1
|
Perot BP, Ménager MM. Tetraspanin 7 and its closest paralog tetraspanin 6: membrane organizers with key functions in brain development, viral infection, innate immunity, diabetes and cancer. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:427-436. [PMID: 32468130 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanin (TSPAN) protein family forms a family of transmembrane proteins that act as organizers/scaffold for other proteins. TSPANs are primarily present on plasma membranes although they are also found in other biological membranes. They are organized in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs), which allow spatiotemporal tuning of protein functions through the control of their membrane localization. TSPAN6 and TSPAN7 are close paralogs expressed in different tissues, TSPAN7 being highly expressed in the brain. Their functions only started to be unveiled in the late 2000's and are still poorly understood. Here, we introduce how TSPAN7 was first highlighted has a protein mutated in some forms of X-linked mental retardation, which was later proposed to be caused by defects in neuronal morphogenesis and synaptic transmission. We then discuss the impacts TSPAN7 has on cell morphology of dendritic cells and osteoclasts, through rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton and how TSPAN7 was shown to be a target of autoantibody in patients suffering from type 1 diabetes. Finally, we are addressing the double edge sword that is TSPAN7 in cancer. In the second part of this review, we address the known roles of TSPAN6 and how this protein was shown to participate in synaptic transmission and in amyloid precursor protein secretion, which may contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathology. We conclude this review by discussing the anti-inflammatory effect of TSPAN6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brieuc P Perot
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Responses and Transcriptomic Networks in Diseases, Imagine Institute, 24 boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France
- Inserm UMR 1163, ATIP-Avenir Team, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël M Ménager
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Responses and Transcriptomic Networks in Diseases, Imagine Institute, 24 boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France.
- Inserm UMR 1163, ATIP-Avenir Team, Paris, France.
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pravata VM, Muha V, Gundogdu M, Ferenbach AT, Kakade PS, Vandadi V, Wilmes AC, Borodkin VS, Joss S, Stavridis MP, van Aalten DMF. Catalytic deficiency of O-GlcNAc transferase leads to X-linked intellectual disability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14961-14970. [PMID: 31296563 PMCID: PMC6660750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900065116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an X-linked gene product that is essential for normal development of the vertebrate embryo. It catalyses the O-GlcNAc posttranslational modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins and proteolytic maturation of the transcriptional coregulator Host cell factor 1 (HCF1). Recent studies have suggested that conservative missense mutations distal to the OGT catalytic domain lead to X-linked intellectual disability in boys, but it is not clear if this is through changes in the O-GlcNAc proteome, loss of protein-protein interactions, or misprocessing of HCF1. Here, we report an OGT catalytic domain missense mutation in monozygotic female twins (c. X:70779215 T > A, p. N567K) with intellectual disability that allows dissection of these effects. The patients show limited IQ with developmental delay and skewed X-inactivation. Molecular analyses revealed decreased OGT stability and disruption of the substrate binding site, resulting in loss of catalytic activity. Editing this mutation into the Drosophila genome results in global changes in the O-GlcNAc proteome, while in mouse embryonic stem cells it leads to loss of O-GlcNAcase and delayed differentiation down the neuronal lineage. These data imply that catalytic deficiency of OGT could contribute to X-linked intellectual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M Pravata
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Villo Muha
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mehmet Gundogdu
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T Ferenbach
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Poonam S Kakade
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Vasudha Vandadi
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ariane C Wilmes
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir S Borodkin
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Genetic Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, G51 4TF Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marios P Stavridis
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Banworth MJ, Li G. Consequences of Rab GTPase dysfunction in genetic or acquired human diseases. Small GTPases 2018. [PMID: 29239692 DOI: 10.1080/215412481397833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are important regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Both activating and inactivating mutations in Rab genes have been identified and implicated in human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. In addition, altered Rab expression is often associated with disease prognosis. As such, the study of diseases associated with Rabs or Rab-interacting proteins has shed light on the important role of intracellular membrane trafficking in disease etiology. In this review, we cover recent advances in the field with an emphasis on cellular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcellus J Banworth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Banworth MJ, Li G. Consequences of Rab GTPase dysfunction in genetic or acquired human diseases. Small GTPases 2017; 9:158-181. [PMID: 29239692 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1397833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are important regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Both activating and inactivating mutations in Rab genes have been identified and implicated in human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. In addition, altered Rab expression is often associated with disease prognosis. As such, the study of diseases associated with Rabs or Rab-interacting proteins has shed light on the important role of intracellular membrane trafficking in disease etiology. In this review, we cover recent advances in the field with an emphasis on cellular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcellus J Banworth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
A cardinal feature of early stages of human brain development centers on the sensory, cognitive, and emotional experiences that shape neuronal-circuit formation and refinement. Consequently, alterations in these processes account for many psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurodevelopment disorders affect 3-4% of the world population. The impact of these disorders presents a major challenge to clinicians, geneticists, and neuroscientists. Mutations that cause neurodevelopmental disorders are commonly found in genes encoding proteins that regulate synaptic function. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms using gain or loss of function approaches has revealed alterations in dendritic spine structure, function, and plasticity, consequently modulating the neuronal circuit formation and thereby raising the possibility of neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from synaptopathies. One such gene, SYNGAP1 (Synaptic Ras-GTPase-activating protein) has been shown to cause Intellectual Disability (ID) with comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and epilepsy in children. SYNGAP1 is a negative regulator of Ras, Rap and of AMPA receptor trafficking to the postsynaptic membrane, thereby regulating not only synaptic plasticity, but also neuronal homeostasis. Recent studies on the neurophysiology of SYNGAP1, using Syngap1 mouse models, have provided deeper insights into how downstream signaling proteins and synaptic plasticity are regulated by SYNGAP1. This knowledge has led to a better understanding of the function of SYNGAP1 and suggests a potential target during critical period of development when the brain is more susceptible to therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nallathambi Jeyabalan
- Narayana Nethralaya Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Health City Bangalore, India
| | - James P Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bassani S, Passafaro M. TSPAN7: A new player in excitatory synapse maturation and function. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 2:95-97. [PMID: 22880149 PMCID: PMC3414387 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins regulate the signaling, trafficking and biosynthetic processing of associated proteins, and may link the extracellular domain of α-chain integrins with intracellular signaling molecules, including PI4K and PKC, both of which regulate cytoskeletal architecture. We showed that TSPAN7, a member of tetraspannin-family, promotes filopodia and dendritic spine formation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and is required for spine stability and normal synaptic transmission. TSPAN7 directly interacts with the PDZ domain of protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1), and associates with AMPAR subunit GluA2 and β1-integrin. TSPAN7 regulates PICK1 and GluA2/3 association, and AMPA receptor trafficking. These findings identify TSPAN7 as a key player in the morphological and functional maturation of glutamatergic synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bassani
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience; Department of Medical Pharmacology; University of Milan; Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sala C, Segal M. Dendritic spines: the locus of structural and functional plasticity. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:141-88. [PMID: 24382885 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of high-resolution time lapse imaging and molecular biological tools has changed dramatically the rate of progress towards the understanding of the complex structure-function relations in synapses of central spiny neurons. Standing issues, including the sequence of molecular and structural processes leading to formation, morphological change, and longevity of dendritic spines, as well as the functions of dendritic spines in neurological/psychiatric diseases are being addressed in a growing number of recent studies. There are still unsettled issues with respect to spine formation and plasticity: Are spines formed first, followed by synapse formation, or are synapses formed first, followed by emergence of a spine? What are the immediate and long-lasting changes in spine properties following exposure to plasticity-producing stimulation? Is spine volume/shape indicative of its function? These and other issues are addressed in this review, which highlights the complexity of molecular pathways involved in regulation of spine structure and function, and which contributes to the understanding of central synaptic interactions in health and disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kerrisk ME, Cingolani LA, Koleske AJ. ECM receptors in neuronal structure, synaptic plasticity, and behavior. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:101-31. [PMID: 25410355 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During central nervous system development, extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors and their ligands play key roles as guidance molecules, informing neurons where and when to send axonal and dendritic projections, establish connections, and form synapses between pre- and postsynaptic cells. Once stable synapses are formed, many ECM receptors transition in function to control the maintenance of stable connections between neurons and regulate synaptic plasticity. These receptors bind to and are activated by ECM ligands. In turn, ECM receptor activation modulates downstream signaling cascades that control cytoskeletal dynamics and synaptic activity to regulate neuronal structure and function and thereby impact animal behavior. The activities of cell adhesion receptors that mediate interactions between pre- and postsynaptic partners are also strongly influenced by ECM composition. This chapter highlights a number of ECM receptors, their roles in the control of synapse structure and function, and the impact of these receptors on synaptic plasticity and animal behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Kerrisk
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lorenzo A Cingolani
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Verpelli C, Montani C, Vicidomini C, Heise C, Sala C. Mutations of the synapse genes and intellectual disability syndromes. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:112-116. [PMID: 23872408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Intellectual disability syndromes have been found associated to numerous mutated genes that code for proteins functionally involved in synapse formation, the regulation of dendritic spine morphology, the regulation of the synaptic cytoskeleton or the synthesis and degradation of specific synapse proteins. These studies have strongly demonstrated that even mild alterations in synapse morphology and function give rise to mild or severe alteration in intellectual abilities. Interestingly, pharmacological agents that are able to counteract these morphological and functional synaptic anomalies can also improve the symptoms of some of these conditions. This review is summarizing recent discoveries on the functions of some of the genes responsible for intellectual disability syndromes connected with synapse dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Verpelli
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina Montani
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Vicidomini
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Christopher Heise
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Sala
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Neurological Institute Foundation Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bassani S, Zapata J, Gerosa L, Moretto E, Murru L, Passafaro M. The neurobiology of X-linked intellectual disability. Neuroscientist 2013; 19:541-52. [PMID: 23820068 DOI: 10.1177/1073858413493972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) affects 1% to 3% of the population. XLID subsumes several heterogeneous conditions, all of which are marked by cognitive impairment and reduced adaptive skills. XLID arises from mutations on the X chromosome; to date, 102 XLID genes have been identified. The proteins encoded by XLID genes are involved in higher brain functions, such as cognition, learning and memory, and their molecular role is the subject of intense investigation. Here, we review recent findings concerning a representative group of XLID proteins: the fragile X mental retardation protein; methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 and cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 proteins, which are involved in Rett syndrome; the intracellular signaling molecules of the Rho guanosine triphosphatases family; and the class of cell adhesion molecules. We discuss how XLID gene mutations affect the structure and function of synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bassani
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department BIOMETRA, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bassani S, Cingolani LA, Valnegri P, Folci A, Zapata J, Gianfelice A, Sala C, Goda Y, Passafaro M. The X-linked intellectual disability protein TSPAN7 regulates excitatory synapse development and AMPAR trafficking. Neuron 2012; 73:1143-58. [PMID: 22445342 PMCID: PMC3314997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in TSPAN7—a member of the tetraspanin protein superfamily—are implicated in some forms of X-linked intellectual disability. Here we show that TSPAN7 overexpression promotes the formation of filopodia and dendritic spines in cultured hippocampal neurons from embryonic rats, whereas TSPAN7 silencing reduces head size and stability of spines and AMPA receptor currents. Via its C terminus, TSPAN7 interacts with the PDZ domain of protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1), to regulate PICK1 and GluR2/3 association and AMPA receptor trafficking. These findings indicate that, in hippocampal neurons, TSPAN7 regulates AMPA receptor trafficking by limiting PICK1 accessibility to AMPA receptors and suggest an additional mechanism for the functional maturation of glutamatergic synapses, whose impairment is implicated in intellectual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bassani
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Milan, Milan 20129, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thévenot E, Moreau AW, Rousseau V, Combeau G, Domenichini F, Jacquet C, Goupille O, Amar M, Kreis P, Fossier P, Barnier JV. p21-Activated kinase 3 (PAK3) protein regulates synaptic transmission through its interaction with the Nck2/Grb4 protein adaptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40044-59. [PMID: 21949127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the p21-activated kinase 3 gene (pak3) are responsible for nonsyndromic forms of mental retardation. Expression of mutated PAK3 proteins in hippocampal neurons induces abnormal dendritic spine morphology and long term potentiation anomalies, whereas pak3 gene invalidation leads to cognitive impairments. How PAK3 regulates synaptic plasticity is still largely unknown. To better understand how PAK3 affects neuronal synaptic plasticity, we focused on its interaction with the Nck adaptors that play a crucial role in PAK signaling. We report here that PAK3 interacts preferentially with Nck2/Grb4 in brain extracts and in transfected cells. This interaction is independent of PAK3 kinase activity. Selective uncoupling of the Nck2 interactions in acute cortical slices using an interfering peptide leads to a rapid increase in evoked transmission to pyramidal neurons. The P12A mutation in the PAK3 protein strongly decreases the interaction with Nck2 but only slightly with Nck1. In transfected hippocampal cultures, expression of the P12A-mutated protein has no effect on spine morphogenesis or synaptic density. The PAK3-P12A mutant does not affect synaptic transmission, whereas the expression of the wild-type PAK3 protein decreases the amplitude of spontaneous miniature excitatory currents. Altogether, these data show that PAK3 down-regulates synaptic transmission through its interaction with Nck2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Thévenot
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pavlowsky A, Gianfelice A, Pallotto M, Zanchi A, Vara H, Khelfaoui M, Valnegri P, Rezai X, Bassani S, Brambilla D, Kumpost J, Blahos J, Roux MJ, Humeau Y, Chelly J, Passafaro M, Giustetto M, Billuart P, Sala C. A postsynaptic signaling pathway that may account for the cognitive defect due to IL1RAPL1 mutation. Curr Biol 2010; 20:103-15. [PMID: 20096586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (IL1RAPL1) gene mutations are associated with cognitive impairment ranging from nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation to autism. IL1RAPL1 belongs to a novel family of Toll/IL-1 receptors, whose expression in the brain is upregulated by neuronal activity. Currently, very little is known about the function of this protein. We previously showed that IL1RAPL1 interacts with the neuronal calcium sensor NCS-1 and that it regulates voltage-gated calcium channel activity in PC12 cells. RESULTS Here we show that IL1RAPL1 is present in dendritic spine where it interacts with PSD-95, a major component of excitatory postsynaptic compartment. Using gain- and loss-of-function experiments in neurons, we demonstrated that IL1RAPL1 regulates the synaptic localization of PSD-95 by controlling c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) activity and PSD-95 phosphorylation. Mice carrying a null mutation of the mouse Il1rapl1 gene show a reduction of both dendritic spine density and excitatory synapses in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. These structural abnormalities are associated with specific deficits in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. CONCLUSION The interaction of IL1RAPL1 with PSD-95 discloses a novel pathophysiological mechanism of cognitive impairment associated with alterations of the JNK pathway leading to a mislocalization of PSD-95 and abnormal synaptic organization and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pavlowsky
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Crespi B, Summers K, Dorus S. Evolutionary genomics of human intellectual disability. Evol Appl 2010; 3:52-63. [PMID: 25567903 PMCID: PMC3352458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have postulated that X-linked and autosomal genes underlying human intellectual disability may have also mediated the evolution of human cognition. We have conducted the first comprehensive assessment of the extent and patterns of positive Darwinian selection on intellectual disability genes in humans. We report three main findings. First, as noted in some previous reports, intellectual disability genes with primary functions in the central nervous system exhibit a significant concentration to the X chromosome. Second, there was no evidence for a higher incidence of recent positive selection on X-linked than autosomal intellectual disability genes, nor was there a higher incidence of selection on such genes overall, compared to sets of control genes. However, the X-linked intellectual disability genes inferred to be subject to recent positive selection were concentrated in the Rho GTP-ase pathway, a key signaling pathway in neural development and function. Third, among all intellectual disability genes, there was evidence for a higher incidence of recent positive selection on genes involved in DNA repair, but not for genes involved in other functions. These results provide evidence that alterations to genes in the Rho GTP-ase and DNA-repair pathways may play especially-important roles in the evolution of human cognition and vulnerability to genetically-based intellectual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle Summers
- Department of Biology, East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC, USA
| | - Steve Dorus
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBath, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kreis P, Barnier JV. PAK signalling in neuronal physiology. Cell Signal 2008; 21:384-93. [PMID: 19036346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Group I p21-activated kinases are a family of key effectors of Rac1 and Cdc42 and they regulate many aspects of cellular function, such as cytoskeleton dynamics, cell movement and cell migration, cell proliferation and differentiation, and gene expression. The three genes PAK1/2/3 are expressed in brain and recent evidence indicates their crucial roles in neuronal cell fate, in axonal guidance and neuronal polarisation, and in neuronal migration. Moreover they are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and play an important role in synaptic plasticity, with PAK3 being specifically involved in mental retardation. The main goal of this review is to describe the molecular mechanisms that govern the different functions of group I PAK in neuronal signalling and to discuss the specific functions of each isoform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kreis
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard-FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire-UPR9040, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marucci G, Morandi L, Magrini E, Farnedi A, Franceschi E, Miglio R, Calò D, Pession A, Foschini MP, Eusebi V. Gene expression profiling in glioblastoma and immunohistochemical evaluation of IGFBP-2 and CDC20. Virchows Arch 2008; 453:599-609. [PMID: 18953566 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-nine glial tumours (28 glioblastomas (GB) and 11 low-grade gliomas) were investigated with DNA microarrays to reveal a possible specific gene expression profile. Unsupervised classification through hierarchical cluster analysis identified two groups of tumours, the first composed of low-grade gliomas and the second mainly composed of GB. Nine genes were identified as most informative: seven were over-expressed in low-grade gliomas and under-expressed in GB; on the contrary, two genes, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) and cell division cycle 20 homologue (CDC20), were over-expressed in GB and under-expressed in low-grade tumours. This same genetic profile was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry for IGFBP-2 was positive in 88.8% of the cases of GB and in only one low-grade glioma, whilst CDC20 immunostained 74.1% of the cases of GB and none low-grade glioma. This was confirmed in an additional series of cases studied with immunohistochemistry only. In conclusion, over-expression of mRNA levels of IGFBP-2 and CDC20 is highly related to GB, IGFBP-2 and CDC-20 gene and protein expressions are strongly correlated, and IGFBP-2 and CDC20 immunopositivity can be useful for the identification of GB in small biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Marucci
- Section of Pathology, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Genes, plasticity and mental retardation. Behav Brain Res 2008; 192:88-105. [PMID: 18329113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional and structural plasticity is a fundamental property of the brain involved in diverse processes ranging from brain construction and repair to storage of experiences during lifetime. Our current understanding of different forms of brain plasticity mechanisms has advanced tremendously in the last decades, benefiting from studies of development and memory storage in adulthood and from investigations of diverse diseased conditions. In this review, we focus on the role of mental retardation (MR) genes and show how this developing area of research can enrich our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain plasticity and cognitive functions, and of the dysfunctional mechanisms underlying MR. We describe two main groups of MR genes; those leading to dysfunctional neurodevelopmental programs and brain malformations, and those which rely on alterations in molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic organization and plasticity. We first explore the role of MR genes in key mechanisms of neurogenesis and neuronal migration during development and in the adult, such as actin and microtubule-cytoskeletal dynamics and signal transduction. We then define the contribution of MR genes to forms of activity-dependent synaptic modifications, such as those involved in molecular organization of the synapse, intracellular signaling regulating gene programs and neuronal cytoskeleton to control network remodeling. We trace the characteristics of MR genes playing key roles in many forms of brain plasticity mechanisms, and highlight specific MR genes that endorse distinct roles in different cell types or brain regions, and at various times of a brain lifetime.
Collapse
|
18
|
Meng J, Meng Y, Hanna A, Janus C, Jia Z. Abnormal long-lasting synaptic plasticity and cognition in mice lacking the mental retardation gene Pak3. J Neurosci 2006; 25:6641-50. [PMID: 16014725 PMCID: PMC6725420 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0028-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Pak3 gene lead to nonsyndromic mental retardation characterized by selective deficits in cognition. However, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. We report here that the knock-out mice deficient in the expression of p21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3) exhibit significant abnormalities in synaptic plasticity, specifically hippocampal late-phase long-term potentiation, and deficiencies in learning and memory. A dramatic reduction in the active form of transcription factor cAMP-responsive element-binding protein in the knock-out mice implicates a novel signaling mechanism by which PAK3 and Rho signaling regulate synaptic function and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Meng
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
van Galen EJM, Ramakers GJA. Rho proteins, mental retardation and the neurobiological basis of intelligence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 147:295-317. [PMID: 15581714 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(04)47022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
For several decades it has been known that mental retardation is associated with abnormalities in dendrites and dendritic spines. The recent cloning of eight genes which cause nonspecific mental retardation when mutated, provides an important insight into the cellular mechanisms that result in the dendritic abnormalities underlying mental retardation. Three of the encoded proteins, oligophrenin1, PAK3 and alphaPix, interact directly with Rho GTPases. Rho GTPases are key signaling proteins which integrate extracellular and intracellular signals to orchestrate coordinated changes in the actin cytoskeleton, essential for directed neurite outgrowth and the generation/rearrangement of synaptic connectivity. Although many details of the cell biology of Rho signaling in the CNS are as yet unclear, a picture is unfolding showing how mutations that cause abnormal Rho signaling result in abnormal neuronal connectivity which gives rise to deficient cognitive functioning in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elly J M van Galen
- Neurons and Networks Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Affecting 1-3% of the population, mental retardation (MR) poses significant challenges for clinicians and scientists. Understanding the biology of MR is complicated by the extraordinary heterogeneity of genetic MR disorders. Detailed analyses of >1000 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database entries and literature searches through September 2003 revealed 282 molecularly identified MR genes. We estimate that hundreds more MR genes remain to be identified. A novel test, in which we distributed unmapped MR disorders proportionately across the autosomes, failed to eliminate the well-known X-chromosome overrepresentation of MR genes and candidate genes. This evidence argues against ascertainment bias as the main cause of the skewed distribution. On the basis of a synthesis of clinical and laboratory data, we developed a biological functions classification scheme for MR genes. Metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, and transcription are the most common functions, but numerous other aspects of neuronal and glial biology are controlled by MR genes as well. Using protein sequence and domain-organization comparisons, we found a striking conservation of MR genes and genetic pathways across the approximately 700 million years that separate Homo sapiens and Drosophila melanogaster. Eighty-seven percent have one or more fruit fly homologs and 76% have at least one candidate functional ortholog. We propose that D. melanogaster can be used in a systematic manner to study MR and possibly to develop bioassays for therapeutic drug discovery. We selected 42 Drosophila orthologs as most likely to reveal molecular and cellular mechanisms of nervous system development or plasticity relevant to MR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Inlow
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0077, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tagliafico E, Brunelli S, Bergamaschi A, De Angelis L, Scardigli R, Galli D, Battini R, Bianco P, Ferrari S, Cossu G, Ferrari S. TGFβ/BMP activate the smooth muscle/bone differentiation programs in mesoangioblasts. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:4377-88. [PMID: 15331661 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoangioblasts are vessel-derived stem cells that can be induced to differentiate into different cell types of the mesoderm such as muscle and bone. The gene expression profile of four clonal derived lines of mesoangioblasts was determined by DNA micro-array analysis: it was similar in the four lines but different from 10T1/2 embryonic fibroblasts, used as comparison. Many known genes expressed by mesoangioblasts belong to response pathways to developmental signalling molecules, such as Wnt or TGFβ/BMP. Interestingly, mesoangioblasts express receptors of the TGFβ/BMP family and several Smads and, accordingly, differentiate very efficiently into smooth muscle cells in response to TGFβ and into osteoblasts in response to BMP. In addition, insulin signalling promotes adipogenic differentiation, possibly through the activation of IGF-R. Several Wnts and Frizzled, Dishevelled and Tcfs are expressed, suggesting the existence of an autocrine loop for proliferation and indeed, forced expression of Frzb-1 inhibits cell division. Mesoangioblasts also express many neuro-ectodermal genes and yet undergo only abortive neurogenesis, even after forced expression of neurogenin 1 or 2, MASH or NeuroD. Finally, mesoangioblasts express several pro-inflammatory genes, cytokines and cytokine receptors, which may explain their ability to be recruited by tissue inflammation. Our data define a unique phenotype for mesoangioblasts, explain several of their biological features and set the basis for future functional studies on the role of these cells in tissue histogenesis and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tagliafico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Abstract
Affecting 1-3% of the population, mental retardation (MR) poses significant challenges for clinicians and scientists. Understanding the biology of MR is complicated by the extraordinary heterogeneity of genetic MR disorders. Detailed analyses of >1000 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database entries and literature searches through September 2003 revealed 282 molecularly identified MR genes. We estimate that hundreds more MR genes remain to be identified. A novel test, in which we distributed unmapped MR disorders proportionately across the autosomes, failed to eliminate the well-known X-chromosome overrepresentation of MR genes and candidate genes. This evidence argues against ascertainment bias as the main cause of the skewed distribution. On the basis of a synthesis of clinical and laboratory data, we developed a biological functions classification scheme for MR genes. Metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, and transcription are the most common functions, but numerous other aspects of neuronal and glial biology are controlled by MR genes as well. Using protein sequence and domain-organization comparisons, we found a striking conservation of MR genes and genetic pathways across the ∼700 million years that separate Homo sapiens and Drosophila melanogaster. Eighty-seven percent have one or more fruit fly homologs and 76% have at least one candidate functional ortholog. We propose that D. melanogaster can be used in a systematic manner to study MR and possibly to develop bioassays for therapeutic drug discovery. We selected 42 Drosophila orthologs as most likely to reveal molecular and cellular mechanisms of nervous system development or plasticity relevant to MR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Inlow
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077
| | - Linda L Restifo
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077
| |
Collapse
|