβ), the action and the role of Aβ42 buildup on synaptic function have been poorly investigated. Here, we demonstrate that basal synaptic transmission and LTP were markedly depressed following Aβ42 injection into the neuron through the patch pipette. Control experiments performed with the reverse peptide (Aβ42-1) allowed us to exclude that the effects of (in)Aβ depended on changes in oncotic pressure. To further investigate (in)Aβ synaptotoxicity we used an Aβ variant harboring oxidized methionine in position 35 that does not cross the neuronal plasma membrane and is not uploaded from the extracellular space. This Aβ42 variant had no effects on synaptic transmission and plasticity when applied extracellularly, but induced synaptic depression and LTP inhibition after patch-pipette dialysis. Finally, the injection of an antibody raised against human Aβ42 (6E10) in CA1 pyramidal neurons of mouse hippocampal brain slices and autaptic microcultures did not, per se, significantly affect LTP and basal synaptic transmission, but it protected against the toxic effects of extracellular Aβ42. Collectively, these findings suggest that Aβ42-induced impairment of glutamatergic synaptic function depends on its internalization and intracellular accumulation thus paving the way to a systemic proteomic analysis of intracellular targets/partners of Aβ42.
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25
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Venkatasubramaniam A, Drude A, Good T. Role of N-terminal residues in Aβ interactions with integrin receptor and cell surface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2568-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Piras S, Furfaro AL, Piccini A, Passalacqua M, Borghi R, Carminati E, Parodi A, Colombo L, Salmona M, Pronzato MA, Marinari UM, Tabaton M, Nitti M. Monomeric Aβ1–42 and RAGE: key players in neuronal differentiation. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1301-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Song HL, Shim S, Kim DH, Won SH, Joo S, Kim S, Jeon NL, Yoon SY. β-Amyloid is transmitted via neuronal connections along axonal membranes. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:88-97. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Lim Song
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Laboratory, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Sungbo Shim
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Dong-Hou Kim
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Laboratory, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Won
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Laboratory, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Segyeong Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Sudong Kim
- Division of World Class University Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Division of World Class University Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Yoon
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Laboratory, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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Amyloid beta: multiple mechanisms of toxicity and only some protective effects? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:795375. [PMID: 24683437 PMCID: PMC3941171 DOI: 10.1155/2014/795375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a peptide of 39–43 amino acids found in large amounts and forming deposits in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). For this reason, it has been implicated in the pathophysiology of damage observed in this type of dementia. However, the role of Aβ in the pathophysiology of AD is not yet precisely understood. Aβ has been experimentally shown to have a wide range of toxic mechanisms in vivo and in vitro, such as excitotoxicity, mitochondrial alterations, synaptic dysfunction, altered calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, and so forth. In contrast, Aβ has also shown some interesting neuroprotective and physiological properties under certain experimental conditions, suggesting that both physiological and pathological roles of Aβ may depend on several factors. In this paper, we reviewed both toxic and protective mechanisms of Aβ to further explore what their potential roles could be in the pathophysiology of AD. The complete understanding of such apparently opposed effects will also be an important guide for the therapeutic efforts coming in the future.
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29
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Pianu B, Lefort R, Thuiliere L, Tabourier E, Bartolini F. The Aβ₁₋₄₂ peptide regulates microtubule stability independently of tau. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1117-27. [PMID: 24424028 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.143750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interference with microtubule stability by beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) has been shown to disrupt dendritic function and axonal trafficking, both early events in Alzheimer's disease. However, it is unclear whether Aβ regulation of microtubule dynamics can occur independently of its action on tau. RhoA has been implicated in neurotoxicity by Aβ but the mechanism by which this activation generates cytoskeletal changes is also unclear. We found that oligomeric Aβ1-42 induced the formation of stable detyrosinated microtubules in NIH3T3 cells and this function resulted from the activation of a RhoA-dependent microtubule stabilization pathway regulated by integrin signaling and the formin mDia1. Induction of microtubule stability by Aβ was also initiated by dimerization of APP and required caspase activity, two previously characterized regulators of neurotoxicity downstream of Aβ. Finally, we found that this function was conserved in primary neurons and abolished by Rho inactivation, reinforcing a link between induction of stable detyrosinated microtubules and neuropathogenesis by Aβ. Our study reveals a novel activity of Aβ on the microtubule cytoskeleton that is independent of tau and associated with pathways linked to microtubule stabilization and Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pianu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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30
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Cattepoel S, Schaub A, Ender M, Gaida A, Kropf A, Guggisberg U, Nolte MW, Fabri L, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI, Bolli R, Miescher SM. Intravenous immunglobulin binds beta amyloid and modifies its aggregation, neurotoxicity and microglial phagocytosis in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63162. [PMID: 23696796 PMCID: PMC3656042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its efficacy is currently being tested in mild-to-moderate AD. Earlier studies reported the presence of anti-amyloid beta (Aβ) antibodies in IVIG. These observations led to clinical studies investigating the potential role of IVIG as a therapeutic agent in AD. Also, IVIG is known to mediate beneficial effects in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions by interfering with various pathological processes. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IVIG and purified polyclonal Aβ -specific antibodies (pAbs-Aβ) on aggregation, toxicity and phagocytosis of Aβ in vitro, thus elucidating some of the potential mechanisms of action of IVIG in AD patients. We report that both IVIG and pAbs-Aβ specifically bound to Aβ and inhibited its aggregation in a dose-dependent manner as measured by Thioflavin T assay. Additionally, IVIG and the purified pAbs-Aβ inhibited Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line and prevented Aβ binding to rat primary cortical neurons. Interestingly, IVIG and pAbs-Aβ also increased the number of phagocytosing cells as well as the amount of phagocytosed fibrillar Aβ by BV-2 microglia. Phagocytosis of Aβ depended on receptor-mediated endocytosis and was accompanied by upregulation of CD11b expression. Importantly, we could also show that Privigen dose-dependently reversed Aβ-mediated LTP inhibition in mouse hippocampal slices. Therefore, our in vitro results suggest that IVIG may have an impact on different processes involved in AD pathogenesis, thereby promoting further understanding of the effects of IVIG observed in clinical studies.
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31
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The cell biology of prion-like spread of protein aggregates: mechanisms and implication in neurodegeneration. Biochem J 2013; 452:1-17. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20121898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of specific proteins is a common hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders, including highly prevalent illnesses such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, as well as rarer disorders such as Huntington's and prion diseases. Among these, only prion diseases are ‘infectious’. By seeding misfolding of the PrPC (normal conformer prion protein) into PrPSc (abnormal disease-specific conformation of prion protein), prions spread from the periphery of the body to the central nervous system and can also be transmitted between individuals of the same or different species. However, recent exciting data suggest that the transmissibility of misfolded proteins within the brain is a property that goes way beyond the rare prion diseases. Evidence indicates that non-prion aggregates [tau, α-syn (α-synuclein), Aβ (amyloid-β) and Htt (huntingtin) aggregates] can also move between cells and seed the misfolding of their normal conformers. These findings have enormous implications. On the one hand they question the therapeutical use of transplants, and on the other they indicate that it may be possible to bring these diseases to an early arrest by preventing cell-to-cell transmission. To better understand the prion-like spread of these protein aggregates it is essential to identify the underlying cellular and molecular factors. In the present review we analyse and discuss the evidence supporting prion-like spreading of amyloidogenic proteins, especially focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms and their significance.
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Danysz W, Parsons CG. Alzheimer's disease, β-amyloid, glutamate, NMDA receptors and memantine--searching for the connections. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:324-52. [PMID: 22646481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid (Aβ) is widely accepted to be one of the major pathomechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD), although there is presently lively debate regarding the relative roles of particular species/forms of this peptide. Most recent evidence indicates that soluble oligomers rather than plaques are the major cause of synaptic dysfunction and ultimately neurodegeneration. Soluble oligomeric Aβ has been shown to interact with several proteins, for example glutamatergic receptors of the NMDA type and proteins responsible for maintaining glutamate homeostasis such as uptake and release. As NMDA receptors are critically involved in neuronal plasticity including learning and memory, we felt that it would be valuable to provide an up to date review of the evidence connecting Aβ to these receptors and related neuronal plasticity. Strong support for the clinical relevance of such interactions is provided by the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. This substance is the only NMDA receptor antagonist used clinically in the treatment of AD and therefore offers an excellent tool to facilitate translational extrapolations from in vitro studies through in vivo animal experiments to its ultimate clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Danysz
- Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Eckenheimer Landstraße, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Nisticò R, Pignatelli M, Piccinin S, Mercuri NB, Collingridge G. Targeting synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:572-87. [PMID: 22914888 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past years, major efforts have been made to understand the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been translated into extensive experimental approaches aimed at slowing down or halting disease progression. Advances in transgenic (Tg) technologies allowed the engineering of different mouse models of AD recapitulating a range of AD-like features. These Tg models provided excellent opportunities to analyze the bases for the temporal evolution of the disease. Several lines of evidence point to synaptic dysfunction as a cause of AD and that synapse loss is a pathological correlate associated with cognitive decline. Therefore, the phenotypic characterization of these animals has included electrophysiological studies to analyze hippocampal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation, a widely recognized cellular model for learning and memory. Transgenic mice, along with non-Tg models derived mainly from exogenous application of Aβ, have also been useful experimental tools to test the various therapeutic approaches. As a result, numerous pharmacological interventions have been reported to attenuate synaptic dysfunction and improve behavior in the different AD models. To date, however, very few of these findings have resulted in target validation or successful translation into disease-modifying compounds in humans. Here, we will briefly review the synaptic alterations across the different animal models and we will recapitulate the pharmacological strategies aimed at rescuing hippocampal plasticity phenotypes. Finally, we will highlight intrinsic limitations in the use of experimental systems and related challenges in translating preclinical studies into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nisticò
- Department of Pharmacobiology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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Thellung S, Gatta E, Pellistri F, Corsaro A, Villa V, Vassalli M, Robello M, Florio T. Excitotoxicity through NMDA receptors mediates cerebellar granule neuron apoptosis induced by prion protein 90-231 fragment. Neurotox Res 2012; 23:301-14. [PMID: 22855343 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases recognize, as a unique molecular trait, the misfolding of CNS-enriched prion protein (PrP(C)) into an aberrant isoform (PrP(Sc)). In this work, we characterize the in vitro toxicity of amino-terminally truncated recombinant PrP fragment (amino acids 90-231, PrP90-231), on rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGN), focusing on glutamatergic receptor activation and Ca(2+) homeostasis impairment. This recombinant fragment assumes a toxic conformation (PrP90-231(TOX)) after controlled thermal denaturation (1 h at 53 °C) acquiring structural characteristics identified in PrP(Sc) (enrichment in β-structures, increased hydrophobicity, partial resistance to proteinase K, and aggregation in amyloid fibrils). By annexin-V binding assay, and evaluation of the percentage of fragmented and condensed nuclei, we show that treatment with PrP90-231(TOX), used in pre-fibrillar aggregation state, induces CGN apoptosis. This effect was associated with a delayed, but sustained elevation of [Ca(2+)]i. Both CGN apoptosis and [Ca(2+)]i increase were not observed using PrP90-231 in PrP(C)-like conformation. PrP90-231(TOX) effects were significantly reduced in the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. In particular, CGN apoptosis and [Ca(2+)]i increase were largely reduced, although not fully abolished, by pre-treatment with the NMDA antagonists APV and memantine, while the AMPA antagonist CNQX produced a lower, although still significant, effect. In conclusion, we report that CGN apoptosis induced by PrP90-231(TOX) correlates with a sustained elevation of [Ca(2+)]i mediated by the activation of NMDA and AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Thellung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pharmacology and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR) School of Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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35
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Posse de Chaves E. Reciprocal regulation of cholesterol and beta amyloid at the subcellular level in Alzheimer's disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:753-64. [PMID: 22626060 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery that apolipoprotein E, a cholesterol transport protein, is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) development, there has been a remarkable interest in understanding the many facets of the relationship between cholesterol and AD. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated the importance of cholesterol in amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) production and metabolism, as well as the involvement of Aβ in cholesterol homeostasis. The emerging picture is complex and still incomplete. This review discusses findings that indicate that a reciprocal regulation exists between Aβ and cholesterol at the subcellular level. The pathological impact of such regulation is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Posse de Chaves
- Department of Pharmacology, 9-31 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Lioudyno MI, Broccio M, Sokolov Y, Rasool S, Wu J, Alkire MT, Liu V, Kozak JA, Dennison PR, Glabe CG, Lösche M, Hall JE. Effect of synthetic aβ peptide oligomers and fluorinated solvents on Kv1.3 channel properties and membrane conductance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35090. [PMID: 22563377 PMCID: PMC3338507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of synthetic amyloid β (1–42) (Aβ1–42) oligomers on biophysical properties of voltage-gated potassium channels Kv 1.3 and lipid bilayer membranes (BLMs) was quantified for protocols using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as solvents prior to initiating the oligomer formation. Regardless of the solvent used Aβ1–42 samples contained oligomers that reacted with the conformation-specific antibodies A11 and OC and had similar size distributions as determined by dynamic light scattering. Patch-clamp recordings of the potassium currents showed that synthetic Aβ1–42 oligomers accelerate the activation and inactivation kinetics of Kv 1.3 current with no significant effect on current amplitude. In contrast to oligomeric samples, freshly prepared, presumably monomeric, Aβ1–42 solutions had no effect on Kv 1.3 channel properties. Aβ1–42 oligomers had no effect on the steady-state current (at −80 mV) recorded from Kv 1.3-expressing cells but increased the conductance of artificial BLMs in a dose-dependent fashion. Formation of amyloid channels, however, was not observed due to conditions of the experiments. To exclude the effects of HFIP (used to dissolve lyophilized Aβ1–42 peptide), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (used during Aβ1–42 synthesis), we determined concentrations of these fluorinated compounds in the stock Aβ1–42 solutions by 19F NMR. After extensive evaporation, the concentration of HFIP in the 100× stock Aβ1–42 solutions was ∼1.7 μM. The concentration of residual TFA in the 70× stock Aβ1–42 solutions was ∼20 μM. Even at the stock concentrations neither HFIP nor TFA alone had any effect on potassium currents or BLMs. The Aβ1–42 oligomers prepared with HFIP as solvent, however, were more potent in the electrophysiological tests, suggesting that fluorinated compounds, such as HFIP or structurally-related inhalational anesthetics, may affect Aβ1–42 aggregation and potentially enhance ability of oligomers to modulate voltage-gated ion channels and biological membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Lioudyno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, Calfornia, United States of America
| | - Matteo Broccio
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yuri Sokolov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, Calfornia, United States of America
| | - Suhail Rasool
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Alkire
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Virginia Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, Calfornia, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - J. Ashot Kozak
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Philip R. Dennison
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Charles G. Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mathias Lösche
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James E. Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, Calfornia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rosales-Corral SA, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Manchester LC, Fuentes-Broto L, Korkmaz A, Ma S, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Alzheimer's disease: pathological mechanisms and the beneficial role of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:167-202. [PMID: 22107053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly complex neurodegenerative disorder of the aged that has multiple factors which contribute to its etiology in terms of initiation and progression. This review summarizes these diverse aspects of this form of dementia. Several hypotheses, often with overlapping features, have been formulated to explain this debilitating condition. Perhaps the best-known hypothesis to explain AD is that which involves the role of the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide in the brain. Other theories that have been invoked to explain AD and summarized in this review include the cholinergic hypothesis, the role of neuroinflammation, the calcium hypothesis, the insulin resistance hypothesis, and the association of AD with peroxidation of brain lipids. In addition to summarizing each of the theories that have been used to explain the structural neural changes and the pathophysiology of AD, the potential role of melatonin in influencing each of the theoretical processes involved is discussed. Melatonin is an endogenously produced and multifunctioning molecule that could theoretically intervene at any of a number of sites to abate the changes associated with the development of AD. Production of this indoleamine diminishes with increasing age, coincident with the onset of AD. In addition to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, melatonin has a multitude of other functions that could assist in explaining each of the hypotheses summarized above. The intent of this review is to stimulate interest in melatonin as a potentially useful agent in attenuating and/or delaying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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Chasseigneaux S, Allinquant B. Functions of Aβ, sAPPα and sAPPβ : similarities and differences. J Neurochem 2011; 120 Suppl 1:99-108. [PMID: 22150401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid peptide (Aβ) is derived from the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), which also generates the soluble peptide APPβ (sAPPβ). An antagonist and major APP metabolic pathway involves cleavage by alpha secretase, which releases sAPPα. Although soluble Aβ oligomers are neurotoxic, Aβ monomers share similar properties with sAPPα. These include neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects, as well as stimulation of neural-progenitor proliferation. The properties of Aβ monomers and the neurotrophic capacity of sAPPβ to stimulate axonal outgrowth suggest that Aβ production is not deleterious per se. Consequently, therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease that are targeted at Aβ-cleaving enzymes should modulate rather than inhibit Aβ generation. These strategies should focus on the factors that induce the conversion of Aβ monomers into toxic soluble oligomers. Another interesting therapeutic approach is to focus on the mechanisms of the different properties of sAPPα. Indeed, increasing sAPPα levels could shift proliferating cells towards tumorigenesis. In contrast to its neuroprotective effects, sAPPα is also able to activate microglia, leading to neurotoxicity. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the different properties of sAPPα could therefore lead to the development of therapeutic strategies against Alzheimer's disease, which could be curative as well as preventive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Chasseigneaux
- INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Allinquant
- INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
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Floden AM, Combs CK. Microglia demonstrate age-dependent interaction with amyloid-β fibrils. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 25:279-93. [PMID: 21403390 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated disease characterized by increased accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques within the brain. Histological examination has also revealed profound microglial activation in diseased brains often in association with these fibrillar peptide aggregates. The paradoxical presence of increased, reactive microglia yet accumulating extracellular debris suggests that these cells may be phagocytically compromised during disease. Prior work has demonstrated that primary microglia from adult mice are unable to phagocytose fibrillar Aβ1-42 in vitro when compared to microglia cultured from early postnatal animals. These data suggest that microglia undergo an age-associated decrease in microglial ability to interact with Aβ fibrils. In order to better define a temporal profile of microglia-Aβ interaction, acutely isolated, rather than cultured, microglia from 2 month, 6 month, and postnatal day 0 C57BL/6 mice were compared. Postnatal day 0 microglia demonstrated a CD47 dependent ability to phagocytose Aβ fibrils that was lost by 6 months. This corresponded with the ability of postnatal day 0 but not adult microglia to decrease Aβ immunoreactive plaque load from AD sections in vitro. In spite of limited Aβ uptake ability, adult microglia had functional phagocytic uptake of bacterial bioparticles and demonstrated the ability to adhere to both Aβ plaques and in vitro fibrillized Aβ. These data demonstrate a temporal profile of specifically Aβ-microglia interaction with a critical developmental period at 6 months in which cells remain able to interact with Aβ fibrils but lose their ability to phagocytose it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marie Floden
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9037, USA
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40
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Alzheimer's disease brain-derived amyloid-β-mediated inhibition of LTP in vivo is prevented by immunotargeting cellular prion protein. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7259-63. [PMID: 21593310 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6500-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic amyloid-β protein (Aβ) oligomers bind with high affinity to cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), but the role of this interaction in mediating the disruption of synaptic plasticity by such soluble Aβ in vitro is controversial. Here we report that intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ-containing aqueous extracts of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain robustly inhibits long-term potentiation (LTP) without significantly affecting baseline excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus in vivo. Moreover, the disruption of LTP was abrogated by immunodepletion of Aβ. Importantly, intracerebroventricular administration of antigen-binding antibody fragment D13, directed to a putative Aβ-binding site on PrP(C), prevented the inhibition of LTP by AD brain-derived Aβ. In contrast, R1, a Fab directed to the C terminus of PrP(C), a region not implicated in binding of Aβ, did not significantly affect the Aβ-mediated inhibition of LTP. These data support the pathophysiological significance of SDS-stable Aβ dimer and the role of PrP(C) in mediating synaptic plasticity disruption by soluble Aβ.
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41
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Da Costa Dias B, Jovanovic K, Gonsalves D, Weiss SFT. Structural and mechanistic commonalities of amyloid-β and the prion protein. Prion 2011; 5:126-37. [PMID: 21862871 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.3.17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) is a major causative agent of Alzheime disease. This neurotoxic peptide is generated as a result of the cleavage of the Amyloid-Precursor-Protein (APP) by the action of beta secretase and gamma secretase. The neurotoxicity was previously thought to be the result of aggregation. However, recent studies suggest that the interaction of Aβ with numerous cell surface receptors such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE), P75 neurotrophin receptor (P75NTR) as well as cell surface proteins such as the cellular prion protein (PrP(c) ) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) strongly enhances Aβ induced apoptosis and thereby contributes to neurotoxicity. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism resulting in Aβ-shedding as well as Aβ-induced apoptotic processes, genetic risk factors for familial Alzheimer disease and interactions of Aβ with cell surface receptors and proteins, with particular emphasis on the cellular prion protein. Furthermore, comparisons are drawn between Alzheimer disease and prion disorders and the role of laminin, an extracellular matrix protein, glycosaminoglycans and the 37 kDa/67 kDa laminin receptor (LRP/LR) have been highlighted with regards to both neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Da Costa Dias
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa (RSA)
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42
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Mohamed A, Posse de Chaves E. Aβ internalization by neurons and glia. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:127984. [PMID: 21350608 PMCID: PMC3042623 DOI: 10.4061/2011/127984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) exists extracellularly and inside neurons. The intracellular accumulation of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease brain has been questioned for a long time. However, there is now sufficient strong evidence indicating that accumulation of Aβ inside neurons plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Intraneuronal Aβ originates from intracellular cleavage of APP and from Aβ internalization from the extracellular milieu. We discuss here the different molecular mechanisms that are responsible for Aβ internalization in neurons and the links between Aβ internalization and neuronal dysfunction and death. A brief description of Aβ uptake by glia is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
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43
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Stoppelkamp S, Bell HS, Palacios-Filardo J, Shewan DA, Riedel G, Platt B. In vitro modelling of Alzheimer's disease: degeneration and cell death induced by viral delivery of amyloid and tau. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:226-37. [PMID: 21295028 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With increasing life expectancy, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias pose an increasing and as yet unresolved health problem. A variety of cellular models of AD has helped to decipher some key aspects of amyloid and tau related degeneration. The initial approach of extracellular applications of synthetic peptides has now been replaced by the introduction of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau genes. In the present study adenoviral transductions were exploited for gene delivery into primary rat hippocampal and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures to enable comparative and mechanistic studies at the cellular level and subsequent drug testing. Time lapse experiments revealed a different pattern of cell death: apoptotic-like for APP whereas tau positive cells joined and formed clusters. Mutated human APP or tau expression caused accelerated neuronal damage and cell death (cf. EGFP: -50% for APP at 5 days; -40% for tau at 3 days). This reduction in viability was preceded by decreased excitability, monitored via responses to depolarising KCl-challenges in Ca(2+) imaging experiments. Additionally, both transgenes reduced neurite outgrowth in DRG neurones. Treatment studies confirmed that APP induced-damage can be ameliorated by β- and γ-secretase inhibitors (providing protection to 60-100% of control levels), clioquinol (80%) and lithium (100%); while anti-aggregation treatments were beneficial for tau-induced damage (60-90% recovery towards controls). Interestingly, caffeine was the most promising drug candidate for therapeutic intervention with high efficacy in both APP (77%) and tau-induced models (72% recovery). Overall, these cellular models offer advantages for mechanistic studies and target identification in AD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Stoppelkamp
- School of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
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44
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Song MS, Baker GB, Todd KG, Kar S. Inhibition of β-amyloid1-42 internalization attenuates neuronal death by stabilizing the endosomal-lysosomal system in rat cortical cultured neurons. Neuroscience 2011; 178:181-8. [PMID: 21262324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have indicated that accumulation of β amyloid (Aβ) peptides within neurons is an early event which may trigger degeneration of neurons and subsequent development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, very little is known about the internalization and/or subcellular sites involved in trafficking of Aβ peptides into the neurons that are vulnerable in AD pathology. To address this issue we evaluated internalization of fluoroscein conjugated Aβ1-42 (FAβ1-42) and subsequent alteration of endosomal-lysosomal (EL) markers such as cathepsin D, Rab5 and Rab7 in rat cortical cultured neurons. It is evident from our results that internalization of FAβ1-42, which occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manner, triggered degeneration of neurons along with increased levels and/or altered distribution of cathepsin D, Rab5 and Rab7. Our results further revealed that FAβ1-42 internalization was attenuated by phenylarsine oxide (a general inhibitor of endocytosis) and sucrose (an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis) but not by antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. Additionally, inhibition of FAβ1-42 endocytosis not only protected neurons against toxicity but also reversed the altered levels/distributions of EL markers. These results, taken together, suggest that internalization of exogenous Aβ1-42, which is partly mediated via a clathrin-dependent process, can lead to degeneration of neurons, possibly by activating the EL system. Inhibition of FAβ endocytosis attenuated toxicity, thus suggesting a potential strategy for preventing loss of neurons in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Song
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2M8
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45
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Miller TW, Isenberg JS, Shih HB, Wang Y, Roberts DD. Amyloid-β inhibits No-cGMP signaling in a CD36- and CD47-dependent manner. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15686. [PMID: 21203512 PMCID: PMC3008726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β interacts with two cell surface receptors, CD36 and CD47, through which the matricellular protein thrombospondin-1 inhibits soluble guanylate cyclase activation. Here we examine whether amyloid-β shares this inhibitory activity. Amyloid-β inhibited both drug and nitric oxide-mediated activation of soluble guanylate cyclase in several cell types. Known cGMP-dependent functional responses to nitric oxide in platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells were correspondingly inhibited by amyloid-β. Functional interaction of amyloid-β with the scavenger receptor CD36 was indicated by inhibition of free fatty acid uptake via this receptor. Both soluble oligomer and fibrillar forms of amyloid-β were active. In contrast, amyloid-β did not compete with the known ligand SIRPα for binding to CD47. However, both receptors were necessary for amyloid-β to inhibit cGMP accumulation. These data suggest that amyloid-β interaction with CD36 induces a CD47-dependent signal that inhibits soluble guanylate cyclase activation. Combined with the pleiotropic effects of inhibiting free fatty acid transport via CD36, these data provides a molecular mechanism through which amyloid-β can contribute to the nitric oxide signaling deficiencies associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Miller
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeff S. Isenberg
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hubert B. Shih
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute–National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yichen Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Lai AY, McLaurin J. Mechanisms of amyloid-Beta Peptide uptake by neurons: the role of lipid rafts and lipid raft-associated proteins. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:548380. [PMID: 21197446 PMCID: PMC3010653 DOI: 10.4061/2011/548380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of extracellular plaques composed of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide. Thus, classically experiments were designed to examine Aβ toxicities within the central nervous system (CNS) from the extracellular space. However, a significant amount of evidence now suggests that intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ is neurotoxic and may play an important role in the disease progression of AD. One of the means by which neurons accumulate intracellular Aβ is through uptake of extracellular Aβ peptides, and this process may be a potential link between Aβ generation, synaptic dysfunction, and AD pathology. Recent studies have found that neuronal internalization of Aβ involves lipid rafts and various lipid raft-associated receptor proteins. Uptake mechanisms independent of lipid rafts have also been implicated. The aim of this paper is to summarize these findings and discuss their significance in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Y Lai
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 6 Queen's Park Crescent West, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2
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47
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Lee DY, Lee KS, Lee HJ, Kim DH, Noh YH, Yu K, Jung HY, Lee SH, Lee JY, Youn YC, Jeong Y, Kim DK, Lee WB, Kim SS. Activation of PERK signaling attenuates Abeta-mediated ER stress. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10489. [PMID: 20463975 PMCID: PMC2864758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of aggregated beta-amyloid (Abeta), which triggers a cellular stress response called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR signaling pathway is a cellular defense system for dealing with the accumulation of misfolded proteins but switches to apoptosis when endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is prolonged. ER stress is involved in neurodegenerative diseases including AD, but the molecular mechanisms of ER stress-mediated Abeta neurotoxicity still remain unknown. Here, we show that treatment of Abeta triggers the UPR in the SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. Abeta mediated UPR pathway accompanies the activation of protective pathways such as Grp78/Bip and PERK-eIF2alpha pathway, as well as the apoptotic pathways of the UPR such as CHOP and caspase-4. Knockdown of PERK enhances Abeta neurotoxicity through reducing the activation of eIF2alpha and Grp8/Bip in neurons. Salubrinal, an activator of the eIF2alpha pathway, significantly increased the Grp78/Bip ER chaperone resulted in attenuating caspase-4 dependent apoptosis in Abeta treated neurons. These results indicate that PERK-eIF2alpha pathway is a potential target for therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yeon Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Bayer TA, Wirths O. Intracellular accumulation of amyloid-Beta - a predictor for synaptic dysfunction and neuron loss in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:8. [PMID: 20552046 PMCID: PMC2879032 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of long-standing evidence that beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides have detrimental effects on synaptic function, the relationship between Abeta, synaptic and neuron loss is largely unclear. During the last years there is growing evidence that early intraneuronal accumulation of Abeta peptides is one of the key events leading to synaptic and neuronal dysfunction. Many studies have been carried out using transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) which have been proven to be valuable model systems in modern AD research. The present review discusses the impact of intraneuronal Abeta accumulation on synaptic impairment and neuron loss and provides an overview of currently available AD mouse models showing these pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Bayer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry and Alzheimer Ph.D. Graduate School, Department of Psychiatry, University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry and Alzheimer Ph.D. Graduate School, Department of Psychiatry, University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
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49
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Peña F, Ordaz B, Balleza-Tapia H, Bernal-Pedraza R, Márquez-Ramos A, Carmona-Aparicio L, Giordano M. Beta-amyloid protein (25-35) disrupts hippocampal network activity: role of Fyn-kinase. Hippocampus 2010; 20:78-96. [PMID: 19294646 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Early cognitive deficit characteristic of early Alzheimer's disease seems to be produced by the soluble forms of beta-amyloid protein. Such cognitive deficit correlates with neuronal network dysfunction that is reflected as alterations in the electroencephalogram of both Alzheimer patients and transgenic murine models of such disease. Correspondingly, recent studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to betaAP affects hippocampal oscillatory properties. However, it is still unclear if such neuronal network dysfunction results from a direct action of betaAP on the hippocampal circuit or it is secondary to the chronic presence of the protein in the brain. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect of acute exposure to betaAP(25-35) on hippocampal network activity both in vitro and in vivo, as well as on intrinsic and synaptic properties of hippocampal neurons. We found that betaAP(25-35), reversibly, affects spontaneous hippocampal population activity in vitro. Such effect is not produced by the inverse sequence betaAP(35-25) and is reproduced by the full-length peptide betaAP(1-42). Correspondingly betaAP(25-35), but not the inverse sequence betaAP(35-25), reduces theta-like activity recorded from the hippocampus in vivo. The betaAP(25-35)-induced disruption in hippocampal network activity correlates with a reduction in spontaneous neuronal activity and synaptic transmission, as well as with an inhibition in the subthreshold oscillations produced by pyramidal neurons in vitro. Finally, we studied the involvement of Fyn-kinase on the betaAP(25-35)-induced disruption in hippocampal network activity in vitro. Interestingly, we found that such phenomenon is not observed in slices obtained from Fyn-knockout mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that betaAP acutely affects proper hippocampal function through a Fyn-dependent mechanism. We propose that such alteration might be related to the cognitive impairment observed, at least, during the early phases of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Sede Sur, México, D.F., México.
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50
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Poduslo JF, Gilles EJ, Ramakrishnan M, Howell KG, Wengenack TM, Curran GL, Kandimalla KK. HH domain of Alzheimer's disease Abeta provides structural basis for neuronal binding in PC12 and mouse cortical/hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8813. [PMID: 20098681 PMCID: PMC2809098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key question in understanding AD is whether extracellular Aβ deposition of parenchymal amyloid plaques or intraneuronal Aβ accumulation initiates the AD process. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is endocytosed from the cell surface into endosomes where it is cleaved to produce soluble Aβ which is then released into the brain interstitial fluid. Intraneuronal Aβ accumulation is hypothesized to predominate from the neuronal uptake of this soluble extracellular Aβ rather than from ER/Golgi processing of APP. We demonstrate that substitution of the two adjacent histidine residues of Aβ40 results in a significant decrease in its binding with PC12 cells and mouse cortical/hippocampal neurons. These substitutions also result in a dramatic enhancement of both thioflavin-T positive fibril formation and binding to preformed Aβ fibrils while maintaining its plaque-binding ability in AD transgenic mice. Hence, alteration of the histidine domain of Aβ prevented neuronal binding and drove Aβ to enhanced fibril formation and subsequent amyloid plaque deposition - a potential mechanism for removing toxic species of Aβ. Substitution or even masking of these Aβ histidine residues might provide a new therapeutic direction for minimizing neuronal uptake and subsequent neuronal degeneration and maximizing targeting to amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.
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