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Phelps PE, Ha SM, Khankan RR, Mekonnen MA, Juarez G, Ingraham Dixie KL, Chen YW, Yang X. Olfactory ensheathing cells are hybrid glial cells that promote neural repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572462. [PMID: 38187769 PMCID: PMC10769208 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are unique glial cells found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems where they support the continuous axonal outgrowth of immature olfactory sensory neurons to their targets. Here we show that following severe spinal cord injury, olfactory bulb-derived OECs transplanted near the injury site modify the normally inhibitory glial scar and facilitate axon regeneration past the scar border and into the lesion center. To understand the mechanisms underlying the reparative properties of such transplanted OECs, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to study their gene expression programs. Our analyses revealed five diverse subtypes of OECs, each expressing novel marker genes and pathways indicative of progenitor, axonal regeneration and repair, secreted molecules, or microglia-like functions. As expected, we found substantial overlap of OEC genes with those of Schwann cells, but also with astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. We confirmed established markers on cultured OECs, and then localized select top genes of OEC subtypes in rat olfactory bulb tissue. In addition, we present evidence that OECs secrete both Reelin and Connective tissue growth factor, extracellular matrix molecules which are important for neural repair and axonal outgrowth. Our results support that adult OECs are a unique hybrid glia, some with progenitor characteristics, and that their gene expression patterns indicate diverse functions related to wound healing, injury repair and axonal regeneration.
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Pozzi NG, Bolzoni F, Biella GEM, Pezzoli G, Ip CW, Volkmann J, Cavallari P, Asan E, Isaias IU. Brain Noradrenergic Innervation Supports the Development of Parkinson's Tremor: A Study in a Reserpinized Rat Model. Cells 2023; 12:2529. [PMID: 37947607 PMCID: PMC10649099 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD) is evolving towards a complex alteration to monoaminergic innervation, and increasing evidence suggests a key role of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system (LC-NA). However, the difficulties in imaging LC-NA in patients challenge its direct investigation. To this end, we studied the development of tremor in a reserpinized rat model of PD, with or without a selective lesioning of LC-NA innervation with the neurotoxin DSP-4. Eight male rats (Sprague Dawley) received DSP-4 (50 mg/kg) two weeks prior to reserpine injection (10 mg/kg) (DR-group), while seven male animals received only reserpine treatment (R-group). Tremor, rigidity, hypokinesia, postural flexion and postural immobility were scored before and after 20, 40, 60, 80, 120 and 180 min of reserpine injection. Tremor was assessed visually and with accelerometers. The injection of DSP-4 induced a severe reduction in LC-NA terminal axons (DR-group: 0.024 ± 0.01 vs. R-group: 0.27 ± 0.04 axons/um2, p < 0.001) and was associated with significantly less tremor, as compared to the R-group (peak tremor score, DR-group: 0.5 ± 0.8 vs. R-group: 1.6 ± 0.5; p < 0.01). Kinematic measurement confirmed the clinical data (tremor consistency (% of tremor during 180 s recording), DR-group: 37.9 ± 35.8 vs. R-group: 69.3 ± 29.6; p < 0.05). Akinetic-rigid symptoms did not differ between the DR- and R-groups. Our results provide preliminary causal evidence for a critical role of LC-NA innervation in the development of PD tremor and foster the development of targeted therapies for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoló Gabriele Pozzi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (N.G.P.); (C.W.I.); (J.V.)
| | - Francesco Bolzoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milano, Italy;
| | | | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Centro Parkinson e Parkinsonismi, ASST G. Pini-CTO, 20072 Milano, Italy;
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (N.G.P.); (C.W.I.); (J.V.)
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (N.G.P.); (C.W.I.); (J.V.)
| | - Paolo Cavallari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Human Physiology Section, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 32, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Esther Asan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Koellikerstr 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Ioannis Ugo Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (N.G.P.); (C.W.I.); (J.V.)
- Centro Parkinson e Parkinsonismi, ASST G. Pini-CTO, 20072 Milano, Italy;
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Jiang Y, Guo J, Tang X, Wang X, Hao D, Yang H. The Immunological Roles of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881162. [PMID: 35669779 PMCID: PMC9163387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with high mortality and disability. The pathological processes of SCI can usually be described as two stages, namely, primary and acute secondary injuries. Secondary injury produces more significant exacerbations of the initial injury. Among all the mechanisms of secondary damage, infection and inflammatory responses, as the principle culprits in initiating the second phase of SCI, can greatly contribute to the severity of SCI and numerous sequelae after SCI. Therefore, effectively antagonizing pro-inflammatory responses may be a promising treatment strategy to facilitate functional recovery after SCI. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a unique type of glial cells, have increasingly become potential candidates for cell-based therapy in the injured CNS. Strikingly, there is growing evidence that the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory role of OECs are associated with the immune properties and secretory functions of these cells responsible for anti-neuroinflammation and immunoregulatory effects, leading to maintenance of the internal microenvironment. Accordingly, a more profound understanding of the mechanism of OEC immunological functions in the treatment of SCI would be beneficial to improve the therapeutic clinical applications of OECs for SCI. In this review, we mainly summarize recent research on the cellular and molecular immune attributes of OECs. The unique biological functions of these cells in promoting neural regeneration are discussed in relation of the development of novel therapies for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Jiang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianbin Guo
- Department of Joint Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiangwen Tang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Basic Medical School Academy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Yang,
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Moghaddam MH, Hatari S, Shahidi AMEJ, Nikpour F, Omran HS, Fathi M, Vakili K, Abdollahifar MA, Tizro M, Eskandari N, Raoofi A, Ebrahimi V, Aliaghaei A. Human olfactory epithelium-derived stem cells ameliorate histopathological deficits and improve behavioral functions in a rat model of cerebellar ataxia. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 120:102071. [PMID: 35051594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy (CRT) is one of the most effective approaches used to alleviate symptoms of neurodegenerative syndromes such as cerebellar ataxia (CA). Human olfactory epithelium mesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs) have been recognized as a promising candidate for CRT, due to their distinctive features including immunomodulatory properties and ease of accessible compared to other types of MSCs. Hence, the main goal of our study was to explore the impacts of OE-MSCs transplantation on behavioral, structural, and histological deficiencies in a rat model of CA. After obtained an informed consent from volunteers, OE-MSCs were obtained from their nasal cavity. Then, OE-MSCs were characterized by the positive expression of CD73, CD90, and CD105 as MSCs as well as nestin and vimentin as primitive neuroectodermal stem cells markers. Then, the animals were randomized into three control, 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) treated, and 3-AP + cell groups. In both experimental groups, the rats received intraperitoneal injection of 3-AP (75 mg/kg), followed by the implantation of OE-MSCs into the cerebellum of 3-AP + cell group. The impact of engrafted OE-MSCs on motor coordination and performance along with biochemical, immunohistochemical, and stereological changes in the cerebellum of the rat models of CA were investigated. According to our findings, the administration of 3-AP decreased the cerebellar GSH concentration. The injection of 3-AP also altered the morphological characteristics of the cerebellar Golgi cells. On the other hand, OE-MSCs transplantation improved motor coordination in CA. Besides, the implantation of OE-MSCs reduced caspase-3 expression and microglia proliferation in the cerebellum upon 3-AP administration. Finally, the transplant of OE-MSCs protected Purkinje cells against 3-AP toxicity. In sum, the present study revealed considerable advantages of OE-MSCs in managing CA animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Hassani Moghaddam
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Hatari
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mahdi Emam Jome Shahidi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpour
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi Omran
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Tizro
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Eskandari
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Raoofi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Vahid Ebrahimi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jia C, Oliver J, Gilmer D, Lovins C, Rodriguez-Gil DJ, Hagg T. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase increases adult olfactory stem cell self-renewal and neuroregeneration through ciliary neurotrophic factor. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102061. [PMID: 33130470 PMCID: PMC7903807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Constant neuroregeneration in adult olfactory epithelium maintains olfactory function by basal stem cell proliferation and differentiation to replace lost olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Understanding the mechanisms regulating this process could reveal potential therapeutic targets for stimulating adult olfactory neurogenesis under pathological conditions and aging. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in astrocytes promotes forebrain neurogenesis but its function in the olfactory system is unknown. Here, we show in mouse olfactory epithelium that CNTF is expressed in horizontal basal cells, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and a small subpopulation of OSNs. CNTF receptor alpha was expressed in Mash1-positive globose basal cells (GBCs) and OECs. Thus, CNTF may affect GBCs in a paracrine manner. CNTF−/− mice did not display altered GBC proliferation or olfactory function, suggesting that CNTF is not involved in basal olfactory renewal or that they developed compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, we tested the effect of increased CNTF in wild type mice. Intranasal instillation of a focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor, FAK14, upregulated CNTF expression. FAK14 also promoted GBC proliferation, neuronal differentiation and basal stem cell self-renewal but had no effective in CNTF−/− mice, suggesting that FAK inhibition promotes olfactory neuroregeneration through CNTF, making them potential targets to treat sensorineural anosmia due to OSN loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Jia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.
| | - Joe Oliver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Dustin Gilmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Chiharu Lovins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Diego J Rodriguez-Gil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Theo Hagg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
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Wright AA, Todorovic M, Tello-Velasquez J, Rayfield AJ, St John JA, Ekberg JA. Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Spinal Cord Repair Using Neurotrophins. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:867-878. [PMID: 29852748 PMCID: PMC6050907 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718759472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising therapy for
spinal cord injury; however, the efficacy varies between trials in both animals and
humans. The main reason for this variability is that the purity and phenotype of the
transplanted cells differs between studies. OECs are susceptible to modulation with
neurotrophic factors, and thus, neurotrophins can be used to manipulate the transplanted
cells into an optimal, consistent phenotype. OEC transplantation can be divided into 3
phases: (1) cell preparation, (2) cell administration, and (3) continuous support to the
transplanted cells in situ. The ideal behaviour of OECs differs between these 3 phases; in
the cell preparation phase, rapid cell expansion is desirable to decrease the time between
damage and transplantation. In the cell administration phase, OEC survival and integration
at the injury site, in particular migration into the glial scar, are the most critical
factors, along with OEC-mediated phagocytosis of cellular debris. Finally, continuous
support needs to be provided to the transplantation site to promote survival of both
transplanted cells and endogenous cells within injury site and to promote long-term
integration of the transplanted cells and angiogenesis. In this review, we define the 3
phases of OEC transplantation into the injured spinal cord and the optimal cell behaviors
required for each phase. Optimising functional outcomes of OEC transplantation can be
achieved by modulation of cell behaviours with neurotrophins. We identify the key growth
factors that exhibit the strongest potential for optimizing the OEC phenotype required for
each phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wright
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tello-Velasquez
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - A J Rayfield
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A St John
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A Ekberg
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Khankan RR, Griffis KG, Haggerty-Skeans JR, Zhong H, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, Phelps PE. Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation after a Complete Spinal Cord Transection Mediates Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Mechanisms to Facilitate Regeneration. J Neurosci 2016; 36:6269-86. [PMID: 27277804 PMCID: PMC4899528 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0085-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple neural and peripheral cell types rapidly respond to tissue damage after spinal cord injury to form a structurally and chemically inhibitory scar that limits axon regeneration. Astrocytes form an astroglial scar and produce chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), activate microglia, and recruit blood-derived immune cells to the lesion for debris removal. One beneficial therapy, olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation, results in functional improvements and promotes axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. The lack of an OEC-specific marker, however, has limited the investigation of mechanisms underlying their proregenerative effects. We compared the effects of enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled fibroblast (FB) and OEC transplants acutely after a complete low-thoracic spinal cord transection in adult rats. We assessed the preservation of neurons and serotonergic axons, the levels of inhibitory CSPGs and myelin debris, and the extent of immune cell activation between 1 and 8 weeks postinjury. Our findings indicate that OECs survive longer than FBs post-transplantation, preserve axons and neurons, and reduce inhibitory molecules in the lesion core. Additionally, we show that OECs limit immune-cell activation and infiltration, whereas FBs alter astroglial scar formation and increase immune-cell infiltration and concomitant secondary tissue damage. Administration of cyclosporine-A to enhance graft survival demonstrated that immune suppression can augment OEC contact-mediated protection of axons and neurons during the first 2 weeks postinjury. Collectively, these data suggest that OECs have neuroprotective and immunomodulatory mechanisms that create a supportive environment for neuronal survival and axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal cord injury creates physical and chemical barriers to axon regeneration. We used a complete spinal cord transection model and olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) or fibroblast (FB; control) transplantation as a repair strategy. OECs, but not FBs, intermingled with astrocytes, facilitated astroglial scar border formation and sequestered invading peripheral cells. OECs attenuated immune cell infiltration, reduced secondary tissue damage, protected neurons and axons in the lesion core, and helped clear myelin debris. Immunosuppression enhanced survival of OECs and FBs, but only OEC transplantation promoted scaffold formation in the lesion site that facilitated axon regeneration and neuron preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Zhong
- Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Roland R Roy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Couvreur O, Aubourg A, Crépin D, Degrouard J, Gertler A, Taouis M, Vacher CM. The anorexigenic cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor stimulates POMC gene expression via receptors localized in the nucleus of arcuate neurons. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E458-67. [PMID: 22146310 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00388.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neural cytokine that reduces appetite and body weight when administrated to rodents or humans. We have demonstrated recently that the level of CNTF in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), a key hypothalamic region involved in food intake regulation, is positively correlated with protection against diet-induced obesity. However, the comprehension of the physiological significance of neural CNTF action was still incomplete because CNTF lacks a signal peptide and thus may not be secreted by the classical exocytosis pathways. Knowing that CNTF distribution shares similarities with that of its receptor subunits in the rat ARC, we hypothesized that CNTF could exert a direct intracrine effect in ARC cells. Here, we demonstrate that CNTF, together with its receptor subunits, translocates to the cell nucleus of anorexigenic POMC neurons in the rat ARC. Furthermore, the stimulation of hypothalamic nuclear fractions with CNTF induces the phosphorylation of several signaling proteins, including Akt, as well as the transcription of the POMC gene. These data strongly suggest that intracellular CNTF may directly modulate POMC gene expression via the activation of receptors localized in the cell nucleus, providing a novel plausible mechanism of CNTF action in regulating energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Couvreur
- Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, University of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Interaction of olfactory ensheathing cells with other cell types in vitro and after transplantation: Glial scars and inflammation. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Cell surface expression of 27C7 by neonatal rat olfactory ensheathing cells in situ and in vitro is independent of axonal contact. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:397-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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State-of-the-art technologies, current opinions and developments, and novel findings: news from the field of histochemistry and cell biology. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:1205-51. [PMID: 18985372 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of cell and tissue structure and function using innovative methods and approaches have again yielded numerous exciting findings in recent months and have added important data to current knowledge, inspiring new ideas and hypotheses in various fields of modern life sciences. Topics and contents of comprehensive expert reviews covering different aspects in methodological advances, cell biology, tissue function and morphology, and novel findings reported in original papers are summarized in the present review.
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Steinke A, Meier-Stiegen S, Drenckhahn D, Asan E. Molecular composition of tight and adherens junctions in the rat olfactory epithelium and fila. Histochem Cell Biol 2008. [PMID: 18523797 DOI: 10.1007/s00418‐008‐0441‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tight and adherens junctions (TJs, AJs) between neurons, epithelial and glial cells provide barrier and adhesion properties in the olfactory epithelium (OE), and subserve functions such as compartmentalization and axon growth in the fila olfactoria (FO). Immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopy were combined in sections of rat OE and FO to document the cellular and subcellular localization of TJ proteins occludin(Occl), claudins(Cl) 1-5 and zonula occludens(ZO) proteins 1-3, and of AJ proteins N-cadherin(cad), E-cad, and alpha-, beta- and p120-catenin(cat). With the exception of Cl2, all TJ proteins were colocalized in OE junctions. Differences in relative immunolabeling intensities were noted between neuronal and epithelial TJs. In the FO, Cl5-reactivity was localized in olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) junctions, Cl1-reactivity in the FO periphery, with differential colocalization with ZOs. Supporting cells formed N-cad-immunoreactive (ir) AJs with olfactory sensory neurons, E-cad-ir junctions with microvillar and gland duct cells, and both N-cad and E-cad-ir junctions in homotypic contacts. Alpha, beta- and p120-cat were localized in all AJs of the OE. AJs were scarce in the globose basal cell layer. Immature and mature neurons formed numerous contacts. In the FO, AJs were documented between OECs, between OECs and axons, and between axons. Most AJs colocalized N-cad with catenins, occasionally E-cad-ir AJs were found in the FO periphery. Characteristics of molecular composition suggest differential properties of TJs formed by neuronal, epithelial and glial cells in the OE and FO. The presence and molecular composition of AJs are consistent with a role of AJ proteins in neuroplastic processes in the peripheral olfactory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Steinke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Steinke A, Meier-Stiegen S, Drenckhahn D, Asan E. Molecular composition of tight and adherens junctions in the rat olfactory epithelium and fila. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:339-61. [PMID: 18523797 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tight and adherens junctions (TJs, AJs) between neurons, epithelial and glial cells provide barrier and adhesion properties in the olfactory epithelium (OE), and subserve functions such as compartmentalization and axon growth in the fila olfactoria (FO). Immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopy were combined in sections of rat OE and FO to document the cellular and subcellular localization of TJ proteins occludin(Occl), claudins(Cl) 1-5 and zonula occludens(ZO) proteins 1-3, and of AJ proteins N-cadherin(cad), E-cad, and alpha-, beta- and p120-catenin(cat). With the exception of Cl2, all TJ proteins were colocalized in OE junctions. Differences in relative immunolabeling intensities were noted between neuronal and epithelial TJs. In the FO, Cl5-reactivity was localized in olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) junctions, Cl1-reactivity in the FO periphery, with differential colocalization with ZOs. Supporting cells formed N-cad-immunoreactive (ir) AJs with olfactory sensory neurons, E-cad-ir junctions with microvillar and gland duct cells, and both N-cad and E-cad-ir junctions in homotypic contacts. Alpha, beta- and p120-cat were localized in all AJs of the OE. AJs were scarce in the globose basal cell layer. Immature and mature neurons formed numerous contacts. In the FO, AJs were documented between OECs, between OECs and axons, and between axons. Most AJs colocalized N-cad with catenins, occasionally E-cad-ir AJs were found in the FO periphery. Characteristics of molecular composition suggest differential properties of TJs formed by neuronal, epithelial and glial cells in the OE and FO. The presence and molecular composition of AJs are consistent with a role of AJ proteins in neuroplastic processes in the peripheral olfactory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Steinke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Zhou HL, Zhang LS, Kang Y, Zhang W, Wang TH. Effects of electro-acupuncture on CNTF expression in spared dorsal root ganglion and the associated spinal lamina II and nucleus dorsalis following adjacent dorsal root ganglionectomies in cats. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:95-106. [PMID: 18023864 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that plasticity occurs in deafferented spinal cord, and that electro-acupuncture (EA) could promote functional restoration. The underlying mechanism is, however, unknown. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) plays a crucial role in neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival both in vivo and in vitro, and its expression might explain some of the mechanism. In this study, we investigated the effects of EA on CNTF expression in the spared L(6) dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and spinal lamina II at spinal segments L(3) and L(6) as well as nucleus dorsalis (ND) of L(3) spinal segment following removal of L(1)-L(5) and L(7)-S(2) (DRG) in the cat. After ganglionectomies, the total and small-to-medium-sized numbers of immunoreactive neurons decreased at 3 dpo, and returned to the sham-operated level as early as 7 dpo. After EA, immunoreactive neurons in L(6) DRG noticeably increased at 7 dpo, compared with the non-acupunctured group. Notable increase in the large neurons was seen at 14 dpo, while their numbers in L(3) and L(6) spinal cord segments significantly declined at 3 dpo. Those in L(3) segment did not reach the sham-operated level until 14 dpo, but their numbers in L(6) segment returned to the sham-operated level as early as 7 dpo. CNTF immunopositive neurons in the ND of L(3) segment returned to the sham-operated level at 14 dpo. After EA, their number significantly increased as early as 7 dpo in lamina II of L(6) segment, and as late as 14 dpo in ND of L(3) segment. Western blot analysis showed CNTF changes corresponding to those shown in immunohistochemical staining. It is concluded that CNTF expression was involved in the EA promoted plastic changes in L(6) DRG and the associated deafferented spinal lamina and ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Li Zhou
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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15
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Miotke JA, MacLennan AJ, Meyer RL. Immunohistochemical localization of CNTFRalpha in adult mouse retina and optic nerve following intraorbital nerve crush: evidence for the axonal loss of a trophic factor receptor after injury. J Comp Neurol 2007; 500:384-400. [PMID: 17111380 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is important for the survival and outgrowth of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in vitro. However, in vivo adult RGCs fail to regenerate and subsequently die following axotomy, even though there are high levels of CNTF in the optic nerve. To address this discrepancy, we used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFRalpha) in mouse retina and optic nerve following intraorbital nerve crush. In normal mice, RGC perikarya and axons were intensely labeled for CNTFRalpha. At 24 hours after crush, the immunoreactivity normally seen on axons in the nerve was lost near the lesion. This loss radiated from the crush site with time. At 2 days postlesion, labeled axons were not detected in the proximal nerve, and at 2 weeks were barely detectable in the retina. In the distal nerve, loss of axonal staining progressed to the optic chiasm by 7 days and remained undetectable at 2 weeks. Interfascicular glia in the normal optic nerve were faintly labeled, but by 24 hours after crush they became intensely labeled near the lesion. Double labeling showed these to be both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. At 7 days postlesion, darkly labeled glia were seen throughout the optic nerve, but at 14 days labeling returned to normal. It is suggested that the loss of CNTFRalpha from axons renders RGCs unresponsive to CNTF, thereby contributing to regenerative failure and death, while its appearance on glia may promote glial scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Miotke
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2305, USA.
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16
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Willson CA, Foster RD, Onifer SM, Whittemore SR, Miranda JD. EphB3 receptor and ligand expression in the adult rat brain. J Mol Histol 2006; 37:369-80. [PMID: 17103029 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptors and ligands are two families of proteins that control axonal guidance during development. Their expression was originally thought to be developmentally regulated but recent work has shown that several EphA receptors are expressed postnatally. The EphB3 receptors are expressed during embryonic development in multiple regions of the central nervous system but their potential expression and functional role in the adult brain is unknown. We used in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and receptor affinity probe in situ staining to investigate EphB3 receptors mRNA, protein, and ligand (ephrin-B) expression, respectively, in the adult rat brain. Our results indicate that EphB3 receptor mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed in discrete regions of the adult rat brain including the cerebellum, raphe pallidus, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and both motor and sensory cortices. The spatial profile of EphB3 receptors was co-localized to regions of the brain that had a high level of EphB3 receptor binding ligands. Its expression pattern suggests that EphB3 may play a role in the maintenance of mature neuronal connections or re-arrangement of synaptic connections during late stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Willson
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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17
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Abstract
The rodent olfactory system is a regarded model for the relationship between neurotrophic factors, their receptors, and their compound influence on the notable lifelong neuroplasticity occurring in this sensory system. It was known that high amounts of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a hematopoietic cytokine, can be found in the olfactory bulb. In the awarded work, a detailed cellular characterization of CNTF-localization in the olfactory system was obtained. The results demonstrated CNTF-immunoreactivity in olfactory ensheathing cells, newborn interneurons in the olfactory bulb, and in a subpopulation of mature olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium. Three-dimensional reconstructions of CNTF-immunoreactive axonal bulbar projections of these neurons revealed an ordered bilaterally symmetric pattern. This finding implies a potential connection between neuronal CNTF-expression in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langenhan
- Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany.
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Lang EM, Asan E, Plesnila N, Hofmann GO, Sendtner M. Motoneuron survival after C7 nerve root avulsion and replantation in the adult rabbit: effects of local ciliary neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor application. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 115:2042-50. [PMID: 15923853 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000163328.51271.dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors investigated the extent and time course of motoneuron cell death after C7 ventral nerve root avulsion under conditions resembling the trauma mechanism in clinical situations. In addition, they evaluated the effect on motoneuron survival of locally applied ciliary neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, with the aim of improving preconditions for successful regeneration of peripheral motor innervation. METHODS Forty-four New Zealand White rabbits were operated on using a dorsal approach. The dorsal spinal nerve roots of segment C7 were cut, and the ventral roots were completely pulled out from the spinal cord. In seven experimental groups, ciliary neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or both were applied to the lesion site using different application methods and compared with two control groups. One or 3 weeks after the operation, the animals were euthanized and segments C6 to C8 were studied histologically. In group 9, the avulsed rootlets were replanted into the ventrolateral spinal cord and the effect of replantation on motoneuron survival was assessed at 3 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS The results indicated that within a period of 7 days, 54.4 +/- 12.1 percent of the motoneurons in segments C6 to C8 died without any therapy. Local application of ciliary neurotrophic factor or brain-derived neurotrophic factor lowered motoneuron loss significantly to 16.9 +/- 14.3 percent and 28.0 +/- 11.4 percent, respectively (p < 0.05). The reduction in motoneuron loss persisted after 3 weeks' survival time (23.1 +/- 4.3 percent in ciliary neurotrophic factor-treated animals, and 22.3 +/- 8.4 percent in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-treated animals, p < 0.05). Survival rates were not significantly higher after treatment with a combination of both factors (motoneuron loss, 33.5 +/- 7.1 percent). CONCLUSION The authors conclude that the early application of neurotrophic factors appears to be a promising technique to improve motoneuron survival after nerve root avulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Lang
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany.
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Langenhan T, Sendtner M, Holtmann B, Carroll P, Asan E. Ciliary neurotrophic factor-immunoreactivity in olfactory sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2005; 134:1179-94. [PMID: 16039789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has been implicated in processes of neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and synaptogenesis in the lesioned CNS. In the olfactory system, which is characterized by particularly robust neuroplasticity throughout life, the concentration of CNTF is high even under physiological conditions. In the present study, the cellular localization of CNTF-immunoreactivity was studied in the rat and mouse olfactory epithelium. In both species, individual olfactory sensory neurons (ONs) displayed intense CNTF-immunoreactivity. The number of CNTF-ir ONs varied interindividually in rats and was lower in mice than in rats. In olfactory epithelia of mice expressing beta-galactosidase under control of the CNTF promoter, cells of the ON layer were immunoreactive for the reporter protein. CNTF-ir ONs were olfactory marker protein-positive and growth associated protein 43-negative. CNTF-ir ONs lacked apoptotic markers, and the number of specifically labeled ONs was apparently unchanged after light chemical lesioning of the epithelium, indicating that CNTF-immunoreactivity was not associated with ON death. Electron microscopy of CNTF-ir ON axons in innervated olfactory bulb glomeruli documented that they formed typical ON axonal synapses with target neurons. Three dimensional reconstructions of bulb pairs showed a striking similarity of the positions of glomeruli innervated by CNTF-ir ON axons in left and right bulbs of individual animals and interindividually. The number of innervated glomeruli differed interindividually in rats and was lower in mice than in rats. The results show that in rodents CNTF-immunoreactivity occurs in a subset of mature, functionally competent ONs. The localization of target glomeruli suggests that CNTF-immunoreactivity may be associated with the expression and/or activation of specific olfactory receptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Langenhan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
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