1
|
Nowruzi B, Hutárová L, Absalón IB, Liu L. A new strain of Neowestiellopsis (Hapalosiphonaceae): first observation of toxic soil cyanobacteria from agricultural fields in Iran. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:107. [PMID: 35436846 PMCID: PMC9014592 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present research, challenges arose when many reports have been published on the poisoning of humans due to the ingestion of crops of Crataegus plants contaminated with cyanobacterial toxins. The discovery of several poisonings around agricultural zones prompted us to study the toxic compounds in a strain of Neowestiellopsis which is the most abundant in the agricultural zones of Kermanshah province of Iran, using a polyphasic approach. Molecular procedure was followed to study these strains deeply. Material and methods To elucidate their systematic position, besides the 16S rRNA gene, the analyses of molecular toxicity markers, namely nos, mcy G, mcy D and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), were also used. Results Based on the results, for the first time, we record the presence of a gene cluster coding for the biosynthesis of a bioactive compound (Nostopeptolides) that is very rare in this family and the presence of toxic compounds (microcystin), which might account for the poisoning of humans. Conclusions This case is the first observation of a toxic soil strain from the genus Neowestiellopsis from agricultural fields in Iran. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02525-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Lenka Hutárová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Itzel Becerra Absalón
- Laboratorio de Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Liwei Liu
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China.,Stake Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aldrich LN, Burdette JE, de Blanco EC, Coss CC, Eustaquio AS, Fuchs JR, Kinghorn AD, MacFarlane A, Mize B, Oberlies NH, Orjala J, Pearce CJ, Phelps MA, Rakotondraibe LH, Ren Y, Soejarto DD, Stockwell BR, Yalowich JC, Zhang X. Discovery of Anticancer Agents of Diverse Natural Origin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:702-719. [PMID: 35213158 PMCID: PMC9034850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research progress from mainly over the last five years is described for a multidisciplinary collaborative program project directed toward the discovery of potential anticancer agents from a broad range of taxonomically defined organisms. Selected lead compounds with potential as new antitumor agents that are representative of considerable structural diversity have continued to be obtained from each of tropical plants, terrestrial and aquatic cyanobacteria, and filamentous fungi. Recently, a new focus has been on the investigation of the constituents of U.S. lichens and their fungal mycobionts. A medicinal chemistry and pharmacokinetics component of the project has optimized structurally selected lead natural products, leading to enhanced cytotoxic potencies against selected cancer cell lines. Biological testing has shown several compounds to have in vivo activity, and relevant preliminary structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action studies have been performed. Several promising lead compounds worthy of further investigation have been identified from the most recent collaborative work performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie N. Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Joanna E. Burdette
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | | | - Christopher C. Coss
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Alessandra S. Eustaquio
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - James R. Fuchs
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Amanda MacFarlane
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Brittney Mize
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 24702, United States
| | - Jimmy Orjala
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Cedric J. Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Mitch A. Phelps
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Yulin Ren
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Djaja Doel Soejarto
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605, United States
| | - Brent R. Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack C. Yalowich
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santos-Aberturas J, Vior NM. Beyond Soil-Dwelling Actinobacteria: Fantastic Antibiotics and Where to Find Them. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:195. [PMID: 35203798 PMCID: PMC8868522 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites represent an invaluable source of bioactive molecules for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Although screening campaigns for the discovery of new compounds have traditionally been strongly biased towards the study of soil-dwelling Actinobacteria, the current antibiotic resistance and discovery crisis has brought a considerable amount of attention to the study of previously neglected bacterial sources of secondary metabolites. The development and application of new screening, sequencing, genetic manipulation, cultivation and bioinformatic techniques have revealed several other groups of bacteria as producers of striking chemical novelty. Biosynthetic machineries evolved from independent taxonomic origins and under completely different ecological requirements and selective pressures are responsible for these structural innovations. In this review, we summarize the most important discoveries related to secondary metabolites from alternative bacterial sources, trying to provide the reader with a broad perspective on how technical novelties have facilitated the access to the bacterial metabolic dark matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia M. Vior
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR7 4UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nandagopal P, Steven AN, Chan LW, Rahmat Z, Jamaluddin H, Mohd Noh NI. Bioactive Metabolites Produced by Cyanobacteria for Growth Adaptation and Their Pharmacological Properties. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1061. [PMID: 34681158 PMCID: PMC8533319 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the most abundant oxygenic photosynthetic organisms inhabiting various ecosystems on earth. As with all other photosynthetic organisms, cyanobacteria release oxygen as a byproduct during photosynthesis. In fact, some cyanobacterial species are involved in the global nitrogen cycles by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Environmental factors influence the dynamic, physiological characteristics, and metabolic profiles of cyanobacteria, which results in their great adaptation ability to survive in diverse ecosystems. The evolution of these primitive bacteria resulted from the unique settings of photosynthetic machineries and the production of bioactive compounds. Specifically, bioactive compounds play roles as regulators to provide protection against extrinsic factors and act as intracellular signaling molecules to promote colonization. In addition to the roles of bioactive metabolites as indole alkaloids, terpenoids, mycosporine-like amino acids, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, ribosomal peptides, phenolic acid, flavonoids, vitamins, and antimetabolites for cyanobacterial survival in numerous habitats, which is the focus of this review, the bioactivities of these compounds for the treatment of various diseases are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Nandagopal
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (P.N.); (L.-W.C.); (Z.R.); (H.J.)
| | - Anthony Nyangson Steven
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Liong-Wai Chan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (P.N.); (L.-W.C.); (Z.R.); (H.J.)
| | - Zaidah Rahmat
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (P.N.); (L.-W.C.); (Z.R.); (H.J.)
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
| | - Haryati Jamaluddin
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (P.N.); (L.-W.C.); (Z.R.); (H.J.)
| | - Nur Izzati Mohd Noh
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (P.N.); (L.-W.C.); (Z.R.); (H.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Darcel L, Das S, Bonnard I, Banaigs B, Inguimbert N. Thirtieth Anniversary of the Discovery of Laxaphycins. Intriguing Peptides Keeping a Part of Their Mystery. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090473. [PMID: 34564135 PMCID: PMC8471579 DOI: 10.3390/md19090473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopeptides are a class of compounds generally produced by microorganisms through hybrid biosynthetic pathways involving non-ribosomal peptide synthase and a polyketyl synthase. Cyanobacterial-produced laxaphycins are examples of this family of compounds that have expanded over the past three decades. These compounds benefit from technological advances helping in their synthesis and characterization, as well as in deciphering their biosynthesis. The present article attempts to summarize most of the articles that have been published on laxaphycins. The current knowledge on the ecological role of these complex sets of compounds will also be examined.
Collapse
|
6
|
Heinilä LMP, Fewer DP, Jokela JK, Wahlsten M, Ouyang X, Permi P, Jortikka A, Sivonen K. The structure and biosynthesis of heinamides A1-A3 and B1-B5, antifungal members of the laxaphycin lipopeptide family. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5577-5588. [PMID: 34085692 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00772f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Laxaphycins are a family of cyclic lipopeptides with synergistic antifungal and antiproliferative activities. They are produced by multiple cyanobacterial genera and comprise two sets of structurally unrelated 11- and 12-residue macrocyclic lipopeptides. Here, we report the discovery of new antifungal laxaphycins from Nostoc sp. UHCC 0702, which we name heinamides, through antimicrobial bioactivity screening. We characterized the chemical structures of eight heinamide structural variants A1-A3 and B1-B5. These variants contain the rare non-proteinogenic amino acids 3-hydroxy-4-methylproline, 4-hydroxyproline, 3-hydroxy-d-leucine, dehydrobutyrine, 5-hydroxyl β-amino octanoic acid, and O-carbamoyl-homoserine. We obtained an 8.6-Mb complete genome sequence from Nostoc sp. UHCC 0702 and identified the 93 kb heinamide biosynthetic gene cluster. The structurally distinct heinamides A1-A3 and B1-B5 variants are synthesized using an unusual branching biosynthetic pathway. The heinamide biosynthetic pathway also encodes several enzymes that supply non-proteinogenic amino acids to the heinamide synthetase. Through heterologous expression, we showed that (2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-l-proline is supplied through the action of a novel enzyme LxaN, which hydroxylates l-proline. 11- and 12-residue heinamides have the characteristic synergistic activity of laxaphycins against Aspergillus flavus FBCC 2467. Structural and genetic information of heinamides may prove useful in future discovery of natural products and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Peter Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jouni Kalevi Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Xiaodan Ouyang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland and Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Jortikka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Algal Toxic Compounds and Their Aeroterrestrial, Airborne and other Extremophilic Producers with Attention to Soil and Plant Contamination: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050322. [PMID: 33946968 PMCID: PMC8145420 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The review summarizes the available knowledge on toxins and their producers from rather disparate algal assemblages of aeroterrestrial, airborne and other versatile extreme environments (hot springs, deserts, ice, snow, caves, etc.) and on phycotoxins as contaminants of emergent concern in soil and plants. There is a growing body of evidence that algal toxins and their producers occur in all general types of extreme habitats, and cyanobacteria/cyanoprokaryotes dominate in most of them. Altogether, 55 toxigenic algal genera (47 cyanoprokaryotes) were enlisted, and our analysis showed that besides the “standard” toxins, routinely known from different waterbodies (microcystins, nodularins, anatoxins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins, BMAA, etc.), they can produce some specific toxic compounds. Whether the toxic biomolecules are related with the harsh conditions on which algae have to thrive and what is their functional role may be answered by future studies. Therefore, we outline the gaps in knowledge and provide ideas for further research, considering, from one side, the health risk from phycotoxins on the background of the global warming and eutrophication and, from the other side, the current surge of interest which phycotoxins provoke due to their potential as novel compounds in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics, bioremediation, agriculture and all aspects of biotechnological implications in human life.
Collapse
|
8
|
Arias DB, Gomez Pinto KA, Cooper KK, Summers ML. Transcriptomic analysis of cyanobacterial alkane overproduction reveals stress-related genes and inhibitors of lipid droplet formation. Microb Genom 2020; 6. [PMID: 32941127 PMCID: PMC7660261 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme can form lipid droplets (LDs), internal inclusions containing triacylglycerols, carotenoids and alkanes. LDs are enriched for a 17 carbon-long alkane in N. punctiforme, and it has been shown that the overexpression of the aar and ado genes results in increased LD and alkane production. To identify transcriptional adaptations associated with increased alkane production, we performed comparative transcriptomic analysis of an alkane overproduction strain. RNA-seq data identified a large number of highly upregulated genes in the overproduction strain, including genes potentially involved in rRNA processing, mycosporine-glycine production and synthesis of non-ribosomal peptides, including nostopeptolide A. Other genes encoding helical carotenoid proteins, stress-induced proteins and those for microviridin synthesis were also upregulated. Construction of N. punctiforme strains with several upregulated genes or operons on multi-copy plasmids resulted in reduced alkane accumulation, indicating possible negative regulators of alkane production. A strain containing four genes for microviridin biosynthesis completely lost the ability to synthesize LDs. This strain exhibited wild-type growth and lag phase recovery under standard conditions, and slightly faster growth under high light. The transcriptional changes associated with increased alkane production identified in this work will provide the basis for future experiments designed to use cyanobacteria as a production platform for biofuel or high-value hydrophobic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisy B. Arias
- California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Kevin A. Gomez Pinto
- California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Kerry K. Cooper
- University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Michael L. Summers
- California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
- *Correspondence: Michael L. Summers,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fidor A, Grabski M, Gawor J, Gromadka R, Węgrzyn G, Mazur-Marzec H. Nostoc edaphicum CCNP1411 from the Baltic Sea-A New Producer of Nostocyclopeptides. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E442. [PMID: 32858999 PMCID: PMC7551626 DOI: 10.3390/md18090442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nostocyclopeptides (Ncps) constitute a small class of nonribosomal peptides, exclusively produced by cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc. The peptides inhibit the organic anion transporters, OATP1B3 and OATP1B1, and prevent the transport of the toxic microcystins and nodularin into hepatocytes. So far, only three structural analogues, Ncp-A1, Ncp-A2 and Ncp-M1, and their linear forms were identified in Nostoc strains as naturally produced cyanometabolites. In the current work, the whole genome sequence of the new Ncps producer, N. edaphicum CCNP1411 from the Baltic Sea, has been determined. The genome consists of the circular chromosome (7,733,505 bps) and five circular plasmids (from 44.5 kb to 264.8 kb). The nostocyclopeptide biosynthetic gene cluster (located between positions 7,609,981-7,643,289 bps of the chromosome) has been identified and characterized in silico. The LC-MS/MS analyzes of N. edaphicum CCNP1411 cell extracts prepared in aqueous methanol revealed several products of the genes. Besides the known peptides, Ncp-A1 and Ncp-A2, six other compounds putatively characterized as new noctocyclopeptide analogues were detected. This includes Ncp-E1 and E2 and their linear forms (Ncp-E1-L and E2-L), a cyclic Ncp-E3 and a linear Ncp-E4-L. Regardless of the extraction conditions, the cell contents of the linear nostocyclopeptides were found to be higher than the cyclic ones, suggesting a slow rate of the macrocyclization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fidor
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Michał Grabski
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (G.W.)
| | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis Laboratory, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gromadka
- DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis Laboratory, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (G.W.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Discovery of Unusual Cyanobacterial Tryptophan-Containing Anabaenopeptins by MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173786. [PMID: 32825321 PMCID: PMC7503407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocytous cyanobacteria are among the most prolific sources of bioactive secondary metabolites, including anabaenopeptins (APTs). A terrestrial filamentous Brasilonema sp. CT11 collected in Costa Rica bamboo forest as a black mat, was studied using a multidisciplinary approach: genome mining and HPLC-HRMS/MS coupled with bioinformatic analyses. Herein, we report the nearly complete genome consisting of 8.79 Mbp with a GC content of 42.4%. Moreover, we report on three novel tryptophan-containing APTs; anabaenopeptin 788 (1), anabaenopeptin 802 (2), and anabaenopeptin 816 (3). Furthermore, the structure of two homologues, i.e., anabaenopeptin 802 (2a) and anabaenopeptin 802 (2b), was determined by spectroscopic analysis (NMR and MS). Both compounds were shown to exert weak to moderate antiproliferative activity against HeLa cell lines. This study also provides the unique and diverse potential of biosynthetic gene clusters and an assessment of the predicted chemical space yet to be discovered from this genus.
Collapse
|
11
|
May DS, Crnkovic CM, Krunic A, Wilson TA, Fuchs JR, Orjala JE. 15N Stable Isotope Labeling and Comparative Metabolomics Facilitates Genome Mining in Cultured Cyanobacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:758-765. [PMID: 32083834 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As genome mining becomes a more widely used approach to identify bacterial natural products, the challenge of matching biosynthetic gene clusters to their cognate secondary metabolites has become more apparent. Bioinformatic platforms such as AntiSMASH have made great progress in predicting chemical structures from genetic information, however the predicted structures are often incomplete. This complicates identifying the predicted compounds by mass spectrometry. Secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria represent a unique opportunity for bridging this gap. Cultured cyanobacteria incorporate inorganic nitrogen provided in chemically defined media into all nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites. Thus, stable isotope labeling with 15N labeled nitrate and subsequent comparative metabolomics can be used to match biosynthetic gene clusters to their cognate compounds in cell extracts. Analysis of the sequenced genome of Nostoc sp. UIC 10630 identified six biosynthetic gene clusters predicted to encode the production of a secondary metabolite with at least one nitrogen atom. Comparative metabolomic analysis of the 15N labeled and unlabeled cell extracts revealed four nitrogen containing compounds that contained the same number of nitrogen atoms as were predicted in the biosynthetic gene clusters. Two of the four compounds were new secondary metabolites, and their structures were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS, and MS/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. May
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Camila M. Crnkovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Federal District 70040-020, Brazil
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Aleksej Krunic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Tyler A. Wilson
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - James R. Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jimmy E. Orjala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bioactive Peptides Produced by Cyanobacteria of the Genus Nostoc: A Review. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100561. [PMID: 31569531 PMCID: PMC6835634 DOI: 10.3390/md17100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc are widespread in all kinds of habitats. They occur in a free-living state or in association with other organisms. Members of this genus belong to prolific producers of bioactive metabolites, some of which have been recognized as potential therapeutic agents. Of these, peptides and peptide-like structures show the most promising properties and are of a particular interest for both research laboratories and pharmaceutical companies. Nostoc is a sole source of some lead compounds such as cytotoxic cryptophycins, antiviral cyanovirin-N, or the antitoxic nostocyclopeptides. Nostoc also produces the same bioactive peptides as other cyanobacterial genera, but they frequently have some unique modifications in the structure. This includes hepatotoxic microcystins and potent proteases inhibitors such as cyanopeptolins, anabaenopeptins, and microginins. In this review, we described the most studied peptides produced by Nostoc, focusing especially on the structure, the activity, and a potential application of the compounds.
Collapse
|
13
|
Izoré T, Cryle MJ. The many faces and important roles of protein-protein interactions during non-ribosomal peptide synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:1120-1139. [PMID: 30207358 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to July 2018 Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) machineries are complex, multi-domain proteins that are responsible for the biosynthesis of many important, peptide-derived compounds. By decoupling peptide synthesis from the ribosome, NRPS assembly lines are able to access a significant pool of amino acid monomers for peptide synthesis. This is combined with a modular protein architecture that allows for great variation in stereochemistry, peptide length, cyclisation state and further modifications. The architecture of NRPS assembly lines relies upon a repetitive set of catalytic domains, which are organised into modules responsible for amino acid incorporation. Central to NRPS-mediated biosynthesis is the carrier protein (CP) domain, to which all intermediates following initial monomer activation are bound during peptide synthesis up until the final handover to the thioesterase domain that cleaves the mature peptide from the NRPS. This mechanism makes understanding the protein-protein interactions that occur between different NRPS domains during peptide biosynthesis of crucial importance to understanding overall NRPS function. This endeavour is also highly challenging due to the inherent flexibility and dynamics of NRPS systems. In this review, we present the current state of understanding of the protein-protein interactions that govern NRPS-mediated biosynthesis, with a focus on insights gained from structural studies relating to CP domain interactions within these impressive peptide assembly lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Izoré
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dehm D, Krumbholz J, Baunach M, Wiebach V, Hinrichs K, Guljamow A, Tabuchi T, Jenke-Kodama H, Süssmuth RD, Dittmann E. Unlocking the Spatial Control of Secondary Metabolism Uncovers Hidden Natural Product Diversity in Nostoc punctiforme. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1271-1279. [PMID: 31091070 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous cyanobacteria belong to the most prolific producers of structurally unique and biologically active natural products, yet the majority of biosynthetic gene clusters predicted for these multicellular collectives are currently orphan. Here, we present a systems analysis of secondary metabolite gene expression in the model strain Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102 using RNA-seq and fluorescence reporter analysis. Our data demonstrate that the majority of the cryptic gene clusters are not silent but are expressed with regular or sporadic pattern. Cultivation of N. punctiforme using high-density fermentation overrules the spatial control and leads to a pronounced upregulation of more than 50% of biosynthetic gene clusters. Our data suggest that a combination of autocrine factors, a high CO2 level, and high light account for the upregulation of individual pathways. Our overarching study not only sheds light on the strategies of filamentous cyanobacteria to share the enormous metabolic burden connected with the production of specialized molecules but provides an avenue for the genome-based discovery of natural products in multicellular cyanobacteria as exemplified by the discovery of highly unusual variants of the tricyclic peptide microviridin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dehm
- University of Potsdam , Institute for Biochemistry and Biology , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Julia Krumbholz
- University of Potsdam , Institute for Biochemistry and Biology , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Martin Baunach
- University of Potsdam , Institute for Biochemistry and Biology , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Vincent Wiebach
- Fakultät II - Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Katrin Hinrichs
- University of Potsdam , Institute for Biochemistry and Biology , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Arthur Guljamow
- University of Potsdam , Institute for Biochemistry and Biology , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Takeshi Tabuchi
- Microbiology and Biochemistry of Secondary Metabolites Unit . Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology , Tancha 1919-1 , Onna-son , 904-0495 Okinawa , Japan
| | - Holger Jenke-Kodama
- Microbiology and Biochemistry of Secondary Metabolites Unit . Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology , Tancha 1919-1 , Onna-son , 904-0495 Okinawa , Japan
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Fakultät II - Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Elke Dittmann
- University of Potsdam , Institute for Biochemistry and Biology , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Santa Maria KC, Chan AN, O'Neill EM, Li B. Targeted Rediscovery and Biosynthesis of the Farnesyl-Transferase Inhibitor Pepticinnamin E. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1387-1393. [PMID: 30694017 PMCID: PMC6750724 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The natural product pepticinnamin E potently inhibits protein farnesyl transferases and has potential applications in treating cancer and malaria. Pepticinnamin E contains a rare N-terminal cinnamoyl moiety as well as several nonproteinogenic amino acids, including the unusual 2-chloro-3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-N-methyl-L-phenylalanine. The biosynthesis of pepticinnamin E has remained uncharacterized because its original producing strain is no longer available. Here we identified a gene cluster (pcm) for this natural product in a new producer, Actinobacteria bacterium OK006, by means of a targeted rediscovery strategy. We demonstrated that the pcm cluster is responsible for the biosynthesis of pepticinnamin E, a nonribosomal peptide/polyketide hybrid. We also characterized a key O-methyltransferase that modifies 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine. Our work has identified the gene cluster for pepticinnamins for the first time and sets the stage for elucidating the unique chemistry required for biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Santa Maria
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Andrew N Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Erinn M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shishido TK, Jokela J, Humisto A, Suurnäkki S, Wahlsten M, Alvarenga DO, Sivonen K, Fewer DP. The Biosynthesis of Rare Homo-Amino Acid Containing Variants of Microcystin by a Benthic Cyanobacterium. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050271. [PMID: 31067786 PMCID: PMC6562525 DOI: 10.3390/md17050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are a family of chemically diverse hepatotoxins produced by distantly related cyanobacteria and are potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Here we provide evidence for the biosynthesis of rare variants of microcystin that contain a selection of homo-amino acids by the benthic cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. LP904c. This strain produces at least 16 microcystin chemical variants many of which contain homophenylalanine or homotyrosine. We retrieved the complete 54.2 kb microcystin (mcy) gene cluster from a draft genome assembly. Analysis of the substrate specificity of McyB1 and McyC adenylation domain binding pockets revealed divergent substrate specificity sequences, which could explain the activation of homo-amino acids which were present in 31% of the microcystins detected and included variants such as MC-LHty, MC-HphHty, MC-LHph and MC-HphHph. The mcy gene cluster did not encode enzymes for the synthesis of homo-amino acids but may instead activate homo-amino acids produced during the synthesis of anabaenopeptins. We observed the loss of microcystin during cultivation of a closely related strain, Phormidium sp. DVL1003c. This study increases the knowledge of benthic cyanobacterial strains that produce microcystin variants and broadens the structural diversity of known microcystins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Keiko Shishido
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5D, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Humisto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Suvi Suurnäkki
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Danillo O Alvarenga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - David P Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nowruzi B, Wahlsten M, Jokela J. A Report on Finding a New Peptide Aldehyde from Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Bahar M by LC-MS and Marfey's Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 17:e1853. [PMID: 31457050 PMCID: PMC6697839 DOI: 10.21859/ijb.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanobacteria have a worldwide distribution in the terrestrial habitats, occurring predominantly on the surface of the soils, stones, rocks, and trees, practically in moist, neutral or alkaline aeries. The unique natural and bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria with various biological activities and an extensive range of chemical classes have a significant capability for expansion of the pharmaceuticals and other biomedical purposes. OBJECTIVES Regardless of the progresses in our knowledge on cyanobacteria, however, cyanobacteria are still viewed as an unexplored source of potential drugs. In this study presence of bioactive compounds among the cyanobacteria culture collection of Iran, where a wide variety of strains can be found, was investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS We explored one Nostoc strain isolated from rice fields in Golestan province of northern Iran for searching for novel products. The chemical construction of the new bioactive compound was clarified by application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and Marfey's analysis of the degradation products. RESULTS We found a novel peptide aldehyde compound from a hydrophilic extract of the Nostoc sp. Bahar_M, which is composed of the three subunits, 2-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) butanoic acid (Hhpba), L-Ile, and L-argininal. According to the structural information, we predicted that the novel peptide-aldehyde compound probably to be trypsin inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrated that terrestrial cyanobacteria are a promissing resource of bioactive natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun D, Gao D, Liu X, Zhu M, Li C, Chen Y, Zhu Z, Lu F, Qin HM. Redesign and engineering of a dioxygenase targeting biocatalytic synthesis of 5-hydroxyl leucine. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00110g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The protein engineering and metabolic engineering strategies are performed to solve rate-limiting steps in the biosynthesis of 5-HLeu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300457
- People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology
| | - Dengke Gao
- College of Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- People's Republic of China
| | - Menglu Zhu
- College of Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300457
- People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300457
- People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology
| | - Hui-Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin 300457
- People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gagunashvili AN, Andrésson ÓS. Distinctive characters of Nostoc genomes in cyanolichens. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:434. [PMID: 29866043 PMCID: PMC5987646 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc are capable of forming symbioses with a wide range of organism, including a diverse assemblage of cyanolichens. Only certain lineages of Nostoc appear to be able to form a close, stable symbiosis, raising the question whether symbiotic competence is determined by specific sets of genes and functionalities. RESULTS We present the complete genome sequencing, annotation and analysis of two lichen Nostoc strains. Comparison with other Nostoc genomes allowed identification of genes potentially involved in symbioses with a broad range of partners including lichen mycobionts. The presence of additional genes necessary for symbiotic competence is likely reflected in larger genome sizes of symbiotic Nostoc strains. Some of the identified genes are presumably involved in the initial recognition and establishment of the symbiotic association, while others may confer advantage to cyanobionts during cohabitation with a mycobiont in the lichen symbiosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents the first genome sequencing and genome-scale analysis of lichen-associated Nostoc strains. These data provide insight into the molecular nature of the cyanolichen symbiosis and pinpoint candidate genes for further studies aimed at deciphering the genetic mechanisms behind the symbiotic competence of Nostoc. Since many phylogenetic studies have shown that Nostoc is a polyphyletic group that includes several lineages, this work also provides an improved molecular basis for demarcation of a Nostoc clade with symbiotic competence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N. Gagunashvili
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavík, 101 Iceland
| | - Ólafur S. Andrésson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavík, 101 Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Janata J, Kamenik Z, Gazak R, Kadlcik S, Najmanova L. Biosynthesis and incorporation of an alkylproline-derivative (APD) precursor into complex natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the biosynthetic and evolutionary aspects of lincosamide antibiotics, antitumour pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) and the quorum-sensing molecule hormaomycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Janata
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - Z. Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - R. Gazak
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - S. Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - L. Najmanova
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Oxidative cyclizations are important transformations that occur widely during natural product biosynthesis. The transformations from acyclic precursors to cyclized products can afford morphed scaffolds, structural rigidity, and biological activities. Some of the most dramatic structural alterations in natural product biosynthesis occur through oxidative cyclization. In this Review, we examine the different strategies used by nature to create new intra(inter)molecular bonds via redox chemistry. This Review will cover both oxidation- and reduction-enabled cyclization mechanisms, with an emphasis on the former. Radical cyclizations catalyzed by P450, nonheme iron, α-KG-dependent oxygenases, and radical SAM enzymes are discussed to illustrate the use of molecular oxygen and S-adenosylmethionine to forge new bonds at unactivated sites via one-electron manifolds. Nonradical cyclizations catalyzed by flavin-dependent monooxygenases and NAD(P)H-dependent reductases are covered to show the use of two-electron manifolds in initiating cyclization reactions. The oxidative installations of epoxides and halogens into acyclic scaffolds to drive subsequent cyclizations are separately discussed as examples of "disappearing" reactive handles. Last, oxidative rearrangement of rings systems, including contractions and expansions, will be covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Cheng Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Christopher T. Walsh
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dittmann E, Gugger M, Sivonen K, Fewer DP. Natural Product Biosynthetic Diversity and Comparative Genomics of the Cyanobacteria. Trends Microbiol 2016; 23:642-652. [PMID: 26433696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are an ancient lineage of slow-growing photosynthetic bacteria and a prolific source of natural products with intricate chemical structures and potent biological activities. The bulk of these natural products are known from just a handful of genera. Recent efforts have elucidated the mechanisms underpinning the biosynthesis of a diverse array of natural products from cyanobacteria. Many of the biosynthetic mechanisms are unique to cyanobacteria or rarely described from other organisms. Advances in genome sequence technology have precipitated a deluge of genome sequences for cyanobacteria. This makes it possible to link known natural products to biosynthetic gene clusters but also accelerates the discovery of new natural products through genome mining. These studies demonstrate that cyanobacteria encode a huge variety of cryptic gene clusters for the production of natural products, and the known chemical diversity is likely to be just a fraction of the true biosynthetic capabilities of this fascinating and ancient group of organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Institut Pasteur, Collection des Cyanobactéries, Paris, France
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David P Fewer
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Draft Genome Sequence of the N2-Fixing Cyanobacterium Nostoc piscinale CENA21, Isolated from the Brazilian Amazon Floodplain. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/2/e00189-16. [PMID: 27034496 PMCID: PMC4816624 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00189-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We announce here the draft genome sequence of Nostoc piscinale CENA21, a diazotrophic heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium isolated from the Solimões River, Amazon Basin, Brazil. It consists of one circular chromosome scaffold with 11 contigs and total size of 7,094,556 bp. Secondary metabolite annotations indicate a good source for the discovery of novel natural products.
Collapse
|
24
|
Fu C, Keller L, Bauer A, Brönstrup M, Froidbise A, Hammann P, Herrmann J, Mondesert G, Kurz M, Schiell M, Schummer D, Toti L, Wink J, Müller R. Biosynthetic Studies of Telomycin Reveal New Lipopeptides with Enhanced Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7692-705. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhang Fu
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research, and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lena Keller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research, and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Armin Bauer
- R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- German Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexandre Froidbise
- TSU Infectious Diseases, Sanofi R&D, 195 Route d‘Espagne, 31036 Toulouse, France
| | - Peter Hammann
- R&D TSU Infectious Diseases, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research, and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Guillaume Mondesert
- TSU Infectious Diseases, Sanofi R&D, 195 Route d‘Espagne, 31036 Toulouse, France
| | - Michael Kurz
- R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiell
- R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schummer
- R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Luigi Toti
- R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Wink
- R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research, and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schieferdecker S, Domin N, Hoffmeier C, Bryant DA, Roth M, Nett M. Structure and Absolute Configuration of Auriculamide, a Natural Product from the Predatory BacteriumHerpetosiphon aurantiacus. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
26
|
Liaimer A, Helfrich EJN, Hinrichs K, Guljamow A, Ishida K, Hertweck C, Dittmann E. Nostopeptolide plays a governing role during cellular differentiation of the symbiotic cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1862-7. [PMID: 25624477 PMCID: PMC4330735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419543112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nostoc punctiforme is a versatile cyanobacterium that can live either independently or in symbiosis with plants from distinct taxa. Chemical cues from plants and N. punctiforme were shown to stimulate or repress, respectively, the differentiation of infectious motile filaments known as hormogonia. We have used a polyketide synthase mutant that accumulates an elevated amount of hormogonia as a tool to understand the effect of secondary metabolites on cellular differentiation of N. punctiforme. Applying MALDI imaging to illustrate the reprogramming of the secondary metabolome, nostopeptolides were identified as the predominant difference in the pks2(-) mutant secretome. Subsequent differentiation assays and visualization of cell-type-specific expression of nostopeptolides via a transcriptional reporter strain provided evidence for a multifaceted role of nostopeptolides, either as an autogenic hormogonium-repressing factor or as a chemoattractant, depending on its extracellular concentration. Although nostopeptolide is constitutively expressed in the free-living state, secreted levels dynamically change before, during, and after the hormogonium differentiation phase. The metabolite was found to be strictly down-regulated in symbiosis with Gunnera manicata and Blasia pusilla, whereas other metabolites are up-regulated, as demonstrated via MALDI imaging, suggesting plants modulate the fine-balanced cross-talk network of secondary metabolites within N. punctiforme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Liaimer
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Molecular Environments Group, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eric J N Helfrich
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; and
| | - Katrin Hinrichs
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Microbiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arthur Guljamow
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Microbiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; and
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; and
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Microbiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Magnetotactic bacteria as potential sources of bioproducts. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:389-430. [PMID: 25603340 PMCID: PMC4306944 DOI: 10.3390/md13010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) produce intracellular organelles called magnetosomes which are magnetic nanoparticles composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) enveloped by a lipid bilayer. The synthesis of a magnetosome is through a genetically controlled process in which the bacterium has control over the composition, direction of crystal growth, and the size and shape of the mineral crystal. As a result of this control, magnetosomes have narrow and uniform size ranges, relatively specific magnetic and crystalline properties, and an enveloping biological membrane. These features are not observed in magnetic particles produced abiotically and thus magnetosomes are of great interest in biotechnology. Most currently described MTB have been isolated from saline or brackish environments and the availability of their genomes has contributed to a better understanding and culturing of these fastidious microorganisms. Moreover, genome sequences have allowed researchers to study genes related to magnetosome production for the synthesis of magnetic particles for use in future commercial and medical applications. Here, we review the current information on the biology of MTB and apply, for the first time, a genome mining strategy on these microorganisms to search for secondary metabolite synthesis genes. More specifically, we discovered that the genome of the cultured MTB Magnetovibrio blakemorei, among other MTB, contains several metabolic pathways for the synthesis of secondary metabolites and other compounds, thereby raising the possibility of the co-production of new bioactive molecules along with magnetosomes by this species.
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu L, Jokela J, Herfindal L, Wahlsten M, Sinkkonen J, Permi P, Fewer DP, Døskeland SO, Sivonen K. 4-Methylproline guided natural product discovery: co-occurrence of 4-hydroxy- and 4-methylprolines in nostoweipeptins and nostopeptolides. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2646-55. [PMID: 25203327 DOI: 10.1021/cb500436p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
4-methylproline (4-mPro) is a rare nonproteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria through the action of a zinc-dependent long-chain dehydrogenase and a Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) reductase homologue. Here, we used the presence of 4-mPro biosynthetic genes to discover new bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria. Eight biosynthetic gene clusters containing the 4-mPro biosynthetic genes nosE and nosF were found from publicly available cyanobacteria genomes, showing that 4-mPro is a good marker to discover previously unknown nonribosomal peptides. A combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) methods was used to screen 116 cyanobacteria strains from 8 genera. The 4-mPro biosynthetic genes were detected in 30 of the 116 cyanobacteria strains, 12 which were confirmed to produce 4-mPro by amino acid analysis. Species from the genus Nostoc were responsible for 80% of the positive results. Altogether, 11 new nonribosomal cyclic peptides, nostoweipeptin W1-W7 and nostopeptolide L1-L4, were identified from Nostoc sp. XPORK 5A and Nostoc sp. UK2aImI, respectively, and their chemical structure was elucidated. Interestingly, screening with 4-mPro genes resulted in the detection of peptides that do not contain just one 4-mPro but also 4-hydroxylproline (nostopeptolides) and, in case of nostoweipeptins, two 4-mPros and two 4-hydroxyprolines. Peptides from both groups inhibit microcystin-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes HEK293. The cell experiments indicated that these cyclic peptides inhibit the uptake of microcystin by blocking the organic anion-transporters OATP1B1/B3. This study enriches the drug library of microcystin antitoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Liu
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Herfindal
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Perttu Permi
- Program
in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David P Fewer
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stein Ove Døskeland
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hibi M, Ogawa J. Characteristics and biotechnology applications of aliphatic amino acid hydroxylases belonging to the Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3869-76. [PMID: 24682483 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric hydroxylation of inactive carbon atoms is still an important reaction in the industrial synthesis of valuable chiral compounds such as pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. Applications of monooxygenation enzymes, like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, flavin-containing monooxygenases, and Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (Fe/αKG-DOs), are strongly desired as hydroxylation biocatalysts because they have great advantages in regio- and stereoselectivity of the reactions. Recently, several novel Fe/αKG-DOs have been found to catalyze the asymmetric hydroxylation of aliphatic amino acids. Depending on their amino acid sequences, these Fe/αKG-DOs catalyze different types of regioselective hydroxylations, or C3-, C4-, and C5-hydroxylation. Additionally, most also have stereoselective sulfoxidation activities. Here, we have reviewed the characterization and process development of this novel functioning group of Fe/αKG-DOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hibi
- Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kadlčík S, Kučera T, Chalupská D, Gažák R, Koběrská M, Ulanová D, Kopecký J, Kutejová E, Najmanová L, Janata J. Adaptation of an L-proline adenylation domain to use 4-propyl-L-proline in the evolution of lincosamide biosynthesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84902. [PMID: 24386435 PMCID: PMC3874040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically used lincosamide antibiotic lincomycin incorporates in its structure 4-propyl-L-proline (PPL), an unusual amino acid, while celesticetin, a less efficient related compound, makes use of proteinogenic L-proline. Biochemical characterization, as well as phylogenetic analysis and homology modelling combined with the molecular dynamics simulation were employed for complex comparative analysis of the orthologous protein pair LmbC and CcbC from the biosynthesis of lincomycin and celesticetin, respectively. The analysis proved the compared proteins to be the stand-alone adenylation domains strictly preferring their own natural substrate, PPL or L-proline. The LmbC substrate binding pocket is adapted to accomodate a rare PPL precursor. When compared with L-proline specific ones, several large amino acid residues were replaced by smaller ones opening a channel which allowed the alkyl side chain of PPL to be accommodated. One of the most important differences, that of the residue corresponding to V306 in CcbC changing to G308 in LmbC, was investigated in vitro and in silico. Moreover, the substrate binding pocket rearrangement also allowed LmbC to effectively adenylate 4-butyl-L-proline and 4-pentyl-L-proline, substrates with even longer alkyl side chains, producing more potent lincosamides. A shift of LmbC substrate specificity appears to be an integral part of biosynthetic pathway adaptation to the PPL acquisition. A set of genes presumably coding for the PPL biosynthesis is present in the lincomycin - but not in the celesticetin cluster; their homologs are found in biosynthetic clusters of some pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBD) and hormaomycin. Whereas in the PBD and hormaomycin pathways the arising precursors are condensed to another amino acid moiety, the LmbC protein is the first functionally proved part of a unique condensation enzyme connecting PPL to the specialized amino sugar building unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kadlčík
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Chalupská
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Gažák
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Koběrská
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Ulanová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kutejová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovac Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucie Najmanová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mizuno CM, Kimes NE, López-Pérez M, Ausó E, Rodriguez-Valera F, Ghai R. A hybrid NRPS-PKS gene cluster related to the bleomycin family of antitumor antibiotics in Alteromonas macleodii strains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76021. [PMID: 24069455 PMCID: PMC3777966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous marine bacteria are known to produce antibiotics via hybrid NRPS-PKS gene clusters, none have been previously described in an Alteromonas species. In this study, we describe in detail a novel hybrid NRPS-PKS cluster identified in the plasmid of the Alteromonasmacleodii strain AltDE1 and analyze its relatedness to other similar gene clusters in a sequence-based characterization. This is a mobile cluster, flanked by transposase-like genes, that has even been found inserted into the chromosome of some Alteromonasmacleodii strains. The cluster contains separate genes for NRPS and PKS activity. The sole PKS gene appears to carry a novel acyltransferase domain, quite divergent from those currently characterized. The predicted specificities of the adenylation domains of the NRPS genes suggest that the final compound has a backbone very similar to bleomycin related compounds. However, the lack of genes involved in sugar biosynthesis indicates that the final product is not a glycopeptide. Even in the absence of these genes, the presence of the cluster appears to confer complete or partial resistance to phleomycin, which may be attributed to a bleomycin-resistance-like protein identified within the cluster. This also suggests that the compound still shares significant structural similarity to bleomycin. Moreover, transcriptomic evidence indicates that the NRPS-PKS cluster is expressed. Such sequence-based approaches will be crucial to fully explore and analyze the diversity and potential of secondary metabolite production, especially from increasingly important sources like marine microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Megumi Mizuno
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiologia, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nikole E. Kimes
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiologia, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mario López-Pérez
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiologia, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Eva Ausó
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiologia, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Valera
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiologia, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Rohit Ghai
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiologia, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
New structural variants of aeruginosin produced by the toxic bloom forming cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73618. [PMID: 24040002 PMCID: PMC3765200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodularia spumigena is a filamentous diazotrophic cyanobacterium that forms blooms in brackish water bodies. This cyanobacterium produces linear and cyclic peptide protease inhibitors which are thought to be part of a chemical defense against grazers. Here we show that N. spumigena produces structurally novel members of the aeruginosin family of serine protease inhibitors. Extensive chemical analyses including NMR demonstrated that the aeruginosins are comprised of an N-terminal short fatty acid chain, L-Tyr, L-Choi and L-argininal and in some cases pentose sugar. The genome of N. spumigena CCY9414 contains a compact 18-kb aeruginosin gene cluster encoding a peptide synthetase with a reductive release mechanism which offloads the aeruginosins as reactive peptide aldehydes. Analysis of the aeruginosin and spumigin gene clusters revealed two different strategies for the incorporation of N-terminal protecting carboxylic acids. These results demonstrate that strains of N. spumigena produce aeruginosins and spumigins, two families of structurally similar linear peptide aldehydes using separate peptide synthetases. The aeruginosins were chemically diverse and we found 11 structural variants in 16 strains from the Baltic Sea and Australia. Our findings broaden the known structural diversity of the aeruginosin peptide family to include peptides with rare N-terminal short chain (C2–C10) fatty acid moieties.
Collapse
|
33
|
Metagenomic natural product discovery in lichen provides evidence for a family of biosynthetic pathways in diverse symbioses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3129-37. [PMID: 23898213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305867110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are a major source of natural products that provide rich opportunities for both chemical and biological investigation. Although the vast majority of known bacterial metabolites derive from free-living organisms, increasing evidence supports the widespread existence of chemically prolific bacteria living in symbioses. A strategy based on bioinformatic prediction, symbiont cultivation, isotopic enrichment, and advanced analytics was used to characterize a unique polyketide, nosperin, from a lichen-associated Nostoc sp. cyanobacterium. The biosynthetic gene cluster and the structure of nosperin, determined from 30 μg of compound, are related to those of the pederin group previously known only from nonphotosynthetic bacteria associated with beetles and marine sponges. The presence of this natural product family in such highly dissimilar associations suggests that some bacterial metabolites may be specific to symbioses with eukaryotes and encourages exploration of other symbioses for drug discovery and better understanding of ecological interactions mediated by complex bacterial metabolites.
Collapse
|
34
|
Shishido TK, Kaasalainen U, Fewer DP, Rouhiainen L, Jokela J, Wahlsten M, Fiore MF, Yunes JS, Rikkinen J, Sivonen K. Convergent evolution of [D-Leucine(1)] microcystin-LR in taxonomically disparate cyanobacteria. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:86. [PMID: 23601305 PMCID: PMC3640908 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many important toxins and antibiotics are produced by non-ribosomal biosynthetic pathways. Microcystins are a chemically diverse family of potent peptide toxins and the end-products of a hybrid NRPS and PKS secondary metabolic pathway. They are produced by a variety of cyanobacteria and are responsible for the poisoning of humans as well as the deaths of wild and domestic animals around the world. The chemical diversity of the microcystin family is attributed to a number of genetic events that have resulted in the diversification of the pathway for microcystin assembly. Results Here, we show that independent evolutionary events affecting the substrate specificity of the microcystin biosynthetic pathway have resulted in convergence on a rare [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR chemical variant. We detected this rare microcystin variant from strains of the distantly related genera Microcystis, Nostoc, and Phormidium. Phylogenetic analysis performed using sequences of the catalytic domains within the mcy gene cluster demonstrated a clear recombination pattern in the adenylation domain phylogenetic tree. We found evidence for conversion of the gene encoding the McyA2 adenylation domain in strains of the genera Nostoc and Phormidium. However, point mutations affecting the substrate-binding sequence motifs of the McyA2 adenylation domain were associated with the change in substrate specificity in two strains of Microcystis. In addition to the main [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR variant, these two strains produced a new microcystin that was identified as [Met1] microcystin-LR. Conclusions Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that both point mutations and gene conversion result in functional mcy gene clusters that produce the same rare [D-Leu1] variant of microcystin in strains of the genera Microcystis, Nostoc, and Phormidium. Engineering pathways to produce recombinant non-ribosomal peptides could provide new natural products or increase the activity of known compounds. Our results suggest that the replacement of entire adenylation domains could be a more successful strategy to obtain higher specificity in the modification of the non-ribosomal peptides than point mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Keiko Shishido
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter (Viikinkaari 9), PO Box 56, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Echinocandins: production and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:3267-84. [PMID: 23463246 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The first echinocandin-type antimycotic (echinocandin B) was discovered in the 1970s. It was followed by the isolation of more than 20 natural echinocandins. These cyclic lipo-hexapeptides are biosynthesized on non-ribosomal peptide synthase complexes by different ascomycota fungi. They have a unique mechanism of action; as non-competitive inhibitors of β-1,3-glucan synthase complex they target the fungal cell wall. Results of the structure-activity relationship experiments let us develop semisynthetic derivatives with improved properties. Three cyclic lipohiexapeptides (caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin) are currently approved for use in clinics. As they show good fungicidal (Candida spp.) or fungistatic (Aspergillus spp.) activity against the most important human pathogenic fungi including azole-resistant strains, they are an important addition to the antifungal armamentarium. Some evidence of acquired resistance against echinocandins has been detected among Candida glabrata strains in recent years, which enhanced the importance of data collected on the mechanism of acquired resistance developing against the echinocandins. In this review, we show the structural diversity of natural echinocandins, and we summarize the emerging data on their mode of action, biosynthesis and industrial production. Their clinical significance as well as the mechanism of natural and acquired resistance is also discussed.
Collapse
|
36
|
Letzel AC, Pidot SJ, Hertweck C. A genomic approach to the cryptic secondary metabolome of the anaerobic world. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 30:392-428. [PMID: 23263685 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20103h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 211 complete and published genomes from anaerobic bacteria are analysed for the presence of secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters, in particular those tentatively coding for polyketide synthases (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). We investigate the distribution of these gene clusters according to bacterial phylogeny and, if known, correlate these to the type of metabolic pathways they encode. The potential of anaerobes as secondary metabolite producers is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catrin Letzel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Soule T, Gao Q, Stout V, Garcia-Pichel F. The Global Response ofNostoc punctiformeATCC 29133 to UVA Stress, Assessed in a Temporal DNA Microarray Study. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:415-23. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qunjie Gao
- School of Life Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe; AZ
| | - Valerie Stout
- School of Life Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe; AZ
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hur GH, Vickery CR, Burkart MD. Explorations of catalytic domains in non-ribosomal peptide synthetase enzymology. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:1074-98. [PMID: 22802156 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20025b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many pharmaceuticals on the market today belong to a large class of natural products called nonribosomal peptides (NRPs). Originating from bacteria and fungi, these peptide-based natural products consist not only of the 20 canonical L-amino acids, but also non-proteinogenic amino acids, heterocyclic rings, sugars, and fatty acids, generating tremendous chemical diversity. As a result, these secondary metabolites exhibit a broad array of bioactivity, ranging from antimicrobial to anticancer. The biosynthesis of these complex compounds is carried out by large multimodular megaenzymes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). Each module is responsible for incorporation of a monomeric unit into the natural product peptide and is composed of individual domains that perform different catalytic reactions. Biochemical and bioinformatic investigations of these enzymes have uncovered the key principles of NRP synthesis, expanding the pharmaceutical potential of their enzymatic processes. Progress has been made in the manipulation of this biosynthetic machinery to develop new chemoenzymatic approaches for synthesizing novel pharmaceutical agents with increased potency. This review focuses on the recent discoveries and breakthroughs in the structural elucidation, molecular mechanism, and chemical biology underlying the discrete domains within NRPSs.
Collapse
|
39
|
Xu Y, Kersten RD, Nam SJ, Lu L, Al-Suwailem AM, Zheng H, Fenical W, Dorrestein PC, Moore BS, Qian PY. Bacterial biosynthesis and maturation of the didemnin anti-cancer agents. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8625-32. [PMID: 22458477 PMCID: PMC3401512 DOI: 10.1021/ja301735a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The anti-neoplastic agent didemnin B from the Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum solidum was the first marine drug to be clinically tested in humans. Because of its limited supply and its complex cyclic depsipeptide structure, considerable challenges were encountered during didemnin B's development that continue to limit aplidine (dehydrodidemnin B), which is currently being evaluated in numerous clinical trials. Herein we show that the didemnins are bacterial products produced by the marine α-proteobacteria Tistrella mobilis and Tistrella bauzanensis via a unique post-assembly line maturation process. Complete genome sequence analysis of the 6,513,401 bp T. mobilis strain KA081020-065 with its five circular replicons revealed the putative didemnin biosynthetic gene cluster (did) on the 1,126,962 bp megaplasmid pTM3. The did locus encodes a 13-module hybrid non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase enzyme complex organized in a collinear arrangement for the synthesis of the fatty acylglutamine ester derivatives didemnins X and Y rather than didemnin B as first anticipated. Imaging mass spectrometry of T. mobilis bacterial colonies captured the time-dependent extracellular conversion of the didemnin X and Y precursors to didemnin B, in support of an unusual post-synthetase activation mechanism. Significantly, the discovery of the didemnin biosynthetic gene cluster may provide a long-term solution to the supply problem that presently hinders this group of marine natural products and pave the way for the genetic engineering of new didemnin congeners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research, Division of Life Science, School of Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
l-Leucine 5-hydroxylase of Nostoc punctiforme is a novel type of Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that is useful as a biocatalyst. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2467-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
41
|
Kehr JC, Gatte Picchi D, Dittmann E. Natural product biosyntheses in cyanobacteria: A treasure trove of unique enzymes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1622-35. [PMID: 22238540 PMCID: PMC3252866 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are prolific producers of natural products. Investigations into the biochemistry responsible for the formation of these compounds have revealed fascinating mechanisms that are not, or only rarely, found in other microorganisms. In this article, we survey the biosynthetic pathways of cyanobacteria isolated from freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats. We especially emphasize modular nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways and highlight the unique enzyme mechanisms that were elucidated or can be anticipated for the individual products. We further include ribosomal natural products and UV-absorbing pigments from cyanobacteria. Mechanistic insights obtained from the biochemical studies of cyanobacterial pathways can inspire the development of concepts for the design of bioactive compounds by synthetic-biology approaches in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Christoph Kehr
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Douglas Gatte Picchi
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Elke Dittmann
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nostophycin biosynthesis is directed by a hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase in the toxic cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain 152. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8034-40. [PMID: 21948844 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05993-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a rich source of natural products with interesting pharmaceutical properties. Here, we report the identification, sequencing, annotation, and biochemical analysis of the nostophycin (npn) biosynthetic gene cluster. The npn gene cluster spans 45.1 kb and consists of three open reading frames encoding a polyketide synthase, a mixed polyketide nonribosomal peptide synthetase, and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. The genetic architecture and catalytic domain organization of the proteins are colinear in arrangement, with the putative order of the biosynthetic assembly of the cyclic heptapeptide. NpnB contains an embedded monooxygenase domain linking nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) catalytic domains and predicted here to hydroxylate the nostophycin during assembly. Expression of the adenylation domains and subsequent substrate specificity assays support the involvement of this cluster in nostophycin biosynthesis. Biochemical analyses suggest that the loading substrate of NpnA is likely to be a phenylpropanoic acid necessitating deletion of a carbon atom to explain the biosynthesis of nostophycin. Biosyntheses of nostophycin and microcystin resemble each other, but the phylogenetic analyses suggest that they are distantly related to one another.
Collapse
|
43
|
Genetic variation of adenylation domains of the anabaenopeptin synthesis operon and evolution of substrate promiscuity. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:3822-31. [PMID: 21622740 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00360-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabaenopeptins (AP) are bioactive cyclic hexapeptides synthesized nonribosomally in cyanobacteria. APs are characterized by several conserved motifs, including the ureido bond, N-methylation in position 5, and d-Lys in position 2. All other positions of the AP molecule are variable, resulting in numerous structural variants. We have identified a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) operon from Planktothrix agardhii strain CYA126/8 consisting of five genes (apnA to apnE) encoding six NRPS modules and have confirmed its role in AP synthesis by the generation of a mutant via insertional inactivation of apnC. In order to correlate the genetic diversity among adenylation domains (A domains) with AP structure variation, we sequenced the A domains of all six NRPS modules from seven Planktothrix strains differing in the production of AP congeners. It is remarkable that single strains coproduce APs bearing either of the chemically divergent amino acids Arg and Tyr in exocyclic position 1. Since the A domain of the initiation module (the ApnA A₁ domain) has been proposed to activate the amino acid incorporated into exocyclic position 1, we decided to analyze this domain both biochemically and phylogenetically. Only ApnA A₁ enzymes from strains producing AP molecules containing Arg or Tyr in position 1 were found to activate these two chemically divergent amino acids in vitro. Phylogenetic analysis of apn A domain sequences revealed that strains with a promiscuous ApnA A₁ domain are derived from an ancestor that activates only Arg. Surprisingly, positive selection appears to affect only three codons within the apnA A₁ gene, suggesting that this remarkable promiscuity has evolved from point mutations only.
Collapse
|
44
|
Tidgewell K, Engene N, Byrum T, Media J, Doi T, Valeriote FA, Gerwick WH. Evolved diversification of a modular natural product pathway: apratoxins F and G, two cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptides from a Palmyra collection of Lyngbya bouillonii. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1458-66. [PMID: 20512792 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A collection of Lyngbya bouillonii from Palmyra Atoll in the Central Pacific, a site several thousand kilometers distant from all previous collections of this chemically prolific species of cyanobacterium, was found to contain two new cancer cell cytotoxins of the apratoxin family. The structures of the new compounds, apratoxins F and G, were determined by 1D and 2D NMR techniques in combination with mass spectrometric methods. Stereochemistry was explored by using chromatographic analyses of the hydrolytically released fragments in combination with NMR and optical rotation comparisons with known members of the apratoxin family. Apratoxins F and G add fresh insights into the SAR of this family because they incorporate an N-methyl alanine residue at a position where all prior apratoxins have possessed a proline unit, yet they retain high potency as cytotoxins to H-460 cancer cells with IC(50) values of 2 and 14 nM, respectively. Additional assays using zone inhibition of cancer cells and clonogenic cells give a comparison of the activities of apratoxin F to apratoxin A. Additionally, the clonogenic studies in combination with maximum tolerated dose (MTD) studies provided insights as to dosing schedules that should be used for in vivo studies, and preliminary in vivo evaluation validated the predicted in vivo efficacy for apratoxin A. These new apratoxins are illustrative of a mechanism (the modification of an NRPS adenylation domain specificity pocket) for evolving a biosynthetic pathway so as to diversify the suite of expressed secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tidgewell
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, CMBB, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0212 USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jones AC, Monroe EA, Eisman EB, Gerwick L, Sherman DH, Gerwick WH. The unique mechanistic transformations involved in the biosynthesis of modular natural products from marine cyanobacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1048-65. [PMID: 20442916 DOI: 10.1039/c000535e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are abundant producers of natural products well recognized for their bioactivity and utility in drug discovery and biotechnology applications. In the last decade, characterization of several modular gene clusters that code for the biosynthesis of these compounds has revealed a number of unusual enzymatic reactions. In this article, we review several mechanistic transformations identified in marine cyanobacterial biosynthetic pathways, with an emphasis on modular polyketide synthase(PKS)/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene clusters. In selected instances, we also make comparisons between cyanobacterial gene clusters derived from marine and freshwater strains. We then provide an overview of recent developments in cyanobacterial natural products biosynthesis made available through genome sequencing and new advances in bioinformatics and genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Jones
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Robert FO, Pandhal J, Wright PC. Exploiting cyanobacterial P450 pathways. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13:301-6. [PMID: 20299274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are hemoprotein oxygenases involved in natural product synthetic pathways. Cyanobacteria are oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms and are considered a rich source of natural products, and are now known to harbour P450s. A variety of cyanobacterial species have been found to contain multiple copies of P450s in their genomes, and over 100 have been predicted. Interestingly, some are membrane-bound as in eukaryotes, as opposed to cytoplasmic in bacteria. Furthermore, they can complement plant P450s and perform bioremediation of oil spills by the breakdown of alkanes. Functional expression of a selection Nostoc spp. P450s in Escherichia coli, with associated enzymes, has successfully produced the sesquiterpenes--germacradienol, germacrene and B-elemene, although others have failed for undetermined reasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith O Robert
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, S1 3JD, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bandyopadhyay A, Agrawal N, Mali SM, Jadhav SV, Gopi HN. Tin(ii) chloride assisted synthesis of N-protected γ-amino β-keto esters through semipinacol rearrangement. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4855-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
48
|
Kalaitzis JA, Lauro FM, Neilan BA. Mining cyanobacterial genomes for genes encoding complex biosynthetic pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1447-65. [PMID: 19844640 DOI: 10.1039/b817074f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A Kalaitzis
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fewer DP, Jokela J, Rouhiainen L, Wahlsten M, Koskenniemi K, Stal LJ, Sivonen K. The non-ribosomal assembly and frequent occurrence of the protease inhibitors spumigins in the bloom-forming cyanobacteriumNodularia spumigena. Mol Microbiol 2009; 73:924-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
50
|
Mehner C, Müller D, Kehraus S, Hautmann S, Gütschow M, König GM. New peptolides from the cyanobacterium Nostoc insulare as selective and potent inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2692-703. [PMID: 18924217 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eight new cyanopeptolins (insulapeptolides A-H) were obtained from the cyanobacterium Nostoc insulare. Their isolation was guided by their bioactivity toward the target enzyme human leukocyte elastase, molecular biological investigations, and MALDI-TOF analysis. These peptides are selective inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase with activities in the nanomolar range. Insulapeptolide D was the most potent compound with an IC(50) value of 85 nM (K(i) value of 36 nM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mehner
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|