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Samanta S, Bagchi D, Bagchi M. Physiological and metabolic functions of the β 3-adrenergic receptor and an approach to therapeutic achievements. J Physiol Biochem 2024:10.1007/s13105-024-01040-z. [PMID: 39145850 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
A specific type of beta-adrenergic receptor was discovered in the decade of 1980s and subsequently recognized as a new type of beta-adrenergic receptor, called beta3-adrenoceptor (β3-AR). β3-AR expresses in different tissues, including adipose tissue, gall bladder, stomach, small intestine, cardiac myocytes, urinary bladder, and brain. Structurally, β3-AR is very similar to β1- and β2-AR and belongs to a G-protein coupled receptor that uses cAMP as an intracellular second messenger. Alternatively, it also activates the NO-cGMP cascade. Stimulation of the β3-AR increases lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, energy expenditure, and insulin action, leading to anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activity. Moreover, β3-AR differentially regulates the myocardial contraction and relaxes the urinary bladder to balance the cardiac activity and delay the micturition reflex, respectively. In recent years, this receptor has served as an attractive target for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, congestive heart failure, and overactive bladder syndrome. Several β3-AR agonists are in the emerging stage that can exert novel pharmacological benefits in different therapeutic areas. The present review focuses on the structure, signaling, physiological, and metabolic activities of β3-AR. Additionally, therapeutic approaches of β3-AR have also been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Paschim Medinipur, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721101, India.
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Southern University, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Manashi Bagchi
- Creighton University Health Sciences Center, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
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Zhang L, Antonacci M, Burant A, McCallister A, Kelley M, Bryden N, McHugh C, Atalla S, Holmes L, Katz L, Branca RT. Absolute thermometry of human brown adipose tissue by magnetic resonance with laser polarized 129Xe. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:147. [PMID: 37848608 PMCID: PMC10582175 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Absolute temperature measurements of tissues inside the human body are difficult to perform non-invasively. Yet, for brown adipose tissue (BAT), these measurements would enable direct monitoring of its thermogenic activity and its association with metabolic health. METHODS Here, we report direct measurement of absolute BAT temperature in humans during cold exposure by magnetic resonance (MR) with laser polarized xenon gas. This methodology, which leverages on the sensitivity of the chemical shift of the 129Xe isotope to temperature-induced changes in fat density, is first calibrated in vitro and then tested in vivo in rodents. Finally, it is used in humans along with positron emission tomography (PET) scans with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose to detect BAT thermogenic activity during cold exposure. RESULTS Absolute temperature measurements, obtained in rodents with an experimental error of 0.5 °C, show only a median deviation of 0.12 °C against temperature measurements made using a pre-calibrated optical temperature probe. In humans, enhanced uptake of 129Xe in BAT during cold exposure leads to background-free detection of this tissue by MR. Global measurements of supraclavicular BAT temperature, made over the course of four seconds and with an experimental error ranging from a minimum of 0.4 °C to more than 2 °C, in case of poor shimming, reveal an average BAT temperature of 38.8° ± 0.8 °C, significantly higher (p < 0.02 two-sided t test) than 37.7 °C. Hot BAT is also detected in participants with a PET scan negative for BAT. CONCLUSIONS Non-invasive, radiation-free measurements of BAT temperature by MRI with hyperpolarized 129Xe may enable longitudinal monitoring of human BAT activity under various stimulatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Michael Antonacci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Physics, Saint Vincent College, 300 Fraser Purchase Rd., Latrobe, PA, 15650, USA
| | - Alex Burant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, 1118 E Fourth Street, PO Box 210081, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Andrew McCallister
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michele Kelley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas Bryden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christian McHugh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sebastian Atalla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leah Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laurence Katz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rosa Tamara Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Liu Y, Gu R, Gao M, Wei Y, Shi Y, Wang X, Gu Y, Gu X, Zhang H. Emerging role of substance and energy metabolism associated with neuroendocrine regulation in tumor cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1126271. [PMID: 37051193 PMCID: PMC10084767 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1126271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most common cause of mortality in the world. One of the unresolved difficult pathological mechanism issues in malignant tumors is the imbalance of substance and energy metabolism of tumor cells. Cells maintain life through energy metabolism, and normal cells provide energy through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP, while tumor cells demonstrate different energy metabolism. Neuroendocrine control is crucial for tumor cells' consumption of nutrients and energy. As a result, better combinatorial therapeutic approaches will be made possible by knowing the neuroendocrine regulating mechanism of how the neuroendocrine system can fuel cellular metabolism. Here, the basics of metabolic remodeling in tumor cells for nutrients and metabolites are presented, showing how the neuroendocrine system regulates substance and energy metabolic pathways to satisfy tumor cell proliferation and survival requirements. In this context, targeting neuroendocrine regulatory pathways in tumor cell metabolism can beneficially enhance or temper tumor cell metabolism and serve as promising alternatives to available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Renjun Gu
- School of Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Murong Gao
- Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangwa Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hainan Provincial People’s Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yihuang Gu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, School of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongru Zhang, ; Xin Gu, ; Yihuang Gu,
| | - Xin Gu
- School of Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongru Zhang, ; Xin Gu, ; Yihuang Gu,
| | - Hongru Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongru Zhang, ; Xin Gu, ; Yihuang Gu,
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Garside JC, Kavanagh K, Block MR, Williams AG, Branca RT. Xenon-enhanced computed tomography assessment of brown adipose tissue distribution and perfusion in lean, obese, and diabetic primates. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1831-1841. [PMID: 35912825 PMCID: PMC9420818 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to validate xenon-enhanced computed tomography (XECT) for the detection of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and to use XECT to assess differences in BAT distribution and perfusion between lean, obese, and diabetic nonhuman primates (NHPs). METHODS Whole-body XECT imaging was performed in anesthetized rhesus and vervet monkeys during adrenergic stimulation of BAT thermogenesis. In XECT images, BAT was identified as fat tissue that, during xenon inhalation, underwent significant radiodensity enhancement compared with subcutaneous fat. To measure BAT blood flow, BAT radiodensity enhancement was measured over time on the six computed tomography scans acquired during xenon inhalation. Postmortem immunohistochemical staining was used to confirm imaging findings. RESULTS XECT was able to correctly identify all BAT depots that were confirmed at necropsy, enabling construction of the first comprehensive anatomical map of BAT in NHPs. A significant decrease in BAT perfusion was found in diabetic animals compared with obese animals and healthy animals, as well as absence of axillary BAT and significant reduction of supraclavicular BAT in diabetic animals compared with obese and lean animals. CONCLUSIONS The use of XECT in NHP models of obesity and diabetes allows the analysis of the impact of metabolic status on BAT mass and perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Garside
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Biomedical Research Imaging CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of PathologyWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Masha R. Block
- Department of PathologyWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Abigail G. Williams
- Department of PathologyWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rosa T. Branca
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Biomedical Research Imaging CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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Nureki I, Kobayashi K, Tanaka T, Demura K, Inoue A, Shihoya W, Nureki O. Cryo-EM structures of the β 3 adrenergic receptor bound to solabegron and isoproterenol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 611:158-164. [PMID: 35489202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) is the most essential drug target for overactive bladder and has therapeutic potentials for the treatments of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the β3AR-Gs signaling complexes with the selective agonist, solabegron and the nonselective agonist, isoproterenol. Comparison of the isoproterenol-, mirabegron-, and solabegron-bound β3AR structures revealed that the extracellular loop 2 changes its conformation depending on the bound agonist and plays an essential role in solabegron binding. Moreover, β3AR has an intrinsically narrow exosite, regardless of the agonist type. This structural feature clearly explains why β3AR prefers mirabegron and solabegron, as the narrow exosite is suitable for binding with agonists with elongated shapes. Our study deepens the understanding of the binding characteristics of β3AR agonists and may pave the way for developing β3AR-selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikko Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Tanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kanae Demura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Nagiri C, Kobayashi K, Tomita A, Kato M, Kobayashi K, Yamashita K, Nishizawa T, Inoue A, Shihoya W, Nureki O. Cryo-EM structure of the β3-adrenergic receptor reveals the molecular basis of subtype selectivity. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3205-3215.e5. [PMID: 34314699 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue and urinary bladder and has emerged as an attractive drug target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and overactive bladder (OAB). Here, we report the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of the β3AR-Gs signaling complex with the selective agonist mirabegron, a first-in-class drug for OAB. Comparison of this structure with the previously reported β1AR and β2AR structures reveals a receptor activation mechanism upon mirabegron binding to the orthosteric site. Notably, the narrower exosite in β3AR creates a perpendicular pocket for mirabegron. Mutational analyses suggest that a combination of both the exosite shape and the amino-acid-residue substitutions defines the drug selectivity of the βAR agonists. Our findings provide a molecular basis for βAR subtype selectivity, allowing the design of more-selective agents with fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisae Nagiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tomita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kan Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishizawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Yang LK, Tao YX. Physiology and pathophysiology of the β 3-adrenergic receptor. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 161:91-112. [PMID: 30711031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) is an important regulator of various physiological functions, such as thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, lipolysis in white adipose tissue, negative inotropic effect in cardiomyocyte, and relaxation in blood vessel. The activation of β3-AR by its agonists is shown to have metabolic (antiobesity and antidiabetic) and cardiovascular effects in animal models, highlighting β3-AR as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of several human diseases. Moreover, a substantial number of studies performed on different populations have identified some β3-AR polymorphic variants associated with obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other disorders. The clinical phenotypes and functional characteristics of these variants provide insights into potential pathophysiological roles of β3-AR in the development of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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Accurate quantification of brown adipose tissue mass by xenon-enhanced computed tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:174-179. [PMID: 29255046 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714431115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection and quantification of brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass remains a major challenge, as current tomographic imaging techniques are either nonspecific or lack the necessary resolution to quantify BAT mass, especially in obese phenotypes, in which this tissue may be present but inactive. Here, we report quantification of BAT mass by xenon-enhanced computed tomography. We show that, during stimulation of BAT thermogenesis, the lipophilic gas xenon preferentially accumulates in BAT, leading to a radiodensity enhancement comparable to that seen in the lungs. This enhancement is mediated by a selective reduction in BAT vascular resistance, which greatly increases vascular perfusion of BAT. This enhancement enables precise identification and quantification of BAT mass not only in lean, but also in obese, mouse phenotypes, in which this tissue is invisible to conventional tomographic imaging techniques. The method is developed and validated in rodents and then applied in macaques to assess its feasibility in larger species.
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Differential expression and role of hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress in epigenetic regulation of β1, β2 and β3-adrenergic receptors in retinal endothelial cells. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:29. [PMID: 24885710 PMCID: PMC4050418 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant epigenetic profiles are concomitant with a spectrum of developmental defects and diseases. Role of methylation is an increasingly accepted factor in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its associated complications. This study aims to examine the correlation between oxidative stress and methylation of β1, β2 and β3-adrenergic receptors and to analyze the differential variability in the expression of these genes under hyperglycemic conditions. Methods Human retinal endothelial cells were cultured in CSC complete medium in normal (5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose to mimic a diabetic condition. Reverse transcription PCR and Western Blotting were performed to examine the expression of β1, β2 and β3-adrenergic receptors. For detections, immunocytochemistry was used. Bisulfite sequencing method was used for promoter methylation analysis. Apoptosis was determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay was used to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cells. Results β1 and β3-adrenergic receptors were expressed in retinal endothelial cells while β2-adrenergic receptor was not detectable both at protein and mRNA levels. Hyperglycemia had no significant effect on β1 and β2-adrenergic receptors methylation and expression however β3-adrenergic receptors showed a significantly higher expression (p < 0.05) and methylation (p < 0.01) in high and low glucose concentration respectively. Apoptosis and oxidative stress were inversely correlated with β3-adrenergic receptors methylation with no significant effect on β1 and β2-adrenergic receptors. β2-adrenergic receptor was hypermethylated with halted expression. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that β1 and β3-adrenergic receptors expressed in human retinal endothelial cells. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are inversely proportional to the extent of promoter methylation, suggesting that methylation loss might be due to oxidative stress-induced DNA damage.
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Takenaka A, Nakamura S, Mitsunaga F, Inoue-Murayama M, Udono T, Suryobroto B. Human-specific SNP in obesity genes, adrenergic receptor beta2 (ADRB2), Beta3 (ADRB3), and PPAR γ2 (PPARG), during primate evolution. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43461. [PMID: 22937051 PMCID: PMC3427335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adrenergic-receptor beta2 (ADRB2) and beta3 (ADRB3) are obesity genes that play a key role in the regulation of energy balance by increasing lipolysis and thermogenesis. The Glu27 allele in ADRB2 and the Arg64 allele in ADRB3 are associated with abdominal obesity and early onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in many ethnic groups. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) is required for adipocyte differentiation. Pro12Ala mutation decreases PPARG activity and resistance to NIDDM. In humans, energy-expense alleles, Gln27 in ADRB2 and Trp64 in ADRB3, are at higher frequencies than Glu27 and Arg64, respectively, but Ala12 in PPARG is at lower frequency than Pro12. Adaptation of humans for lipolysis, thermogenesis, and reduction of fat accumulation could be considered by examining which alleles in these genes are dominant in non-human primates (NHP). All NHP (P. troglodytes, G. gorilla, P. pygmaeus, H. agilis and macaques) had energy-thrifty alleles, Gly16 and Glu27 in ADRB2, and Arg64 in ADRB3, but did not have energy-expense alleles, Arg16, Gln27 and Trp64 alleles. In PPARG gene, all NHP had large adipocyte accumulating type, the Pro12 allele. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a tendency to produce much more heat through the energy-expense alleles developed only in humans, who left tropical rainforests for savanna and developed new features in their heat-regulation systems, such as reduction of body hair and increased evaporation of water, and might have helped the protection of entrails from cold at night, especially in glacial periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takenaka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Human Life, Nagoya Bunri University, Inazawa, Aichi, Japan.
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12
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Iwamoto Y, Ohishi M, Yuan M, Tatara Y, Kato N, Takeya Y, Onishi M, Maekawa Y, Kamide K, Rakugi H. β-Adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism is a genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a cohort study with hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:573-7. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dessy C, Balligand JL. Beta3-adrenergic receptors in cardiac and vascular tissues emerging concepts and therapeutic perspectives. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 59:135-63. [PMID: 20933201 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(10)59005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines released by the orthosympathetic system play a major role in the short- and long-term regulation of cardiovascular function. Beta1- and beta2-adrenoreceptors (ARs) have classically been considered as mediating most of their effects on cardiac contraction. After their initial cloning and pharmacologic characterization in the late 1980s, beta3-ARs have been mostly thought of as receptors mediating metabolic effects (e.g., lipolysis) in adipocytes. However, definitive evidence for their expression and functional coupling in cardiovascular tissues (including in humans) has recently initiated a re-examination of their implication in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Distinctive pharmacodynamic properties of beta3-AR, e.g., their upregulation in disease and resistance to desensitization, suggest that they may be attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. They may substitute efficient vasodilating pathways when beta1/2-ARs are inoperative. In the heart, their contractile effects, which are functionally antipathetic to those of beta1/2-AR, may protect the myocardium against adverse effects of excessive catecholamine stimulation and perhaps mediate additional ancillary effects on key aspects of electrophysiology or remodeling. Longitudinal studies in animals and patients with different stages of heart failure are now needed to identify the optimal therapeutic scheme using specific combinations of agonists or antagonists at all three beta-ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Dessy
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Yuan M, Ohishi M, Ito N, Sugimoto K, Takagi T, Terai M, Katsuya T, Rakugi H, Wu Z, Ogihara T. Genetic influences of beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms on arterial functional changes and cardiac remodeling in hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2007; 29:875-81. [PMID: 17345787 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.29.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Three subtypes of beta-adrenoceptor, beta1, beta2 and beta3, are involved in the sympathetic nervous system, which plays an important role in the development of hypertension and hypertensive complications. These complications can include left ventricular hypertrophy and arterial stiffness, which are reported risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. We designed clinical trials to clarify the association between hypertensive complications and beta-adrenoceptor single nucleotide polymorphisms in essential hypertension. Using Taqman PCR methods, we detected five polymorphisms of three beta-adrenoceptors: Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly for the beta1-adrenoceptor; Gly16Arg and Glu27Gln for the beta2-adrenoceptor; and Trp64Arg for the beta3-adrenoceptor. We included 300 subjects and measured pulse wave velocity, vasodilator response to hyperemia, left ventricular hypertrophy (by electrocardiogram and echocardiography), and cardiac enlargement (by chest X-ray). We found that pulse wave velocity and nitroglycerin-induced hyperemia were both closely associated with the Ser49Gly polymorphism (p<0.05), and Glu27Gln was found by both electrocardiogram and echocardiography to be significantly associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (p<0.05). These data suggested that two polymorphisms of different beta-adrenoreceptor subtypes are the genetic influences on the development of arterial stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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15
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Comuzzie AG, Cole SA, Martin L, Carey KD, Mahaney MC, Blangero J, VandeBerg JL. The baboon as a nonhuman primate model for the study of the genetics of obesity. OBESITY RESEARCH 2003; 11:75-80. [PMID: 12529488 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE At present, rodents represent the most common animal model for research in obesity and its comorbidities (e.g., type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease), however, there are several physiological and developmental differences between rodents and humans reflective of their relatively ancient evolutionary divergence (approximately 65 to 75 million years ago). Therefore, we are currently developing the baboon as a nonhuman primate model for the study of the genetics of obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES At present, we are collecting extensive phenotypic data in a large pedigreed colony (N > 2000) of baboons housed at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio, Texas. The long-term goal of this project is to identify genes influencing adiposity-related phenotypes and to test hypotheses regarding their pleiotropic effects on other phenotypes related to increased risk for a variety of common diseases (e.g., coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes). RESULTS To date we have obtained various adipose-specific endocrine measures, adipose tissue biopsies, and estimates of body composition on a substantial portion of our pedigreed colony. The pattern of adipose tissue accumulation follows closely that seen in humans, and we have detected significant additive genetic heritabilities for these obesity-related phenotypes. DISCUSSION Given the physiological and developmental similarities between humans and baboons, along with the ability to collect data under well-controlled situations and the extensive pedigree data available in our colony, the baboon offers an extremely valuable nonhuman primate model for the study of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Regional Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245-0549, USA.
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Gauthier C, Leblais V, Moniotte S, Langin D, Balligand JL. The negative inotropic action of catecholamines: Role of β3-adrenoceptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is now evidence for the involvement of four β-adrenoceptor populations in the regulation of cardiac function by catecholamines. β1- and β2-adrenoceptor stimulation classically produces an increase in contractility. A fourth β-adrenoceptor, as yet uncloned and designated provisionally as a β4-adrenoceptor, also mediates a positive inotropic effect. β3-adrenoceptors, which had been cloned at the end of the eighties, has been extensively studied as a potential target for antiobesity and antidiabetic drugs. Its characterization in the heart has opened new fields of investigations for the understanding of the cardiac adrenergic regulation. This review describes the cardiac electrical and mechanical effects induced by β3-adrenoceptor stimulation in different species (including human), as well as the signaling pathway. It also analyzes the role of these receptors in the abnormal responsiveness of catecholamines in heart failure.Key words: beta-adrenoceptor, heart, contractility, signaling pathway, heart failure.
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García-Rubi E, Calles-Escandón J. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus: its relationship with the beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Arch Med Res 1999; 30:459-64. [PMID: 10714358 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(99)00077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The beta 3 subtype of adrenaline and noradrenaline receptors has been extensively characterized at structural and functional levels. Ligand binding and adenyl cyclase activation studies have helped to define their unique beta-adrenergic profile. Humans, other larger mammals, and rodents share most of the characteristic beta 3-adrenergic receptor properties, although obvious species-specific differences have been identified. Most studies in animal models have shown a distinct beta 3-adrenergic receptor activity that results in an increase in energy expenditure, decrease of fat mass (especially of intra-abdominal fat), and increased glucose disposal efficiency. It is of interest that mild weight increase was shown to develop in female but not male mice, in whom the beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene was disrupted. Recently, the incidence of a naturally occurring variant of the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor was shown to correlate with hereditary obesity in Pima Indians and Japanese individuals. In Western obese patients, this phenotype increased the capacity to gain weight and develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies of humans with the Trp64Arg variant have shown controversial results. Many studies have failed to show any effect in heterozygous male subjects, and only modest effects in homozygous male subjects. In women, several studies have shown modest-to-significant effects regarding weight gain, intra-abdominal fat, and decreased insulin sensitivity in heterozygous and homozygous women. Other studies have failed to show any effect in heterozygous females. Disruptions in the activity of the beta 3-adrenergic receptor in the homozygous male and the heterozygous or homozygous female appear to have a profound effect in animal models, but a limited consequence in human physiology. Association with obesity or diabetes in humans is still controversial. This difference between animal and human models may be explained by the different quantity and distribution of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in the two.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3
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Affiliation(s)
- E García-Rubi
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Unit, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington 05405-0068, USA.
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Lenzen G, Pietri-Rouxel F, Drumare MF, Amiard A, Guillot S, Archimbault P, Strosberg AD. Genomic cloning and species-specific properties of the recombinant canine beta3-adrenoceptor. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 363:217-27. [PMID: 9881593 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A molecular clone encoding a beta3-adrenoceptor was isolated from a canine genomic library. The cloned receptor exhibited a pharmacological profile similar to that of other species: in particular, high efficiency of the two selective beta3-adrenoceptor agonists, CL 316,243 (disodium(R,R)-5[2[[2-(chlorophenyl)-2hydroxyethyl]-amino]propyl]- 1,3-benzodioxole-2,2-dicarboxylate) and ICI 201651 ((R)4-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropylaminoethoxy)-N-(2-methoxyethyl)phe noxy acetic acid) and a low affinity for the radioligand (-)-[3-(125)I]-iodocyanopindolol. Interestingly, CGP 12177A ((+/-)-4-(3-t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)benzimidazol-2-one), which is described as a partial agonist for the human receptor, was a full agonist for the canine receptor. After expression and stimulation of the canine beta3-adrenoceptor in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells there was a very low accumulation of cAMP, suggesting weak coupling to Gs-protein and adenylyl cyclase. However, the response was much better in human embryonal kidney cells transfected with the canine beta3-adrenoceptor gene. The cloning of the canine beta3-adrenoceptor and the insights gained from its pharmacological characterization may allow the development of selective compounds for use in the treatment of obese dogs.
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