1
|
Lauko S, Gancarcikova S, Hrckova G, Hajduckova V, Andrejcakova Z, Fecskeova LK, Bertkova I, Hijova E, Kamlarova A, Janicko M, Ambro L, Kvakova M, Gulasova Z, Strojny L, Strkolcova G, Mudronova D, Madar M, Demeckova V, Nemetova D, Pacuta I, Sopkova D. Beneficial Effect of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation on Mild, Moderate and Severe Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in a Pseudo Germ-Free Animal Model. Biomedicines 2023; 12:43. [PMID: 38255150 PMCID: PMC10813722 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of faecal microbiota (FMT) is generally considered a safe therapeutic procedure with few adverse effects. The main factors that limit the spread of the use of FMT therapy for idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are the necessity of minimising the risk of infection and transfer of another disease. Obtaining the animal model of UC (ulcerative colitis) by exposure to DSS (dextran sodium sulphate) depends on many factors that significantly affect the result. Per os intake of DSS with water is individual for each animal and results in the development of a range of various forms of induced UC. For this reason, the aim of our study was to evaluate the modulation and regenerative effects of FMT on the clinical and histopathological responses and the changes in the bowel microenvironment in pseudo germ-free (PGF) mice of the BALB/c line subjected to chemical induction of mild, moderate and serious forms of UC. The goal was to obtain new data related to the safety and effectiveness of FMT that can contribute to its improved and optimised use. The animals with mild and moderate forms of UC subjected to FMT treatment exhibited lower severity of the disease and markedly lower damage to the colon, including reduced clinical and histological disease index and decreased inflammatory response of colon mucosa. However, FMT treatment failed to achieve the expected therapeutic effect in animals with the serious form of UC activity. The results of our study indicated a potential safety risk involving development of bacteraemia and also translocation of non-pathogenic representatives of bowel microbiota associated with FMT treatment of animals with a diagnosed serious form of UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Lauko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (S.L.); (V.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (D.N.); (I.P.)
| | - Sona Gancarcikova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (S.L.); (V.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (D.N.); (I.P.)
| | - Gabriela Hrckova
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Vanda Hajduckova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (S.L.); (V.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (D.N.); (I.P.)
| | - Zuzana Andrejcakova
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (Z.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Livia Kolesar Fecskeova
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital (UHLP) in Kosice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Izabela Bertkova
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research—MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia; (I.B.); (E.H.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (Z.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Emilia Hijova
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research—MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia; (I.B.); (E.H.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (Z.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Anna Kamlarova
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research—MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia; (I.B.); (E.H.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (Z.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Martin Janicko
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Kosice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Lubos Ambro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Monika Kvakova
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research—MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia; (I.B.); (E.H.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (Z.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Zuzana Gulasova
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research—MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia; (I.B.); (E.H.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (Z.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Ladislav Strojny
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research—MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia; (I.B.); (E.H.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (Z.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Gabriela Strkolcova
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Dagmar Mudronova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (S.L.); (V.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (D.N.); (I.P.)
| | - Marian Madar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (S.L.); (V.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (D.N.); (I.P.)
| | - Vlasta Demeckova
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Daniela Nemetova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (S.L.); (V.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (D.N.); (I.P.)
| | - Ivan Pacuta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (S.L.); (V.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (D.N.); (I.P.)
| | - Drahomira Sopkova
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (Z.A.); (D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Castelo PG, Rodrigues LA, Gabardo MDP, Guedes RMC, Moreno AM, Coura FM, Heinemann MB, Rosa BO, Brustolini APL, Araújo ICS, Fontes DDO. A dietary spray-dried plasma feeding programme improves growth performance and reduces faecal bacterial shedding of nursery pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:581-588. [PMID: 35934921 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of different spray-dried plasma (SDP) feeding programmes to pigs on performance, intestinal histomorphology and faecal bacterial shedding after an Escherichia coli K88 challenge. A total of 96 piglets (5.77 ± 0.01 kg) were weaned at 21 days of age (Day 0) and challenged with 3 ml of 1 × 1010 CFU of E. coli K88 in total 3.0 × 1010 CFU/animal on Days 0, 2 and 4. Pigs were fed nursery diets containing 0.0%, 3.0%, 6.0% or 9.0% SDP from weaning to 35 days of age; 0.0%, 1.5%, 3.0% or 4.5% SDP from 36 to 49 days; and the same control diet (without SDP), for the last 10 days of the experiment (50-59 days of age). Performance was measured from 35 to 59 days of age and faecal bacterial shedding and intestinal histomorphometry were evaluated at Days 28 and 49 of age respectively. From 21 to 35 days of age, there was a linear effect for body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), a trend of linear effect for average daily feed intake (ADFI) and a quadratic effect for feed:gain ratio (FG). From 21 to 49 days, the 9.0:4.5% and 6.0:3.0% SDP feeding programmes improved BW, ADG and FG when compared to the other treatments. At 59 days of age, BW and ADG were increased by the two highest SDP feeding programmes. The 9.0:4.5% SDP feeding programme increased ADFI from 21 to 59 days of age, with 6.0:3.0% being intermediate and the other two treatments being lowest. The CFU counts of E. coli/g of faeces decreased linearly with increasing addition of SDP. These results indicate that an extended inclusion of increased SDP levels in post-weaning diets can improve growth potential and decrease bacterial shedding induced by E. coli K88.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro G Castelo
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Rodrigues
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michele de P Gabardo
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Carvalho Guedes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Bruno O Rosa
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana P L Brustolini
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Itallo C S Araújo
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dalton de O Fontes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim H, Lee SH, Kim BG. Effects of dietary spray-dried plasma protein on nutrient digestibility and growth performance in nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skab351. [PMID: 34850909 PMCID: PMC8827010 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to determine the digestible energy and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA; Exp. 1) and to determine growth performance (Exp. 2) of two sources of dietary spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, twelve nursery barrows (9.8 ± 0.9 kg) were assigned to a quadruplicated 3 × 2 Latin square design with three diets and two periods. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation, 2 d of fecal sampling, and 2 d of ileal collection. A basal diet was composed of corn, soybean meal, whey, and sucrose as the sole energy and AA sources. Experimental diets were prepared by replacing 15% of the energy and AA sources in the basal diet with SDPP 1 (manufactured in the United States; 78.2% crude protein and 4,862 kcal gross energy/kg as-is) or SDPP 2 (manufactured in Korea; 74.3% crude protein and 4,636 kcal gross energy/kg as-is). Spray-dried plasma protein 1 had greater digestible energy (P < 0.05), but less (P < 0.05) standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met, Trp, and Thr compared with SDPP 2. In Exp. 2, eighty-four nursery pigs (7.9 ± 0.7 kg) were allotted to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with seven replicate pens and four pigs per pen. Three corn-soybean meal-whey-based diets contained fish meal (6% and 3.5% for days 0 to 14 and 14 to 28, respectively), SDPP 1 (4.5% and 2.7%), or SDPP 2 (5.0% and 3.0%) to maintain same energy and nutrient concentrations. During days 0 to 14 and overall period, pigs fed the diets containing SDPP gained more weight (P < 0.05) than those fed the fish meal diet with no difference between two SDPP sources. In conclusion, SDPP 1 contains greater digestible energy but less AA digestibility compared with SDPP 2. Growth-promoting effects of both SDPP sources in nursery diets have been clearly demonstrated in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kurt T, Wong N, Fowler H, Gay C, Lillehoj H, Plummer P, Scott HM, Hoelzer K. Strategic Priorities for Research on Antibiotic Alternatives in Animal Agriculture-Results From an Expert Workshop. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:429. [PMID: 31850384 PMCID: PMC6896835 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence, spread, and expansion of antibiotic resistance and increasing restrictions on the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture have created a need for efficacious alternatives that remains unmet. Prioritizing research needs in the development of alternatives is key to ensuring that scarce research resources are dedicated to the most promising approaches. However, frameworks to enable a consistent, systematic, and transparent evaluation of antibiotic alternative candidates are lacking. Here, we present such an evaluation framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kurt
- Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nora Wong
- Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Cyril Gay
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Hyun Lillehoj
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Paul Plummer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Karin Hoelzer
- Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Immune Response of Piglets Receiving Mixture of Formic and Propionic Acid Alone or with Either Capric Acid or Bacillus Licheniformis after Escherichia coli Challenge. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6416187. [PMID: 31019970 PMCID: PMC6452560 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6416187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate whether diets containing mixture of formic and propionic acid alone or supplemented with either capric acid or Bacillus Licheniformis can alleviate immune inflammatory response of piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). A total of 30 weaning pigs were assigned to 5 diets, without additive (CON), with antibiotics (ATB), with 1% organic acid (OA; 64% formic and 25% propionic acid), with OA plus 0.2% capric acid (OA + CRA), and with OA plus 0.02% probiotic (Bacillus Licheniformis; OA + PB). After oral challenge with ETEC on day 10, the feces and plasma of all pigs were collected at different time points. Four additive treatments all decreased rectal temperature (RT) at 9 h and fecal scores (FS) at 24 h after challenge (P < 0.05), while at 9 h after challenge, inclusion of OA induced a decrease of RT compared with OA + CRA and OA + PB (P < 0.05). In plasma, concentration of interleukin (IL)-1β was reduced with the addition of ATB and OA at 24 h and 48 h after challenge and it is lower in OA group than OA + CRA group at 24 h after challenge (P < 0.05). Diets with ATB, OA, and OA + PB caused a decrease of the concentrations of IL-6 in plasma at 9 h after challenge (P < 0.05). The four additives treated piglets showed decreased concentrations of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ at 9 h and 24 h after challenge, respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, OA supplementation alleviated the inflammatory response and reduced diarrhea incidence in piglets challenged with ETEC. However, no further improvements were observed when OA supplemented with CRA or probiotics.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmed ST, Mun HS, Islam MM, Yoe H, Yang CJ. Monitoring Activity for Recognition of Illness in Experimentally Infected Weaned Piglets Using Received Signal Strength Indication ZigBee-based Wireless Acceleration Sensor. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:149-56. [PMID: 26732339 PMCID: PMC4698682 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this experiment, we proposed and implemented a disease forecasting system using a received signal strength indication ZigBee-based wireless network with a 3-axis acceleration sensor to detect illness at an early stage by monitoring movement of experimentally infected weaned piglets. Twenty seven piglets were divided into control, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection, and Escherichia coli (EC) infection group, and their movements were monitored for five days using wireless sensor nodes on their backs. Data generated showed the 3-axis movement of piglets (X-axis: left and right direction, Y-axis: anteroposterior direction, and Z-axis: up and down direction) at five different time periods. Piglets in both infected groups had lower weight gain and feed intake, as well as higher feed conversion ratios than the control group (p<0.05). Infection with SE and EC resulted in reduced body temperature of the piglets at day 2, 4, and 5 (p<0.05). The early morning X-axis movement did not differ between groups; however, the Y-axis movement was higher in the EC group (day 1 and 2), and the Z-axis movement was higher in the EC (day 1) and SE group (day 4) during different experimental periods (p<0.05). The morning X and Y-axis movement did not differ between treatment groups. However, the Z-axis movement was higher in both infected groups at day 1 and lower at day 4 compared to the control (p<0.05). The midday X-axis movement was significantly lower in both infected groups (day 4 and 5) compared to the control (p<0.05), whereas the Y-axis movement did not differ. The Z-axis movement was highest in the SE group at day 1 and 2 and lower at day 4 and 5 (p<0.05). Evening X-axis movement was highest in the control group throughout the experimental period. During day 1 and 2, the Z-axis movement was higher in both of the infected groups; whereas it was lower in the SE group during day 3 and 4 (p<0.05). During day 1 and 2, the night X-axis movement was lower and the Z-axis movement was higher in the infected piglets (p<0.05). Overall, the movement of infected piglets was altered, and the acceleration sensor could be successfully employed for monitoring pig activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tabasum Ahmed
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-950, Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Mun
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-950, Korea
| | - Md Manirul Islam
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-950, Korea
| | - Hyun Yoe
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-950, Korea
| | - Chul-Ju Yang
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-950, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beski SSM, Swick RA, Iji PA. Effect of dietary inclusion of spray-dried porcine plasma on performance, some physiological and immunological response of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella sofia. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:957-66. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. S. M. Beski
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences; University of New England; Armidale NSW 2351 Australia
| | - R. A. Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences; University of New England; Armidale NSW 2351 Australia
| | - P. A. Iji
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences; University of New England; Armidale NSW 2351 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kuchibhatla R, Petschow BW, Odle J, Weaver EM. Nutritional Impact of Dietary Plasma Proteins in Animals Undergoing Experimental Challenge and Implications for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disorders: A Meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:541-51. [PMID: 26374176 PMCID: PMC4561828 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies administering plasma protein isolates (PPIs) to experimentally challenged animals have reported improvements in growth, food intake, and overall condition when compared with animals fed control diets, due in part to improvements in gut barrier function, normalization of cytokine signals, and support of enteric immune function. These and early clinical studies suggest that nutritional therapy with PPIs may similarly assist in restoring homeostasis to gut barrier function in humans experiencing mild or more acute enteropathic symptomatology such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. This meta-analysis evaluated the ability of PPIs to promote weight gain and food intake in weanling animals, primarily piglets, after oral challenge with various enteric pathogens or bacterial toxins. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed were searched from 1980 through August 2012 for specified terms and keywords. Twenty-nine articles retrieved through this process were evaluated; 11 studies including 13 experiments were selected for inclusion in the analysis. The meta-analysis included descriptive analyses and methods for combining P values for the primary endpoint, average daily growth (ADG) at week 1, and secondary endpoints including ADG, average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) at weeks 1 and 2 and at the end of study. Primary and secondary endpoint analyses of growth (ADG, ADFI, and G:F) were significant (P < 0.01). The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α were significantly lower in animals fed dietary PPIs. Additional research in patients experiencing symptoms of enteropathy will further characterize the benefits of PPIs in clinical populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack Odle
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang S, Piao X, Ma X, Xu X, Zeng Z, Tian Q, Li Y. Comparison of spray-dried egg and albumen powder with conventional animal protein sources as feed ingredients in diets fed to weaned pigs. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:772-81. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Xiaokang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Zhikai Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Qiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Yao Li
- Shendi Company; Jingmen China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Early-life dietary spray-dried plasma influences immunological and intestinal injury responses to later-life Salmonella typhimurium challenge. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:783-93. [PMID: 25671331 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451400422x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the concept that early-life environmental influences, including nutrition and stress, have an impact on long-term health outcomes and disease susceptibility. The objective of the present study was to determine whether dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP), fed during the first 2 weeks post-weaning (PW), influences subsequent immunological and intestinal injury responses to Salmonella typhimurium challenge. A total of thirty-two piglets (age 16-17 d) were weaned onto nursery diets containing 0, 2·5 % SDP (fed for 7 d PW) or 5 % SDP (fed for 14 d PW), and were then fed control diets (without SDP), for the remainder of the experiment. At 34 d PW (age 50 d), pigs were challenged with 3 × 10⁹ colony-forming units of S. typhimurium. A control group (non-challenged) that was fed 0 % SDP in the nursery was included. At 2 d post-challenge, the distal ileum was harvested for the measurement of inflammatory, histological and intestinal physiological parameters. S. typhimurium challenge induced elevated ileal histological scores, myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL-8 and TNF, and increased intestinal permeability (indicated by reduced transepithelial voltage (potential difference) and elevated 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD4) flux rates). Compared with S. typhimurium-challenged controls (0 % SDP), pigs fed the 5 % SDP-14 d diet exhibited reduced ileal histological scores, MPO levels, IL-8 levels and FD4 flux rates. Pigs fed the 5 % SDP-14 d nursery diet exhibited increased levels of plasma and ileal TNF-α in response to the challenge, compared with the other treatments. These results indicate that inclusion of SDP in PW diets can have an influence on subsequent immunological and intestinal injury responses induced by later-life S. typhimurium challenge.
Collapse
|
11
|
Spitzer F, Vahjen W, Pieper R, Martinez-Vallespin B, Zentek J. A standardised challenge model with an enterotoxigenic F4+ Escherichia coli strain in piglets assessing clinical traits and faecal shedding of fae and est-II toxin genes. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:448-59. [PMID: 25313936 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.968701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of five feed additives on post weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in piglets challenged 3 d after weaning with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain (ETEC). In three experimental runs, a total of 84 piglets was weaned at 21 days of age and randomly assigned to seven treatments. As dietary treatment, piglets were fed a basal diet or diets with addition of bovine colostrum (0.2%), pineapple stem extract containing bromelain (0.2%), an autolysed yeast preparation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (0.1%), a combination of organic acids (0.7%) and a phytogenic product with thyme essential oil (0.015%). A porcine ETEC, serotype O149:K91:K88ac was given twice via oral infection on day 3 after weaning at 10(10) colony forming units/animal. One group of piglets was fed the basal diet without ETEC challenge. Traits included clinical sores, body temperature, faecal scoring and determination of faecal dry matter and the shedding of fae and est-II ETEC toxin genes. After weaning, non-challenged control piglets did not show signs of diarrhoea or impaired health, while the majority of infected piglets had a drop in body temperature, signs of diarrhoea and impaired general health. Mortality, the decrease of faecal dry matter and shedding of the toxin genes fae and est-II were not affected by the different additives. In conclusion, the ETEC challenge model induced distinct clinical signs of PWD in piglets, but the tested feed additives had no preventive effect under these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franz Spitzer
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Opriessnig T, Xiao CT, Gerber PF, Zhang J, Halbur PG. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus RNA present in commercial spray-dried porcine plasma is not infectious to naïve pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104766. [PMID: 25116479 PMCID: PMC4130536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus emerged in North America in April 2013 and has since been identified in 30 U.S. States, Canada and Mexico. The rapid spread of PEDV has raised concerns about the role of feed and particularly pork-by-product components such as spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in PEDV transmission. The aim of this study was to determine the infectivity of PEDV RNA present in commercial SDPP. Specifically, 40 3-week-old PEDV naïve pigs were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups. At day post inoculation (dpi) 0, NEG-CONTROL pigs were sham-inoculated, PEDV-CONTROL pigs received cell culture propagated PEDV, and SDPP-CONTROL pigs were switched to a diet with 5% SDPP containing 5.1±0.1 log10 PEDV RNA copies/g. To evaluate a potential positive effect of anti-PEDV antibodies in SDPP on PEDV challenge, four days prior to PEDV challenge the pigs in the SDPP-PEDV group were switched to and remained on a 5% SDPP diet through dpi 28. Another group, EGG-PEDV, was orally administered a commercial egg-derived liquid PEDV globulin product from dpi -4 through 6. All PEDV-CONTROL pigs began shedding PEDV in feces by dpi 3 and seroconverted between dpi 7 and 14, whereas pigs in NEG-CONTROL and SDPP-CONTROL groups remained PEDV RNA negative and did not seroconvert to PEDV for the study duration. This indicates no evidence of infectivity of the PEDV RNA in the SDPP lot utilized. Furthermore, under the study conditions SDPP or egg-derived liquid PEDV globulin addition did not significantly alter PEDV-shedding or overall disease course after experimental challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Priscilla F. Gerber
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Patrick G. Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Henn J, Bockor L, Vieira M, Ribeiro A, Kessler A, Albino L, Rostagno H, Crenshaw J, Campbell J, Rangel L. Inclusion of porcine spray-dried plasma in broiler diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
14
|
Natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pig production: can immunomodulators play a role? Animal 2012; 3:1644-61. [PMID: 22443549 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109004236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the European ban of in-feed growth-promoting antibiotics, new strategies are being developed to increase the resistance to disease in farm animals. In pig production, this is of particular importance during the weaning transition when piglets are subjected to major stressful events, making them highly sensitive to digestive disorders. At this time, the development of both innate and adaptive immunity at the mucosal surface is critical in preventing the potential harmful effects of intestinal pathogenic agents. Strategies aiming at stimulating natural host defences through the use of substances able to modulate immune functions have gained increasing interest in animal research, and different bioactive components a priori sharing those properties have been the subject of in vivo nutritional investigations in pig. Among these, yeast derivates (β-glucans and mannans) are able to interact with immune cells, particularly phagocytic cells. However, studies where they have been fed to pigs have shown inconsistent results, suggesting that their ability to target the sensitive immune cells through the oral route is questionable. The plant extracts, which would benefit from a positive image in the public opinion, have also been tested. However, due to a lack of data on the bioactive components of particular plants and the large diversity of species, it has proved difficult to prepare extracts of equivalent potency and thus, the literature on their influence on pig immunity remains inconclusive. In considering piglet immunity and health benefits, the most promising results to date have been obtained with spray-dried animal plasma, whose positive effects would be provided by specific antibodies and non-specific competition of some plasma components with bacteria for intestinal receptors. The major positive effect of spray-dried animal plasma is in reducing the infiltration of gut-associated lymphoid tissue by immune cells, which is likely to be the result of a decreased colonisation by potentially harmful bacteria. This review also highlights the limitations of some of the published in vivo studies on the immunomodulatory activity of certain feed additives. Among those, the lack of standardisation of extracts and the heterogeneity of piglet-rearing conditions (e.g. exposure to pathogens) are likely the most limiting.
Collapse
|
15
|
Impact of bioactive substances on the gastrointestinal tract and performance of weaned piglets: a review. Animal 2012; 3:1625-43. [PMID: 22443548 DOI: 10.1017/s175173110900398x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The EU ban on in-feed antibiotics has stimulated research on weaning diets as a way of reducing post-weaning gut disorders and growth check in pigs. Many bioactive components have been investigated but only few have shown to be effective. Amongst these, organic acids (OA) have been shown to exert a bactericidal action mediated by non-dissociated OA, by lowering gastric pH, increasing gut and pancreas enzyme secretion and improving gut wall morphology. It has been postulated that they may also enhance non-specific immune responses and improve disease resistance. In contrast, relatively little attention has been paid to the impact of OA on the stomach but recent data show they can differently affect gastric histology, acid secretion and gastric emptying. Butyrate and precursors of butyric acid have received special attention and although promising results have been obtained, their effects are dependent upon the dose, treatment duration, initial age of piglets, gastrointestinal site and other factors. The amino acids (AA) like glutamine, tryptophan and arginine are supportive in improving digestion, absorption and retention of nutrients by affecting tissue anabolism, stress and (or) immunity. Glutamine, cysteine and threonine are important for maintaining mucin and permeability of intestinal barrier function. Spray-dried plasma (SDP) positively affects gut morphology, inflammation and reduces acquired specific immune responses via specific and a-specific influences of immunoglobulins and other bioactive components. Effects are more pronounced in early-weaned piglets and under poorer health conditions. Little interaction between plasma protein and antibiotics has been found, suggesting distinct modes of action and additive effects. Bovine colostrum may act more or less similarly to SDP. The composition of essential oils is highly variable, depending on environmental and climatic conditions and distillation methods. These oils differ widely in their antimicrobial activity in vitro and some components of weaning diets may decrease their activity. Results in young pigs are highly variable depending upon the product and doses used. These studies suggest that relatively high concentrations of essential oils are needed for beneficial effects to be observed and it has been assumed that these plant extracts mimic most of the effects of antibiotics active on gut physiology, microbiology and immunology. Often, bioactive substances protective to the gut also stimulate feed intake and growth performance. New insights on the effects of selected OA and AA, protein sources (especially SDP, bovine colostrum) and plant extracts with anti-bacterial activities on the gut are reported in this review.
Collapse
|
16
|
Rossi L, Vagni S, Polidori C, Alborali GL, Baldi A, Dell’Orto V. Experimental Induction of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Diarrhoea in Weaned Piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2012.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Booth GS, Lozier JN, Nghiem K, Clibourn D, Klein HG, Flegel WA. Spray: single-donor plasma product for room temperature storage. Transfusion 2011; 52:828-33. [PMID: 22043873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spray-drying techniques are commonly utilized in the pharmaceutical, dairy, and animal feed industries for processing liquids into powders but have not been applied to human blood products. Spray-dried protein products are known to maintain stability during storage at room temperature. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma units collected at the donor facility were shipped overnight at room temperature to a processing facility where single-use spray drying occurred. After 48 hours' storage at room temperature, the spray-dried plasma product was split in two and rehydrated with 1.5% glycine or deionized water and assayed for chemistry analytes and coagulation factors. Matched fresh-frozen plasma was analyzed in parallel as controls. RESULTS Reconstitution was achieved for both rehydration groups within 5 minutes (n = 6). There was no significant intergroup difference in recovery for total protein, albumin, immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and IgM (96% or higher). With the exception of Factor VIII (58%), the recovery of clotting factors in the glycine reconstituted products ranged from 72% to 93%. Glycine reconstitution was superior to deionized water. CONCLUSION We documented proteins and coagulation activities were recovered in physiologic quantities in reconstituted spray-dried plasma products. Further optimization of the spray-drying method and reconstitution fluid may result in even better recoveries. Spray drying is a promising technique for preparing human plasma that can be easily stored at room temperature, shipped, and reconstituted. Rapid reconstitution of the microparticles results in a novel plasma product from single donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Booth
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Peace RM, Campbell J, Polo J, Crenshaw J, Russell L, Moeser A. Spray-dried porcine plasma influences intestinal barrier function, inflammation, and diarrhea in weaned pigs. J Nutr 2011; 141:1312-7. [PMID: 21613450 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.136796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion levels of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on postweaning (PW) intestinal barrier function, mucosal inflammation, and clinical indices of gut health in pigs. Ex vivo Ussing chamber studies were conducted to measure Ileal and colonic barrier function in terms of transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular flux of (3)H-mannitol and (14)C-inulin. Intestinal inflammation was assessed by histological analysis and mucosal levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Dietary inclusion of 2.5 and 5% SDPP reduced colonic paracellular permeability of (14)C-inulin compared with controls (0% SDPP) on d 7 PW. Both 2.5 and 5% dietary SDPP reduced ileal (3)H-mannitol and (14)C-inulin permeability on d 14 PW. The 5% SDPP diet reduced colonic short-circuit current, an index of net electrogenic ion transport, and fecal scores when measured on d 7 and 14 PW compared with the control and 2.5% SDPP groups (P < 0.05). Histological analysis revealed fewer lamina propria cells in ileum and colon from pigs fed diets containing 2.5 and 5% SDPP on d 7 and 14 PW. Levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα were reduced in the colon but not ileum from pigs fed the 5% SDPP on d 7 and 14 PW compared with controls (P < 0.05). IFNγ levels were lower than in controls in both of the SDPP-fed groups in the ileum and colon on d 7 but not on d 14 PW. Overall, this study demonstrated that dietary inclusion of SDPP had beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function, inflammation, and diarrhea in weaned pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Michael Peace
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effect of rearing environment and dietary zinc oxide on the response of group-housed weaned pigs to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O149 challenge. Animal 2011; 5:1170-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
20
|
Gao YY, Jiang ZY, Lin YC, Zheng CT, Zhou GL, Chen F. Effects of spray-dried animal plasma on serous and intestinal redox status and cytokines of neonatal piglets. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:150-7. [PMID: 20817859 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, as well as serum and intestinal cytokines and antioxidant indicators of artificially reared neonatal piglets. Three diets, 1) control (a fish meal basal diet), 2) SDAP (containing 10% SDAP), and 3) autoclaved SDAP (auSDAP; containing 10% auSDAP), were fed to 36 weaned piglets (3 d old), which were randomly allotted to 3 groups. At 21 d of age, blood and intestinal mucosal samples were collected from all piglets after they were slaughtered. Compared with the control, both SDAP and auSDAP improved ADFI and duodenal villus height of piglets (P < 0.05), whereas SDAP increased ADG and duodenal villus height to crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05). Piglets fed SDAP and auSDAP had reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in mucosa (P < 0.05). The concentration of serum MDA was decreased and mucosal catalase (CAT) activities were increased in piglets fed SDAP diet than those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). In the mucosa, both SDAP and auSDAP decreased tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, transforming growth factor β, and soluble IL-2 receptor contents (P < 0.05). Mucosal IL-1β was decreased in SDAP compared with auSDAP and control groups (P < 0.05). The SDAP and control groups had increased mucosal IL-2 compared with auSDAP group (P < 0.05). The cytokines in serum were not affected by SDAP and auSDAP. The results indicate that both SDAP and auSDAP improved the growth performance of neonatal piglets, whereas the SDAP had a greater effect. The benefits of SDAP probably resulted from the promotion of the intestinal development, which were accompanied by the increased antioxidant capacity and the decreased production of inflammatory factors in the intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China), State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Effect of soy processing on performance of piglets and microbial shedding after an oral challenge with Escherichia coli. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Araújo W, Ferreira A, Renaudeau D, Brustolini P, Silva B. Effects of diet protein source on the behavior of piglets after weaning. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
23
|
A rat model of mild intestinal inflammation induced by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Proc Nutr Soc 2010; 69:447-53. [PMID: 20576204 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665110001849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial barrier of the intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) protects the host against luminal pathogenic micro-organisms. This is important at weaning, when animals are exposed to infectious agents and stresses. We have developed a rat model of intestinal inflammation post weaning, based on the systemic administration of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB). Since the inflammatory response obtained is mild, the food intake pattern is not affected, which makes this model useful for studies of nutritional therapies for intestinal inflammatory disease. SEB increased T-lymphocytes in Peyer's patches and the number of activated T-lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes (organized GALT). In the lamina propria, SEB increased activated T-lymphocytes as well as cytotoxic and natural killer-cell populations of the diffuse GALT. It also increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators in both Peyer's patches and mucosa. Rats given SEB had higher paracellular permeability to macromolecules, which was associated with a reduction in epithelial tightness. This model was used to examine whether dietary supplementation with spray-dried animal plasma proteins affects intestinal inflammation. Results showed that dietary plasma proteins can attenuate the mucosal immune response in both organized and diffuse GALT and that these effects are mediated by a reduction in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Wang A, Yu H, Gao X, Li X, Qiao S. Influence of Lactobacillus fermentum I5007 on the intestinal and systemic immune responses of healthy and E. coli challenged piglets. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 96:89-98. [PMID: 19347600 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of feeding Lactobacillus fermentum I5007 on the immune system of weaned pigs with or without E. coli challenge was determined. Twenty-four weaned barrows (6.07 +/- 0.63 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (N = 6) in a factorial design experiment. The first two treatments consisted of healthy piglets with half of the pigs receiving no treatment while the other half was orally administered with L. fermentum I5007 (10(8) CFU/ml) at a daily dose of 20 ml. Pigs in the second two treatments were challenged on the first day with 20 ml of E. coli K88ac (10(8) CFU/ml). Half of these pigs were not treated while the remaining pigs were treated with 20 ml of L. fermentum I5007 (10(8) CFU/ml). Peripheral blood lymphocytes subsets were determined using flow cytometry. The intestinal mucosal immunity of the pigs was monitored by real time polymerase chain reaction. The cytokine content of the pig's serum was also analyzed. Oral administration of L. fermentum I5007 increased blood CD4(+) lymphocyte subset percentage as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma expression in the ileum. Pigs challenged with E. coli had elevated jejunal tumor necrosis factor-alpha while interferon-gamma expression was increased throughout the small intestine. There was no difference in the concentration of the cytokines interleukin-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in the serum. CD8(+) and CD4(+)/CD8(+) in peripheral blood were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, L. fermentum I5007 can enhance T cell differentiation and induce ileum cytokine expression suggesting that this probiotic strain could modulate immune function in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pérez-Bosque A, Miró L, Polo J, Russell L, Campbell J, Weaver E, Crenshaw J, Moretó M. Dietary plasma proteins modulate the immune response of diffuse gut-associated lymphoid tissue in rats challenged with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. J Nutr 2008; 138:533-7. [PMID: 18287362 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.3.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that plasma protein supplementation prevents the activation of lymphocyte populations of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, which is known as organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Here, we examined the effects of spray-dried plasma proteins (SDAP) and Ig concentrate (IgC) supplements on lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes (diffuse GALT) in a model of mild intestinal inflammation induced by the intraperitoneal administration of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB). Wistar-Lewis rats were fed diets supplemented with SDAP (8% wt:wt), IgC (1.5% wt:wt), or bovine milk proteins (control diet) from weaning (d 21) to d 34 after birth. On d 30 and 33, rats were given SEB (0.5 mg/kg body weight) or PBS (control). Experimental groups were designated control, SEB, SEB-SDAP, and SEB-IgC. Lymphocyte populations were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In lamina propria, SEB increased the cytotoxic lymphocyte populations of T-gammadelta cells (38%; P < 0.001) and natural killer cells (59%; P < 0.05) and the number of activated T lymphocytes (148%; P < 0.001). Both SDAP and IgC decreased the effects of SEB on these lymphocyte subsets (P < 0.05). In the epithelium, SEB induced a 117% increase in intraepithelial-activated lymphocytes that was reduced by SDAP supplementation (P < 0.01). The effects of plasma supplements on intestinal lymphocyte populations suggest that oral plasma proteins can modulate the degree of activation of diffuse GALT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pérez-Bosque
- Grup de Fisiologia i Nutrició Experimental, Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Effects of dietary protein supply, weaning age and experimental enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection on newly weaned pigs: health. Animal 2008; 2:834-42. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
28
|
Niewold TA, van Dijk AJ, Geenen PL, Roodink H, Margry R, van der Meulen J. Dietary specific antibodies in spray-dried immune plasma prevent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC) post weaning diarrhoea in piglets. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:362-9. [PMID: 17524575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to establish the mechanism of spray dried plasma powder (SDPP) in improving pig health and performance, a diet containing either 8% SDPP, spray dried immune plasma powder (SDIPP), or control protein (soybean and whey) ration was fed to piglets in an experimental model of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC) post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). SDIPP was obtained from pigs immunized with a vaccine containing ETEC fimbrial subunit F4 and heat-labile toxin (LT), and SDPP from non-immunized controls. Average daily growth (ADG) was determined, and daily samples of rectal faeces were assessed for diarrhoea (as percentage of dry matter), and ETEC excretion (in CFU/g). SDPP and SDIPP significantly (p<0.05) reduced diarrhoea, and SDIPP significantly reduced ETEC excretion. ADG was not significantly (p>0.05) affected. After the experiment, 30% of piglets tested F4 receptor positive (F4R+). A significant correlation between F4R status and morbidity was found. In F4R+ animals, SDIPP significantly improved diarrhoea and ADG, and decreased ETEC excretion, and SDPP significantly improved diarrhoea and ADG. Surprisingly, SDPP reduced diarrhoea in F4R+ animals without significant reduction of ETEC excretion, which is most likely related to the presence of anti-LT antibodies in SDPP. The results show that oral protection against ETEC by SDPP is attributable to spontaneous antibodies, in this case anti-LT antibodies. Furthermore, the results indicate that the combination of anti-LT and anti-F4 antibodies as in SDIPP is most effective in ETEC prevention. Finally, the F4R distribution in the herd should be taken into account to correctly assess efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Niewold
- Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Early weaning of piglets is often accompanied by a severe growth check and diarrhoea. It is well established that this process is multi-factorial and that post-weaning anorexia and undernutrition are major aetiological factors. Gastrointestinal disturbances include alterations in small intestine architecture and enzyme activities. Recent data indicate transiently-increased mucosal permeability, disturbed absorptive-secretory electrolyte balance and altered local inflammatory cytokine patterns after weaning. These responses appear to operate according to two distinct temporal patterns, an acute response followed by a long-lasting adaptation response. Pigs coexist with a diverse and dense commensal microbiota in their gastrointestinal tract. Most of these microbes are beneficial, providing necessary nutrients or protection against harmful pathogens for the host. The microbial colonisation of the porcine intestine begins at birth and follows a rapid succession during the neonatal and weaning period. Following the withdrawal of sow's milk the young piglets are highly susceptible to enteric diseases partly as a result of the altered balance between developing beneficial microbiota and the establishment of intestinal bacterial pathogens. The intestinal immune system of the newborn piglet is poorly developed at birth and undergoes a rapid period of expansion and specialisation that is not achieved before early (commercial) weaning. Here, new insights on the interactions between feed components, the commensal microbiota and the physiology and immunology of the host gastrointestinal tract are highlighted, and some novel dietary strategies are outlined that are focused on improving gut health. Prebiotics and probiotics are clear nutritional options, while convincing evidence is still lacking for other bioactive substances of vegetable origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Lallès
- INRA, UMR1079, Rearing Systems, Animal and Human Nutrition, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wellock IJ, Fortomaris PD, Houdijk JGM, Kyriazakis I. The effect of dietary protein supply on the performance and risk of post-weaning enteric disorders in newly weaned pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/asc200643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effect of dietary protein supply, as manipulated by both crude protein content and/or substitution of existing ingredients, mainly soya (SOYA), with the more digestible dried skimmed milk powder (DSMP), and the consequences of removing in-food antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) on the performance and risk of post-weaning enteric disorders (PWED) in newly weaned pigs was investigated. Pigs weaned at 28·7±3·45 days of age (no. =49) were individually housed in an environmentally controlled room and assigned to one of seven dietary treatments; a 3×2 factorial combination of dietary protein content (130, 180 and 230 g crude protein (CP) per kg) and main protein source (DSMP and SOYA), plus an additional control containing 230 g CP per kg, DSMP and in-food AGPs (ZnO, CuSO4and avilamycin). Individual food intake, faecal score (FS), cleanliness score (CS) and health score (HS) were taken daily, and live weight and faecal samples were taken on days 0, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13 and 14. All animals were slaughtered on day 14 to examine variables describing aspects of gastro-intestinal health. Increasing CP content and the removal of AGPs both led to a significant increase in faecal fluidity and contamination although there was no effect on HS. There was no effect of DSMP inclusion on FS, CS or HS. Increasing CP content led to an increase (P<0·05) in the number of coliforms in faecal and proximal colon (PC) samples taken at slaughter and a decrease (P<0·01) in the lactobacilli to coliform ratio (L:C) in the PC. Increasing CP content had no effect on average daily food intake (ADFI) but led to improvements in average daily gain (ADG) (P<0·001) and food conversion ratio (FCR) (P<0·001) over the whole trial period. The inclusion of DSMP had no effect on performance during the 1st week, but animals on the DSMP diets had improved ADG (P<0·05) and FCR (P<0·01) compared with those on the SOYA diets in the 2nd week. The inclusion of AGPs increased ADFI (P<0·05) and ADG (P<0·05) but had no effect on FCR over the whole trial period. The results indicate that in the absence of AGPs both growth performance and the risk of PWED increased as protein supply was increased. The increased risk of PWED was associated with an increased fluidity of faeces, a reduction in the L:C ratio and an increase in intestinal pH. Consequently, it is important to balance the trade-off between maximizing performance and minimising the risk of PWED through manipulating protein supply, particularly in an environment where AGPs are no longer permitted.
Collapse
|
31
|
Pettigrew JE. Reduced use of antibiotic growth promoters in diets fed to weanling pigs: dietary tools, part 1. Anim Biotechnol 2007; 17:207-15. [PMID: 17127531 DOI: 10.1080/10495390600956946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics improve health and productive performance of pigs. There is increasing evidence that other dietary ingredients may provide similar, but probably not identical, benefits. A properly prepared immune egg product, spray-dried plasma, or a high level of dietary zinc can provide protection against enteric infection in young pigs. Spray-dried plasma also increases growth rate dramatically, and zinc increases it substantially. The evidence in refereed publications also indicates that organic acids increase growth rate substantially, but does not clearly identify the most effective acid or combination of acids. Whey proteins, lactose, mannan oligosaccharide, or a high level of dietary copper provides a modest but useful increase in growth rate. It is not clear whether conventional egg products or other milk proteins may be beneficial. There are many other feed ingredients commercially available that may improve health and productive performance of pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Pettigrew
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li J, Li D, Gong L, Ma Y, He Y, Zhai H. Effects of live yeast on the performance, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal microbiota and concentration of volatile fatty acids in weanling pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2006; 60:277-88. [PMID: 16921925 DOI: 10.1080/17450390600785343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of live yeast supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, enteric microbial populations and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration of weanling pigs, receiving diets supplemented with aureomycin and elevated doses of CuSO4. In experiment 1, 90 crossbred pigs (7.20 +/- 0.44 kg, 28 d of age) were randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments containing either 0, 4.0 x 10(6), 9.0 x 10(6), 2.6 x 10(7), or 5.1 x 10(7) cfu Saccharomyces cerevisiae per gram with six replicate pens per treatment and three pigs per pen. BWG and feed intake increased quadratically during days 1-14 and days 1-28 as live yeast levels increased (p < 0.01). Pigs fed the diet containing 2.6 x 10(7) cfu yeast per gram had the highest BWG and feed intake among the treatments. In experiment 2, 48 crossbred pigs (7.64 +/- 0.72 kg, 28 d of age) were fed diets containing live yeast at 0 or 3.2 x 10(7) cfu of S. cerevisiae per g with six replicate pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. The yeast supplementation improved BWG and feed intake during days 1-14 (p < 0.01) and days 1-28 (p < 0.05). Treatment differences were not observed in any of the bacterial populations, yeast numbers or VFA concentrations, at any of the sites of the gastrointestinal tract tested. Total tract nutrient digestibility was also not different between treatments. Overall, dietary supplementation of live yeast had a positive effect on BWG and feed intake of weanling pigs, receiving diets supplemented with aureomycin and elevated doses of CuSO4. The improvement in BWG appears to be partly related to an increase in feed intake. The mechanism of yeast improving feed intake of piglets needs to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Escobar J, Toepfer-Berg TL, Chen J, Van Alstine WG, Campbell JM, Johnson RW. Supplementing drinking water with Solutein did not mitigate acute morbidity effects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2101-9. [PMID: 16864870 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether providing nursery pigs drinking water supplemented with spray-dried animal plasma (Solutein, American Protein Corporation Inc., Ankeny, IA) would reduce the detrimental impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Sixty-four pigs were subjected to 1 of 4 treatment combinations (2 x 2 factorial arrangement) of Solutein [0 or 2.5% (wt/wt) in drinking water] and PRRSV (sterile medium or 5 mL of tissue culture infectious dose of high-virulence strain ATCC VR-2385). Pigs were provided the water treatments during a 1-wk period before inoculation as well as during a 2-wk period after inoculation. Growth performance was determined throughout the study, and several indicators of the immunological response to PRRSV and disease pathology were assessed in blood and tissue samples collected from pigs killed 7 or 14 d after inoculation. Before inoculation, pigs provided water supplemented with Solutein tended to eat less (P = 0.08) but tended to gain more BW (P = 0.13) than pigs provided tap water. Thus, Solutein markedly improved G:F (P < 0.01), after accounting for the DM provided by Solutein. Inoculation with PRRSV reduced ADG and ADFI (P < 0.01) irrespective of water treatment; however, the beneficial effects of Solutein on G:F persisted. Infection with PRRSV also reduced (P < 0.009) villus height and crypt depth in cranial, medial, and caudal segments of the small intestine and increased (P < 0.05) lung and spleen weight, the number of leukocytes in lung lavage fluid, and serum concentrations of interferon-gamma and IL-1beta regardless of water treatment. Collectively, these results indicate that supplementing water with spray-dried animal plasma improved feed efficiency but did not afford nursery pigs protection from the effects of PRRSV on growth and certain hematological traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Escobar
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fairbrother JM, Nadeau E, Gyles CL. Escherichia coli in postweaning diarrhea in pigs: an update on bacterial types, pathogenesis, and prevention strategies. Anim Health Res Rev 2005; 6:17-39. [PMID: 16164007 DOI: 10.1079/ahr2005105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most important causes of postweaning diarrhea in pigs. This diarrhea is responsible for economic losses due to mortality, morbidity, decreased growth rate, and cost of medication. The E. coli causing postweaning diarrhea mostly carry the F4 (K88) or the F18 adhesin. Recently, an increase in incidence of outbreaks of severe E. coli-associated diarrhea has been observed worldwide. The factors contributing to the increased number of outbreaks of this more severe form of E. coli-associated diarrhea are not yet fully understood. These could include the emergence of more virulent E. coli clones, such as the 0149:LT:STa:STb:EAST1:F4ac, or recent changes in the management of pigs. Development of multiple bacterial resistance to a wide range of commonly used antibiotics and a recent increase in the prevalence and severity of the postweaning syndromes will necessitate the use of alternative measures for their control. New vaccination strategies include the oral immunization of piglets with live avirulent E. coli strains carrying the fimbrial adhesins or oral administration of purified F4 (K88) fimbriae. Other approaches to control this disease include supplementation of the feed with egg yolk antibodies from chickens immunized with F4 or F18 adhesins, breeding of F18- and F4-resistant animals, supplementation with zinc and/ or spray-dried plasma, dietary acidification, phage therapy, or the use of probiotics. To date, not a single strategy has proved to be totally effective and it is probable that the most successful approach on a particular farm will involve a combination of diet modification and other preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Fairbrother
- The Escherichia coli Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bosi P, Casini L, Finamore A, Cremokolini C, Merialdi G, Trevisi P, Nobili F, Mengheri E. Spray-dried plasma improves growth performance and reduces inflammatory status of weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. J Anim Sci 2005; 82:1764-72. [PMID: 15217004 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8261764x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether spray-dried plasma (SDP) improved growth and health of piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC). Forty-eight pigs weaned at 21 d (BW = 4.88 +/- 0.43 kg) received one of four diets containing 6% SDP or fish proteins (as-fed basis) either nonmedicated (SDP-NM and FP-NM diets) or medicated with 0 or 250 mg/kg of colistine + 500 mg/kg of amoxycycline (SDP-M and FP-M diets), for 15 d. On d 4, pigs were orally challenged with ETEC. On d 15, eight pigs per dietary group were killed, blood and saliva were collected for analysis of K88 fimbriae-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)-A, and jejunum was removed for villi preparation, histological analysis, and cytokine expression. The presence or absence of K88 receptors (K88+ and K88- pigs respectively) was determined by villous adhesion assay. Effects of protein source on ADG (P = 0.04) and ADFI (P < 0.01), as well of medication on ADFI (P < 0.02), of all pigs were observed. In sacrified pigs, there was an effect of protein source on ADG (P = 0.03) and ADFI (P < 0.001), as well an interaction between medication and presence of K88 receptor (P = 0.02) for feed:gain ratio. Plasma K88 specific IgA were low in all K88 pigs and higher in K88+ pigs fed FP-NM compared with all the other groups (P < 0.05), except SDP-M. An interaction was found among protein source, medication, and presence of K88 receptors (P = 0.04). Saliva IgA concentrations were high in all pigs fed FP-NM and low in all other pigs. Jejunum of pigs fed FP-NM showed some ulcerations, edema, and mild inflammatory cell infiltration (ICI). In pigs fed FP-M, edema was reduced. Conversely, only a mild ICI was observed in pigs fed SDP-NM and SDP-M. Crypt depth was increased in K88+ pigs fed SDP-NM and an interaction between protein source and presence of K88 receptors was observed (P < 0.05). Expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-8 were lower in pigs fed SDP-NM and SDP-M than in those fed FP-NM and FP-M, either K88- or K88+ (P < 0.01). In pigs fed FP diets, expression of IL-8 tended to increase (P = 0.08) in K88+ compared with K88- subjects. Expression of interferon-gamma increased in K88 and K88+ pigs fed FP-M as compared with other pigs (P < 0.01). These results indicate that feeding with SDP improved growth performance and protected against E. coli-induced inflammatory status, and suggest that use of SDP-NM can be considered a valid antibiotic alternative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Bosi
- Diproval, University of Bologna, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yi GF, Carroll JA, Allee GL, Gaines AM, Kendall DC, Usry JL, Toride Y, Izuru S. Effect of glutamine and spray-dried plasma on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and immune responses of Escherichia coli K88+-challenged weaned pigs1,2. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:634-43. [PMID: 15705760 DOI: 10.2527/2005.833634x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty weaned barrows (5.32 +/- 0.3 kg BW) at 17 +/- 2 d of age were used to investigate the effects of feeding glutamine and spray-dried plasma on the growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and immune responses of Escherichia coli K88-challenged pigs. Pigs were allotted to four treatments including: 1) nonchallenged control (NONC); 2) challenged control (CHAC); 3) 7% (as-fed basis) spray-dried plasma (SDP); and 4) 2% (as-fed basis) glutamine (GLN). On d 11 after weaning, all pigs were fitted with an indwelling jugular catheter. On d 12 after weaning, pigs in the CHAC, SDP, and GLN groups were orally challenged with skim milk E. coli K88 culture, whereas pigs in the NONC group were orally inoculated with sterilized skim milk. Rectal temperatures and fecal diarrheic scores were recorded and blood samples collected at 0 (baseline), 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after the challenge for serum hormone and cytokine measurements. At 48 h postchallenge, all pigs were killed for evaluation of small intestinal morphology. There was no effect of feeding SDP or GLN on growth performance during the 11-d prechallenge period (P = 0.13). At 48 h after the challenge, CHAC pigs had decreased ADG (P = 0.08) and G:F (P = 0.07) compared with the NONC pigs; however, SDP and NONC pigs did not differ in G:F, and GLN and NONC pigs did not differ for ADG and G:F. At 6, 36, and 48 h after the challenge, CHAC, SDP, and GLN pigs had increased rectal temperature relative to the baseline (P = 0.09). At 12 and 36 h after the challenge, CHAC pigs had the highest incidence of diarrhea among treatments (P = 0.08). Serum IL-6 and ACTH were not affected by treatment or time after E. coli challenge (P = 0.11). In proximal, midjejunum, and ileum, CHAC pigs had greater villous atrophy and intestinal morphology disruption than NONC pigs (P < 0.01), whereas SDP and GLN pigs had mitigated villous atrophy and intestinal morphology impairment after E. coli challenge. Pigs in the SDP had the lowest GH at 12 h and the greatest GH at 36 h after the challenge among treatments (P = 0.08). Pigs in the NONC had the highest IGF-1 at 12 and 36 h postchallenge (P < 0.04). These results indicate that feeding glutamine has beneficial effects in alleviating growth depression of E. coli K88-challenged pigs, mainly via maintaining intestinal morphology and function, and/or possibly via modulating the somatotrophic axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G F Yi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pérez-Bosque A, Pelegrí C, Vicario M, Castell M, Russell L, Campbell JM, Quigley JD, Polo J, Amat C, Moretó M. Dietary plasma protein affects the immune response of weaned rats challenged with S. aureus Superantigen B. J Nutr 2004; 134:2667-72. [PMID: 15465764 PMCID: PMC7107471 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.10.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the potential modulatory effects of diets supplemented with spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) or immunoglobulin concentrates (IC) on the immune response of rats challenged with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB). Lewis rats were fed diets containing 80 g of SDAP/kg diet, 22.7 g of IC/kg diet, or milk proteins (Control diet) from postnatal d 21 (weaning) for 14 d. On d 30 and 33, rats were given SEB (0.5 mg/kg body weight; i.p.). Organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) populations, intestinal secretion, mucosal and serum immunoglobulin concentrations, and neutrophil infiltration were studied. On d 35, blood was collected under anesthesia and samples of intestinal mucosa, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and spleen were taken. SEB increased the water content of feces, which was prevented by diets containing either SDAP (P < 0.002) or IC (P < 0.001), indicating that plasma protein-supplemented diets can reverse the SEB-induced secretory response. In Peyer's patches, the diet containing SDAP partially prevented the SEB-induced increase in T lymphocytes (P < 0.1) and reduced the percentage of activated T helper cells (P < 0.05). In MLN, activated T lymphocytes were increased by SEB but they were not affected by diet. No effects of SEB or dietary supplementation on mucosal IgA and serum IgA and IgG were observed. The effects of SDAP supplementation on the lymphocyte populations of GALT in rats challenged with SEB support the view that SDAP can modulate the immune response and suggest that plasma protein supplementation can prevent GALT from possible activation by luminal bacterial superantigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pérez-Bosque
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Pelegrí
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Vicario
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Concepció Amat
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Moretó
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Torrallardona D, Conde MR, Badiola I, Polo J, Brufau J. Effect of fishmeal replacement with spray-dried animal plasma and colistin on intestinal structure, intestinal microbiology, and performance of weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K99. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:1220-6. [PMID: 12772849 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8151220x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) as an alternative to antimicrobial medication with colistin sulfate in weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K99. Forty-eight piglets weaned at 24 d of age were distributed into 12 pens, and each pen was assigned to one of four dietary treatments. All the piglets were given an oral dose of 5 x 10(7) cfu of E. coli K99 at weaning. The dietary treatments followed a factorial arrangement with two levels of SDAP (0 and 7%) and two levels of colistin (0 and 300 mg/kg of diet). The ADG and ADFI were measured on d 7 and 14 of trial. Three piglets from each treatment were killed on d 7 and 14 to remove the small intestine, and to obtain ileal and cecal digestive contents. The inclusion of SDAP improved ADG by 68 g (P < 0.05) and ADFI by 41 g (P < 0.10) in wk 1 of trial. During wk 2, SDAP improved ADG by 41 g (P < 0.10) and gain:feed ratio (G:F) by 25% (P < 0.01). On the other hand, whereas colistin had no effect on performance in wk 1, it improved ADG by 102 g (P < 0.01), ADFI by 62 g (P < 0.01), and G:F by 26% (P < 0.01) in wk 2. Over the 14 d of the trial, ADG was improved by 54 (P < 0.05) and 75 g (P < 0.05), and G:F was improved by 35 (P < 0.05) and 32% (P < 0.05) due to SDAP and colistin, respectively. There was interaction between colistin and SDAP for ADFI in wk 2 and between d 0 to 14 (P < 0.05), which indicates that their effects were not additive. The use of colistin was advantageous in the maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa of the pigs, as suggested by a small intestine that was 93 g heavier (P < 0.10) and with the tallest villi 106 microm longer (P < 0.10) than in pigs without colistin. The inclusion of SDAP in the diet favored the growth of lactobacilli in the ileum (P < 0.10) and the cecum (P < 0.05), whereas colistin reduced the number of enterococci in the cecum (P < 0.05) and of Escherichia coli both in the ileum and the cecum (P < 0.001). These results suggest that SDAP may be an alternative to medicated feed with antibiotics since it provided a level of protection against an experimental challenge with E. coli K99 similar to that obtained with colistin, an antibiotic of proven efficacy. The current situation in which the use of antimicrobials in animal feeding is being questioned should encourage further investigation into the use of SDAP as a means of preventing disease in pigs at weaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Torrallardona
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Centre de Mas Bové, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, 43280 Reus, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Frank JW, Carroll JA, Allee GL, Zannelli ME. The effects of thermal environment and spray-dried plasma on the acute-phase response of pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:1166-76. [PMID: 12772843 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8151166x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty barrows (TR4 x C22) were weaned at 17 d of age (BW = 6.27 +/- 0.30 kg), housed (two pigs/pen) in a thermal-neutral environment (TN; constant 26.7 degrees C), and fed diets with or without 7% (as-fed basis) spray-dried plasma (SDP). On d 7, one pig/ pen was moved into a cold environment (CE; constant 15.6 degrees C). Pigs were fitted with jugular catheters on d 11. On d 12, 16 pigs per environment (eight pigs per dietary treatment) were challenged i.v. with 75 microg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg of BW. Blood samples were collected over a 4.5-h period. Pigs were then killed and tissue samples were harvested for messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis. From d 0 to 7, pigs fed SDP diets had a lower gain:feed ratio (G/F) than pigs fed no SDP (533 +/- 14 vs. 585 +/- 17 g/kg; P < 0.03). Pigs housed in the CE consumed more feed and had a lower G/F than pigs housed in TN from d 7 to 11 (P < 0.001). There were no environment x diet interactions from d 7 to 11 (P > 0.78). Baseline concentrations of serum ACTH and cortisol were lower in the TN pigs than in the CE pigs (P < 0.001). Pigs fed diets without SDP had lower serum cortisol concentrations over the 4.5-h period than pigs fed SDP (time x diet, P < 0.001). Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were highest for pigs consuming SDP in the CE, whereas there were no differences among the other treatments (time x diet x environment, P < 0.02). Pigs housed in the CE had higher serum interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) (P < 0.001) and interleukin-6 (IL-6; P < 0.001) than TN pigs. Pigs fed SDP also had slightly higher serum IL-1beta concentrations (P < 0.10) and higher (P < 0.001) IL-6 concentrations than pigs fed no SDP. Pigs fed SDP had 9% lower liver and 13% lower thymus mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) than pigs that consumed no SDP (P < 0.06). Liver IL-1beta, IL-6, and LPS-binding protein mRNA were higher in the CE than in the TN (P < 0.03, P < 0.001, and P < 0.05; respectively). In addition, spleen TNF-alpha (P < 0.03) and IL-6 (P < 0.01) mRNA levels were higher in the CE than in the TN. Pigs consuming SDP and challenged with LPS responded with elevated serum concentrations of cortisol and cytokines compared with pigs fed diets with no SDP. Housing pigs in a CE increased the baseline concentrations of ACTH and cortisol, and when coupled with an LPS challenge, resulted in elevated serum and tissue mRNA levels of cytokines. Cold stress and feeding SDP during a LPS challenge may result in increased stress and immune responses in young pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Frank
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|