1
|
Zebosi B, Vollbrecht E, Best NB. Brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling: Conserved and diversified functions of core genes across multiple plant species. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100982. [PMID: 38816993 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important regulators that control myriad aspects of plant growth and development, including biotic and abiotic stress responses, such that modulating BR homeostasis and signaling presents abundant opportunities for plant breeding and crop improvement. Enzymes and other proteins involved in the biosynthesis and signaling of BRs are well understood from molecular genetics and phenotypic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, knowledge of the molecular functions of these genes in other plant species, especially cereal crop plants, is minimal. In this manuscript, we comprehensively review functional studies of BR genes in Arabidopsis, maize, rice, Setaria, Brachypodium, and soybean to identify conserved and diversified functions across plant species and to highlight cases for which additional research is in order. We performed phylogenetic analysis of gene families involved in the biosynthesis and signaling of BRs and re-analyzed publicly available transcriptomic data. Gene trees coupled with expression data provide a valuable guide to supplement future research on BRs in these important crop species, enabling researchers to identify gene-editing targets for BR-related functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Zebosi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Erik Vollbrecht
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Norman B Best
- USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kloc Y, Dmochowska-Boguta M, Żebrowska-Różańska P, Łaczmański Ł, Nadolska-Orczyk A, Orczyk W. HvGSK1.1 Controls Salt Tolerance and Yield through the Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway in Barley. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:998. [PMID: 38256072 PMCID: PMC10815662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of plant steroid hormones that are essential for plant growth and development. BRs control important agronomic traits and responses to abiotic stresses. Through the signaling pathway, BRs control the expression of thousands of genes, resulting in a variety of biological responses. The key effectors of the BR pathway are two transcription factors (TFs): BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) and BRI1-EMSSUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1). Both TFs are phosphorylated and inactivated by the Glycogen synthase kinase 3 BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2), which acts as a negative regulator of the BR pathway. In our study, we describe the functional characteristics of HvGSK1.1, which is one of the GSK3/SHAGGY-like orthologs in barley. We generated mutant lines of HvGSK1.1 using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the edited region of the HvGSK1.1 showed a wide variety of mutations. Most of the changes (frameshift, premature stop codon, and translation termination) resulted in the knock-out of the target gene. The molecular and phenotypic characteristics of the mutant lines showed that the knock-out mutation of HvGSK1.1 improved plant growth performance under salt stress conditions and increased the thousand kernel weight of the plants grown under normal conditions. The inactivation of HvGSK1.1 enhanced BR-dependent signaling, as indicated by the results of the leaf inclination assay in the edited lines. The plant traits under investigation are consistent with those known to be regulated by BRs. These results, together with studies of other GSK3 gene members in other plant species, suggest that targeted editing of these genes may be useful in creating plants with improved agricultural traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Kloc
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (M.D.-B.); (A.N.-O.); (W.O.)
| | - Marta Dmochowska-Boguta
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (M.D.-B.); (A.N.-O.); (W.O.)
| | - Paulina Żebrowska-Różańska
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (P.Ż.-R.); (Ł.Ł.)
| | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (P.Ż.-R.); (Ł.Ł.)
| | - Anna Nadolska-Orczyk
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (M.D.-B.); (A.N.-O.); (W.O.)
| | - Wacław Orczyk
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (M.D.-B.); (A.N.-O.); (W.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar R, Dasgupta I. Geminiviral C4/AC4 proteins: An emerging component of the viral arsenal against plant defence. Virology 2023; 579:156-168. [PMID: 36693289 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection triggers a plethora of defence reactions in plants to incapacitate the intruder. Viruses, in turn, have added additional functions to their genes so that they acquire capabilities to neutralize the above defence reactions. In plant-infecting viruses, the family Geminiviridae comprises members, majority of whom encode 6-8 genes in their small single-stranded DNA genomes. Of the above genes, one which shows the most variability in its amino acid sequence is the C4/AC4. Recent studies have uncovered evidence, which point towards a wide repertoire of functions performed by C4/AC4 revealing its role as a major player in suppressing plant defence. This review summarizes the various plant defence mechanisms against viruses and highlights how C4/AC4 has evolved to counter most of them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma P, Mishra S, Burman N, Chatterjee M, Singh S, Pradhan AK, Khurana P, Khurana JP. Characterization of Cry2 genes (CRY2a and CRY2b) of B. napus and comparative analysis of BnCRY1 and BnCRY2a in regulating seedling photomorphogenesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:161-186. [PMID: 35831732 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) perceives blue/UV-A light and regulates photomorphogenesis in plants. However, besides Arabidopsis, CRY2 has been functionally characterized only in native species of japonica rice and tomato. In the present study, the BnCRY2a, generating a relatively longer cDNA and harboring an intron in its 5'UTR, has been characterized in detail. Western blot analysis revealed that BnCRY2a is light labile and degraded rapidly by 26S proteasome when seedlings are irradiated with blue light. For functional analysis, BnCRY2a was over-expressed in Brassica juncea, a related species more amenable to transformation. The BnCRY2a over-expression (BnCRY2aOE) transgenics developed short hypocotyl and expanded cotyledons, accumulated more anthocyanin in light-grown seedlings, and displayed early flowering on maturity. Early flowering in BnCRY2aOE transgenics was coupled with the up-regulation of many flowering-related genes such as FT. The present study also highlights the differential light sensitivity of cry1 and cry2 in controlling hypocotyl elongation growth in Brassica. BnCRY2aOE seedlings developed much shorter hypocotyl under the low-intensity of blue light, while BnCRY1OE seedling hypocotyls were shorter under the high-intensity blue light, compared to untransformed seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
- Proteus Genomics, 218 Summit Parkway, Birmingham, AL, 35209, USA
| | - Sushma Mishra
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Naini Burman
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Mithu Chatterjee
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
- AeroFarms, Newark, NJ, 07105, USA
| | - Shipra Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Akshay K Pradhan
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Jitendra P Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the GSK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2899-2913. [PMID: 35083611 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant glycogen synthase kinase 3/shaggy kinase (GSK3) proteins contain the conserved kinase domain and play a pivotal role in the regulation of plant growth and abiotic stress responses. Nonetheless, genome-wide analysis of the GSK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has not been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS Using high-quality wheat genome sequences, a comprehensive genome-wide characterization of the GSK gene family in wheat was conducted. Their phylogenetics, chromosome location, gene structure, conserved domains, promoter cis-elements, gene duplications, and network interactions were systematically analyzed. In this study, we identified 22 GSK genes in wheat genome that were unevenly distributed on nine wheat chromosomes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the GSK genes from Arabidopsis, rice, barley, and wheat were clustered into four subfamilies. Gene structure and conserved protein motif analysis revealed that GSK proteins in the same subfamily share similar motif structures and exon/intron organization. Results from gene duplication analysis indicate that four segmental duplications events contribute to the expansion of the wheat GSK gene family. Promoter analysis indicated the participation of TaSK genes in response to the hormone, light and abiotic stress, and plant growth and development. Furthermore, gene network analysis found that five TaSKs were involved in the regulatory network and 130 gene pairs of network interactions were identified. The heat map generated from the available transcriptomic data revealed that the TaSKs exhibited preferential expression in specific tissues and different expression patterns under abiotic stress conditions. Moreover, results from qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the randomly selected TaSK genes were abundantly expressed in spikes and grains at one specific developmental stage, as well as in responding to drought and salt stress. CONCLUSIONS These findings clearly depicted the evolutionary processes and the characteristics, and expression profiles of the GSK gene family in wheat, revealed their role in wheat development and response to abiotic stress responses.
Collapse
|
6
|
Understanding salt tolerance mechanism using transcriptome profiling and de novo assembly of wild tomato Solanum chilense. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15835. [PMID: 32985535 PMCID: PMC7523002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity affects the plant growth and productivity detrimentally, but Solanum chilense, a wild relative of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), is known to have exceptional salt tolerance. It has precise adaptations against direct exposure to salt stress conditions. Hence, a better understanding of the mechanism to salinity stress tolerance by S. chilense can be accomplished by comprehensive gene expression studies. In this study 1-month-old seedlings of S. chilense and S. lycopersicum were subjected to salinity stress through application of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. Through RNA-sequencing here we have studied the differences in the gene expression patterns. A total of 386 million clean reads were obtained through RNAseq analysis using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Clean reads were further assembled de novo into a transcriptome dataset comprising of 514,747 unigenes with N50 length of 578 bp and were further aligned to the public databases. Genebank non-redundant (Nr), Viridiplantae, Gene Ontology (GO), KOG, and KEGG databases classification suggested enrichment of these unigenes in 30 GO categories, 26 KOG, and 127 pathways, respectively. Out of 265,158 genes that were differentially expressed in response to salt treatment, 134,566 and 130,592 genes were significantly up and down-regulated, respectively. Upon placing all the differentially expressed genes (DEG) in known signaling pathways, it was evident that most of the DEGs involved in cytokinin, ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellin, and Ca2+ mediated signaling pathways were up-regulated. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis was performed using REVIGO and up-regulation of multiple genes involved in various biological processes in chilense under salinity were identified. Through pathway analysis of DEGs, “Wnt signaling pathway” was identified as a novel pathway for the response to the salinity stress. Moreover, key genes for salinity tolerance, such as genes encoding proline and arginine metabolism, ROS scavenging system, transporters, osmotic regulation, defense and stress response, homeostasis and transcription factors were not only salt-induced but also showed higher expression in S. chilense as compared to S. lycopersicum. Thus indicating that these genes may have an important role in salinity tolerance in S. chilense. Overall, the results of this study improve our understanding on possible molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in plants in general and tomato in particular.
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang SH, Liu YX, Deng R, Lei TT, Tian AJ, Ren HH, Wang SF, Wang XF. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the GSK gene family in Solanum tuberosum L. under abiotic stress and phytohormone treatments and functional characterization of StSK21 involvement in salt stress. Gene 2020; 766:145156. [PMID: 32949696 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3)/SHAGGY-like kinase (GSK) proteins play important roles in modulating growth, development, and stress responses in several plant species. However, little is known about the members of the potato GSK (StGSK) family. Here, nine StGSK genes were identified and phylogenetically grouped into four clades. Gene duplication analysis revealed that segmental duplication contributed to the expansion of the StGSK family. Gene structure and motif pattern analyses indicated that similar exon/intron and motif organizations were found in StGSKs from the same clade. Conserved motif and kinase activity analyses indicated that the StGSKs encode active protein kinases, and they were shown to be distributed throughout whole cells. Cis-acting regulatory element analysis revealed the presence of many growth-, hormone-, and stress-responsive elements within the promoter regions of the StGSKs, which is consistent with their expression in different organs, and their altered expression in response to hormone and stress treatments. Association network analysis indicated that various proteins, including two confirmed BES1 family transcription factors, potentially interact with StGSKs. Overexpression of StSK21 provides enhanced sensitivity to salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Overall, these results reveal that StGSK proteins are active protein kinases with purported functions in regulating growth, development, and stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Rui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tian-Tian Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ai-Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hai-Hua Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shu-Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeng J, Haider MS, Huang J, Xu Y, Pervaiz T, Feng J, Zheng H, Tao J. Functional Characterization of VvSK Gene Family in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Revealing their Role in Berry Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4336. [PMID: 32570751 PMCID: PMC7352762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycogen synthase kinase 3/shaggy kinase (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays important roles in brassinosteroid signaling, abiotic stress responses, cell division, and elongation, etc. In this study, we characterized seven grape GSK3 genes, showing high similarities with homologs from other species including Arabidopsis, white pear, apple, orange, and peach. Gene chip microarray data derived from an online database revealed very diverse developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns of VvSKs. VvSK3 and VvSK7 showed much higher expression levels in almost every tissue compared with other members. VvSK7 was highly enriched in young tissues like berries before the veraison stage, young leaves and green stems, etc., but immediately downregulated after these tissues entered maturation or senescence phases. Prediction of cis-elements in VvSK promoters indicated that VvSKs might be sensitive to light stimulation, which is further confirmed by the qPCR data. Constitutive overexpression of VvSK7 in Arabidopsis leads to dwarf plants that resembles BR-deficient mutants. The photosynthetic rate was significantly reduced in these plants, even though they accumulated more chlorophyll in leaves. Transient overexpression of VvSKs in tomatoes delayed the fruit ripening process, consistent with the observation in grapevine which blocks VvSKs by EBR- or BIKININ-promoted berry expansion and soluble solids accumulation. Data presented in the current study may serve as a theoretical basis for the future application of BRs or related compounds in quality grape production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjue Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Muhammad Salman Haider
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Junbo Huang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Yanshuai Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410000, China;
| | - Tariq Pervaiz
- Advance innovation center for tree breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Huan Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Jianmin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang L, Yang Z, Zhang B, Yu D, Liu J, Gong Q, Qanmber G, Li Y, Lu L, Lin Y, Yang Z, Li F. Genome-wide characterization and phylogenetic analysis of GSK gene family in three species of cotton: evidence for a role of some GSKs in fiber development and responses to stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:330. [PMID: 30514299 PMCID: PMC6280398 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycogen synthase kinase 3/shaggy kinase (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase with important roles in animals. Although GSK3 genes have been studied for more than 30 years, plant GSK genes have been studied only since the last decade. Previous research has confirmed that plant GSK genes are involved in diverse processes, including floral development, brassinosteroid signaling, and responses to abiotic stresses. RESULT In this study, 20, 15 (including 5 different transcripts) and 10 GSK genes were identified in G. hirsutum, G. raimondii and G. arboreum, respectively. A total of 65 genes from Arabidopsis, rice, and cotton were classified into 4 clades. High similarities were found in GSK3 protein sequences, conserved motifs, and gene structures, as well as good concordance in gene pairwise comparisons (G. hirsutum vs. G. arboreum, G. hirsutum vs. G. raimondii, and G. arboreum vs. G. raimondii) were observed. Whole genome duplication (WGD) within At and Dt sub-genomes has been central to the expansion of the GSK gene family. Furthermore, GhSK genes showed diverse expression patterns in various tissues. Additionally, the expression profiles of GhSKs under different stress treatments demonstrated that many are stress-responsive genes. However, none were induced by brassinolide treatment. Finally, nine co-expression sub-networks were observed for GhSKs and the functional annotations of these genes suggested that some GhSKs might be involved in cotton fiber development. CONCLUSION In this present work, we identified 45 GSK genes from three cotton species, which were divided into four clades. The gene features, muti-alignment, conversed motifs, and syntenic blocks indicate that they have been highly conserved during evolution. Whole genome duplication was determined to be the dominant factor for GSK gene family expansion. The analysis of co-expressed sub-networks and tissue-specific expression profiles suggested functions of GhSKs during fiber development. Moreover, their different responses to various abiotic stresses indicated great functional diversity amongst the GhSKs. Briefly, data presented herein may serve as the basis for future functional studies of GhSKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Daoqian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Qian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Ghulam Qanmber
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Lili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Groszyk J, Yanushevska Y, Zielezinski A, Nadolska-Orczyk A, Karlowski WM, Orczyk W. Annotation and profiling of barley GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE3/Shaggy-like genes indicated shift in organ-preferential expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199364. [PMID: 29920545 PMCID: PMC6007836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE3/Shaggy-like kinases (GSKs) represent a highly conserved group of proteins found in all eukaryotes. In plants they are encoded by multigene families and integrate signaling of brassinosteroids, auxin and abscisic acid in wide range of physiological and developmental processes with a strong impact on plant responses to environmental and biotic factors. Based on comprehensively studied structures of 10 Arabidopsis thaliana GSK genes and encoded proteins we report identification and phylogenetic reconstruction of 7 transcriptionally active GSK genes in barley. We re-evaluated annotation of the GSK genes in the current barley genome (Hv_IBSC_PGSB_v2) and provided data that a single gene annotated in the previous barley genome ensemble should be retained in the current one. The novel structure of another GSK, predicted in Hv_IBSC_PGSB_v2 to encode both GSK and amine oxidase domains, was proposed and experimentally confirmed based on the syntenic region in Brachypodium distachyon. The genes were assigned to 4 groups based on their encoded amino acid sequences and protein kinase domains. The analysis confirmed high level of conservation of functional protein domains and motifs among plant GSKs and the identified barley orthologs. Each of the seven identified HvGSK genes was expressed indicating semi-constitutive regulation in all tested organs and developmental stages. Regulation patterns of GSKs from the indicated groups showed a shift in organ-preferential expression in A. thaliana and barley illustrating diversification of biological roles of individual HvGSKs in different plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Groszyk
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| | - Yuliya Yanushevska
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zielezinski
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Nadolska-Orczyk
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| | - Wojciech M. Karlowski
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Waclaw Orczyk
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, Radzikow, Blonie, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bittner T, Nadler S, Schulze E, Fischer-Iglesias C. Two homolog wheat Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/SHAGGY--like kinases are involved in brassinosteroid signaling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:247. [PMID: 26458871 PMCID: PMC4604091 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) are multifunctional non-receptor ser/thr kinases. Plant GSKs are involved in hormonal signaling networks and are required for growth, development, light as well as stress responses. So far, most studies have been carried out on Arabidopsis or on other eudicotyledon GSKs. Here, we evaluated the role of TaSK1 and TaSK2, two homolog wheat (Triticum aestivum) GSKs, in brassinosteroid signaling. We explored in addition the physiological effects of brassinosteroids on wheat growth and development. RESULTS A bin2-1 like gain-of-function mutation has been inserted respectively in one of the homoeologous gene copies of TaSK1 (TaSK1-A.2-1) and in one of the homoeologous gene copies of TaSK2 (TaSK2-A.2-1). Arabidopsis plants were transformed with these mutated gene copies. Severe dwarf phenotypes were obtained closely resembling those of Arabidopsis bin2-1 lines and Arabidopsis BR-deficient or BR-signaling mutants. Expression of BR downstream genes, SAUR-AC1, CPD and BAS1 was deregulated in TaSK1.2-1 and TaSK2.2-1 transgenic lines. Severe dwarf lines were partially rescued by Bikinin beforehand shown to inhibit TaSK kinase activity. This rescue was accompanied with changes in BR downstream gene expression levels. Wheat embryos and seedlings were treated with compounds interfering with BR signaling or modifying BR levels to gain insight into the role of brassinosteroids in wheat development. Embryonic axis and scutellum differentiation were impaired, and seedling growth responses were affected when embryos were treated with Epibrassinolides, Propiconazole, and Bikinin. CONCLUSIONS In view of our findings, TaSKs are proposed to be involved in BR signaling and to be orthologous of Arabidopsis Clade II GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinases. Observed effects of Epibrassinolide, Propiconazole and Bikinin treatments on wheat embryos and seedlings indicate a role for BR signaling in embryonic patterning and seedling growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bittner
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Nadler
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Eija Schulze
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Christiane Fischer-Iglesias
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sharma M, Pandey A, Pandey GK. β-catenin in plants and animals: common players but different pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:143. [PMID: 24782881 PMCID: PMC3989760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|
13
|
Qi X, Chanderbali AS, Wong GKS, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase genes in land plants. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:143. [PMID: 23834366 PMCID: PMC3710211 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) genes encode signal transduction proteins with roles in a variety of biological processes in eukaryotes. In contrast to the low copy numbers observed in animals, GSK3 genes have expanded into a multi-gene family in land plants (embryophytes), and have also evolved functions in diverse plant specific processes, including floral development in angiosperms. However, despite previous efforts, the phylogeny of land plant GSK3 genes is currently unclear. Here, we analyze genes from a representative sample of phylogenetically pivotal taxa, including basal angiosperms, gymnosperms, and monilophytes, to reconstruct the evolutionary history and functional diversification of the GSK3 gene family in land plants. RESULTS Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses resolve a gene tree with four major gene duplication events that coincide with the emergence of novel land plant clades. The single GSK3 gene inherited from the ancestor of land plants was first duplicated along the ancestral branch to extant vascular plants, and three subsequent duplications produced three GSK3 loci in the ancestor of euphyllophytes, four in the ancestor of seed plants, and at least five in the ancestor of angiosperms. A single gene in the Amborella trichopoda genome may be the sole survivor of a sixth GSK3 locus that originated in the ancestor of extant angiosperms. Homologs of two Arabidopsis GSK3 genes with genetically confirmed roles in floral development, AtSK11 and AtSK12, exhibit floral preferential expression in several basal angiosperms, suggesting evolutionary conservation of their floral functions. Members of other gene lineages appear to have independently evolved roles in plant reproductive tissues in individual taxa. CONCLUSIONS Our phylogenetic analyses provide the most detailed reconstruction of GSK3 gene evolution in land plants to date and offer new insights into the origins, relationships, and functions of family members. Notably, the diversity of this "green" branch of the gene family has increased in concert with the increasing morphological and physiological complexity of land plant life forms. Expression data for seed plants indicate that the functions of GSK3 genes have also diversified during evolutionary time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - André S Chanderbali
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bittner T, Campagne S, Neuhaus G, Rensing SA, Fischer-Iglesias C. Identification and characterization of two wheat Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/ SHAGGY-like kinases. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:64. [PMID: 23594413 PMCID: PMC3637598 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/ SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) have been implicated in numerous biological processes ranging from embryonic, flower, stomata development to stress and wound responses. They are key regulators of brassinosteroid signaling and are also involved in the cross-talk between auxin and brassinosteroid pathways. In contrast to the human genome that contains two genes, plant GSKs are encoded by a multigene family. Little is known about Liliopsida resp. Poaceae in comparison to Brassicaceae GSKs. Here, we report the identification and structural characterization of two GSK homologs named TaSK1 and TaSK2 in the hexaploid wheat genome as well as a widespread phylogenetic analysis of land plant GSKs. RESULTS Genomic and cDNA sequence alignments as well as chromosome localization using nullisomic-tetrasomic lines provided strong evidence for three expressed gene copies located on homoeolog chromosomes for TaSK1 as well as for TaSK2. Predicted proteins displayed a clear GSK signature. In vitro kinase assays showed that TaSK1 and TaSK2 possessed kinase activity. A phylogenetic analysis of land plant GSKs indicated that TaSK1 and TaSK2 belong to clade II of plant GSKs, the Arabidopsis members of which are all involved in Brassinosteroid signaling. Based on a single ancestral gene in the last common ancestor of all land plants, paralogs were acquired and retained through paleopolyploidization events, resulting in six to eight genes in angiosperms. More recent duplication events have increased the number up to ten in some lineages. CONCLUSIONS To account for plant diversity in terms of functionality, morphology and development, attention has to be devoted to Liliopsida resp Poaceae GSKs in addition to Arabidopsis GSKs. In this study, molecular characterization, chromosome localization, kinase activity test and phylogenetic analysis (1) clarified the homologous/paralogous versus homoeologous status of TaSK sequences, (2) pointed out their affiliation to the GSK multigene family, (3) showed a functional kinase activity, (4) allowed a classification in clade II, members of which are involved in BR signaling and (5) allowed to gain information on acquisition and retention of GSK paralogs in angiosperms in the context of whole genome duplication events. Our results provide a framework to explore Liliopsida resp Poaceae GSKs functions in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bittner
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Campagne
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Neuhaus
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Faculty of Biology & BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Patade VY, Rai AN, Suprasanna P. Expression analysis of sugarcane shaggy-like kinase (SuSK) gene identified through cDNA subtractive hybridization in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:613-21. [PMID: 20853012 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identification of genes whose expression enables plants to adapt to any kind of stresses is integral to developing stress tolerance in crop plants. In this study, PCR-based cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization technique was used to construct sugarcane salt (NaCl) stress specific forward and reverse subtracted cDNA library. For this, mRNAs were pooled from the shoot and root tissues stressed with NaCl (200 mM) for various time intervals (0.5 to 18 h). Sequencing the clones from the forward subtracted cDNA library, we identified shaggy-like protein kinase (hereafter referred as sugarcane shaggy-like protein kinase, SuSK; NCBI GenBank EST database Acc: FG804674). The sequence analysis of the SuSK revealed homology to Arabidopsis thaliana shaggy-related protein kinase delta (E value, 1e(-108)), dzeta and iota. Alignment of the catalytic domain sequence of GSK-3/shaggy-like kinase with partial sequence of SuSK performed using ClustalW tool indicated kinase active-site signature sequence. Spatial and temporal transcript expression profiling of the SuSK gene based on Real-Time PCR revealed significant induction of transcript expression in response to short-term salt (NaCl 200 mM) or polyethylene glycol-8,000 (PEG; 20% w/v) induced osmotic stress in leaves and shoots of sugarcane plants. The transcript expression increased progressively under salt stress and reached to 1.5-fold of the control up to 8 h treatment. In response to PEG stress, the transcript expression increased by 1.5-fold over the control in 2-h treatment in leaf, whereas in shoots, the expression remained unchanged in response to the various treatments. Differences in growth parameters, relative water content, and membrane damage rate were statistically insignificant in the short-term salt or PEG-stressed plants as compared to the control, non-stressed plants. Expression analysis revealed the differential and temporal regulation of this gene under salt and PEG stress and that its early induction may indicate involvement in stress signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Yadav Patade
- Functional Plant Biology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Effect of GSK-3 activity, enzymatic inhibition and gene silencing by RNAi on tick oviposition and egg hatching. Parasitology 2010; 137:1537-46. [PMID: 20500916 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is classically described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism in mammals. It has been shown to be highly conserved among several organisms, mainly in the catalytic domain region. This enzyme has already been described in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and the ovaries of females appeared to be the major site of GSK-3 transcription. The treatment with GSK-3 specific inhibitor (alsterpaullone, bromo-indirubin-oxime 6 and indirubin-3-oxime) caused a reduction in oviposition and egg hatching in completely engorged female ticks. The effect was more pronounced in partially engorged females when alsterpaullone was administrated by artificial capillary feeding. Moreover, GSK-3 gene silencing by RNAi in partially engorged females reduced significantly both oviposition and hatching. The study of tick embryogenesis and proteins that participate in this process has been suggested as an important means for the development of novel strategies for parasite control. GSK-3 is an essential protein involved in embryonic processes and for this reason it has already been suggested as a possible antigen candidate for tick control.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mills-Lujan K, Deom CM. Geminivirus C4 protein alters Arabidopsis development. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 239:95-110. [PMID: 20091067 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-009-0086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The C4 protein of beet curly top virus [BCTV-B (US:Log:76)] induces hyperplasia in infected phloem tissue and tumorigenic growths in transgenic plants. The protein offers an excellent model for studying cell cycle control, cell differentiation, and plant development. To investigate the role of the C4 protein in plant development, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants were generated in which the C4 transgene was expressed under the control of an inducible promoter. A detailed analysis of the developmental changes that occur in cotyledons and hypocotyls of seedlings expressing the C4 transgene showed extensive cell division in all tissues types examined, radically altered tissue layer organization, and the absence of a clearly defined vascular system. Induced seedlings failed to develop true leaves, lateral roots, and shoot and root apical meristems, as well as vascular tissue. Specialized epidermis structures, such as stomata and root hairs, were either absent or developmentally impaired in seedlings that expressed C4 protein. Exogenous application of brassinosteroid and abscisic acid weakly rescued the C4-induced phenotype, while induced seedlings were hypersensitive to gibberellic acid and kinetin. These results indicate that ectopic expression of the BCTV C4 protein in A. thaliana drastically alters plant development, possibly through the disruption of multiple hormonal pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Mills-Lujan
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7274, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dogra SC, Eini O, Rezaian MA, Randles JW. A novel shaggy-like kinase interacts with the Tomato leaf curl virus pathogenicity determinant C4 protein. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 71:25-38. [PMID: 19533382 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl virus-Australia (ToLCV) C4 protein has been shown to be associated with virus pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that C4 acts as a suppressor of gene silencing. To understand the multifunctional role of C4, a novel shaggy-like kinase (SlSK) from tomato, which interacts with ToLCV C4 in a yeast two-hybrid assay, was isolated and interaction between these proteins was confirmed in vitro and in planta. Using deletion analysis of C4, a 12 amino acid region in the C-terminal part of C4 was identified which was shown to be essential for its binding to SlSK. We further demonstrate that this region is not only important for the interaction of C4 with SlSK, but is also required for C4 function to suppress gene silencing activity and to induce virus symptoms in a PVX system. The potential significance of ToLCV C4 and SlSK interaction is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish C Dogra
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Koh S, Lee SC, Kim MK, Koh JH, Lee S, An G, Choe S, Kim SR. T-DNA tagged knockout mutation of rice OsGSK1, an orthologue of Arabidopsis BIN2, with enhanced tolerance to various abiotic stresses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 65:453-66. [PMID: 17690841 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
T-DNA-tagged rice plants were screened under cold- or salt-stress conditions to determine the genes involved in the molecular mechanism for their abiotic-stress response. Line 0-165-65 was identified as a salt-responsive line. The gene responsible for this GUS-positive phenotype was revealed by inverse PCR as OsGSK1 (Oryza sativa glycogen synthase kinase3-like gene 1), a member of the plant GSK3/SHAGGY-like protein kinase genes and an orthologue of the Arabidopsis brassinosteroid insensitive 2 (BIN2), AtSK21. Northern blot analysis showed that OsGSK1 was most highly detected in the developing panicles, suggesting that its expression is developmental stage specific. Knockout (KO) mutants of OsGSK1 showed enhanced tolerance to cold, heat, salt, and drought stresses when compared with non-transgenic segregants (NT). Overexpression of the full-length OsGSK1 led to a stunted growth phenotype similar to the one observed with the gain-of-function BIN/AtSK21 mutant. This suggests that OsGSK1 might be a functional rice orthologue that serves as a negative regulator of brassinosteroid (BR)-signaling. Therefore, we propose that stress-responsive OsGSK1 may have physiological roles in stress signal-transduction pathways and floral developmental processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serry Koh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang H, Chevalier D, Larue C, Ki Cho S, Walker JC. The Protein Phosphatases and Protein Kinases of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2007; 5:e0106. [PMID: 22303230 PMCID: PMC3243368 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John C. Walker
- Corresponding author: Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211 USA,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Piroux N, Saunders K, Page A, Stanley J. Geminivirus pathogenicity protein C4 interacts with Arabidopsis thaliana shaggy-related protein kinase AtSKeta, a component of the brassinosteroid signalling pathway. Virology 2007; 362:428-40. [PMID: 17280695 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beet curly top virus (BCTV) C4 interacted with two members of the shaggy-related protein kinase family (AtSKeta and AtSKzeta) and a putative leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) AC4 also bound with similar efficiency to AtSKeta and AtSKzeta but was unable to interact with the LRR-RLK. BCTV C4 interaction with AtSKeta was confirmed using an in vitro binding assay. The protein kinases were capable of autophosphorylation in vitro and AtSKeta phosphorylated BCTV C4 at threonine and serine residues. AtSKeta phosphorylation of TGMV AC4 was significantly less efficient. The LRR-RLK did not efficiently phosphorylate BCTV C4. BCTV C4 localisation to the cell periphery in Nicotiana benthamiana was dependent on an intact N-terminal myristoylation motif, consistent with plasma membrane targeting. The intact motif was also required to produce the wild-type disease phenotype. Transient expression of BCTV C4 and TGMV AC4 derivatives in N. benthamiana identified additional amino acids within a central domain that contribute to the phenotype. The interaction with AtSKeta indicates that BCTV C4 interacts with the brassinosteroid signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Piroux
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dornelas MC, Camargo RLB, Berger IJ, Takita MA. Towards the identification of flower-specific genes in Citrus spp. Genet Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572007000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
23
|
Yoo MJ, Albert VA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Phylogenetic diversification of glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase genes in plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 6:3. [PMID: 16504046 PMCID: PMC1524769 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) are non-receptor serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in a variety of biological processes. In contrast to the two members of the GSK3 family in mammals, plants appear to have a much larger set of divergent GSK genes. Plant GSKs are encoded by a multigene family; analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed the existence of 10 GSK genes that fall into four major groups. Here we characterized the structure of Arabidopsis and rice GSK genes and conducted the first broad phylogenetic analysis of the plant GSK gene family, covering a taxonomically diverse array of algal and land plant sequences. RESULTS We found that the structure of GSK genes is generally conserved in Arabidopsis and rice, although we documented examples of exon expansion and intron loss. Our phylogenetic analyses of 139 sequences revealed four major clades of GSK genes that correspond to the four subgroups initially recognized in Arabidopsis. ESTs from basal angiosperms were represented in all four major clades; GSK homologs from the basal angiosperm Persea americana (avocado) appeared in all four clades. Gymnosperm sequences occurred in clades I, III, and IV, and a sequence of the red alga Porphyra was sister to all green plant sequences. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that (1) the plant-specific GSK gene lineage was established early in the history of green plants, (2) plant GSKs began to diversify prior to the origin of extant seed plants, (3) three of the four major clades of GSKs present in Arabidopsis and rice were established early in the evolutionary history of extant seed plants, and (4) diversification into four major clades (as initially reported in Arabidopsis) occurred either just prior to the origin of the angiosperms or very early in angiosperm history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Yoo
- Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Victor A Albert
- The Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Botany and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun Y, Allen RD. Functional analysis of the BIN 2 genes of cotton. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 274:51-9. [PMID: 15973517 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-005-1122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BR) promote the elongation of cotton fibers and may be a factor in determining their final length. To begin to understand the role of BR-mediated responses in the development of cotton fibers we have characterized the BIN 2 genes of cotton. BIN 2 is a member of the shaggy-like protein kinase family that has been identified as a negative regulator of BR signaling in Arabidopsis. Sequence analyses indicate that the tetraploid cotton genome includes four genes with strong sequence similarity to BIN 2. These genes fall into two distinct subclasses based on sequence and expression patterns. Sequence comparisons with corresponding genes from cotton species that have the diploid A and D genomes, respectively, shows that each pair of genes comprises homeologs derived from the A and D sub-genomes. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants that express these cotton BIN 2 cDNAs show reduced growth and similar phenotypes to the semi-dominant bin 2 mutant plants. These results indicate that the cotton BIN 2 genes encode functional BIN 2 isoforms that can inhibit BR signaling. Further analyses of the function of BIN 2 genes and their possible roles in determining fiber yield and quality are underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chakravarthy S, Tuori RP, D'Ascenzo MD, Fobert PR, Despres C, Martin GB. The tomato transcription factor Pti4 regulates defense-related gene expression via GCC box and non-GCC box cis elements. THE PLANT CELL 2003; 15:3033-50. [PMID: 14630974 PMCID: PMC282854 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.017574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The tomato transcription factor Pti4, an ethylene-responsive factor (ERF), interacts physically with the disease resistance protein Pto and binds the GCC box cis element that is present in the promoters of many pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. We reported previously that Arabidopsis plants expressing Pti4 constitutively express several GCC box-containing PR genes and show reduced disease symptoms compared with wild-type plants after inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato or Erysiphe orontii. To gain insight into how genome-wide gene expression is affected by Pti4, we used serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to compare transcripts in wild-type and Pti4-expressing Arabidopsis plants. SAGE provided quantitative measurements of >20,000 transcripts and identified the 50 most highly expressed genes in Arabidopsis vegetative tissues. Comparison of the profiles from wild-type and Pti4-expressing Arabidopsis plants revealed 78 differentially abundant transcripts encoding defense-related proteins, protein kinases, ribosomal proteins, transporters, and two transcription factors (TFs). Many of the genes identified were expressed differentially in wild-type Arabidopsis during infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato, supporting a role for them in defense-related processes. Unexpectedly, the promoters of most Pti4-regulated genes did not have a GCC box. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that Pti4 binds in vivo to promoters lacking this cis element. Potential binding sites for ERF, MYB, and GBF TFs were present in statistically significantly increased numbers in promoters regulated by Pti4. Thus, Pti4 appears to regulate gene expression directly by binding the GCC box and possibly a non-GCC box element and indirectly by either activating the expression of TF genes or interacting physically with other TFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suma Chakravarthy
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853-1801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Choe S, Schmitz RJ, Fujioka S, Takatsuto S, Lee MO, Yoshida S, Feldmann KA, Tax FE. Arabidopsis brassinosteroid-insensitive dwarf12 mutants are semidominant and defective in a glycogen synthase kinase 3beta-like kinase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1506-15. [PMID: 12428015 PMCID: PMC166669 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2002] [Revised: 07/11/2002] [Accepted: 07/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutants defective in the biosynthesis or signaling of brassinosteroids (BRs), plant steroid hormones, display dwarfism. Loss-of-function mutants for the gene encoding the plasma membrane-located BR receptor BRI1 are resistant to exogenous application of BRs, and characterization of this protein has contributed significantly to the understanding of BR signaling. We have isolated two new BR-insensitive mutants (dwarf12-1D and dwf12-2D) after screening Arabidopsis ethyl methanesulfonate mutant populations. dwf12 mutants displayed the characteristic morphology of previously reported BR dwarfs including short stature, short round leaves, infertility, and abnormal de-etiolation. In addition, dwf12 mutants exhibited several unique phenotypes, including severe downward curling of the leaves. Genetic analysis indicates that the two mutations are semidominant in that heterozygous plants show a semidwarf phenotype whose height is intermediate between wild-type and homozygous mutant plants. Unlike BR biosynthetic mutants, dwf12 plants were not rescued by high doses of exogenously applied BRs. Like bri1 mutants, dwf12 plants accumulated castasterone and brassinolide, 43- and 15-fold higher, respectively, providing further evidence that DWF12 is a component of the BR signaling pathway that includes BRI1. Map-based cloning of the DWF12 gene revealed that DWF12 belongs to a member of the glycogen synthase kinase 3beta family. Unlike human glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, DWF12 lacks the conserved serine-9 residue in the auto-inhibitory N terminus. In addition, dwf12-1D and dwf12-2D encode changes in consecutive glutamate residues in a highly conserved TREE domain. Together with previous reports that both bin2 and ucu1 mutants contain mutations in this TREE domain, this provides evidence that the TREE domain is of critical importance for proper function of DWF12/BIN2/UCU1 in BR signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwa Choe
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Charrier B, Champion A, Henry Y, Kreis M. Expression profiling of the whole Arabidopsis shaggy-like kinase multigene family by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:577-90. [PMID: 12376626 PMCID: PMC166588 DOI: 10.1104/pp.009175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2002] [Accepted: 06/25/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent publication of the complete sequence of the Arabidopsis genome allowed us to identify and characterize the last two members of the SHAGGY-like kinase (AtSK) gene family. As a result, the study of the overall spatio-temporal organization of the whole AtSK family in Arabidopsis has become an achievable and necessary aim to understand the role of each SHAGGY-like kinase during plant development. An analysis of the transcript level of the 10 members of the family has been performed using the technique of real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Transcript levels in several organs, under different growth conditions, were analyzed. To calibrate the results obtained, a number of other genes, such as those coding for the two MAP3Kepsilons and the two MAP4Kalphas, as well as the stress response marker RD29A; the small subunit of the Rubisco photosynthetic enzyme Ats1A; the MEDEA chromatin remodeling factor; and the SCARECROW, ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1, and SUPERMAN transcription factors all involved in key steps of plant development were used. The analysis of our data revealed that eight of the 10 genes of the AtSK family displayed a pseudo-constitutive expression pattern at the organ level. Conversely, AtSK13 responded to osmotic changes and saline treatment, whereas AtSK31 was flower specific and responded to osmotic changes and darkness.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Adaptation, Physiological/radiation effects
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis Proteins/drug effects
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/analogs & derivatives
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/drug effects
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/radiation effects
- Light
- Osmotic Pressure/drug effects
- Phylogeny
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Stress, Mechanical
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Water/pharmacology
- Water/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Charrier
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8618, Université Paris-Sud (XI), 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jonak C, Hirt H. Glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases in plants: an emerging family with novel functions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2002; 7:457-61. [PMID: 12399181 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Animal glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3)/SHAGGY kinases have been studied for more than 20 years, whereas plant glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) have only recently entered the scene. Present evidence indicates that plant GSKs are involved in different processes, such as flower development, brassinosteroid signaling, NaCl stress and wound responses. In contrast to mammals, which contain two genes, plants have a multigene family of GSKs. Analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed the existence of ten GSK genes that fall into four distinct subfamilies. We discuss the functions and mechanisms of GSK action in plants and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jonak
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, Wien, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Continued genetic screening and analysis of Arabidopsis mutants has extended our view of brassinosteroid signaling beyond hormone perception to downstream events involving a negative cytoplasmic regulator and nuclear localized positive activators of the brassinosteroid response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Clouse
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yin Y, Wang ZY, Mora-Garcia S, Li J, Yoshida S, Asami T, Chory J. BES1 accumulates in the nucleus in response to brassinosteroids to regulate gene expression and promote stem elongation. Cell 2002; 109:181-91. [PMID: 12007405 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant steroid hormones, known as brassinosteroids (BRs), signal through a plasma membrane localized receptor kinase BRI1. We identified bes1, a semidominant suppressor of bri1, which exhibits constitutive BR response phenotypes including long and bending petioles, curly leaves, accelerated senescence, and constitutive expression of BR-response genes. BES1 accumulates in the nucleus in response to BRs. BES1 is phosphorylated and appears to be destabilized by the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) BIN2, a negative regulator of the BR pathway. These results establish a signaling cascade for BRs with similarities to the Wnt pathway, in which signaling through cell surface receptors leads to inactivation of a GSK-3 allowing accumulation of a nuclear protein that regulates target gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhai Yin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
GSK3/SHAGGY is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase implicated in many signaling pathways in eukaryotes. Although many GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinases have been identified in plants, little is known about their functions in plant growth and development. Here we show that the Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) gene encodes a GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase. Gain-of-function mutations within its coding sequence or its overexpression inhibit brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, resulting in plants that resemble BR-deficient and BR-response mutants. In contrast, reduced BIN2 expression via cosuppression partially rescues a weak BR-signaling mutation. Thus, BIN2 acts as a negative regulator to control steroid signaling in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pérez-Pérez JM, Ponce MR, Micol JL. The UCU1 Arabidopsis gene encodes a SHAGGY/GSK3-like kinase required for cell expansion along the proximodistal axis. Dev Biol 2002; 242:161-73. [PMID: 11820813 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most signal transduction pathways central to development are not shared by plants and animals. Such is the case of the Wingless/Wnt signaling pathway, whose components play key roles in metazoan pattern formation and tumorigenesis, but are absent in plants, with the exception of SHAGGY/GSK3, a cytoplasmic protein kinase represented in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana by a family of 10 AtSK genes for which mutational evidence is scarce. Here, we describe the characterization of mutant alleles of the Arabidopsis ULTRACURVATA1 (UCU1) gene, the two strongest of which dramatically reduce cell expansion along the proximodistal axis, dwarfing the mutant plants, whose cells expand properly across but not along most organs. Proximodistal expansion of adaxial (dorsal) and abaxial (ventral) leaf cells exhibits a differential dependence on UCU1 function, as suggested by the leaves of ucu1 mutants, which are rolled spirally downward in a circinate manner. We have positionally cloned the UCU1 gene, which encodes an AtSK protein involved in the cross-talk between auxin and brassinosteroid signaling pathways, as indicated by the responses of ucu1 mutants to plant hormones and the phenotypes of double mutants involving ucu1 alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Pérez-Pérez
- División de Genética and Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Barakat A, Szick-Miranda K, Chang IF, Guyot R, Blanc G, Cooke R, Delseny M, Bailey-Serres J. The organization of cytoplasmic ribosomal protein genes in the Arabidopsis genome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 127:398-415. [PMID: 11598216 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic ribosomes are made of two components, four ribosomal RNAs, and approximately 80 ribosomal proteins (r-proteins). The exact number of r-proteins and r-protein genes in higher plants is not known. The strong conservation in eukaryotic r-protein primary sequence allowed us to use the well-characterized rat (Rattus norvegicus) r-protein set to identify orthologues on the five haploid chromosomes of Arabidopsis. By use of the numerous expressed sequence tag (EST) accessions and the complete genomic sequence of this species, we identified 249 genes (including some pseudogenes) corresponding to 80 (32 small subunit and 48 large subunit) cytoplasmic r-protein types. None of the r-protein genes are single copy and most are encoded by three or four expressed genes, indicative of the internal duplication of the Arabidopsis genome. The r-proteins are distributed throughout the genome. Inspection of genes in the vicinity of r-protein gene family members confirms extensive duplications of large chromosome fragments and sheds light on the evolutionary history of the Arabidopsis genome. Examination of large duplicated regions indicated that a significant fraction of the r-protein genes have been either lost from one of the duplicated fragments or inserted after the initial duplication event. Only 52 r-protein genes lack a matching EST accession, and 19 of these contain incomplete open reading frames, confirming that most genes are expressed. Assessment of cognate EST numbers suggests that r-protein gene family members are differentially expressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Barakat
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5096 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue de Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Silva NF, Christie LN, Mazzurco M, Goring DR. Characterization of a novel Brassica napus kinase, BNK1. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 160:611-620. [PMID: 11448736 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel plant protein kinase, designated Brassica napus kinase 1 (BNK1), was isolated from a lambda-pistil cDNA library. The deduced BNK1 protein contains all eleven conserved subdomains of a kinase and encodes a functional serine/threonine protein kinase. Phylogenetic analysis of several plant protein kinase subfamilies showed that BNK1 is most closely related to the NAK subfamily of protein kinases. Genomic Southern blot analysis revealed that BNK1 is a single copy gene in the B. napus genome and does not appear to be a member of a multigene family. Expression studies revealed that the BNK1 transcript was ubiquitously expressed throughout the plant, with highest levels in stem and pistil tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N F. Silva
- Biology Department, York University, Ont., M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dornelas MC, Van Lammeren AA, Kreis M. Arabidopsis thaliana SHAGGY-related protein kinases (AtSK11 and 12) function in perianth and gynoecium development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 21:419-29. [PMID: 10758494 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the correct patterning of the floral meristem in terms of organ type, number and form is the result of a concerted expression of a network of genes. We describe phenotypes of flower patterning, resulting from a reduction of transcript levels of the Arabidopsis SHAGGY-related protein kinase genes AtSK11(ASKalpha) and AtSK12(ASKgamma). The AtSK genes are plant homologues of the Drosophila shaggy (SGG) gene and the mammalian Glycogen-Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3). The SGG protein kinase is a key component of the wingless signalling pathway and is required for the establishment of tissue patterning and cell fate determination. The expression patterns of the AtSK11(ASKalpha) and AtSK12(ASKgamma) genes during wild-type Arabidopsis inflorescence development, detected by in situ hybridisation, have been shown to be consistent with a possible role in floral meristem patterning. AtSK11(ASKalpha) and AtSK12(ASKgamma) transcripts were detected at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem and in the floral meristem. At later stages the expression of the AtSK genes became localised in specific regions of developing flower organ primordia. Furthermore, we have obtained and analysed transgenic plants containing AtSK11(ASKalpha) and AtSK12(ASKgamma) gene specific antisense constructs. These plants developed flowers showing a higher number of perianth organs and an alteration of the apical-basal patterning of the gynoecium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Dornelas
- Université de Paris-Sud, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), UMR/CNRS 8618, Bâtiment 630, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hartwell J, Gill A, Nimmo GA, Wilkins MB, Jenkins GI, Nimmo HG. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase is a novel protein kinase regulated at the level of expression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 20:333-42. [PMID: 10571893 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.t01-1-00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase plays a key role in the control of plant metabolism. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase is a Ca2+-independent enzyme that is activated by a process involving protein synthesis in response to a range of signals in different plant tissues. The component whose synthesis is required for activation has not previously been identified, nor has the kinase been characterised at a molecular level. We report the cloning of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase from the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism plant Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi and the C3 plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Surprisingly, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase is a member of the Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated group of protein kinases. However, it lacks the auto-inhibitory region and EF hands of plant Ca2+-dependent protein kinases, explaining its Ca2+-independence. Its sequence is novel in that it comprises only a protein kinase catalytic domain with no regulatory regions; it appears to be the smallest known protein kinase. In K. fedtschenkoi, the abundance of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase transcripts increases during leaf development. The transcript level in mature leaves is very low during the photoperiod, reaches a peak in the middle of the dark period and correlates with kinase activity. It exhibits a circadian oscillation in constant conditions. Protein kinases are typically regulated by second messengers, phosphorylation or protein/protein interactions. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase is an exception to this general rule, being controlled only at the level of expression. In K. fedtschenkoi, its expression is controlled both developmentally and by a circadian oscillator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hartwell
- Plant Molecular Science Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Richman AS, Gijzen M, Starratt AN, Yang Z, Brandle JE. Diterpene synthesis in Stevia rebaudiana: recruitment and up-regulation of key enzymes from the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 19:411-421. [PMID: 10504563 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves accumulate a mixture of at least eight different glycosides derived from the tetracyclic diterpene steviol. These natural products taste intensely sweet and have similar biosynthetic origins to those of gibberellic acid (GA). The initial steps leading to the formation of GA result from the two-step cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) to (-)-kaurene via the action of two terpene cyclases (-)-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) and (-)-kaurene synthase (KS). Steviol biosynthesis probably uses the same mechanism although the genes and enzymes from S. rebaudiana that are involved in the cyclization of GGDP have not been characterized. We have isolated both the CPS and KS genes from S. rebaudiana and found that recombinant CPS and KS were catalytically active, suggesting that the CPS and KS genes participate in steviol biosynthesis. The genes coding for CPS and KS are usually present in single copies in most plant species and their expression is normally low and limited to rapidly growing tissues. The KS gene has been duplicated in the S. rebaudiana genome and both the KS and CPS genes are highly expressed in mature leaves, a pattern opposite to that found with GA biosynthesis. This pattern may, at least in part, lead to temporal and spatial separation of GA and steviol biosynthesis and probably helps to prevent over-expression from interfering with normal GA metabolism. Our results show that CPS and KS are part of the steviol glycoside biosynthetic pathway and that Stevia rebaudiana has recruited two genes to secondary metabolism from a highly regulated pathway involved in hormone biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Richman
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The first plant protein kinase sequences were reported as recently as 1989, but by mid-1998 there were more than 500, including 175 in Arabidopsis thaliana alone. Despite this impressive pace of discovery, progress in understanding the detailed functions of protein kinases in plants has been slower. Protein serine/threonine kinases from A. thaliana can be divided into around a dozen major groups based on their sequence relationships. For each of these groups, studies on animal and fungal homologs are briefly reviewed, and direct studies of their physiological functions in plants are then discussed in more detail. The network of protein-serine/threonine kinases in plant cells appears to act as a "central processor unit" (cpu), accepting input information from receptors that sense environmental conditions, phytohormones, and other external factors, and converting it into appropriate outputs such as changes in metabolism, gene expression, and cell growth and division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Hardie
- Biochemistry Department, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Aubourg S, Picaud A, Kreis M, Lecharny A. Structure and expression of three src2 homologues and a novel subfamily of flavoprotein monooxygenase genes revealed by the analysis of a 25kb fragment from Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome IV. Gene 1999; 230:197-205. [PMID: 10216258 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological and computer-assisted analyses of a 25kb fragment from Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome IV led to the characterization of two multigene families and three novel orphan genes, not previously described. The first gene family named AtMO1-4 encodes monooxygenases, related to the prokaryotic salicylate hydroxylases. The second gene family contains three members, two on the analysed 25kb fragment and one on chromosome I. The latter three genes lack introns and are homologous to the previously studied Glycine max src2 gene which is overexpressed at low temperature. Gene expression and primary structure of the deduced proteins are described and compared. Three genes of unknown function, showing tissue specific expressions, are characterized on the 25kb fragment. Full length or partial cognate cDNAs have been sequenced for all the genes studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Aubourg
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université de Paris-Sud, ERS/CNRS 569, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Piao HL, Pih KT, Lim JH, Kang SG, Jin JB, Kim SH, Hwang I. An Arabidopsis GSK3/shaggy-like gene that complements yeast salt stress-sensitive mutants is induced by NaCl and abscisic acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 119:1527-34. [PMID: 10198112 PMCID: PMC32038 DOI: 10.1104/pp.119.4.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/1998] [Accepted: 12/13/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
GSK3/shaggy-like genes encode kinases that are involved in a variety of biological processes. By functional complementation of the yeast calcineurin mutant strain DHT22-1a with a NaCl stress-sensitive phenotype, we isolated the Arabidopsis cDNA AtGSK1, which encodes a GSK3/shaggy-like protein kinase. AtGSK1 rescued the yeast calcineurin mutant cells from the effects of high NaCl. Also, the AtGSK1 gene turned on the transcription of the NaCl stress-inducible PMR2A gene in the calcineurin mutant cells under NaCl stress. To further define the role of AtGSK1 in the yeast cells we introduced a deletion mutation at the MCK1 gene, a yeast homolog of GSK3, and examined the phenotype of the mutant. The mck1 mutant exhibited a NaCl stress-sensitive phenotype that was rescued by AtGSK1. Also, constitutive expression of MCK1 complemented the NaCl-sensitive phenotype of the calcineurin mutants. Therefore, these results suggest that Mck1p is involved in the NaCl stress signaling in yeast and that AtGSK1 may functionally replace Mck1p in the NaCl stress response in the calcineurin mutant. To investigate the biological function of AtGSK1 in Arabidopsis we examined the expression of AtGSK1. Northern-blot analysis revealed that the expression is differentially regulated in various tissues with a high level expression in flower tissues. In addition, the AtGSK1 expression was induced by NaCl and exogenously applied ABA but not by KCl. Taken together, these results suggest that AtGSK1 is involved in the osmotic stress response in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Piao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, 660-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|