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El Mahmoudi N, Laurent C, Péricat D, Watabe I, Lapotre A, Jacob PY, Tonetto A, Tighilet B, Sargolini F. Long-lasting spatial memory deficits and impaired hippocampal plasticity following unilateral vestibular loss. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 223:102403. [PMID: 36821981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) induces a characteristic vestibular syndrome composed of various posturo-locomotor, oculomotor, vegetative and perceptivo-cognitive symptoms. Functional deficits are progressively recovered over time during vestibular compensation, that is supported by the expression of multiscale plasticity mechanisms. While the dynamic of post-UVL posturo-locomotor and oculomotor deficits is well characterized, the expression over time of the cognitive deficits, and in particular spatial memory deficits, is still debated. In this study we aimed at investigating spatial memory deficits and their recovery in a rat model of unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN), using a wide spectrum of behavioral tasks. In parallel, we analyzed markers of hippocampal plasticity involved in learning and memory. Our results indicate the UVN affects all domains of spatial memory, from working memory to reference memory and object-in-place recognition. These deficits are associated with long-lasting impaired plasticity in the ipsilesional hippocampus. These results highlight the crucial role of symmetrical vestibular information in spatial memory and contribute to a better understanding of the cognitive disorders observed in vestibular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada El Mahmoudi
- Aix-Marseille Université -CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, Centre Saint Charles, Case C; 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 03, France.
| | - Célia Laurent
- Aix-Marseille Université -CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, Centre Saint Charles, Case C; 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 03, France
| | - David Péricat
- Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier -CNRS, Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Watabe
- Aix-Marseille Université -CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, Centre Saint Charles, Case C; 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 03, France
| | - Agnès Lapotre
- Aix-Marseille Université -CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, Centre Saint Charles, Case C; 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 03, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Jacob
- Aix-Marseille Université -CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, Centre Saint Charles, Case C; 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 03, France
| | - Alain Tonetto
- Aix Marseille Université-CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM (FR 1739), PRATIM, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Brahim Tighilet
- Aix-Marseille Université -CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, Centre Saint Charles, Case C; 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 03, France
| | - Francesca Sargolini
- Aix-Marseille Université -CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, Centre Saint Charles, Case C; 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 03, France.
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Long X, Wu H, Zhou Y, Wan Y, Kan X, Gong J, Zhao X. Preventive Effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum SCHY34 on Lead Acetate-Induced Neurological Damage in SD Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:852012. [PMID: 35571929 PMCID: PMC9094495 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.852012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead poisoning caused by lead pollution seriously affects people's health. Lactic acid bacteria has been shown to be useful for biological scavenging of lead. In this experiment, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 200 mg/L of lead acetate solution daily to induce chronic lead poisoning, and oral Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) SCHY34 to study its mitigation effects and mechanisms on rat neurotoxicity. The L. fermentum SCHY34 showed competent results on in vitro survival rate and the lead ion adsorption rate. Animal experiments showed that L. fermentum SCHY34 maintained the morphology of rat liver, kidney, and hippocampi, reduced the accumulation of lead in the blood, liver, kidney, and brain tissue. Further, L. fermentum SCHY34 alleviated the lead-induced decline in spatial memory and response capacity of SD rats, and also regulated the secretion of neurotransmitters and related enzyme activities in the brain tissue of rats, such as glutamate (Glu), monoamine oxidase (MAO), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and adenylate cyclase (AC). In addition, the expression of genes related to cognitive capacity, antioxidation, and anti-apoptotic in rat brain tissues were increased L. fermentum SCHY34 treatment, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), c-fos, c-jun, superoxide dismutase (SOD)1/2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and so on. L. fermentum SCHY34 showed a great biological scavenging and potential effect on alleviating the toxicity of lead ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Long
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujing Zhou
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunxiao Wan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Kan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Gong
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
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Nguyen TT, Nam GS, Kang JJ, Han GC, Kim JS, Dieterich M, Oh SY. The Differential Effects of Acute Right- vs. Left-Sided Vestibular Deafferentation on Spatial Cognition in Unilateral Labyrinthectomized Mice. Front Neurol 2021; 12:789487. [PMID: 34956067 PMCID: PMC8692718 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.789487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the disparity in locomotor and spatial memory deficits caused by left- or right-sided unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) using a mouse model of unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) and to examine the effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on the deficits over 14 days. Five experimental groups were established: the left-sided and right-sided UL (Lt.-UL and Rt.-UL) groups, left-sided and right-sided UL with bipolar GVS with the cathode on the lesion side (Lt.-GVS and Rt.-GVS) groups, and a control group with sham surgery. We assessed the locomotor and cognitive-behavioral functions using the open field (OF), Y maze, and Morris water maze (MWM) tests before (baseline) and 3, 7, and 14 days after surgical UL in each group. On postoperative day (POD) 3, locomotion and spatial working memory were more impaired in the Lt.-UL group compared with the Rt.-UL group (p < 0.01, Tamhane test). On POD 7, there was a substantial difference between the groups; the locomotion and spatial navigation of the Lt.-UL group recovered significantly more slowly compared with those of the Rt.-UL group. Although the differences in the short-term spatial cognition and motor coordination were resolved by POD 14, the long-term spatial navigation deficits assessed by the MWM were significantly worse in the Lt.-UL group compared with the Rt.-UL group. GVS intervention accelerated the vestibular compensation in both the Lt.-GVS and Rt.-GVS groups in terms of improvement of locomotion and spatial cognition. The current data imply that right- and left-sided UVD impair spatial cognition and locomotion differently and result in different compensatory patterns. Sequential bipolar GVS when the cathode (stimulating) was assigned to the lesion side accelerated recovery for UVD-induced spatial cognition, which may have implications for managing the patients with spatial cognitive impairment, especially that induced by unilateral peripheral vestibular damage on the dominant side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tin Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Gi-Sung Nam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Gyu Cheol Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital & School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFB, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sun-Young Oh
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
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Punctuate hippocampal lesions presenting with acute vestibular syndrome. J Neurol 2021; 269:2210-2213. [PMID: 34664100 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Increased Risk of Neurodegenerative Dementia after Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910553. [PMID: 34639856 PMCID: PMC8507776 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to estimate the risk of dementia in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), using a population cohort. Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort for the population ≥60 years of age from 2002 to 2013 were collected. A total of 11,432 individuals with dementia were matched for age, sex, income, region of residence, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia with 45,728 individuals comprising the control group. The crude (simple) and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of dementia in BPPV patients were analyzed using non-conditional logistic regression analyses. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to age and sex. A history of BPPV characterized 5.3% (609/11,432) of the dementia group and 2.6% (1,194/45,728) of the control group (p < 0.001). The adjusted OR of dementia for BPPV was 1.14 (95% CI = 1.03–1.26, p = 0.009). In subgroup analyses according to age and sex, males had higher ORs of dementia for BPPV. BPPV increases the risk of dementia in the 60 years of age or older population.
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Nguyen TT, Nam GS, Kang JJ, Han GC, Kim JS, Dieterich M, Oh SY. Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Improves Spatial Cognition After Unilateral Labyrinthectomy in Mice. Front Neurol 2021; 12:716795. [PMID: 34393985 PMCID: PMC8358680 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.716795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the deficits of spatial memory and navigation from unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) and to determine the efficacy of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) for recovery from these deficits using a mouse model of unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). Methods: Thirty-six male C57BL/6 mice were allocated into three groups that comprise a control group and two experimental groups, UVD with (GVS group) and without GVS intervention (non-GVS group). In the experimental groups, we assessed the locomotor and cognitive behavioral function before (baseline) and 3, 7, and 14 days after surgical UL, using the open field (OF), Y maze, and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. In the GVS group, the stimulations were applied for 30 min daily from postoperative day (POD) 0–4 via the electrodes inserted subcutaneously close to both bony labyrinths. Results: Locomotion and spatial cognition were significantly impaired in the mice with UVD non-GVS group compared to the control group. GVS significantly accelerated recovery of locomotion compared to the control and non-GVS groups on PODs 3 (p < 0.001) and 7 (p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests) in the OF and Y maze tests. The mice in the GVS group were better in spatial working memory assessed with spontaneous alternation performance and spatial reference memory assessed with place recognition during the Y maze test than those in the non-GVS group on POD 3 (p < 0.001). In addition, the recovery of long-term spatial navigation deficits during the MWM, as indicated by the escape latency and the probe trial, was significantly better in the GVS group than in the non-GVS group 2 weeks after UVD (p < 0.01). Conclusions: UVD impairs spatial memory, navigation, and motor coordination. GVS accelerated recoveries in short- and long-term spatial memory and navigation, as well as locomotor function in mice with UVD, and may be applied to the patients with acute unilateral vestibular failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tin Nguyen
- Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Gi-Sung Nam
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Kwangju, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Gyu Cheol Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFB, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sun-Young Oh
- Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
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Smith PF, Truchet B, Chaillan FA, Zheng Y, Besnard S. Vestibular Modulation of Long-Term Potentiation and NMDA Receptor Expression in the Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:140. [PMID: 32848601 PMCID: PMC7431471 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of vestibular function is known to cause spatial memory deficits and hippocampal dysfunction, in terms of impaired place cell firing and abnormal theta rhythm. Based on these results, it has been of interest to determine whether vestibular loss also affects the development and maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. This article summarizes and critically reviews the studies of hippocampal LTP following a vestibular loss and its relationship to NMDA receptor expression, that have been published to date. Although the available in vitro studies indicate that unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) results in reduced hippocampal field potentials in CA1 and the dentate gyrus (DG), the in vivo studies involving bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) do not. This may be due to the differences between UVL and BVL or it could be a result of in vitro/in vivo differences. One in vitro study reported a decrease in LTP in hippocampal slices following UVL; however, the two available in vivo studies have reported different results: either no effect or an increase in EPSP/Population Spike (ES) potentiation. This discrepancy may be due to the different high-frequency stimulation (HFS) paradigms used to induce LTP. The increased ES potentiation following BVL may be related to an increase in synaptic NMDA receptors, possibly increasing the flow of vestibular input coming into CA1, with a loss of selectivity. This might cause increased excitability and synaptic noise, which might lead to a degradation of spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, The Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, >New Zealand
| | - Bruno Truchet
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LNC UMR 7291, FR 3C FR 3512, Marseille, France
| | - Franck A. Chaillan
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LNC UMR 7291, FR 3C FR 3512, Marseille, France
| | - Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, The Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, >New Zealand
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Lee HW, Lim YH, Kim SH. Dizziness in patients with cognitive impairment. J Vestib Res 2020; 30:17-23. [PMID: 31796719 PMCID: PMC9249298 DOI: 10.3233/ves-190686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences show that the vestibular system contributes to cognitive function, including visuospatial ability, memory, and attention. Conversely, cognitive processes appear to affect the vestibular system. Based on the assumption that cognitive impairment correlates to increased perception of dizziness, we recruited 308 adults with cognitive decline from neurodegenerative disorders and administered neuropsychological tests and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Global cognitive measures did not correlate with increased dizziness, whereas attentional and visuospatial cognitive ability was correlated with scores of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Furthermore, patients with both cognitive impairment and postural instability experienced notably worse dizziness than those without postural instability, suggesting that postural instability is an important determinant of dizziness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Lim
- Center of Self-Organizing Software-Platform, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Kim
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Hilber P, Cendelin J, Le Gall A, Machado ML, Tuma J, Besnard S. Cooperation of the vestibular and cerebellar networks in anxiety disorders and depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:310-321. [PMID: 30292730 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The discipline of affective neuroscience is concerned with the neural bases of emotion and mood. The past decades have witnessed an explosion of research in affective neuroscience, increasing our knowledge of the brain areas involved in fear and anxiety. Besides the brain areas that are classically associated with emotional reactivity, accumulating evidence indicates that both the vestibular and cerebellar systems are involved not only in motor coordination but also influence both cognition and emotional regulation in humans and animal models. The cerebellar and the vestibular systems show the reciprocal connection with a myriad of anxiety and fear brain areas. Perception anticipation and action are also major centers of interest in cognitive neurosciences. The cerebellum is crucial for the development of an internal model of action and the vestibular system is relevant for perception, gravity-related balance, navigation and motor decision-making. Furthermore, there are close relationships between these two systems. With regard to the cooperation between the vestibular and cerebellar systems for the elaboration and the coordination of emotional cognitive and visceral responses, we propose that altering the function of one of the systems could provoke internal model disturbances and, as a result, anxiety disorders followed potentially with depressive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hilber
- Centre de Recherche sur les Fonctionnements et Dysfonctionnements Psychologigues, CRFDP EA 7475, Rouen Normandie University, Bat Blondel, Place E. Blondel 76821, Mont Saint Aignan cedex, France.
| | - Jan Cendelin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00 Plzen, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Le Gall
- UMR UCBN/INSERM U 1075 COMETE, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, Normandie University, 2 Rue Rochambelles, 14032 Caen, cedex 5, France
| | - Marie-Laure Machado
- UMR UCBN/INSERM U 1075 COMETE, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, Normandie University, 2 Rue Rochambelles, 14032 Caen, cedex 5, France
| | - Jan Tuma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00 Plzen, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Stephane Besnard
- UMR UCBN/INSERM U 1075 COMETE, Pole des Formations et de Recherche en Sante, Normandie University, 2 Rue Rochambelles, 14032 Caen, cedex 5, France
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10
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Hippocampal LTP modulation and glutamatergic receptors following vestibular loss. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:699-711. [PMID: 30470894 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular dysfunction strongly impairs hippocampus-dependent spatial memory performance and place cell function. However, the hippocampal encoding of vestibular information at the synaptic level, remains sparsely explored and controversial. We investigated changes in in vivo long-term potentiation (LTP) and NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAr) density and distribution after bilateral vestibular lesions (BVL) in adult rats. At day 30 (D30) post-BVL, the LTP of the population spike recorded in the dentate gyrus (DG) was higher in BVL rats, for the entire 3 h of LTP recording, while no difference was observed in the fEPSP slope. However, there was an increase in EPSP-spike (E-S) potentiation in lesioned rats. NMDArs were upregulated at D7 and D30 predominantly within the DG and CA1. At D30, we observed a higher NMDAr density in the left hippocampus. NMDArs were overexpressed on both neurons and non-neuronal cells, suggesting a decrease of the entorhinal glutamatergic inputs to the hippocampus following BVL. The EPSP-spike (E-S) potentiation increase was consistent with the dorsal hippocampus NMDAr upregulation. Such an increase could reflect a non-specific enhancement of synaptic efficacy, leading to a disruption of memory encoding, and therefore might underlie the memory deficits previously reported in rats and humans following vestibular loss.
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11
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Flow cytometry for receptor analysis from ex-vivo brain tissue in adult rat. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 304:11-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Benoit A, Besnard S, Guillamin M, Philoxene B, Sola B, Le Gall A, Machado ML, Toulouse J, Hitier M, Smith PF. Differential regulation of NMDA receptor-expressing neurons in the rat hippocampus and striatum following bilateral vestibular loss demonstrated using flow cytometry. Neurosci Lett 2018; 683:43-47. [PMID: 29936267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that loss of vestibular function impairs spatial learning and memory related to hippocampal (HPC) function, as well as increasing evidence that striatal (Str) plasticity is also implicated. Since the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor is considered essential to spatial memory, previous studies have investigated whether the expression of HPC NMDA receptors changes following vestibular loss; however, the results have been contradictory. Here we used a novel flow cytometric method to quantify the number of neurons expressing NMDA receptors in the HPC and Str following bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) in rats. At 7 and 30 days post-op., there was a significant increase in the number of HPC neurons expressing NMDA receptors in the BVL animals, compared to sham controls (P ≤ 0.004 and P ≤ 0.0001, respectively). By contrast, in the Str, at 7 days there was a significant reduction in the number of neurons expressing NMDA receptors in the BVL group (P ≤ 0.05); however, this difference had disappeared by 30 days post-op. These results suggest that BVL causes differential changes in the number of neurons expressing NMDA receptors in the HPC and Str, which may be related to its long-term impairment of spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Benoit
- Normandie Univ, Inserm, CHU Caen, COMETE U1075, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Stephane Besnard
- Normandie Univ, Inserm, CHU Caen, COMETE U1075, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Maryline Guillamin
- Normandie Univ, Inserm, CHU Caen, COMETE U1075, 14000, Caen, France; University Normandie, IFR ICORE, Caen, 14032, France
| | - Bruno Philoxene
- Normandie Univ, Inserm, CHU Caen, COMETE U1075, 14000, Caen, France
| | | | - Anne Le Gall
- Normandie Univ, Inserm, CHU Caen, COMETE U1075, 14000, Caen, France
| | | | - Joseph Toulouse
- Normandie Univ, Inserm, CHU Caen, COMETE U1075, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Martin Hitier
- Normandie Univ, Inserm, CHU Caen, COMETE U1075, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Paul F Smith
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand; The Eisdell Moore Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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13
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Lee GW, Kim JH, Kim MS. Reduction of long-term potentiation at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in the rat hippocampus at the acute stage of vestibular compensation. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:423-428. [PMID: 28706456 PMCID: PMC5507781 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.4.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular compensation is a recovery process from vestibular symptoms over time after unilateral loss of peripheral vestibular end organs. The aim of the present study was to observe time-dependent changes in long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in the CA1 area of the hippocampus during vestibular compensation. The input-output (I/O) relationships of fEPSP amplitudes and LTP induced by theta burst stimulation to Schaffer's collateral commissural fibers were evaluated from the CA1 area of hippocampal slices at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). The I/O relationships of fEPSPs in the CA1 area was significantly reduced within 1 week post-op and then showed a non-significant reduction at 1 month after UL. Compared with sham-operated animals, there was a significant reduction of LTP induction in the hippocampus at 1 day and 1 week after UL. However, LTP induction levels in the CA1 area of the hippocampus also returned to those of sham-operated animals 1 month following UL. These data suggest that unilateral injury of the peripheral vestibular end organs results in a transient deficit in synaptic plasticity in the CA1 hippocampal area at acute stages of vestibular compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoung Wan Lee
- Department of Nursing, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Jae Hyo Kim
- Department of Meridian & Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
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Storage of passive motion pattern in hippocampal CA1 region depends on CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway in a motion sickness rodent model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43385. [PMID: 28230177 PMCID: PMC5322525 DOI: 10.1038/srep43385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory mismatch between actual motion information and anticipated sensory patterns (internal model) is the etiology of motion sickness (MS). Some evidence supports that hippocampus might involve the neural storage of the “internal model”. This study established an “internal model” acquisition-retention behavioral model using a repeated habituation rotation training protocol. We tried to identify the hippocampal subregion involved in “internal model” retention using chemical lesion methods. Hippocampal kinases (CaMK, CaMKIV, CREB and ERK1/2) phosphorylation in the target subregion was assayed and the effects of kinase inhibitors (KN93 or U0126) on “internal model” retention were investigated. The activities of potential kinases (CaMKII and CREB) were also examined in otoliths deficit het/het mice. In habituated rats, CA1 lesion reproduced MS-related behavioral responses on “internal model” retention day. Habituation training increased CaMKII and CREB activity but had no effect on CaMKIV and ERK1/2 activity in the CA1, while inhibition of CaMKII but not ERK1/2 impaired “internal model” retention. In het/het mice, CaMKII and CREB were not activated in the CA1 on the retention day. These results suggested that CaMKII/CREB pathway might potentially contribute to the storage of the “internal model” in the hippocampal CA1 after motion sickness induced by vestibular stimulation.
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15
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Zhou W, Zhou LQ, Shi H, Leng YM, Liu B, Zhang SL, Kong WJ. Expression of glycine receptors and gephyrin in rat medial vestibular nuclei and flocculi following unilateral labyrinthectomy. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1481-1489. [PMID: 28026001 PMCID: PMC5065303 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and the cerebellar flocculus have been known to be the key areas involved in vestibular compensation (VC) following unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). In this study, we examined the role of gephyrin and glycine receptor (GlyR) in VC using Sprague-Dawley rats, in an aim to gain deeper insight into the mechanisms responsible for VC. The expression of the α1 and β subunits of GlyR and gephyrin was immunohistochemically localized in rat MVN and flocculi. The mRNA and protein expression of GlyR (α1 and β subunits) and gephyrin was quantitatively determined by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis at 8 h, and at 1, 3 and 7 days following UL. It was found that in the ipsilateral MVN, the mRNA and protein expression of the β subunit of GlyR was significantly increased in comparison to the sham-operated (P<0.01) rats, and in comparison to the contralateral side (P<0.01) at 8 h following UL. In the ipsilateral flocculi, GlyR β protein expression was significantly elevated (P<0.01 for all), as compared to the sham-operated rats at 8 h, and at 1 and 3 days and to the contralateral side 8 h, 1 and 3 days following UL. No significant differences were observed in the mRNA and protein expression of GlyR α1 and gephyrin in the MVN or flocculi between the two sides (ipsilateral and contralateral) in the UL group, and between the sham-operated group and the UL group at any time point. The findings of our study thus suggest that GlyR plays a major role in the recovery of the resting discharge of the deafferented MVN neurons in the central vestibular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Liu-Qing Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Ming Leng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Su-Lin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Jia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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16
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Machado ML, Lelong-Boulouard V, Philoxene B, Davis A, Denise P, Besnard S. Vestibular loss promotes procedural response during a spatial task in rats. Hippocampus 2014; 24:591-7. [PMID: 24464878 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Declarative memory refers to a spatial strategy using numerous sources of sensory input information in which visual and vestibular inputs are assimilated in the hippocampus. In contrast, procedural memory refers to a response strategy based on motor skills and familiar gestures and involves the striatum. Even if vestibular loss impairs hippocampal activity and spatial memory, vestibular-lesioned rats remain able to find food rewards during complex spatial memory task. Since hippocampal lesions induce a switch from declarative memory to procedural memory, we hypothesize that vestibular-lesioned rats use a strategy other than that of hippocampal spatial response to complete the task and to counterbalance the loss of vestibular information. We test, in a reverse T-maze paradigm, the types of strategy vestibular-lesioned rats preferentially uses in a spatial task. We clearly demonstrate that all vestibular-lesioned rats shift to a response strategy to solve the spatial task, while control rats use spatial and response strategies equally. We conclude that the loss of vestibular informations leading to spatial learning impairments is not offset at the hippocampus level by integration process of other sense mainly visual informations; but favors a response strategy through procedural memory most likely involving the striatum, cerebellum, and motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Machado
- Normandie University, France; UNICAEN, COMETE, Caen, 14032, France; Inserm, U 1075 COMETE, Caen, 14032, France
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17
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The changes in mGluR2 and mGluR7 expression in rat medial vestibular nucleus and flocculus following unilateral labyrinthectomy. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22857-75. [PMID: 24264036 PMCID: PMC3856095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and the cerebellar flocculus are the key areas, which contribute to the behavioral recovery ("vestibular compensation") after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). In these areas, how the genetic activities of the metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR7 performance after UL is unknown. With the means of quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the expression of mGluR2 and mGluR7 in the bilateral MVN and the flocculus of rats in different stages after UL (the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day). Our results show that in the MVN, the mRNA, and protein expressions of mGluR7 were ipsilaterally decreased at the 1st day following UL. However, in the MVN, no change was observed in the mRNA and protein expressions of mGluR2. On the other hand, the mRNA and protein expression of mGluR2 were enhanced in the ipsilateral flocculus at the 1st day following UL, while in the flocculus no change was shown in mGluR7 mRNA and protein expressions. Our results suggest that mGluR2 and mGluR7 may contribute to the early rebalancing of spontaneous resting activity in the MVN.
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18
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Principal component analysis suggests subtle changes in glutamate receptor subunit expression in the rat hippocampus following bilateral vestibular deafferentation. Neurosci Lett 2013; 548:265-8. [PMID: 23721785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that lesions of the peripheral vestibular system result in electrophysiological dysfunction in the hippocampus. Given the importance of glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the hippocampus, it was predicted that bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) would alter the expression of NMDA and AMPA receptors in this area of the brain. However, the results of studies conducted to date are inconsistent. In this study, we performed principal component analysis (PCA) on the expression of the NR1, NR2B, GluR1, GluR2 and GluR3 glutamate receptor subunits, as well as calmodulin kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) and phosphorylated CaMKIIα (pCaMKIIα), in the rat CA1, CA2/3 and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions of the hippocampus, at 6 months following BVD, using western blotting. The expressions of the different glutamate receptor subunits, in terms of NMDA versus AMPA receptor subunits, as well as CaMKIIα and pCaMKIIα, were tightly correlated, and this was shown again the loading plots. However, the pattern of the contributions of each protein to the first 2 principal components appeared to be inverted for the BVD group compared to the sham group.
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19
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Guidetti G. The role of cognitive processes in vestibular disorders. HEARING, BALANCE AND COMMUNICATION 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/21695717.2013.765085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Zheng Y, Wilson G, Stiles L, Smith PF. Glutamate receptor subunit and calmodulin kinase II expression, with and without T maze training, in the rat hippocampus following bilateral vestibular deafferentation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54527. [PMID: 23408944 PMCID: PMC3567128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many previous studies have shown that lesions of the peripheral vestibular system result in spatial memory deficits and electrophysiological dysfunction in the hippocampus. Given the importance of glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the hippocampus, it was predicted that bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) would alter the expression of NMDA and AMPA receptors in this area of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Georgina Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lucy Stiles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paul F. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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21
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Hüfner K, Strupp M, Smith P, Brandt T, Jahn K. Spatial separation of visual and vestibular processing in the human hippocampal formation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1233:177-86. [PMID: 21950991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation, that is, the hippocampus proper and the parahippocampal region, is essential for various aspects of memory and plays an important role in human navigation. Navigational cues can be provided by both the visual system (e.g., landmarks, optic flow) and the vestibular system (e.g., estimation of direction during path integration). This study reviews anatomical, electrophysiological, and imaging data that support the view that vestibular input is primarily processed in the anterior part of the hippocampal formation, whereas visual cues are primarily integrated in the posterior part. In cases of reduced vestibular or visual input or excessive sensory stimulation, this hippocampal navigational network is reorganized. The separation of vestibular and visual information in the hippocampal formation has a twofold functional consequence: missing input from either system may be partially substituted for, and the task-dependent sensorial weight can be shifted to, the more reliable modality for navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Neurology Integrated Center for Research and Treatment of Vertigo IFBLMU, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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22
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Péruch P, Lopez C, Redon-Zouiteni C, Escoffier G, Zeitoun A, Sanjuan M, Devèze A, Magnan J, Borel L. Vestibular information is necessary for maintaining metric properties of representational space: evidence from mental imagery. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:3136-44. [PMID: 21820000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vestibular system contributes to a wide range of functions, from postural and oculomotor reflexes to spatial representation and cognition. Vestibular signals are important to maintain an internal, updated representation of the body position and movement in space. However, it is not clear to what extent they are also necessary to mentally simulate movement in situations that do not involve displacements of the body, as in mental imagery. The present study assessed how vestibular loss can affect object-based mental transformations (OMTs), i.e., imagined rotations or translations of objects relative to the environment. Participants performed one task of mental rotation of 3D-objects and two mental scanning tasks dealing with the ability to build and manipulate mental images that have metric properties. Menière's disease patients were tested before unilateral vestibular neurotomy and during the recovery period (1 week and 1 month). They were compared to healthy participants tested at similar time intervals and to bilateral vestibular-defective patients tested after the recovery period. Vestibular loss impaired all mental imagery tasks. Performance varied according to the extent of vestibular loss (bilateral patients were frequently the most impaired) and according to the time elapsed after unilateral vestibular neurotomy (deficits were stronger at the early stage after neurotomy and then gradually compensated). These findings indicate that vestibular signals are necessary to perform OMTs and provide the first demonstration of the critical role of vestibular signals in processing metric properties of mental representations. They suggest that vestibular loss disorganizes brain structures commonly involved in mental imagery, and more generally in mental representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Péruch
- INSERM U751 Epilepsie & Cognition, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France.
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23
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Besnard S, Machado ML, Vignaux G, Boulouard M, Coquerel A, Bouet V, Freret T, Denise P, Lelong-Boulouard V. Influence of vestibular input on spatial and nonspatial memory and on hippocampal NMDA receptors. Hippocampus 2011; 22:814-26. [PMID: 21538662 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that a lack of vestibular sensory information decreases spatial memory performance and induces biochemical changes in the hippocampus in rodents. After vestibular neurectomy, patients display spatial memory deficit and hippocampal atrophy. Our objectives were to explore: (a) spatial (Y maze, radial-arm maze), and non-spatial (object recognition) memory performance, (b) modulation of NMDA receptors within the hippocampus using radioligand binding, and (c) hippocampal atrophy, using MRI, in a rat model of bilateral labyrinthectomy realized in two operations. Chemical vestibular lesions (VLs) were induced in 24 animals by transtympanic injections of sodium arsanilate (30 mg/0.1 ml/ear), one side being lesioned 3 weeks after the other. The control group received transtympanic saline solution (0.1 ml/ear) (n = 24). Spatial memory performance (Y maze and radial maze) decreased after VL. Conversely, non-spatial memory performance (object recognition) was not affected by VL. No hippocampal atrophy was observed with MRI, but density of NMDA receptors were increased in the hippocampus after VL. These findings show that the lack of vestibular information induced specific deficits in spatial memory. Additionally, quantitative autoradiographic data suggest the involvement of the glutamatergic system in spatial memory processes related to vestibular information. When studying spatial memory performances in the presence of vestibular syndrome, two-step labyrinthectomy is a suitable procedure for distinguishing between the roles of the specific components of vestibular input loss and those of impaired locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Besnard
- INSERM, ERI 27, Caen, F-14000 France, Univ Caen, Caen, F-14000 France.
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24
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Baek JH, Zheng Y, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor expression and affinity in the rat hippocampus following bilateral vestibular deafferentation. Neurosci Lett 2011; 487:330-4. [PMID: 20974221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) results in spatial memory deficits and hippocampal dysfunction in rats and humans. Since cannabinoid CB(1) receptors are well known to regulate synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, we investigated whether BVD resulted in changes in CB(1) receptor expression and affinity in the rat hippocampus at 1, 3 and 7 days post-surgery, using a combination of Western blotting and radioligand binding. Using Western blotting, we found that CB(1) receptor expression was significantly lower in BVD animals compared to sham controls only in the CA3 area across the 3 time points (P=0.03). CB(1) receptor expression decreased significantly over time for both the BVD and sham animals (P=0.000). The radioligand binding assays showed no significant change in the IC(50) of the CB(1) receptor for the cannabinoid CB(1)/CB(2) receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2. These results suggest that the CB(1) receptor down-regulates in the CA3 region of the hippocampus following BVD, but with no changes in the affinity of the CB(1) receptor for WIN55,212-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ha Baek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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Zhang F, Pang Y, Zhang M, Zhang T, Dong Y, Lai C, Shum D, Chan Y, Li J, Li Y. Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters in peripheral vestibular structures and vestibular nuclear complex of rat. Neuroscience 2011; 173:179-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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The ventrolateral surgical approach to labyrinthectomy in rats: anatomical description and clinical consequences. Surg Radiol Anat 2010; 32:835-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-010-0690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Zheng Y, Mason-Parker SE, Logan B, Darlington CL, Smith PF, Abraham WC. Hippocampal synaptic transmission and LTP in vivo are intact following bilateral vestibular deafferentation in the rat. Hippocampus 2010; 20:461-8. [PMID: 19533678 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies in animals and humans have shown that damage to the vestibular system in the inner ear results in spatial memory deficits, presumably because areas of the brain such as the hippocampus require vestibular input to accurately represent the spatial environment. Consistent with this hypothesis, studies in animals have demonstrated that complete bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) causes a disruption of place cell firing as well as theta activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether BVD in rats affects baseline field potentials (field excitatory postsynaptic potentials and population spikes) and long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 and the dentate gyrus (DG) of awake freely moving rats up to 43 days post-BVD and of anesthetized rats at 7 months post-BVD. Compared to sham controls, BVD had no significant effect on either baseline field potentials or LTP in either condition. These results suggest that although BVD interferes with the encoding, consolidation, and/or retrieval of spatial memories and the function of place cells, these changes are not related to detectable in vivo decrements in basal synaptic transmission or LTP, at least in the investigated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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28
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Smith PF, Darlington CL, Zheng Y. Move it or lose it--is stimulation of the vestibular system necessary for normal spatial memory? Hippocampus 2010; 20:36-43. [PMID: 19405142 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies in both experimental animals and human patients have demonstrated that peripheral vestibular lesions, especially bilateral lesions, are associated with spatial memory impairment that is long-lasting and may even be permanent. Electrophysiological evidence from animals indicates that bilateral vestibular loss causes place cells and theta activity to become dysfunctional; the most recent human evidence suggests that the hippocampus may cause atrophy in patients with bilateral vestibular lesions. Taken together, these studies suggest that self-motion information provided by the vestibular system is important for the development of spatial memory by areas of the brain such as the hippocampus, and when it is lost, spatial memory is impaired. This naturally suggests the converse possibility that activation of the vestibular system may enhance memory. Surprisingly, there is some human evidence that this may be the case. This review considers the relationship between the vestibular system and memory and suggests that the evolutionary age of this primitive sensory system as well as how it detects self-motion (i.e., detection of acceleration vs. velocity) may be the reasons for its unique contribution to spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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29
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Smith PF, Brandt T, Strupp M, Darlington CL, Zheng Y. Balance before reason in rats and humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1164:127-33. [PMID: 19645890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Considerable clinical and experimental evidence indicates that loss of vestibular function results in cognitive deficits, especially deficits in spatial memory. These studies demonstrate the importance of balance for the most fundamental of cognitive processes and suggest that information about head acceleration and orientation must have been critical to the evolution of brain structures such as the hippocampus. Studies of animals with bilateral vestibular lesions have shown that theta rhythm and the activity of hippocampal place cells are severely disrupted; recent human studies show that bilateral vestibular loss is even associated with hippocampal atrophy. While it is conceivable that the effects of vestibular lesions on the hippocampus are due to chronic stress and increased glucocorticoid levels, at present there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. It is also possible that the hippocampal changes are due to a reduction in exploration and active behavior; however, in rats, at least, bilateral vestibular lesions cause hyperactivity rather than hypoactivity. Alternatively, the hippocampus may have developed a special dependence upon the vestibular system during evolution, since it was the first sensory system to reliably indicate gravitational vertical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Smith
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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30
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Goddard M, Zheng Y, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Synaptic protein expression in the medial temporal lobe and frontal cortex following chronic bilateral vestibular loss. Hippocampus 2008; 18:440-4. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zheng Y, Goddard M, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Bilateral vestibular deafferentation impairs performance in a spatial forced alternation task in rats. Hippocampus 2007; 17:253-6. [PMID: 17301960 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Converging behavioral, electrophysiological, and neurochemical data suggest that lesions to the peripheral vestibular system result in impairment of the hippocampus. Nonetheless, relatively few studies have examined the hippocampus or behavior related to it, over a long period of time following the lesion, to determine if any recovery takes place. Here we used the spatial forced alternation task in a T maze, which is sensitive to the integrity of the hippocampus, to evaluate learning and memory in rats at 3 weeks, 3 months, and 5 months following bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) or sham surgery. BVD rats made significantly fewer correct choices at all time points when compared with the sham controls. However, the percentage correct choice for BVD rats was at chance level at 3 weeks postop, and was significantly above chance at 5 months postop. These results add to the evidence that BVD causes a long-term impairment of hippocampal function and spatial learning and memory, but suggest that some recovery of function might take place over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Hüfner K, Hamilton DA, Kalla R, Stephan T, Glasauer S, Ma J, Brüning R, Markowitsch HJ, Labudda K, Schichor C, Strupp M, Brandt T. Spatial memory and hippocampal volume in humans with unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Hippocampus 2007; 17:471-85. [PMID: 17397043 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acquired chronic bilateral vestibular loss were recently found to have a significant impairment in spatial memory and navigation when tested with a virtual Morris water task. These deficits were associated with selective and bilateral atrophy of the hippocampus, which suggests that spatial memory and navigation also rely on vestibular input. In the present study 16 patients with unilateral vestibular deafferentation due to acoustic neurinoma were examined 5- to 13-yrs post-surgery. Volumetry of the hippocampus was performed in patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls by manually tracing the structure and by an evaluator-independent voxel-based morphometry. Spatial memory and navigation were assessed with a virtual Morris water task. No significant deficits in spatial memory and navigation could be demonstrated in the patients with left vestibular failure, whereas patients with right vestibular loss showed a tendency to perform worse on the respective tests. Impairment was significant only for one computed measure (heading error). The subtle deficiencies with right vestibular loss are compatible with the recently described dominance of the right labyrinth and the vestibular cortex in the right hemisphere. Volumetry did not reveal any atrophy of the hippocampus in either patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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33
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Zheng Y, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Impairment and recovery on a food foraging task following unilateral vestibular deafferentation in rats. Hippocampus 2006; 16:368-78. [PMID: 16358316 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the vestibular system may contribute to the development of higher cognitive function, especially spatial learning and memory that uses idiothetic cues (e.g., dead reckoning). However, few studies have been done using behavioral tasks that could potentially separate the animals' ability for dead reckoning from piloting. The food foraging task requires the animal to continuously monitor and integrate self-movement cues and generate an accurate return path. It has been shown that bilateral vestibular-lesioned rats were impaired on this task. The present study used the same task to further examine the contribution of vestibular information to spatial navigation by comparing unilateral and bilateral lesions and by testing the animals at different time points following the lesion. The results demonstrated that animals with unilateral vestibular deafferentation were impaired in performing the task in the dark at 3 months after the lesion, and this impairment disappeared at 6 months after the lesion. This supports the notion that vestibular information contributes to dead reckoning and suggests possible recovery of function over time after the lesion. Animals with bilateral vestibular deafferentation were not able to be tested on the foraging task because they exhibited behavior distinct from the unilateral-lesioned animals, with significant hesitation in leaving their home cage for as long as 6 months after the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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34
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Schautzer F, Hamilton D, Kalla R, Strupp M, Brandt T. Spatial Memory Deficits in Patients with Chronic Bilateral Vestibular Failure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1004:316-24. [PMID: 14662471 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1303.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of the vestibular system for navigation and spatial memory has been demonstrated in animals but not in humans. Vestibular signals are necessary for location-specific "place cell" activity in the hippocampus which provides a putative neural substrate for the spatial representation involved in navigation. To investigate the spatial memory in patients with bilateral vestibular failure due to NF2 with bilateral neurectomy, a virtual variant (on a PC) of the Morris water task adapted to humans was used. Significant spatial learning and memory deficits were shown in 12 patients as compared to 10 healthy controls. These data suggest that functional hippocampal deficits manifest due to a chronic lack of vestibular input in these patients. These deficits can even be demonstrated with the subjects stationary, i.e., without any actual vestibular or somatosensory stimulation.
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35
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Smith PF, Horii A, Russell N, Bilkey DK, Zheng Y, Liu P, Kerr DS, Darlington CL. The effects of vestibular lesions on hippocampal function in rats. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 75:391-405. [PMID: 15936135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in interaction between the vestibular system and the hippocampus was stimulated by evidence that peripheral vestibular lesions could impair performance in learning and memory tasks requiring spatial information processing. By the 1990s, electrophysiological data were emerging that the brainstem vestibular nucleus complex (VNC) and the hippocampus were connected polysynaptically and that hippocampal place cells could respond to vestibular stimulation. The aim of this review is to summarise and critically evaluate research published in the last 5 years that has seen major progress in understanding the effects of vestibular damage on the hippocampus. In addition to new behavioural studies demonstrating that animals with vestibular lesions exhibit impairments in spatial memory tasks, electrophysiological studies have confirmed long-latency, polysynaptic pathways between the VNC and the hippocampus. Peripheral vestibular lesions have been shown to cause long-term changes in place cell function, hippocampal EEG activity and even CA1 field potentials in brain slices maintained in vitro. During the same period, neurochemical investigations have shown that some hippocampal subregions exhibit long-term changes in the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, arginase I and II, and the NR1 and NR2A N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits following peripheral vestibular damage. Despite the progress, a number of important issues remain to be resolved, such as the possible contribution of auditory damage associated with vestibular lesions, to the hippocampal effects observed. Furthermore, although these studies demonstrate that damage to the vestibular system does have a long-term impact on the electrophysiological and neurochemical function of the hippocampus, they do not indicate precisely how vestibular information might be used in hippocampal functions such as developing spatial representations of the environment. Understanding this will require detailed electrical stimulation and lesion studies to elucidate the way in which different kinds of vestibular information are transmitted to various hippocampal subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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36
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Gliddon CM, Darlington CL, Smith PF. GABAA receptor subunit expression in the guinea pig vestibular nucleus complex during the development of vestibular compensation. Exp Brain Res 2005; 166:71-7. [PMID: 16021432 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-2344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether vestibular compensation following unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) is associated with changes in the expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits in the guinea pig vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) at 2, 10, and 30 h post-surgery. Using Western blotting, the alpha1 and gamma2 subunits (but not the beta2 subunit) were detected in the VNC of labyrinthine-intact animals. However, there were no significant differences in the protein expression of the alpha1 and gamma2 subunits within the ipsilateral or contralateral VNC at any time post-UVD compared to sham and anesthetic controls. Furthermore, UVD did not induce the expression of the beta2 protein. These results suggest that vestibular compensation in guinea pig, as in the rat, is not associated with changes in the protein levels of the GABA(A) receptor subunits alpha1, beta2, and gamma2 in the VNC. However, a limitation of this study is that the Western blotting technique can detect only changes that are larger than 30% and therefore small changes cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Gliddon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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37
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Clarkson AN, Liu H, Rahman R, Jackson DM, Appleton I, Kerr DS. Clomethiazole: mechanisms underlying lasting neuroprotection following hypoxia-ischemia. FASEB J 2005; 19:1036-8. [PMID: 15809357 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3367fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Damage after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is observed in both cortical and subcortical regions. In this study, we employed a "Levine" rat model of HI (left carotid ligation + 1 h global hypoxia on PND-26) and used histological and electrophysiological paradigms to assess the long-term neuroprotective properties of clomethiazole (CMZ; a GABA(A) receptor modulator). Key enzymes involved in inflammation, namely nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase, were also examined to assess potential CMZ mechanisms not involving GABA-R activation. Assessments were carried out 3 and 90 days post-HI. Extensive CNS lesions were evident after HI ipsilaterally at both short- and long-term intervals. CMZ significantly decreased the lesion size at 3 and 90 days (P<0.01; P<0.05). Evoked field potential analyses were used to assess hippocampal CA1 neuronal activity ex vivo. Electrophysiological measurements contralateral to the occlusion revealed impaired neuronal function after HI relative to short- and long-term controls (P<0.001, 3 and 14 days; P<0.01, 90 days), with CMZ treatment providing near complete protection (P<0.001 at 3 and 14 days; P<0.01 at 90 days). Both NOS and arginase activities were significantly increased at 3 days (P<0.01), with arginase remaining elevated at 90 days post-HI (P<0.05) ipsilaterally. CMZ suppressed the HI-induced increase in iNOS and arginase activities (P<0.001; P<0.05). These data provide evidence of long-term functional neuroprotection by CMZ in a model of HI. We further conclude that under conditions of HI, functional deficits are not restricted to the ipsilateral hemisphere and are due, at least in part, to changes in the activity of NOS and arginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
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38
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Lindsay L, Liu P, Gliddon C, Zheng Y, Smith PF, Darlington CL. Cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor expression in the rat vestibular nucleus and hippocampus following unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Exp Brain Res 2004; 162:309-14. [PMID: 15580339 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-004-2168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that vestibular compensation, the process of behavioural recovery that occurs following peripheral vestibular damage, might be partially dependent on the release of glucocorticoids (GC) during the early stages of recovery from the lesion. One possibility is that glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the vestibular nucleus complex (VNC) might change following the lesion, altering their response to GCs. We sought to test this hypothesis by quantifying the expression of cytosolic GRs in the bilateral VNCs at 10 h, 58 h and 2 weeks following unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) in rat, using western blotting. We also examined GR expression in the CA1, CA2/3 and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions of the hippocampus and measured serum corticosterone levels. Compared with sham surgery and anaesthetic controls, we found no significant changes in GR expression in the ipsilateral or contralateral VNCs at any time post-UVD. However, we did find a significant decrease in GR expression in the ipsilateral CA1 at 2 weeks post-UVD. Serum corticosterone levels were significantly lower in all groups at 58 h post-op. compared to 10 h and 2 weeks; however, there were no significant differences between the UVD and control groups at any time point. These results suggest that changes in GR expression in the VNC are unlikely to contribute to the development of vestibular compensation. However, long-term changes in GR expression in CA1 might be related to chronic deficits in hippocampal function and spatial cognition following vestibular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libby Lindsay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, Dunedin, New Zealand
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39
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Zheng Y, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Bilateral labyrinthectomy causes long-term deficit in object recognition in rat. Neuroreport 2004; 15:1913-6. [PMID: 15305136 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200408260-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that patients with vestibular disorders experience a wide range of cognitive disorders, including memory loss. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the contribution of vestibular information to episodic memory in experimental animals using vestibular deafferentation. In the present study, the effects of a complete unilateral or bilateral surgical lesion of the vestibular labyrinths in a spontaneous object recognition task were evaluated in Wistar rats 3 and 6 months following the surgery. We found that rats with bilateral vestibular deafferentation, but not those with unilateral vestibular deafferentation were impaired on the task at both time points. These results suggest for the first time that vestibular information may contribute to non-spatial memory to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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40
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Ashton JC, Zheng Y, Liu P, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Immunohistochemical characterisation and localisation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor protein in the rat vestibular nucleus complex and the effects of unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Brain Res 2004; 1021:264-71. [PMID: 15342275 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CB1 receptor expression has been reported to be low in the brainstem compared with the forebrain, and low in the vestibular nucleus complex (VNC) compared with other regions in the brainstem. However, a frequent effect of cannabis is dizziness and loss of balance. This may be due to the activation of cannabinoid receptors in the central vestibular pathways. We used immunohistochemistry to study the distribution of CB1 receptor protein in the VNC, and Western blotting to measure CB1 receptor expression in the VNC following unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD); the hippocampal CA1, CA2/3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions were also analysed for comparison. This study confirms a previous electrophysiological demonstration that CB1 receptors exist in significant densities in the VNC and are likely to contribute to the neurochemical control of the vestibular reflexes. Nonetheless, CB1 receptor expression did not change significantly in the VNC during vestibular compensation. In addition, despite some small but significant changes in CB1 receptor expression in the CA2/3 and the DG following UVD, in no case were these differences statistically significant in comparison to both control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Ashton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Adams Building, Frederick Street, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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41
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Horii A, Russell NA, Smith PF, Darlington CL, Bilkey DK. Vestibular influences on CA1 neurons in the rat hippocampus: an electrophysiological study in vivo. Exp Brain Res 2003; 155:245-50. [PMID: 14666395 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-003-1725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2002] [Accepted: 09/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular information is known to be important for accurate spatial orientation and navigation. Hippocampal place cells, which appear to encode an animal's location within the environment, are also thought to play an essential role in spatial orientation. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that vestibular information may influence cornu ammonis region 1 (CA1) hippocampal neuronal activity. To explore this possibility, the effects of electrical stimulation of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) on the firing rates of hippocampal CA1 neurons in the urethane-anesthetized rat were investigated using extracellular single unit recordings. The firing rates of CA1 complex spike cells (n=29), which most likely correspond to place cells, consistently increased during electrical stimulation of the MVN in a current intensity dependent manner. Stimulation applied adjacent to the MVN failed to elicit a response. Overall, the firing rates of non-complex spike cells (n=22) did not show a consistent response to vestibular stimulation, although in some cells clear responses to the stimulation were observed. These findings suggest that vestibular inputs may contribute to spatial information processing in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Horii
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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42
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Zheng Y, Kerr DS, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Unilateral inner ear damage results in lasting changes in hippocampal CA1 field potentials in vitro. Hippocampus 2003; 13:873-8. [PMID: 14750650 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.10174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a surgical lesion of one vestibular inner ear (unilateral vestibular damage [UVD]) on the field potential responses of CA1 neurons in vitro. Hippocampal slices were removed from rats at 4-6 weeks or 5-6 months post-UVD, and the field responses of CA1 neurons to electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral commissural pathway were analyzed. Compared with slices from sham and naive control animals, slices from UVD animals at 5-6 months post-UVD exhibited decreases in the population spike amplitude, the somal field excitatory postsynaptic potential (sfEPSP) slope, and the field EPSP (fEPSP) slope. For the population spike amplitude and fEPSP slope, this effect was observed in both CA1 ipsilateral and contralateral to the UVD. On both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides, paired-pulse testing showed increases in paired-pulse inhibition at the shortest interstimulus intervals (ISIs), with increases in paired-pulse facilitation at longer ISIs. This study provides the first evidence that peripheral vestibular damage can produce long-term changes in hippocampal electrophysiological activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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43
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Liu P, Zheng Y, King J, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Nitric oxide synthase and arginase expression in the vestibular nucleus and hippocampus following unilateral vestibular deafferentation in the rat. Brain Res 2003; 966:19-25. [PMID: 12646304 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between changes in neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and eNOS) and arginase expression in the vestibular nucleus complex and the hippocampus (CA1, CA2/3 and the dentate gyrus (DG) at 10 h or 2 weeks following a unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) in rats. There were no significant differences in nNOS or arginase II expression in the ipsilateral or contralateral VNC at either 10 h or 2 weeks post-UVD. For eNOS, there was only a significant decrease in expression in the ipsilateral VNC at 2 weeks post-UVD (P<0.01). In the hippocampus, the only significant difference in nNOS expression was a decrease in the ipsilateral DG at 2 weeks post-UVD (P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in eNOS expression in the contralateral CA2/3 region at 10 h post-UVD (P<0.01). The only other significant change in eNOS was an increase in the contralateral DG at 10 h post-UVD (P<0.01). Although arginase II was expressed in all regions of the hippocampus, there were no significant differences in arginase II expression at any time point following UVD. These results suggest that the changes in NOS expression that occur in the VNC and hippocampus following UVD are not correlated with one another or with changes in arginase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
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