1
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Lautz LS, Dorne JLCM, Punt A. Application of partition coefficient methods to predict tissue:plasma affinities in common farm animals: Influence of ionisation state. Toxicol Lett 2024; 398:140-149. [PMID: 38925423 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Tissue affinities are conventionally determined from in vivo steady-state tissue and plasma or plasma-water chemical concentration data. In silico approaches were initially developed for preclinical species but standardly applied and tested in human physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models. Recently, generic PBK models for farm animals have been made available and require partition coefficients as input parameters. In the current investigation, data for species-specific tissue compositions have been collected, and prediction of chemical distribution in various tissues of livestock species for cattle, chicken, sheep and swine have been performed. Overall, tissue composition was very similar across the four farm animal species. However, small differences were observed in moisture, fat and protein content in the various organs within each species. Such differences could be attributed to factors such as variations in age, breed, and weight of the animals and general conditions of the animal itself. With regards to the predictions of tissue:plasma partition coefficients, 80 %, 71 %, 77 % of the model predictions were within a factor 10 using the methods of Berezhkovskiy (2004), Rodgers and Rowland (2006) and Schmitt (2008). The method of Berezhkovskiy (2004) was often providing the most reliable predictions except for swine, where the method of Schmitt (2008) performed best. In addition, investigation of the impact of chemical classes on prediction performance, all methods had very similar reliability. Notwithstanding, no clear pattern regarding specific chemicals or tissues could be detected for the values predicted outside a 10-fold change in certain chemicals or specific tissues. This manuscript concludes with the need for future research, particularly focusing on lipophilicity and species differences in protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Lautz
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, WB 6708, the Netherlands.
| | - J-L C M Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - A Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, WB 6708, the Netherlands
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2
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Alfaia CM, Lopes PA, Madeira MS, Pestana JM, Coelho D, Toldrá F, Prates JAM. Current feeding strategies to improve pork intramuscular fat content and its nutritional quality. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:53-94. [PMID: 31351530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pork, one of the most consumed meats worldwide, has been facing major challenges regarding its low sensory quality and unhealthy image of fat. This chapter addresses current feeding strategies to ameliorate pork sensory attributes and nutritional quality by increasing intramuscular fat deposition and improving fatty acid composition, respectively. Dietary protein reduction, alone or combined with some components, contributes to satisfy consumer requirements and enhances the competitiveness of the meat industry with higher pork quality and lower production costs. In addition, feeding sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to pigs, mainly from marine origin (rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids), increases their content in pork, thus improving the health value of its fatty acid profile. In the near future, the inclusion of microalgae and seaweeds in feed represents a promising approach for the maintenance and development of the livestock sector, as an environmental friendly alternative to balance food and feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Alfaia
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P A Lopes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M S Madeira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J M Pestana
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Coelho
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fidel Toldrá
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - J A M Prates
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal.
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3
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Effect ofα-linolenic acid and DHA intake on lipogenesis and gene expression involved in fatty acid metabolism in growing-finishing pigs. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:7-18. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe regulation of lipogenesis mechanisms related to consumption ofn-3 PUFA is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to find out whetherα-linolenic acid (ALA) or DHA uptake can have an effect on activities and gene expressions of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism in the liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue andlongissimus dorsi(LD) muscle of growing–finishing pigs. Six groups of ten pigs received one of six experimental diets supplemented with rapeseed oil in the control diet, extruded linseed, microalgae or a mixture of both to implement different levels of ALA and DHA with the same content in totaln-3. Results were analysed for linear and quadratic effects of DHA intake. The results showed that activities of malic enzyme (ME) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) decreased linearly in the liver with dietary DHA. Although the expression of the genes of these enzymes and their activities were poorly correlated,MEandFASexpressions also decreased linearly with DHA intake. The intake of DHA down-regulates the expressions of other genes involved in fatty acid (FA) metabolism in some tissues of pigs, such asfatty acid desaturase 2andsterol-regulatory element binding transcription factor 1in the liver and2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase 2in the LD muscle. FA oxidation in the LD muscle and FA synthesis decreased in the liver with increasing amount of dietary DHA, whereas a retroconversion of DHA into EPA seems to be set up in this last tissue.
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4
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P011: Effet de teneur en acide linolénique ou en acide docosahexaénoïque dans le régime sur la synthèse des lipides chez le porc. NUTR CLIN METAB 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0985-0562(14)70654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Effect of dietary linseed on the nutritional value and quality of pork and pork products: systematic review and meta-analysis. Meat Sci 2014; 98:679-88. [PMID: 25089794 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional quality of pork is a significant factor for consumers' health. Feeding n-3 PUFA to pigs, using linseed, improves pork nutritional quality. A meta-analysis involving 1006 pigs reported in 24 publications was carried out to assess the effects of dietary linseed on alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in muscle and adipose tissue. Data showed positive effects of n-3 PUFA on muscle fatty acid composition: ALA+137%, EPA+188%, DPA+51% and DHA+12%. Same results were observed in adipose tissue: ALA+297%, EPA+149%, DPA+88% and DHA+18%. A positive correlation between dietary treatment and ALA and EPA content in muscle (P<0.001) and adipose tissue (P=0.036) was observed. A significant association between DPA (P=0.04) and DHA (P=0.011) and live weight in muscle was observed. Feeding linseed to pig improves the nutritional pork quality, raising the n-3 PUFA content in muscle and adipose tissue.
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6
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Browne NA, Apple JK, Bass BE, Maxwell CV, Yancey JWS, Johnson TM, Galloway DL. Alternating dietary fat sources for growing-finishing pigs fed dried distillers grains with solubles: I. Growth performance, pork carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat depots1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1493-508. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Browne
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville 72701
| | - J. K. Apple
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville 72701
| | - B. E. Bass
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville 72701
| | - C. V. Maxwell
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville 72701
| | - J. W. S. Yancey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville 72701
| | - T. M. Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville 72701
| | - D. L. Galloway
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville 72701
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7
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Liu J, Chen D, Yao Y, Yu B, Mao X, He J, Huang Z, Zheng P. Intrauterine growth retardation increases the susceptibility of pigs to high-fat diet-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34835. [PMID: 22523560 PMCID: PMC3327708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized that there is a relationship between prenatal growth restriction and the development of metabolic-related diseases in later life, a process involved in mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) increases the susceptibility of offspring to high-fat (HF) diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Recent findings suggested that HF feeding decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity and impaired mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Therefore, we hypothesized that the long-term consequences of IUGR on mitochondrial biogenesis and function make the offspring more susceptible to HF diet-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Normal birth weight (NBW), and IUGR pigs were allotted to control or HF diet in a completely randomized design, individually. After 4 weeks of feeding, growth performance and molecular pathways related to mitochondrial function were determined. The results showed that IUGR decreased growth performance and plasma insulin concentrations. In offspring fed a HF diet, IUGR was associated with enhanced plasma leptin levels, increased concentrations of triglyceride and malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glycogen and ATP contents in skeletal muscle. High fat diet-fed IUGR offspring exhibited decreased activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). These alterations in metabolic traits of IUGR pigs were accompanied by impaired mitochondrial respiration function, reduced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contents, and down-regulated mRNA expression levels of genes responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis and function. In conclusion, our results suggest that IUGR make the offspring more susceptible to HF diet-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
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Parra V, Petrón MJ, Martín L, Broncano JM, Timón ML. Modification of the fat composition of the Iberian pig using
Bacillus licheniformis
and
Bacillus subtilis. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vita Parra
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Jesús Petrón
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Lourdes Martín
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Julio Manuel Broncano
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Luisa Timón
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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9
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Burgos C, Moreno C, Carrodeguas JA, Barcelona JA, Tarrafeta L, López-Buesa P. The influence of diet, sex, IGF2 and RYR1 genotypes and anatomical location on pork loin composition. J Food Compost Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Lipids deposition, composition and oxidative stability of subcutaneous adipose tissue and Longissimus dorsi muscle in Guizhou mini-pig at different developmental stages. Meat Sci 2010; 84:684-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Musella M, Cannata S, Rossi R, Mourot J, Baldini P, Corino C. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid from extruded linseed influences the fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of dry-cured ham from heavy pigs1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:3578-88. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Effect of a linseed diet or a sunflower diet on performances, fatty acid composition, lipogenic enzyme activities and stearoyl-CoA-desaturase activity in the pig. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Jiang T, Busboom JR, Nelson ML, O'Fallon J, Ringkob TP, Joos D, Piper K. Effect of sampling fat location and cooking on fatty acid composition of beef steaks. Meat Sci 2009; 84:86-92. [PMID: 20374758 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the impact of sampling fat location and cooking on fatty acid composition of beef steaks, 21 raw steaks from crossbred steers were dissected to obtain outer (OSC) and inner subcutaneous fat (ISC), seam fat, marbling, and lean muscle. Twenty-one cooked steaks were dissected to obtain OSC, ISC, seam fat, surface and inner muscle. Trans-vaccenic acid and c9, t11-CLA percentages were lower (P<0.05) in lean muscle than subcutaneous (s.c.) fat or marbling. Monounsaturated: saturated fatty acid ratios were lower (P<0.05) in seam fat and marbling than s.c. fat or lean muscle. Linoleic and linolenic acid levels were highest in lean muscle and longer chain n-6 and n-3 fatty acids were only detected in lean muscle. Cooking did not change fatty acid composition dramatically except that n-6: n-3 ratio in s.c. and seam fat decreased after cooking (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6351, USA
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14
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Apple JK, Maxwell CV, Galloway DL, Hamilton CR, Yancey JWS. Interactive effects of dietary fat source and slaughter weight in growing-finishing swine: III. Carcass and fatty acid compositions1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:1441-54. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Apple JK, Maxwell CV, Galloway DL, Hutchison S, Hamilton CR. Interactive effects of dietary fat source and slaughter weight in growing-finishing swine: I. Growth performance and longissimus muscle fatty acid composition. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:1407-22. [PMID: 19066246 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crossbred pigs (n=288) were used to test the interactive effects of dietary fat source and slaughter weight on live performance, carcass traits, and fatty acid composition of the LM. Pigs were blocked by initial BW, and, within each of 9 blocks, pens (8 pigs/pen) were randomly assigned to either control corn-soybean meal grower and finisher diets devoid of added fat (Ctrl) or diets formulated with 5% beef tallow (BT), poultry fat (PF), or soybean oil (SBO). Immediately after treatment allotment, as well as at mean block BW of 45.5, 68.1, 90.9, and 113.6 kg, 1 pig was randomly selected from each pen, slaughtered, and allowed to chill for 48 h at 1 degrees C. Backfat was measured on the right sides, and a sample of the LM was removed for fatty acid composition analysis. Regardless of source, inclusion of fat in swine diets did not (P >or= 0.349) affect ADG, ADFI, or G:F. Furthermore, carcasses from pigs fed diets formulated with 5% fat had greater (P=0.013) average backfat depths than those from pigs fed the Ctrl diet. Body weight, carcass weight, and backfat depths increased (P<0.001) as slaughter weight increased from 28.1 to 113.6 kg. The proportion of SFA in the LM increased (P<0.001) with increasing slaughter weight from 28.1 to 68.1 kg, but SFA percentages were similar between 68.1 and 113.6 kg, and pigs fed the Ctrl diet had greater (P=0.032) proportions of SFA than pigs fed the SBO and PF diets. Moreover, the proportion of all MUFA increased (P<0.001) by 9.4 percentage units from 28.1 to 113.6 kg; however, only pigs fed the SBO diet had reduced (P=0.004) MUFA percentages than those fed the Ctrl, BT, and PF diets. Even though the proportion of PUFA in the LM decreased with increasing slaughter weight, pigs fed SBO had greater PUFA percentages, a greater PUFA-to-SFA ratio, and greater iodine values than pigs fed all other dietary treatments when slaughtered at BW of 45.5 kg or greater (fat source x slaughter weight, P < 0.001). Results of this study indicate that fat source had little to no impact on live pig performance, but feeding a polyunsaturated fat source altered the fatty acid profile of the LM within the first 17.4 kg of BW gain; more specifically, including 5% SBO in swine diets could lead to economical ramifications associated with soft pork or fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Apple
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701, USA.
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16
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Apple JK, Maxwell CV, Kutz BR, Rakes LK, Sawyer JT, Johnson ZB, Armstrong TA, Carr SN, Matzat PD. Interactive effect of ractopamine and dietary fat source on pork quality characteristics of fresh pork chops during simulated retail display1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2711-22. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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Corino C, Musella M, Mourot J. Influence of extruded linseed on growth, carcass composition, and meat quality of slaughtered pigs at one hundred ten and one hundred sixty kilograms of liveweight. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1850-60. [PMID: 18441078 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western diet is characterized by a high intake of SFA relative to PUFA, and the consumption of n-3 PUFA is decreased relative to n-6 PUFA. Therefore, there has been much interest in recent years in ways to manipulate the fatty acid composition of meat. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of dietary extruded linseed, an n-3 PUFA source, on growth performance, carcass composition, meat quality, and oxidative stability of pigs slaughtered at 111.0 (+/-4.8) kg of BW and 160.0 (+/-9.2) kg of BW. The association of these factors with BW at slaughter was also examined. Forty barrows, 78.1 (+/-1.75) kg of initial BW, were fed a control diet (2.5% sunflower oil) or a linseed diet containing 5% of whole extruded linseed. Both diets contained 170 mg of vitamin E and 250 mug of selenium. Eight pigs from each dietary treatment were slaughtered at 110 kg of BW and the others at 160 kg of BW. There was no dietary effect (P > 0.05) on growth, carcass characteristics, meat quality, or the activity of malic enzyme in LM and backfat. Inclusion of linseed increased (P < 0.05) n-3 PUFA content in both LM and backfat and decreased the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio from 12 to 4.5 in LM, and from 11 to 3 in backfat. Liveweight at slaughter significantly influenced carcass characteristics, meat quality, total lipid and oxidative stability of LM, malic enzyme activity in adipose tissue, and fatty acid content of LM and backfat. This study shows that the inclusion of linseed in swine diets may improve the fatty acid profile of pork without deleteriously affecting oxidation or color stability. Thus, such a feeding practice may improve human health based on the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio recommended for the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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18
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Effect of the Iberian×Duroc reciprocal cross on productive parameters, meat quality and lipogenic enzyme activities. Meat Sci 2007; 76:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Hugo A, Roodt E. Significance of Porcine Fat Quality in Meat Technology: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/87559120701225037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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de Campos R, Hierro E, Ordóñez J, Bertol T, Terra N, de la Hoz L. Fatty acid and volatile compounds from salami manufactured with yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract and pork back fat and meat from pigs fed on diets with partial replacement of maize with rice bran. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Ramírez MR, Morcuende D, Cava R. Fatty acid composition and adipogenic enzyme activity of muscle and adipose tissue, as affected by Iberian×Duroc pig genotype. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Daza A, López-Bote C, Rey A, Olivares A. Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2006; 60:317-24. [PMID: 16921928 DOI: 10.1080/17450390600785285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was carried out to study the influence of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period (traditional pigs, TP, age 12 months vs. young pigs, YP, age 8 months) on the performance of Iberian pigs. During 152 days prior to the fattening period, TP and YP pigs received 1.7 and 2.6 kg feed per day, respectively. During fattening, TP pigs had a higher average daily gain (p < 0.05) than YP pigs. The proportions of PUFA and n-3 fatty acids of the outer and inner layers of subcutaneous backfat were higher in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05), while the proportions of C16:0 and SFA in the inner layer of subcutaneous backfat were greater in YP than in TP pigs (p < 0.05). The ratio of n-6/n-3 in subcutaneous backfat was lower in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05). The percentage of intramuscular fat in longissimus dorsi muscle was higher in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05). The relationship between the percentage of intramuscular fat in longissimus dorsi muscle and average daily gain during the free-range fattening period adjusted to a quadratic function (p < 0.05). The concentration of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in subcutaneous backfat at slaughter was significantly higher in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05). It is concluded that Iberian pigs that have 8 months of age at the beginning of free-range feeding have adequate commercial quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argimiro Daza
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Teye G, Sheard P, Whittington F, Nute G, Stewart A, Wood J. Influence of dietary oils and protein level on pork quality. 1. Effects on muscle fatty acid composition, carcass, meat and eating quality. Meat Sci 2006; 73:157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 11/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Øverland M, Kjos N, Olsen E, Skrede A. Changes in fatty acid composition and improved sensory quality of backfat and meat of pigs fed bacterial protein meal. Meat Sci 2005; 71:719-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Nguyen L, Nuijens M, Everts H, Salden N, Beynen A. Mathematical relationships between the intake of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their contents in adipose tissue of growing pigs. Meat Sci 2003; 65:1399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2002] [Accepted: 02/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Influence of dietary fat, on fatty acid composition and sensory properties of dry-cured Parma ham. Meat Sci 2003; 65:571-80. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(02)00250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2002] [Accepted: 09/11/2002] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Corino C, Magni S, Pastorelli G, Rossi R, Mourot J. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on meat quality, lipid metabolism, and sensory characteristics of dry-cured hams from heavy pigs. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:2219-29. [PMID: 12968697 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8192219x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation administered to heavy pigs, assessing carcass characteristics, meat quality, and sensory characteristics of dry-cured (Parma) ham. Thirty-six pigs, averaging 97 kg BW, were assigned randomly to three feeding groups in which diets were supplemented with either 0, 0.25, or 0.5% (as-fed basis) of a CLA preparation containing 65% CLA isomers. All pigs were slaughtered at 172 kg BW. No (P > 0.05) differences were observed in dressing percentage, loin and ham weight, or pH and color of longissimus and semimembranosus muscle. Tenth-rib backfat thickness tended to be lower (P < 0.10) in carcasses from CLA-fed pigs. The oxidative stability of longissimus muscle was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed CLA than control, but only at the longer (300 min) oxidation time. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in adipose tissue of CLA-fed pigs was less (P < 0.05) than that of pigs fed diets devoid of supplemental CLA. Composition of ham fat was markedly affected (P < 0.01) by dietary CLA, with higher saturated fatty acids, lower monounsaturated fatty acids, and higher CLA in the fat of CLA-fed pigs regardless of supplementation level. Although melting quality was improved (P < 0.05), most sensory characteristics and the chemical composition of dry-cured hams were not (P > 0.05) affected by incorporation of CLA. Results indicated that dietary CLA alters lipid metabolism, producing lower concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids and increased concentrations of CLA isomers in the fat of heavy pigs. Moreover, supplementing diets with CLA produced only minimal improvements in Parma ham sensory traits and had no appreciable effects on fresh pork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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28
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Gatlin LA, See MT, Larick DK, Lin X, Odle J. Conjugated linoleic acid in combination with supplemental dietary fat alters pork fat quality. J Nutr 2002; 132:3105-12. [PMID: 12368402 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.10.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in fortification of human foods, including pork, with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is growing and may provide benefits as a neutraceutical based on research evaluating CLA as an anticarcinogen, immune modulator, antiatherogenic agent and a body composition modulator. This study evaluated the combined effects of dietary CLA and supplemental fat source on growth, fatty acid composition and belly quality of lean genotype gilts (n = 144). Pigs (49.3 kg) were randomly assigned to six diets (3 x 2 factorial) varying in supplemental fat (none, 4 g/100 g yellow grease or 4 g/100 g tallow) and linoleic acid [1 g/100 g corn oil (CO) or 1 g/100 g CLA (CLA-60)] for 47 d. Both the cis-9, trans-11 and the trans-10, cis-12 isomers of CLA were increased in belly and longissimus fat depots from pigs fed CLA, and that increase was up to 92% greater when CLA was fed with 4 g/100 g supplemental fat (fat source x linoleic acid interaction, P < 0.05). Pigs fed CLA had a greater concentration of 18:0 and less 18:1 cis-9 (P < 0.01) in various fat depots, suggesting a reduction in Delta(9) desaturase activity. The iodine value of belly fat from pigs consuming tallow and CLA combined was reduced to 62.0 from an initial value of 70.4. CLA supplementation also increased belly weights (P < 0.05). CLA did not affect longissimus muscle area, backfat depth and the percentage of fat-free lean (P > 0.10), but it increased the subjective intramuscular fat score by 18.8% (P < 0.01). In conclusion, CLA enrichment of pork products may be enhanced when combined with additional supplemental dietary fat, and together with tallow can be used to increase the saturated fatty acid content of pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Averette Gatlin
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621, USA
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29
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Corino C, Magni S, Pagliarini E, Rossi R, Pastorelli G, Chiesa L. Effects of dietary fats on meat quality and sensory characteristics of heavy pig loins. Meat Sci 2002; 60:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(01)00095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2000] [Revised: 03/23/2001] [Accepted: 03/23/2001] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Rodríguez VM, Macarulla MT, Chávarri M, Durán D, Portillo MP. Lipoprotein lipase and lipogenic enzyme activities in adipose tissue from rats fed different lipid sources. J Physiol Biochem 2001; 57:245-54. [PMID: 11800287 DOI: 10.1007/bf03179818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This work was designed to study the effect of different lipid sources on the activities of lipoprotein lipase and lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue from rats fed ad libitum or energy-controlled diets. Male Wistar rats were fed diets containing 40% of energy as fat (olive oil, sunflower oil, palm oil or beef tallow), for 4 wk. Under ad libitum feeding no differences were found among dietary fat groups in final body weight, adipose tissue weights and total body fat. Under energy-controlled feeding, despite isoenergetic intake, rats fed the beef tallow diet gained significantly less weight than rats fed the other three diets. Beef tallow fed rats showed the lowest values for adipose tissue weights and total body fat. When rats had free access to food no effect of dietary lipid source on lipogenic enzyme activities was found. In contrast, under energy-controlled feeding rats fed the beef tallow diet showed significantly higher activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase than rats fed the other three diets. Heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity in perirenal and subcutaneous adipose tissues was not different among rats fed olive oil, safflower oil, palm oil or beef tallow. When comparing both adipose tissue anatomical locations, significantly higher activities were found in subcutaneous than in perirenal fat pad independently of dietary fat. In conclusion, under our experimental protocol, lipogenesis in rat adipose tissue does not seem to be affected by dietary fat type.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of País Vasco, Vitoria, Spain
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31
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Portillo MP, Chávarri M, Durán D, Rodríguez VM, Macarulla MT. Differential effects of diets that provide different lipid sources on hepatic lipogenic activities in rats under ad libitum or restricted feeding. Nutrition 2001; 17:467-73. [PMID: 11399405 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This work was designed to study the effect of different lipid sources on hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity in rats fed ad libitum or energy-controlled diets. Male Wistar rats were fed diets containing 40% of energy as fat (olive oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, or beef tallow) for 4 wk. In experiment 1 rats had free access to food, and in experiment 2 rats were fed a controlled amount of food. In both experiments, rats fed the olive oil diets had higher activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P < 0.05) than rats fed the other fats. It is unlikely that this effect could be attributed to the stimulation by insulin or triiodothyronine because serum values did not differ among the groups. Enzymatic activities were positively and significantly correlated with liver triacylglycerol content, but not with serum triacylglycerol levels. No interaction between lipid source and feeding protocol was found. Oleic acid and components in olive oil other than fatty acids, such as phytosterols, may account for the effects of dietary fat on lipogenic enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Portillo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of País Vasco, Vitoria, Spain.
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32
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Scheeder MRL, Gläser KR, Eichenberger B, Wenk C. Influence of different fats in pig feed on fatty acid composition of phospholipids and physical meat quality characteristics. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-9312(200006)102:6<391::aid-ejlt391>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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