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Sato K, Momose-Sato Y. Functiogenesis of the embryonic central nervous system revealed by optical recording with a voltage-sensitive dye. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:107-119. [PMID: 27623687 PMCID: PMC10717437 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clarification of the functiogenesis of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) has long been problematic, because conventional electrophysiological techniques have several limitations. First, early embryonic neurons are small and fragile, and the application of microelectrodes is challenging. Second, the simultaneous monitoring of electrical activity from multiple sites is limited, and as a consequence, spatiotemporal response patterns of neural networks cannot be assessed. We have applied multiple-site optical recording with a voltage-sensitive dye to the embryonic CNS and paved a new way to analyze the functiogenesis of the CNS. In this review, we discuss key points of optical recording in the embryonic CNS and introduce recent progress in optical investigations on the embryonic CNS with special emphasis on the development of the chick olfactory system. The studies clearly demonstrate the usefulness of voltage-sensitive dye recording as a powerful tool for elucidating the functional organization of the vertebrate embryonic CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushige Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Komazawa Women's University Faculty of Human Health, 238 Sakahama, Inagi-shi, Tokyo, 206-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nutrition, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, 236-8501, Japan
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K, Kamino K. Monitoring Population Membrane Potential Signals During Development of the Vertebrate Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 859:213-42. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17641-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K. Optical survey of initial expression of synaptic function in the embryonic chick trigeminal sensory nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2014; 570:92-6. [PMID: 24769319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined the initial expression of synaptic function in the embryonic chick trigeminal nucleus using voltage-sensitive dye recording. Brainstem preparations with three trigeminal nerve afferents, the ophthalmic nerve (N.V1), maxillary nerve (N.V2) and mandibular nerve (N.V3), were dissected from 5.5- to 6.5-day-old chick embryos. In our previous study [Sato et al., 1999], we detected slow signals corresponding to glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials and identified the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (Pr5), spinal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (Sp5) and trigeminal motor nucleus. In this study, we examined the effects of removing Mg(2+) from the physiological solution, which enhanced N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor function in the sensory nuclei. In 6.5-day-old (St 29) embryos, the slow signal was observed in Pr5 and Sp5 only when N.V1 was stimulated, whereas it appeared in Mg(2+)-free solution with every nerve stimulation. In 6-day-old (St 28) embryos, the slow signal was observed in Sp5 with N.V1 stimulation, and the appearance of synaptic function in Mg(2+)-free solution varied, depending on the nerves and preparations used. In 5.5-day-old (St 27) embryos, synaptic function was not detected even when external Mg(2+) was removed. These results indicate that the initial expression of synaptic function in the trigeminal system occurs earlier than previously considered, and that the developmental organization of synaptic function differs among the three trigeminal nerves and between the two sensory nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Kanto Gakuin University, College of Human and Environmental Studies, Yokohama 236-8503, Japan.
| | - Katsushige Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Komazawa Women's University Faculty of Human Health, Tokyo 206-8511, Japan
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Mullah SHER, Komuro R, Yan P, Hayashi S, Inaji M, Momose-Sato Y, Loew LM, Sato K. Evaluation of voltage-sensitive fluorescence dyes for monitoring neuronal activity in the embryonic central nervous system. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:679-88. [PMID: 23975337 PMCID: PMC4096138 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using an optical imaging technique with voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs), we investigated the functional organization and architecture of the central nervous system (CNS) during embryogenesis. In the embryonic nervous system, a merocyanine-rhodanine dye, NK2761, has proved to be the most useful absorption dye for detecting neuronal activity because of its high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), low toxicity and small dye bleaching. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of fluorescence VSDs for optical recording in the embryonic CNS. We screened eight styryl (hemicyanine) dyes in isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations from 7-day-old chick embryos. Measurements of voltage-related optical signals were made using a multiple-site optical recording system. The signal size, S/N, photobleaching, effects of perfusion and recovery of neural responses after staining were compared. We also evaluated optical responses with various magnifications. Although the S/N was lower than with the absorption dye, clear optical responses were detected with several fluorescence dyes, including di-2-ANEPEQ, di-4-ANEPPS, di-3-ANEPPDHQ, di-4-AN(F)EPPTEA, di-2-AN(F)EPPTEA and di-2-ANEPPTEA. Di-2-ANEPEQ showed the largest S/N, whereas its photobleaching was faster and the recovery of neural responses after staining was slower. Di-4-ANEPPS and di-3-ANEPPDHQ also exhibited a large S/N but required a relatively long time for recovery of neural activity. Di-4-AN(F)EPPTEA, di-2-AN(F)EPPTEA and di-2-ANEPPTEA showed smaller S/Ns than di-2-ANEPEQ, di-4-ANEPPS and di-3-ANEPPDHQ; but the recovery of neural responses after staining was faster. This study demonstrates the potential utility of these styryl dyes in optical monitoring of voltage changes in the embryonic CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Habib-E-Rasul Mullah
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Komazawa Women’s University Faculty of Human Health, Tokyo 206-8511, Japan
| | - Ryo Komuro
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Kanto Gakuin University, College of Human and Environmental Studies, Yokohama 236-8501, Japan
| | - Ping Yan
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
| | - Shihori Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Motoki Inaji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Kanto Gakuin University, College of Human and Environmental Studies, Yokohama 236-8501, Japan
| | - Leslie M. Loew
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
| | - Katsushige Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Komazawa Women’s University Faculty of Human Health, Tokyo 206-8511, Japan
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Mochida H, Sato K, Momose-Sato Y. Switching of the transmitters that mediate hindbrain correlated activity in the chick embryo. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 29:14-30. [PMID: 19087161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Widely propagating correlated neuronal activity is a hallmark of the developing nervous system. The activity is usually mediated by multiple transmitters, and the contribution of gap junctions has also been suggested in several systems. In some structures, such as the retina and spinal cord, it has been shown that the dominant transmitter mediating the correlated wave switches from acetylcholine to glutamate during development, although the functional significance of this phenomenon has not been clarified. An important question is whether such a transmitter switch occurs in other systems, especially in the brain. In the present study, we demonstrate that the major transmitter mediating correlated wave activity in the embryonic chick hindbrain changes from acetylcholine/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/glycine to glutamate/GABA as development proceeds. The results show for the first time that the dominant transmitter switches from acetylcholine to glutamate in a region other than the retina and spinal cord. This finding sheds more light on the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the generation of correlated wave activity, which is considered to regulate the development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Mochida
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Sato K, Momose-Sato Y. OPTICAL IMAGING ANALYSIS OF NEURAL CIRCUIT FORMATION IN THE EMBRYONIC BRAIN. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:706-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Glover JC, Sato K, Sato YM. Using voltage-sensitive dye recording to image the functional development of neuronal circuits in vertebrate embryos. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:804-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sato K, Kinoshita M, Momose-Sato Y. Optical mapping of spatiotemporal emergence of functional synaptic connections in the embryonic chick olfactory pathway. Neuroscience 2007; 144:1334-46. [PMID: 17184922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the functional maturation of the CNS, it is essential to first describe the functional maturation of sensory processing. We have approached this topic by following the ontogenetic patterning of neural circuit formation related to cranial and spinal sensory input using voltage-sensitive dye imaging. In previous studies, we have described the functional maturation of synapses in brainstem/midbrain neural circuits. Here, we elucidate the functional maturation of forebrain circuits by investigating neural networks related to the olfactory nerve (N. I) of chicken embryo. In the isolated N. I-olfactory bulb-forebrain preparation, application of electrical stimulation to N. I elicited excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)-related slow optical signals in the olfactory bulb. The slow signal was mainly mediated by glutamate, and was easily fatigued with repetitive stimuli because of the immaturity of synapses in the embryonic CNS. Ontogenetically, the slow signal was detected from the 6-day embryonic stage, suggesting that functional synaptic connections between N. I and olfactory bulb emerge around this stage. In addition, from the 8-day embryonic stage, another response area was discriminated within the forebrain, which corresponded to the higher-ordered nucleus of the olfactory pathway. In comparison with our previous studies concerning the functional development of other cranial nerve-related sensory nuclei in the embryonic brainstem and midbrain, these results suggest that the olfactory pathway is functionally generated in the early stages of development when neural networks related to other visceral and somatic sensory inputs are also in the process of developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Momose-Sato Y, Glover JC, Sato K. Development of Functional Synaptic Connections in the Auditory System Visualized With Optical Recording: Afferent-Evoked Activity Is Present From Early Stages. J Neurophysiol 2006; 96:1949-62. [PMID: 16790599 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00319.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of auditory network formation was performed in the brain stem of the chicken embryo using voltage-sensitive dye recording. Intact medulla/brain stem preparations with the auditory branch of the eighth nerve attached were dissected from 5.5- to 8-day chicken embryos, and responses evoked by nerve stimulation were recorded optically. In the medulla of 7- and 8-day embryos, we identified four response areas, corresponding to ipsilateral Nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and Nucleus angularis (NA), which receive the auditory afferents, and ipsi- and contralateral Nucleus laminaris (NL), which receive projections from NM. The optical responses consisted of a fast spikelike signal followed by a long-lasting slow signal, which reflected the sodium-dependent action potential and glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), respectively. In NM, NA, and NL, the EPSP-related slow optical signals were detected from some 6-day and all 7- and 8-day preparations, indicating that functional synaptic connectivity in these nuclei arises by the 7-day stage. In the pons of 7- and 8-day embryos, we identified two additional response areas, which evidently correspond to ipsi- and contralateral Nucleus lemnisci lateralis (NLL), the higher-order nuclei of the auditory pathway. Furthermore, we detected optical responses from the contralateral cerebellum, which possibly correspond to transient projections observed only during embryogenesis. The present study demonstrates that functional auditory circuits are established in the chicken embryo at stages earlier than previously reported. We discuss the possible role of afferent-evoked activity with reference to auditory neural network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K. Optical recording of vagal pathway formation in the embryonic brainstem. Auton Neurosci 2006; 126-127:39-49. [PMID: 16616702 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple-site optical recording with a fast voltage-sensitive dye, absorption dye NK2761, was used to study the developmental organization of functional synaptic networks in the vagal pathway. Glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by vagus nerve stimulation was first detected from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) at embryonic day 7 (E7) in chick embryos and E15 in rat embryos, when morphological differentiation of pre- and postsynaptic neurons is incomplete. When extracellular Mg2+ was removed, small EPSPs were elicited at E6 in chick embryos and E14 in rat embryos. These results suggest that synaptic function mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is latently generated 1 day before the expression of glutamatergic EPSP. Functional synapses related to the glossophyaryngeal nerve appear to be generated at the same time as the vagus nerve, but their spatial distribution was different from that of the vagus nerve. We further investigated the development of second synaptic pathways from the NTS to higher centers, and found that neuronal circuits from the NTS are already generated when the primary afferents form functional synapses with NTS neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Kinoshita M, Ito E. Roles of periventricular neurons in retinotectal transmission in the optic tectum. Prog Neurobiol 2006; 79:112-21. [PMID: 16901616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The midbrain roof is a retinorecipient region referred to as the optic tectum in lower vertebrates, and the superior colliculus in mammals. The retinal fibers projecting to the tectum transmit visual information to tectal retinorecipient neurons. Periventricular neurons are a subtype of these neurons that have their somata in the deepest layer of the teleostean tectum and apical dendrites ramifying at more superficial layers consisting of retinal fibers. The retinotectal synapses between the retinal fibers and periventricular neurons are glutamatergic, and ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate the transmission in these synapses. This transmission involves long-term potentiation, and is modulated by hormone action. Visual information processed in the periventricular neurons is transmitted to adjacent tectal cells and target nuclei of periventricular neuron axonal branches, some of which relay the visual information to other brain areas controlling behavior. We demonstrated that periventricular neurons play a principal role in visual information processing in the teleostean optic tectum; the effects of tectal output on behavior is discussed also in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K. Primary Vagal Projection to the Contralateral Non-NTS Region in the Embryonic Chick Brainstem Revealed by Optical Recording. J Membr Biol 2005; 208:183-91. [PMID: 16645746 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-005-0829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Using multiple-site optical recording with the voltage-sensitive dye, NK2761, we found that vagus nerve stimulation in the embryonic chick brainstem elicits postsynaptic responses in an undefined region on the contralateral side. The characteristics of the contralateral optical signals suggested that they correspond to the monosynaptic response that is related to the vagal afferent fibers. The location of the contralateral response was different from the vagal motor nucleus (the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve) and sensory nucleus (the nucleus of the tractus solitarius), and other brainstem nuclei that receive primary vagal projection. These results show that the vagus nerve innervates and makes functional synaptic connections in a previously unreported region of the brainstem, and suggest that sensory information processing mediated by the vagus nerve is more complex than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
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Seo K, Fujiwara N, Takeuchi K, Maeda T, Someya G. Postnatal development of excitation propagation in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis evoked by afferent stimulation in mice. Neurosci Res 2005; 52:201-10. [PMID: 15927721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal development of nociceptive afferent activity expansion and its modulation features were examined in mice using an optical imaging technique. Developing mice (1-2 weeks old (N1-2 w), 3-4 weeks old (N3-4 w), 5-6 weeks old (N5-6 w) and 7-8 weeks old (N7-8 w)) and neonatally capsaicin-treated mice were used. The propagation of neuronal excitation was measured by changes in fluorescent intensity in horizontal brain stem slices evoked by electrical stimulation to the trigeminal spinal tract. A single-pulse stimulation evoked excitation propagation in the trigeminal caudalis (Vc). The propagation area was larger in N1-2 w than in N7-8 w, and no differences were observed between capsaicin-treated and naive mice in the same age groups. Repetitive stimulation (100 Hz, 30 pulses) elicited long-lasting and widespread excitation propagation. The excitation propagation area was significantly larger in N7-8 w than in N1-2 w, N3-4 w and N5-6 w. This propagation was suppressed by 5 microM L-703.606, an NK1-receptor antagonist, suggesting that the repetitive stimulation-elicited excitation may require substance-P releases. Morphological observations demonstrated that the neural network in the Vc had grown by postnatal week 5. These results suggest that nociceptive afferent activity co-operatively matures with development of the network structure in the Vc, and that a mechanism for prolonged increase in central excitability is established during a later postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Seo
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 5274, 2 Ban-cho, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
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Miyakawa N, Sato K, Momose-Sato Y. Optical detection of neural function in the chick visual pathway in the early stages of embryogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:1133-49. [PMID: 15341586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the developmental pattern of functional synaptogenesis in the chick visual pathway using a multiple-site optical recording method. Responses to optic nerve stimulation were recorded from the diencephalon and mesencephalon of the chick embryo. The first excitatory postsynaptic responses to optic nerve stimulation appeared in the contralateral diencephalon at Hamburger-Hamilton stage 27, which corresponds to an incubation day 5.5 (E5.5). At more developed stages, the optical signals evoked by optic nerve stimulation spread to several different regions, including the tectum and extra-tectal visual nuclei. We constructed maps of neural activity in the diencephalon and mesencephalon at different stages to investigate the spatio-temporal patterns of functional development in the chick visual system. The maps revealed that distinct postsynaptic response areas in the extra-tectal regions showed different onsets of activity, suggesting that the corresponding visual nuclei exhibit different time courses of functional synaptogenesis. We also identified the onset and location of the first functional synaptic connection in the optic tectum, which had been a point of controversy in earlier studies. In the tectal region, the action potential and the excitatory postsynaptic potential first appeared at E8, although these signals were recognized in the tecto/tegmental region at E7. The response area expanded with retinotectal fibre elongation, and reached the area centralis at E9. These results show that the onset of synaptic function in the tectum occurs 2-3 days earlier than was previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Miyakawa
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519, Japan.
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Momose-Sato Y, Honda Y, Sasaki H, Sato K. Optical mapping of the functional organization of the rat trigeminal nucleus: initial expression and spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory information transfer during embryogenesis. J Neurosci 2004; 24:1366-76. [PMID: 14960608 PMCID: PMC6730340 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4457-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the functional organization of the rat trigeminal nuclear complex and its developmental dynamics using a multiple-site optical recording technique. Brainstem preparations were dissected from embryonic day 12 (E12)-E16 rat embryos, and stimulation was applied individually to the three branches of the trigeminal nerve (V1-V3). The action potential activity of presynaptic fibers was detected from E13, and the glutamate-mediated postsynaptic response was significantly observed from E15 on. At E14, the evoked signals usually consisted of only the action potential-related fast component. However, when extracellular Mg2+ was removed, a significant dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid-sensitive slow component appeared. These results suggest that postsynaptic function mediated by NMDA receptors is latently generated as early as E14. The response area of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve showed some functional somatotopic organization, with the ophthalmic (V1) nerve area medially located and the mandibular (V3) nerve area laterally located. The center of the trigeminal nuclear complex in which the activity of neurons and synaptic function was greatest shifted caudally with development, suggesting that the functional architecture of the trigeminal nuclear complex is not fixed but changes dynamically during embryogenesis. By electron microscopy, we could not observe clear correlations between functional data and morphological information; when we surveyed E16 preparations, we could not identify typical synaptic structures between the 1,1'-dioctyldecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-labeled trigeminal nerve terminals and the neurons in the trigeminal nuclear complex. This implies that postsynaptic function in the trigeminal nuclear complex is generated before the appearance of the morphological structure of conventional synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Sato K, Momose-Sato Y. Optical detection of developmental origin of synaptic function in the embryonic chick vestibulocochlear nuclei. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89:3215-24. [PMID: 12702716 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01169.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional organization of the brain stem vestibulocochlear nuclei during embryogenesis was investigated using a multiple-site optical recording technique with a fast voltage-sensitive dye. Brain stem slices with the cochlear and/or vestibular nerves attached were dissected from 6- to 8-day-old (E6-E8) chick embryos. Electrical responses evoked by cochlear or vestibular nerve stimulation were optically recorded simultaneously from many loci of the preparations. In E7 and E8 preparations, we identified two components of the optical response with cochlear or vestibular nerve stimulation; one was a fast spike-like signal related to the action potential, and the other was a slow signal related to the glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential. The location of the cochlear nerve response area was mainly located on the dorsolateral region, while that of the vestibular nerve was deviated ventromedially. At E6, cochlear nerve stimulation evoked only the fast spike-like signals in normal Ringer solution. However, when we removed Mg2+ from the extracellular solution, significant slow signals were elicited in the E6 preparation. The present results demonstrated that in the chick vestibulocochlear nuclei, functional synapses are already generated by the E7 embryonic stage and that postsynaptic activity related to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors emerges latently, at least in the cochlear nerve-related nucleus, at the E6 embryonic stage. This chronological sequence of the emergence of postsynaptic function is different from that reported previously (E10-E11), suggesting that the developmental origin of sensory information transfer in the auditory pathway is much earlier than has been anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushige Sato
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Momose-Sato Y, Mochida H, Sasaki S, Sato K. Depolarization waves in the embryonic CNS triggered by multiple sensory inputs and spontaneous activity: optical imaging with a voltage-sensitive dye. Neuroscience 2003; 116:407-23. [PMID: 12559096 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we discovered a novel type of depolarization wave in the embryonic chick brain by using a multiple-site optical recording technique with a fast voltage-sensitive dye. This depolarization wave traveled widely over almost all the region of the CNS. This profile has raised the possibility that the depolarization wave plays some global roles in development of the CNS, rather than contributing to a specific neuronal circuit formation. To obtain more information concerning this issue, in the present study, we examined whether the depolarization wave was triggered by various types of peripheral nerve inputs. Stimulation applied to the vagus, glossopharyngeal, cochlear and trigeminal nerves evoked widely spreading depolarization waves with similar spatiotemporal distribution patterns. The developmental sequence of wave expression was parallel to the development of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials in each sensory nucleus. The depolarization wave was accompanied by a Ca(2+)-wave, suggesting that not only electrical synchrony, but also large-scale Ca(2+)-transients may affect developmental processes in the embryonic brain. Furthermore, we found that the depolarization wave also occurred spontaneously. The waveform and distribution patterns of the spontaneous optical signals were similar to those of the cranial nerve-evoked depolarization wave. These results demonstrated that the depolarization wave in the embryonic chick brain is triggered by multiple sources of external and endogenous activity. This profile supports the idea that this depolarization wave may not serve as a simple regulator of specific neuronal circuit formation, but might play more global roles in CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Momose-Sato Y, Miyakawa N, Mochida H, Sasaki S, Sato K. Optical analysis of depolarization waves in the embryonic brain: a dual network of gap junctions and chemical synapses. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89:600-14. [PMID: 12522205 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00337.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlated neuronal activity plays a fundamental role in the development of the CNS. Using a multiple-site optical recording technique with a voltage-sensitive dye, we previously described a novel type of depolarization wave that was evoked by cranial or spinal nerve stimulation and spread widely over the whole brain region in the chick embryo. We have now investigated developmental expression and neuronal network mechanisms of this depolarization wave by applying direct stimulation to the brain stem or upper cervical cord of E5-E11 embryos, which elicited wave activity similar to that evoked by nerve stimulation. Spatial distribution patterns of the depolarization wave changed dynamically with development, and this change appeared to be related to the regional differences in neuronal differentiation. The depolarization wave was completely eliminated by application of either gap junction blockers or an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist, indicating that functions of both gap junctions and NMDA receptors are indispensable for wave propagation. A possible interpretation of the results is that dual networks of gap junctions and chemical synaptic coupling mediate large-scale depolarization waves in the developing chick CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Japan.
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19
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Kinoshita M, Ueda R, Kojima S, Sato K, Watanabe M, Urano A, Ito E. Multiple-site optical recording for characterization of functional synaptic organization of the optic tectum of rainbow trout. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16:868-76. [PMID: 12372023 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To map the functional synaptic organization over a wide area in the optic tectum, we directly monitored two-dimensional propagation of postsynaptic depolarization evoked by firing of retinotectal afferents in optic tectum slices prepared from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), using a voltage-sensitive dye and a photodiode array system. The postsynaptic responses to afferent stimulation first propagated in the stratum opticum and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale in an anterograde fashion in the afferents and then expanded vertically into the deep layers. This vertical propagation appeared to occur along a bundle-like structure that corresponded well with a cluster of neurons whose somata are located in the stratum periventriculare. Pharmacological studies showed that these postsynaptic responses were mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors. On the other hand, the optical signals appeared to consist of at least two components (a transient signal and a slow signal). The second transient signal summated with the first slow signal by paired stimulation, suggesting that the transient and slow signals originated from different cell types. Taken together, these results showed that the functional synaptic organization of the teleost optic tectum comprises of two depolarization-signal propagating paths along a horizontal layer structure and a vertical bundle-like structure and that these synaptic responses occur via glutamatergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Mochida H, Sato K, Arai Y, Sasaki S, Kamino K, Momose-Sato Y. Optical imaging of spreading depolarization waves triggered by spinal nerve stimulation in the chick embryo: possible mechanisms for large-scale coactivation of the central nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:809-20. [PMID: 11576185 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a multiple-site optical recording technique with a voltage-sensitive dye, we found that widely spreading depolarization waves were evoked by dorsal root stimulation in embryonic chick spinal cords. Spatiotemporal maps of the depolarization waves showed that the signals were mainly distributed in the ventral half of the slice, with the highest activity in the ventrolateral area. The propagation velocity of the waves was estimated to be in the order of mm/s. Depolarization waves were evoked in the ventral root-cut preparation, but not in the dorsal root-cut preparation, suggesting that the wave was triggered by synaptic inputs from the primary afferents, and that activation of the motoneurons was not essential for wave generation. In intact spinal cord-brain preparations, the depolarization wave propagated rostrally and caudally for a distance of several spinal segments in normal Ringer's solution. In a Mg(2+)-free solution, the amplitude and extent of the signals were markedly enhanced, and the depolarization wave triggered in the cervical spinal cord propagated to the brainstem and the cerebellum. The depolarization wave demonstrated here had many similarities with the vagus nerve-evoked depolarization wave reported previously. The results suggest that functional cell-to-cell communication systems mediated by the depolarization wave are widely generated in the embryonic central nervous system, and could play a role in large-scale coactivation of the neurons in the spinal cord and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mochida
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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21
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Takuma S. Effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment on neural activity in the medullary dorsal horn of neonatal rats evoked by electrical stimulation to the trigeminal afferents: an optical, electrophysiological, and quantitative study. Brain Res 2001; 906:1-12. [PMID: 11430856 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate which glutamate receptors, NMDA or non-NMDA, have the main role in synaptic transmission via unmyelinated afferents in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (the medullary dorsal horn), and to examine the early functional effects of neonatal capsaicin treatment to the subnucleus caudalis, optical recording, field potential recording, and quantitative study using electron micrographs were employed. A medulla oblongata isolated from a rat 5--7 days old was sectioned horizontally 400-microm thick or parasagittally and stained with a voltage-sensitive dye, RH482 or RH795. Single-pulse stimulation with high intensity to the trigeminal afferents evoked optical responses mainly in the subnucleus caudalis. The optical signals were composed of two phases, a fast component followed by a long-lasting component. The spatiotemporal properties of the optical signals were well correlated to those of the field potentials recorded simultaneously. The fast component was eliminated by 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 10 microM), while the long-lasting component was not. The latter increased in amplitude under a condition of low Mg(2+) but was significantly reduced by DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5; 30 microM). Neonatal capsaicin treatment also reduced the long-lasting component markedly. In addition, the decreases in the ratio of unmyelinated axons to myelinated axons and in the ratio of unmyelinated axons to Schwann cell subunits of trigeminal nerve roots both showed significant differences (P<0.05, Student's t-test) between the control group and the neonatal capsaicin treatment group. This line of evidence indirectly suggests that synaptic transmission via unmyelinated afferents in the subnucleus caudalis is mediated substantially by NMDA glutamate receptors and documented that neonatal capsaicin treatment induced a functional alteration of the neural transmission in the subnucleus caudalis as well as a morphological alteration of primary afferents within several days after the treatment.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology
- 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Action Potentials/physiology
- Afferent Pathways/drug effects
- Afferent Pathways/growth & development
- Afferent Pathways/ultrastructure
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/anatomy & histology
- Animals, Newborn/growth & development
- Animals, Newborn/metabolism
- Capsaicin/pharmacology
- Cell Count
- Electric Stimulation
- Electronic Data Processing
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Fluorescent Dyes/pharmacokinetics
- Magnesium Deficiency/physiopathology
- Medulla Oblongata/drug effects
- Medulla Oblongata/growth & development
- Medulla Oblongata/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron
- Nerve Fibers/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers/metabolism
- Nerve Fibers/ultrastructure
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/ultrastructure
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/ultrastructure
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/metabolism
- Nociceptors/ultrastructure
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Styrenes/pharmacokinetics
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
- Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus/drug effects
- Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus/growth & development
- Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takuma
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K, Mochida H, Yazawa I, Sasaki S, Kamino K. Spreading depolarization waves triggered by vagal stimulation in the embryonic chick brain: optical evidence for intercellular communication in the developing central nervous system. Neuroscience 2001; 102:245-62. [PMID: 11166111 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Throughout experiments on multiple-site voltage-sensitive dye recordings of neural activity in embryonic chick brain preparations, we have found a novel type of depolarization waves which spread widely from the brainstem to the whole brain region at a rapid rate (mm/s). This depolarization wave was triggered by glutamate-mediated postsynaptic potentials and was especially correlated to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function. Evidence that the spreading depolarization wave is eliminated by octanol or 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid suggests that the depolarization wave depends on functions of gap junctions. The profile obtained with Ca(2+)-imaging experiments also suggests that the propagation of the depolarization wave is accompanied by a calcium wave. These results provide new evidence for intercellular functional communication between neural cells in the vertebrate central nervous system during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School and facility of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519, Tokyo, Japan.
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Mochida H, Sato K, Arai Y, Sasaki S, Yazawa I, Kamino K, Momose-Sato Y. Multiple-site optical recording reveals embryonic organization of synaptic networks in the chick spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 13:1547-58. [PMID: 11328349 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined embryonic expression of postsynaptic potentials in stages 26-31 (E5 to E7) chick spinal cord slices. Slow optical signals related to the postsynaptic potentials which were evoked by electrical stimulation of afferent fibers were identified in the dorsal grey matter and the ventral motoneuronal area. In cervical spinal cord (C13) preparations, the dorsal slow signal appeared from stage 28 (E6), whilst the ventral slow signal was recognized from stage 29. At stages 26 and 27 (E5), no slow signal was observed in either the dorsal or ventral regions. On the other hand, in lumbosacral spinal cord (LS5) preparations, the dorsal, as well as ventral, slow signals appeared from stage 29; at stage 28 no slow signal was detected in the dorsal or ventral regions. These results suggest that there are differences in the ontogenetic expression of synaptic functions between the dorsal and ventral regions, and between the cervical and lumbosacral spinal cords. In embryos older than stage 29, removal of Mg2+ from the bathing solution markedly enhanced the amplitude and incidence of the ventral slow signal. In addition, in C13 preparations at stage 28, removal of Mg2+ elicited small slow signals in the ventral region in which no synaptic response was evoked in normal Ringer's solution. The slow signals induced in the Mg2+-free solution were blocked by 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), showing that they are attributable to N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. These results suggest that functional synaptic connections via polysynaptic pathways are already generated on motoneurons, but are suppressed by a Mg2+ block on the NMDA receptors at developmental stages when synaptic transmission from the primary afferents to the dorsal interneurons is initially expressed in the dorsal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mochida
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K, Kamino K. Optical approaches to embryonic development of neural functions in the brainstem. Prog Neurobiol 2001; 63:151-97. [PMID: 11124445 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ontogenetic approach to physiological events is a useful strategy for understanding the functional organization/architecture of the vertebrate brainstem. However, conventional electrophysiological techniques are difficult or impossible to employ in the early embryonic central nervous system. Optical techniques using voltage-sensitive dyes have made it possible to monitor neural activities from multiple regions of living systems, and have proven to be a useful tool for analyzing the embryogenetic expression of brainstem neural function. This review describes recent progress in optical studies made on embryonic chick and rat brainstems. Several technical issues concerning optical recording from the embryonic brainstem preparations are discussed, and characteristics of the optical signals evoked by cranial nerve stimulation or occurring spontaneously are described. Special attention is paid to the chronological analyses of embryogenetic expression of brainstem function and to the spatial patterning of the functional organization/architecture of the brainstem nuclei. In addition, optical analyses of glutamate, GABA, and glycine receptor functions during embryogenesis are described in detail for the chick nucleus tractus solitarius. This review also discusses intrinsic optical signals associated with neuronal depolarization. Some emphases are also placed on the physiological properties of embryonic brainstem neurons, which may be of interest from the viewpoint of developmental neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine, Japan.
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