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Liu F, Tol AJ, Kuipers F, Oosterveer MH, van der Beek EM, van Leeuwen SS. Characterization of milk oligosaccharide and sialic acid content and their influence on brain sialic acid in a lean mouse model for gestational diabetes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24539. [PMID: 38317966 PMCID: PMC10839809 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides and sialic acids (Sia) are bioactive components in milk that contribute to newborn development and health. Hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) can have adverse effects on both mother and infant. HIP is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. Inflammation influenced glycan composition, particularly of Sia-containing structures. We hypothesize that HIP and high-fat diet influence milk oligosaccharide composition, particularly sialylated oligosaccharides. Furthermore, we propose that milk Sia content influences pup brain Sia content. To test these hypotheses we (i) characterize mouse milk oligosaccharides and Sia concentrations in mouse milk of a GDM mouse model with dietary fat intake intervention; and (ii) determine Sia levels in offspring brains. The concentrations of oligosaccharides and Sia in mouse milk and offspring's brains were quantified using UPLC-FLD analysis. Analyses were performed on surplus samples from a previous study, where HIP was induced by combining high-fat diet (HF) feeding and low-dose streptozotocin injections in C57Bl/6NTac female mice. The previous study described the metabolic effects of HIP on dams and offspring. We detected 21 mouse milk oligosaccharides, including 9 neutral and 12 acidic structures using UPLC-MS. A total of 8 structures could be quantified using UPLC-FLD. Maternal HIP and HF diet during lactation influenced sialylated oligosaccharide concentrations in mouse milk and total and free sialic acid concentrations. Sia content in offspring brain was associated with total and free Neu5Gc in mouse milk of dams, but no correlations with HIP or maternal diet were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Angela J.C. Tol
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike H. Oosterveer
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline M. van der Beek
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
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2
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Hewelt-Belka W, Młynarczyk M, Garwolińska D, Kot-Wasik A. Characterization of GM3 Gangliosides in Human Milk throughout Lactation: Insights from the Analysis with the Use of Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17899-17908. [PMID: 37955407 PMCID: PMC10682988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are complex lipids found in human milk that play important structural and biological functions. In this study, we utilized reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to evaluate the molecular distribution of GM3 in human milk samples collected at distinct lactation stages, ranging from colostrum to advanced lactation samples. Throughout lactation, GM3 d40:1 emerged as the most abundant GM3 species, except in colostrum, where GM3 d42:2 prevailed. The relative content of GM3 species containing very long N-fatty acyl (N-FA) substituents with >22 carbon atoms decreased, while the content of GM3 species containing 14:0, 18:0, 18:1, and 20:0 N-FA substituents increased in the later months of lactation. These findings highlight the divergence of GM3 profiles across the lactation period. Moreover, considerable interindividual variance was observed among the analyzed samples. The assessment of the GM3 profiles contributes to our understanding of the dynamic composition of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department of Analytical
Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk
University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Młynarczyk
- Department of Analytical
Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk
University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Garwolińska
- Department of Analytical
Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk
University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical
Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk
University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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3
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Li Z, Wang X, Deng X, Song J, Yang T, Liao Y, Gong G, Huang L, Lu Y, Wang Z. High-sensitivity qualitative and quantitative analysis of human, bovine and goat milk glycosphingolipids using HILIC-MS/MS with internal standards. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 312:120795. [PMID: 37059535 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in human milk regulate the immune system, support intestinal maturation, and prevent gut pathogens. The structural complexity and low abundance of GSLs limits their systematic analysis. Here, we coupled the use of monosialoganglioside 1-2-amino-N-(2-aminoethyl) benzamide (GM1-AEAB) derivatives as internal standards with HILIC-MS/MS to qualitatively and quantitatively compare GSLs in human, bovine, and goat milk. One neutral glycosphingolipid (GB) and 33 gangliosides were found in human milk, of which 22 were newly detected and three were fucosylated. Five GB and 26 gangliosides were identified in bovine milk, of which 21 were newly discovered. Four GB and 33 gangliosides were detected in goat milk, 23 of them newly reported. GM1 was the main GSL in human milk; whereas disialoganglioside 3 (GD3) and monosialogangloside 3 (GM3) were dominant in bovine and goat milk, respectively; N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) was detected in >88 % of GSLs in bovine and goat milk. N-hydroxyacetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc)-modified GSLs were 3.5 times more abundant in goat than in bovine milk; whereas GSLs modified with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc were 3 times more abundant in bovine than in goat milk. Given the health benefits of different GSLs, these results will facilitate the development of custom-designed human milk-based infant formula.
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4
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Jiang B, Xia Y, Zhou L, Liang X, Chen X, Chen M, Li X, Lin S, Zhang N, Zheng L, Tao M, Petocz P, Gallier S, Rowan A, Wang B. Safety and tolerance assessment of milk fat globule membrane-enriched infant formulas in healthy term Chinese infants: a randomised multicenter controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:465. [PMID: 35918695 PMCID: PMC9347101 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), natural to breast milk, is essential for neonatal development, but lacking from standard infant formulas. Objectives To evaluate the safety and tolerability of MFGM supplementation in formula for infants 0 to 12 months. Methods In a prospective, multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial, healthy term infants were randomized to a standard formula (SF, n = 104) or an MFGM-enriched formula (MF, n = 108) for 6 months and a corresponding follow-on formula until 12 months. Exclusively breast-fed infants (n = 206) were recruited as the reference group (BFR). Tolerance and safety events were recorded continuously. Anthropometric measurements were assessed at enrolment, 42 days and 4, 6, 8 and 12 months. Results Infants (n = 375) completed the study with average dropout of < 20%. Stool frequency, color, and consistency between SF and MF were not significantly different throughout, except the incidence of loose stools in MF at 6 months being lower than for SF (odds ratio 0.216, P < 0.05) and the frequency of green-colored stools at 12 months being higher in MF (CI 95%, odds ratio 8.92, P < 0.05). The BFR had a higher frequency of golden stools and lower rate of green stools (4–6 months) than the two formula-fed groups (P < 0.05). SF displayed more diarrhoea (4.8%) than MF (1%) and BFR (1%) at the 8-month visit (P < 0.05). BFR (0–1%) had significantly less (P < 0.05) lower respiratory infections than MF (4.6–6.5%) and SF (2.9–5.8%) at 6- and 8-months, respectively. Formula intake, frequency of spit-up/vomiting or poor sleep were similar between SF and MF. Growth rate (g/day) was similar at 4, 6, 8 and 12 months between the 3 groups, but growth rate for BFR was significantly higher than for SF and MF at 42 days (95% CI, P = 0.001). Conclusions MFGM-enriched formula was safe and well-tolerated in healthy term infants between 0 and 12 months, and total incidences of adverse events were similar to that for the SF group. A few differences in formula tolerance were observed, however these differences were not in any way related to poor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- BoWen Jiang
- Maternal &, Child Health Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, 350005, China.,School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Maternal &, Child Health Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, 350005, China.,School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, China
| | - LiHong Zhou
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, China
| | - XiaoYing Liang
- Maternal &, Child Health Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - XuHui Chen
- Maternal &, Child Health Hospital of Fuqing, Fuqing, 350300, China
| | | | - XiaoXia Li
- Second Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Shan Lin
- Maternal &, Child Health Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Nai Zhang
- Maternal &, Child Health Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Maternal &, Child Health Hospital of Fuqing, Fuqing, 350300, China
| | - Miao Tao
- Maternal &, Child Health Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Peter Petocz
- Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sophie Gallier
- Fonterra Co-Operative Group Limited, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Angela Rowan
- Fonterra Co-Operative Group Limited, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, China.
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5
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Wang Y, Ze X, Rui B, Li X, Zeng N, Yuan J, Li W, Yan J, Li M. Studies and Application of Sialylated Milk Components on Regulating Neonatal Gut Microbiota and Health. Front Nutr 2021; 8:766606. [PMID: 34859034 PMCID: PMC8631720 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.766606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is rich in sialic acids (SA), which are commonly combined with milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. As a functional nutrient component, SA-containing milk components have received increasing attention in recent years. Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been demonstrated to promote the growth and metabolism of beneficial gut microbiota in infants, bringing positive outcomes to intestinal health and immune function. They also exhibit antiviral and bacteriostatic activities in the intestinal mucosa of new-borns, thereby inhibiting the adhesion of pathogens to host cells. These properties play a pivotal role in regulating the intestinal microbial ecosystem and preventing the occurrence of neonatal inflammatory diseases. In addition, some recent studies also support the promoting effects of sialylated HMOs on neonatal bone and brain development. In addition to HMOs, sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids are abundant in milk, and are also critical to neonatal health. This article reviews the current research progress in the regulation of sialylated milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates on neonatal gut microbiota and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolei Ze
- Science and Technology Centre, By-Health Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Binqi Rui
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinke Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nina Zeng
- Science and Technology Centre, By-Health Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieli Yuan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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6
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Ali AH, Wei W, Wang X. A review of milk gangliosides: Occurrence, biosynthesis, identification, and nutritional and functional significance. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmoneim H Ali
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Agriculture Zagazig University Zagazig 44511 Egypt
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Wei Wei
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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7
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Jahan M, Francis N, Wynn P, Wang B. The Potential for Sialic Acid and Sialylated Glycoconjugates as Feed Additives to Enhance Pig Health and Production. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082318. [PMID: 34438776 PMCID: PMC8388453 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review discusses the current challenges in the pig industry and the potential nutritional significance of sialic acid (Sia) and glycoconjugates (Sia-GC’s) for pig health and nutrition. Sia is a nine-carbon acidic sugar which is present in various organs and body fluids of humans and animals. Sias contribute to many beneficial biological functions including pathogen resistance, immunomodulation, gut microbiota development, gut maturation, anti-inflammation and neurodevelopment. The role of Sias in regulating the metabolism of pigs has seldom been reported. However, we have documented significant beneficial effects of specific Sia-GC’s on health and production performance of sows and piglets. These findings are reviewed in relation to other studies while noting the beneficial effects of the inclusion of Sia, Sia containing oligosaccharide or the sialo-protein lactoferrin in the diets of gilts and sows. The importance of the passive transfer of of Sia and Sia-GC’s through milk to the young and the implications for their growth and development is also reviewed. This information will assist in optimizing the composition of sow/gilt milk replacers designed to increases the survival of IUGR piglets or piglets with dams suffering from agalactia, a common problem in pig production systems worldwide. Abstract Swine are one of the most important agricultural species for human food production. Given the significant disease challenges confronting commercial pig farming systems, introduction of a new feed additive that can enhance animal performance by improving growth and immune status represents a major opportunity. One such candidate is sialic acid (Sia), a diverse family of nine-carbon acidic sugar, present in various organs and body fluid, as well as an essential structural and functional constituent of brain ganglioside of humans and animals. Sias are key monosaccharide and biomarker of sialylated milk oligosaccharide (Sia-MOS’s), sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids in milk and all vertebrate cells. Sias accomplish many critical endogenous functions by virtue of their physiochemical properties and via recognition by intrinsic receptors. Human milk sialylated glycoconjugates (Sia-GC’s) are bioactive compounds known to act as prebiotics that promote gut microbiota development, gut maturation, pathogen resistance, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation and neurodevelopment. However, the importance of Sia in pig health, especially in the growth, development, immunity of developing piglet and in pig production remains unknown. This review aims to critically discuss the current status of knowledge of the biology and nutritional role of Sia and Sia-GC’s on health of both female sow and newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bing Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6933-4549
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8
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Yang K, Yang Z, Chen X, Li W. The significance of sialylation on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2021; 173:116-123. [PMID: 33991608 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sialylation, one of the most common and complex modes of glycosylation, corresponds with the development of the infant brain and nervous system. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is mainly characterized by cognitive decline and behavioral disorders. However, the relationship between sialylation and AD occurrence is poorly understood. In this article, we reviewed the role of sialylation on the occurrence and development of AD, then discussed the value of sialylation modification for AD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Zhaofei Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.
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9
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Moloney C, O'Connor D, O'Regan J. Polar lipid, ganglioside and cholesterol contents of infant formulae and growing up milks produced with an alpha lactalbumin-enriched whey protein concentrate. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Lee K, Kim A, Hong KB, Suh HJ, Jo K. Preparation and Characterization of a Polar Milk Lipid-enriched Component from Whey Powder. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:209-220. [PMID: 32161916 PMCID: PMC7057044 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a lipid carrier in mammals including humans that consists mainly of polar lipids, like phospholipids and glycolipids. In this study, a process to enrich polar lipids in commercial butter and whey powder, including polar lipids of MFGM, was developed. WPC (whey protein concentrate) 60 was selected as the most suitable raw material based on the yield, phospholipid, protein, and lactose content of the polar lipid fraction obtained by ethanol extraction of two WPC (WPC60 and WPC70) and two buttermilk (A and B). After fractionation under optimum conditions, the polar-lipid enriched fraction from WPC60 contained 38.56% phospholipids. The content of glycolipids, cerebroside, lactosylceramide, ganglioside GM3, ganglioside GD3, was 0.97%, 0.55%, 0.09%, and 0.14%, respectively. Rancimat results showed that the oxidation stability of fish oil increased with an increase in the polar-lipid fraction by more than 30 times. In addition, the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with 0.1 to 100 ppm of the polar lipid fraction. In this study, polar lipid concentrates with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, were prepared from milk processing by-products. The MFGM polar lipid concentrates made from by-products are not only additives for infants, but are also likely to be used as antioxidants in cooking oils and as active ingredients for functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanhyoung Lee
- Doosan Corporation, Solus, Suwon 16229, Korea.,Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ara Kim
- Doosan Corporation, Solus, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Ki-Bae Hong
- Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- BK21 Plus, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kyungae Jo
- BK21 Plus, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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11
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Bakhytkyzy I, Hewelt-Belka W, Kot-Wasik A. The dispersive micro-solid phase extraction method for MS-based lipidomics of human breast milk. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Dietary Control of Ganglioside Expression in Mammalian Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010177. [PMID: 31887977 PMCID: PMC6981639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are series of glycosphingolipids containing sialic acids in the oligosaccharide portion in mammalian cells. Gangliosides are a component of cellular membranes and play roles in modulating membrane function and the activity of membrane proteins. Abnormal expression and metabolism of gangliosides lead to the onset of several conditions in humans, such as neurologic diseases, diabetes, and cancer. A number of studies have been carried out to date to investigate the role of gangliosides in these diseases, and the effect of diet on tissue expression of gangliosides has recently become a topic of interest in this field. As gangliosides are degraded in the intestinal tract, ingested food-derived gangliosides are not directly absorbed into tissues in vivo, but the degradation products can be absorbed and affect ganglioside expression in the tissues. Recent studies have also shown that the expression of gangliosides in tissue cells can be indirectly induced by controlling the expression of ganglioside metabolism-related genes via the diet. These results indicate that dietary control can regulate the expression levels of gangliosides in tissues, which is expected to play a role in preventing and treating ganglioside-related diseases. This review introduces recent studies on the effect of diet on the expression of gangliosides in tissues, with a focus on our findings.
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13
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Zheng L, Fleith M, Giuffrida F, O'Neill BV, Schneider N. Dietary Polar Lipids and Cognitive Development: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:1163-1176. [PMID: 31147721 PMCID: PMC6855982 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar lipids are amphiphilic lipids with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Polar lipids mainly include phospholipids and sphingolipids. They are structural components of neural tissues, with the peak rate of accretion overlapping with neurodevelopmental milestones. The critical role of polar lipids in cognitive development is thought to be mediated through the regulation of signal transduction, myelination, and synaptic plasticity. Animal products (egg, meat, and dairy) are the major dietary sources of polar lipids for children and adults, whereas human milk and infant formula provide polar lipids to infants. Due to the differences observed in both concentration and proportion of polar lipids in human milk, the estimated daily intake in infants encompasses a wide range. In addition, health authorities define neither intake recommendations nor guidelines for polar lipid intake. However, adequate intake is defined for 2 nutrients that are elements of these polar lipids, namely choline and DHA. To date, limited studies exist on the brain bioavailability of dietary polar lipids via either placental transfer or the blood-brain barrier. Nevertheless, due to their role in pre- and postnatal development of the brain, there is a growing interest for the use of gangliosides, which are sphingolipids, as a dietary supplement for pregnant/lactating mothers or infants. In line with this, supplementing gangliosides and phospholipids in wild-type animals and healthy infants does suggest some positive effects on cognitive performance. Whether there is indeed added benefit of supplementing polar lipids in pregnant/lactating mothers or infants requires more clinical research. In this article, we report findings of a review of the state-of-the-art evidence on polar lipid supplementation and cognitive development. Dietary sources, recommended intake, and brain bioavailability of polar lipids are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zheng
- Nestec Ltd., Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Kirmiz N, Robinson RC, Shah IM, Barile D, Mills DA. Milk Glycans and Their Interaction with the Infant-Gut Microbiota. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 9:429-450. [PMID: 29580136 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a unique and complex fluid that provides infant nutrition and delivers an array of bioactive molecules that serve various functions. Glycans, abundant in milk, can be found as free oligosaccharides or as glycoconjugates. Milk glycans are increasingly linked to beneficial outcomes in neonates through protection from pathogens and modulation of the immune system. Indeed, these glycans influence the development of the infant and the infant-gut microbiota. Bifidobacterium species commonly are enriched in breastfed infants and are among a limited group of bacteria that readily consume human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and milk glycoconjugates. Given the importance of bifidobacteria in infant health, numerous studies have examined the molecular mechanisms they employ to consume HMOs and milk glycans, thus providing insight into this unique enrichment and shedding light on a range of translational opportunities to benefit at-risk infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kirmiz
- Foods for Health Institute and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
| | - Randall C Robinson
- Foods for Health Institute and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
| | - Ishita M Shah
- Foods for Health Institute and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
| | - Daniela Barile
- Foods for Health Institute and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
| | - David A Mills
- Foods for Health Institute and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; .,Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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15
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Comparison of bovine milk fat and vegetable fat for infant formula: Implications for infant health. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sialylated Oligosaccharides and Glycoconjugates of Human Milk. The Impact on Infant and Newborn Protection, Development and Well-Being. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020306. [PMID: 30717166 PMCID: PMC6413137 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk not only has nutritional value, but also provides a wide range of biologically active molecules, which are adapted to meet the needs of newborns and infants. Mother’s milk is a source of sialylated oligosaccharides and glycans that are attached to proteins and lipids, whose concentrations and composition are unique. Sialylated human milk glycoconjugates and oligosaccharides enrich the newborn immature immune system and are crucial for their proper development and well-being. Some of the milk sialylated oligosaccharide structures can locally exert biologically active effects in the newborn’s and infant’s gut. Sialylated molecules of human milk can be recognized and bound by sialic acid-dependent pathogens and inhibit their adhesion to the epithelial cells of newborns and infants. A small amount of intact sialylated oligosaccharides can be absorbed from the intestine and remain in the newborn’s circulation in concentrations high enough to modulate the immunological system at the cellular level and facilitate proper brain development during infancy. Conclusion: The review summarizes the current state of knowledge on sialylated human milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, discusses the significance of sialylated structures of human milk in newborn protection and development, and presents the advantages of human milk over infant formula.
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Garwolińska D, Namieśnik J, Kot-Wasik A, Hewelt-Belka W. Chemistry of Human Breast Milk-A Comprehensive Review of the Composition and Role of Milk Metabolites in Child Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11881-11896. [PMID: 30247884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early nutrition has an enormous influence on a child's physiological function, immune system maturation, and cognitive development. Human breast milk (HBM) is recognized as the gold standard for human infant nutrition. According to a WHO report, breastfeeding is considered as an unequaled way of providing ideal food to the infant, which is required for his healthy growth and development. HBM contains various macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) as well as numerous bioactive compounds and interactive elements (growth factors, hormones, cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge about metabolites, which are the least understood components of HBM, and their potential role in infant development. We focus on small metabolites (<1500 Da) and characterize the chemical structure and biological function of polar metabolites such as human milk oligosaccharides, nonprotein molecules containing nitrogen (creatine, amino acids, nucleotides, polyamines), and nonpolar lipids. We believe that this manuscript will provide a comprehensive insight into a HBM metabolite composition, chemical structure, and their role in a child's early life nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Garwolińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
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Figueroa-Lozano S, de Vos P. Relationship Between Oligosaccharides and Glycoconjugates Content in Human Milk and the Development of the Gut Barrier. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:121-139. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Figueroa-Lozano
- Immunoendocrinology, Div. of Medical Biology, Dept. of Pathology and Medical Biology; Univ. of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Div. of Medical Biology, Dept. of Pathology and Medical Biology; Univ. of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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Wang H, Sency V, McJarrow P, Bright A, Huang Q, Cechner K, Szekely J, Brace J, Wang A, Liu D, Rowan A, Wiznitzer M, Zhou A, Xin B. Oral Ganglioside Supplement Improves Growth and Development in Patients with Ganglioside GM3 Synthase Deficiency. JIMD Rep 2018; 45:9-20. [PMID: 30209782 PMCID: PMC6336560 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2018_134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside GM3 synthase is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of gangliosides. GM3 synthase deficiency (GM3D) causes an absence of GM3 and all downstream biosynthetic derivatives. The affected individuals manifest with severe irritability, intractable seizures, and profound intellectual disability. The current study is to assess the effects of an oral ganglioside supplement to patients with GM3D, particularly on their growth and development during early childhood. A total of 13 young children, 11 of them under 40 months old, received oral ganglioside supplement through a dairy product enriched in gangliosides, for an average of 34 months. Clinical improvements were observed in most children soon after the supplement was initiated. Significantly improved growth and development were documented in these subjects as average percentiles for weight, height, and occipitofrontal circumference increased in 1-2 months. Three children with initial microcephaly demonstrated significant catch-up head growth and became normocephalic. We also illustrated brief improvements in developmental and cognitive scores, particularly in communication and socialization domains through Vineland-II. However, all improvements seemed transient and gradually phased out after 12 months of supplementation. Gangliosides GM1 and GM3, although measureable in plasma during the study, were not significantly changed with ganglioside supplementation for up to 30 months. We speculate that the downstream metabolism of ganglioside biosynthesis is fairly active and the potential need for gangliosides in the human body is likely substantial. As we search for new effective therapies for GM3D, approaches to reestablish endogenous ganglioside supplies in the affected individuals should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- DDC Clinic - Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Valerie Sency
- DDC Clinic - Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH, USA
| | - Paul McJarrow
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Alicia Bright
- DDC Clinic - Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH, USA
| | - Qianyang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karen Cechner
- DDC Clinic - Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH, USA
| | - Julia Szekely
- DDC Clinic - Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH, USA
| | - JoAnn Brace
- DDC Clinic - Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH, USA
| | - Andi Wang
- DDC Clinic - Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH, USA
| | - Danting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Angela Rowan
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Max Wiznitzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aimin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Baozhong Xin
- DDC Clinic - Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH, USA
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21
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Zúñiga M, Monedero V, Yebra MJ. Utilization of Host-Derived Glycans by Intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Species. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1917. [PMID: 30177920 PMCID: PMC6109692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Lactobacillus are commonly found at the gastrointestinal tract and other mucosal surfaces of humans. This genus includes various species with a great number of potentially probiotic bacteria. Other often-used probiotic species belong to Bifidobacterium, a genus almost exclusively associated with the gut. As probiotics must survive and be metabolically active at their target sites, namely host mucosal surfaces, consumption of host-produced glycans is a key factor for their survival and activity. The ability to metabolize glycans such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), glycosaminoglycans and the glycan moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids found at the mucosal surfaces grants a competitive advantage to lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. The analyses of the great number of sequenced genomes from these bacteria have revealed that many of them encode a wide assortment of genes involved in the metabolism and transport of carbohydrates, including several glycoside hydrolases required for metabolizing the carbohydrate moieties of mucins and HMOs. Here, the current knowledge on the genetic mechanisms, known catabolic pathways and biochemical properties of enzymes involved in the utilization of host-produced glycans by lactobacilli and bifidobacteria will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - María J Yebra
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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22
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Huang S, Mo TT, Norris T, Sun S, Zhang T, Han TL, Rowan A, Xia YY, Zhang H, Qi HB, Baker PN. The CLIMB (Complex Lipids In Mothers and Babies) study: protocol for a multicentre, three-group, parallel randomised controlled trial to investigate the effect of supplementation of complex lipids in pregnancy, on maternal ganglioside status and subsequent cognitive outcomes in the offspring. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016637. [PMID: 29025835 PMCID: PMC5652542 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complex lipids are important constituents of the central nervous system. Studies have shown that supplementation with complex milk lipids (CML) in pregnancy may increase the level of fetal gangliosides (GA), with the potential to improve cognitive outcomes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We aim to recruit approximately 1500 pregnant women in the first trimester (11-14 weeks) and randomise them into one of the three treatment groups: standard maternal milk formulation, CML-enhanced maternal milk formulation or no maternal milk intervention with standard pregnancy advice (ie, the standard care). Maternal lifestyle and demographic data will be collected throughout the pregnancy, as well as biological samples (eg, blood, hair, urine, buccal smear, cord blood, cord and placenta samples). Data from standard obstetric care recorded in hospital maternity notes (eg, ultrasound reports, results of oral glucose tolerance test and pregnancy outcome data) will also be extracted. Postnatal follow-up will be at 6 weeks and 12 months of age, at which point infant cognitive development will be assessed (Bayley Scales of Infant Development I). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This project was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chongqing Medical University. Dissemination of findings will take the form of publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR-IOR-16007700; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Mo
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Centerfor Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social RiskGovernance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tom Norris
- School of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Si Sun
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Centerfor Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social RiskGovernance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angela Rowan
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yin-Yin Xia
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Centerfor Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social RiskGovernance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Bo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Philip N Baker
- Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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23
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Perea-Sanz L, Garcia-Llatas G, Lagarda MJ. Gangliosides in human milk and infant formula: A review on analytical techniques and contents. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2017.1347671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Perea-Sanz
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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24
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Zou X, Ali AH, Abed SM, Guo Z. Current knowledge of lipids in human milk and recent innovations in infant formulas. Curr Opin Food Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Khor GL, Shyam S, Misra S, Fong B, Chong MHZ, Sulaiman N, Lee YL, Cannan R, Rowan A. Correlation between dietary intake and serum ganglioside concentrations: a cross-sectional study among Malaysian toddlers. BMC Nutr 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40795-016-0113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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26
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Temporal Changes of Human Breast Milk Lipids of Chinese Mothers. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110715. [PMID: 27834894 PMCID: PMC5133101 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA), phospholipids (PL), and gangliosides (GD) play a central role in infant growth, immune and inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to determine FA, PL, and GD compositional changes in human milk (HM) during lactation in a large group of Chinese lactating mothers (540 volunteers) residing in Beijing, Guangzhou, and Suzhou. HM samples were collected after full expression from one breast and while the baby was fed on the other breast. FA were assessed by direct methylation followed by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. PL and GD were extracted using chloroform and methanol. A methodology employing liquid chromatography coupled with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) and with time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry was used to quantify PL and GD classes in HM, respectively. Saturated FA (SFA), mono-unsaturated FA (MUFA), and PL content decreased during lactation, while polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and GD content increased. Among different cities, over the lactation time, HM from Beijing showed the highest SFA content, HM from Guangzhou the highest MUFA content and HM from Suzhou the highest n-3PUFA content. The highest total PL and GD contents were observed in HM from Suzhou. In order to investigate the influence of the diet on maternal milk composition, a careful analyses of dietary habits of these population needs to be performed in the future.
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27
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Wang H, Wang A, Wang D, Bright A, Sency V, Zhou A, Xin B. Early growth and development impairments in patients with ganglioside GM3 synthase deficiency. Clin Genet 2016; 89:625-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Wang
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs Children; Middlefield OH USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland OH USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital; Cleveland OH USA
- Department of Molecular Cardiology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - A. Wang
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs Children; Middlefield OH USA
| | - D. Wang
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs Children; Middlefield OH USA
| | - A. Bright
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs Children; Middlefield OH USA
| | - V. Sency
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs Children; Middlefield OH USA
| | - A. Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Cleveland State University; Cleveland OH USA
| | - B. Xin
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs Children; Middlefield OH USA
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28
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Miklavcic JJ, Shoemaker GK, Schnabl KL, Larsen BMK, Thomson ABR, Mazurak VC, Clandinin MT. Ganglioside Intake Increases Plasma Ganglioside Content in Human Participants. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 41:657-666. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607115620093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Miklavcic
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Glen K. Shoemaker
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kareena L. Schnabl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Alan B. R. Thomson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vera C. Mazurak
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - M. Tom Clandinin
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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29
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Rivas-Serna IM, Polakowski R, Shoemaker GK, Mazurak VC, Clandinin MT. Profiling gangliosides from milk products and other biological membranes using LC/MS. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Determination of ganglioside concentrations in breast milk and serum from Malaysian mothers using a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-multiple reaction monitoring method. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Serum Concentrate (BSC), a Complex of Milk Lipids, during Post-Natal Brain Development Improves Memory in Rats. Nutrients 2015; 7:4526-41. [PMID: 26056919 PMCID: PMC4488800 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the supplementation of ganglioside-enriched complex-milk-lipids improves cognitive function and that a phospholipid-enriched complex-milk-lipid prevents age-related cognitive decline in rats. This current study evaluated the effects of post-natal supplementation of ganglioside- and phospholipid-enriched complex-milk-lipids beta serum concentrate (BSC) on cognitive function in young rats. The diet of male rats was supplemented with either gels formulated BSC (n = 16) or blank gels (n = 16) from post-natal day 10 to day 70. Memory and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated using the Morris water maze, dark–light boxes, and elevated plus maze tests. Neuroplasticity and white matter were measured using immunohistochemical staining. The overall performance in seven-day acquisition trials was similar between the groups. Compared with the control group, BSC supplementation reduced the latency to the platform during day one of the acquisition tests. Supplementation improved memory by showing reduced latency and improved path efficiency to the platform quadrant, and smaller initial heading error from the platform zone. Supplemented rats showed an increase in striatal dopamine terminals and hippocampal glutamate receptors. Thus BSC supplementation during post-natal brain development improved learning and memory, independent from anxiety. The moderately enhanced neuroplasticity in dopamine and glutamate may be biological changes underlying the improved cognitive function.
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Palmano K, Rowan A, Guillermo R, Guan J, McJarrow P. The role of gangliosides in neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2015; 7:3891-913. [PMID: 26007338 PMCID: PMC4446785 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are important components of neuronal cell membranes and it is widely accepted that they play a critical role in neuronal and brain development. They are functionally involved in neurotransmission and are thought to support the formation and stabilization of functional synapses and neural circuits required as the structural basis of memory and learning. Available evidence, as reviewed herein, suggests that dietary gangliosides may impact positively on cognitive functions, particularly in the early postnatal period when the brain is still growing. Further, new evidence suggests that the mechanism of action may be through an effect on the neuroplasticity of the brain, mediated through enhanced synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Rowan
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd., Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Rozey Guillermo
- Centre for Brain Research, Auckland University, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jian Guan
- Centre for Brain Research, Auckland University, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Paul McJarrow
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd., Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Li C, Liu L, Xie H, Liu N. Determining Neu5Ac in infant formula with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Key Lab of Dairy Science; Ministry of Education; College of Food Sciences; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China 150030
| | - Libo Liu
- Key Lab of Dairy Science; Ministry of Education; College of Food Sciences; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China 150030
| | - Honglei Xie
- Key Lab of Dairy Science; Ministry of Education; College of Food Sciences; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China 150030
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Lab of Dairy Science; Ministry of Education; College of Food Sciences; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China 150030
- National Dairy Engineering & Technical Research Center; Heilongjiang Dairy Industry Technical Development Center; Harbin China 150086
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Abstract
Human milk is a complete source of nourishment for the infant. Exclusive breastfeeding not only sustains the infant's development but also guides the proliferation of a protective intestinal microbiota. Among the many components of milk that modulate the infant gut microbiota, the milk glycans, which comprise free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, are increasingly recognized as drivers of microbiota development and overall gut health. These glycans may display pleiotropic functions, conferring protection against infectious diseases and also acting as prebiotics, selecting for the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria. The prebiotic effect of milk glycans has direct application to prevention of diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis, a common and devastating disease of preterm infants. In this article, we review the impact of the human (and bovine) milk glycome on gut health through establishment of a milk-oriented microbiota in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alline R. Pacheco
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniela Barile
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Giuffrida F, Elmelegy IM, Thakkar SK, Marmet C, Destaillats F. Longitudinal evolution of the concentration of gangliosides GM3 and GD3 in human milk. Lipids 2014; 49:997-1004. [PMID: 25186772 PMCID: PMC4173068 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that dietary gangliosides may have an important role in preventing infections and in brain development during early infancy. However, data related to the evolution of their concentration over the different stages of lactation are scarce. Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometer (LC/ESI-HR-MS) has been optimized to quantify the two major ganglioside classes, i.e., aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer (GD3) and aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer (GM3) in human milk. Gangliosides were extracted using chloroform and methanol, further purified by solid-phase extraction and separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Repeatability, intermediate reproducibility, and recovery values were assessed to validate the method. In human milk, GD3 and GM3 could be quantified at the level of 0.1 and 0.2 μg/mL, respectively, with relative standard deviation of repeatability [CV(r)] and intermediate reproducibility [CV(iR)] values ranging from 1.9 to 15.0 % and 1.9 to 22.5 %, respectively. The described method was used to quantify GD3 and GM3 in human milk samples collected from 450 volunteers between 0 and 11 days and at 30, 60 and 120 days postpartum, providing for the first time the concentration of these minor lipids in a large cohort. The content of total gangliosides ranged from 8.1 and 10.7 μg/mL and the mean intake of gangliosides in infants 30, 60 and 120 days postpartum could be estimated at about 5.5, 7.0 and 8.6 mg of total gangliosides per day, respectively, when infants were exclusively breastfed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giuffrida
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 26, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland,
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Smilowitz JT, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA, German JB, Freeman SL. Breast milk oligosaccharides: structure-function relationships in the neonate. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 34:143-69. [PMID: 24850388 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing complete postnatal nutrition, breast milk is a complex biofluid that delivers bioactive components for the growth and development of the intestinal and immune systems. Lactation is a unique opportunity to understand the role of diet in shaping the intestinal environment including the infant microbiome. Of considerable interest is the diversity and abundance of milk glycans that are energetically costly for the mammary gland to produce yet indigestible by infants. Milk glycans comprise free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and glycolipids. Emerging technological advances are enabling more comprehensive, sensitive, and rapid analyses of these different classes of milk glycans. Understanding the impact of inter- and intraindividual glycan diversity on function is an important step toward interventions aimed at improving health and preventing disease. This review discusses the state of technology for glycan analysis and how specific structure-function knowledge is enhancing our understanding of early nutrition in the neonate.
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Timby N, Domellöf E, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, Domellöf M. Neurodevelopment, nutrition, and growth until 12 mo of age in infants fed a low-energy, low-protein formula supplemented with bovine milk fat globule membranes: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:860-8. [PMID: 24500150 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.064295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have indicated that differences in the composition of human milk and infant formula yield benefits in cognitive development and early growth for breastfed infants. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test the hypothesis that feeding an infant formula with reduced energy and protein densities and supplemented with bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) reduces differences in cognitive development and early growth between formula-fed and breastfed infants. DESIGN In a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 160 infants <2 mo of age were randomly assigned to be fed an MFGM-supplemented, low-energy, low-protein experimental formula (EF) or a standard formula (SF) until 6 mo of age. The energy and protein contents of the EF and SF were 60 and 66 kcal/100 mL and 1.20 and 1.27 g/100 mL, respectively. A breastfed reference (BFR) group consisted of 80 infants. RESULTS At 12 mo of age, the cognitive score (mean ± SD) on testing with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, was significantly higher in the EF group than in the SF group (105.8 ± 9.2 compared with 101.8 ± 8.0; P = 0.008) but was not significantly different from that in the BFR group (106.4 ± 9.5; P = 0.73). The EF group ingested larger volumes of formula than did the SF group (864 ± 174 compared with 797 ± 165 mL/d; P = 0.022), fully compensating for the lower energy density. No significant differences in linear growth, weight gain, body mass index, percentage body fat, or head circumference were found between the EF and SF groups. CONCLUSIONS MFGM supplementation to infant formula narrows the gap in cognitive development between breastfed and formula-fed infants. Between 2 and 6 mo of age, formula-fed term infants have the capacity to upregulate their ingested volumes when the energy density of formula is reduced from 66 to 60 kcal/100 mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Timby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics (NT, OH, and MD) and the Department of Psychology (ED), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, and the Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA (BL)
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Dietary GD3 ganglioside reduces the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis by sustaining regulatory immune responses. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57:550-6. [PMID: 23783008 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182a027e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids, rich in colostrum and in membrane microdomains, which promote enterocyte growth and differentiation, and modulate TH1/TH2 responses. In an in vitro intestinal explant model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gangliosides have been shown to ameliorate intestinal injury; however, possible immunomodulatory mechanisms associated with this observation, as well as potential in vivo protective effects of gangliosides, remain unknown. The present study evaluates the effects of dietary GD3, the predominant ganglioside in neonatal rat intestine, both on the clinicopathologic expression of disease and on ileal Foxp3+ T regulatory cell immune responses in an experimental NEC model. METHODS Newborn rat pups were fed gavage formula (NEC) or formula supplemented with 15 μg/mL GD3 (GD3-NEC). Dam-fed (DF) littermates served as controls. NEC was induced by asphyxia and cold stress. At 96 hours, ileal gross and histologic changes were evaluated, and ileal cytokine profiles, Foxp3 expression, and Foxp3+ cell numbers were determined. RESULTS GD3 decreased the incidence and gross and histopathologic severity of NEC. Ileal Foxp3 expression and Foxp3+ cell numbers were significantly decreased in the NEC group compared with DF. GD3 increased ileal Foxp3 expression and Foxp3+ cell numbers, in association with upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 and chemokines, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and suppressed proinflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that dietary GD3 protects newborn rats from NEC, in part, by augmenting mucosal Foxp3+ T regulatory immune responses.
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Ryan JM, Rice GE, Mitchell MD. The role of gangliosides in brain development and the potential benefits of perinatal supplementation. Nutr Res 2013; 33:877-87. [PMID: 24176227 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The maternal diet provides critical nutrients that can influence fetal and infant brain development and function. This review highlights the potential benefits of maternal dietary ganglioside supplementation on fetal and infant brain development. English-language systematic reviews, preclinical studies, and clinical studies were obtained through searches on PubMed. Reports were selected if they included benefits and harms of maternal ganglioside supplementation during pregnancy or ganglioside-supplemented formula after pregnancy. The potential benefits of ganglioside supplementation were explored by investigating the following: (1) their role in neural development, (2) their therapeutic use in neural injury and disease, (3) their presence in human breast milk, and (4) their use as a dietary supplement during or after pregnancy. Preclinical studies indicate that ganglioside supplementation at high doses (1% of total dietary intake) can significantly increase cognitive development and body weight when given prenatally. However, lower ganglioside supplementation doses have no beneficial cognitive effects, even when given throughout pregnancy and lactation. In human clinical trials, infants given formula supplemented with gangliosides showed increased cognitive development and an increase in ganglioside content. Ganglioside supplementation may promote brain development and function in offspring when administered at the optimum dosage. We propose that prenatal maternal dietary supplementation with gangliosides throughout pregnancy may promote greater long-term effects on brain development and function. Before this concept can be encouraged in preconception clinics, future research and clinical trials are needed to confirm the ability of dietary gangliosides to improve cognitive development, but available results already encourage this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Ryan
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Peterson R, Cheah WY, Grinyer J, Packer N. Glycoconjugates in human milk: Protecting infants from disease. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1425-38. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Georgi G, Bartke N, Wiens F, Stahl B. Functional glycans and glycoconjugates in human milk. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:578S-85S. [PMID: 23783293 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.039065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains complex carbohydrates that are important dietary factors with multiple functions during early life. Several aspects of these glycostructures are human specific; some aspects vary between lactating women, and some change during the course of lactation. This review outlines how variability of complex glycostructures present in human milk is linked to changing infants' needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Georgi
- Danone Research–Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Friedrichsdorf, Germany
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Gurnida DA, Rowan AM, Idjradinata P, Muchtadi D, Sekarwana N. Association of complex lipids containing gangliosides with cognitive development of 6-month-old infants. Early Hum Dev 2012; 88:595-601. [PMID: 22289412 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human breastmilk contains gangliosides which may play an important role in infant neurodevelopment. AIM A pilot study was conducted to assess the impact of infant formula supplemented with gangliosides from complex milk lipid on cognitive functions of normal healthy infants. STUDY DESIGN The study was a double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel group clinical trial in which infants received the treatment or control product from 2 to 8 weeks of age until 24 weeks of age. The control group (n=30) received standard infant formula and the treatment group (n=29) received the same formula supplemented with complex milk lipid to increase the ganglioside content to approximately 11 to 12 μg/ml. A reference group (n=32) consisted of normal healthy exclusively breast-fed infants. OUTCOME MEASURES Cognitive development using the Griffith Scales and serum gangliosides was measured before (2-8 weeks of age) and after intervention (24 weeks of age). RESULTS Ganglioside supplementation using complex milk lipids significantly increased ganglioside serum levels (control group vs treatment group, P=0.002) and resulted in increased scores for Hand and Eye coordination IQ (P<0.006), Performance IQ (P<0.001) and General IQ (P=0.041). Cognitive development scores and serum ganglioside levels for the treatment group did not differ from the reference group. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of infant formula with complex milk lipid to enhance ganglioside content appears to have beneficial effects on cognitive development in healthy infants aged 0-6 months, which may be related to increased serum ganglioside levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dida A Gurnida
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Zhang J, Ren Y, Huang B, Tao B, Ransborg Pedersen M, Li D. Determination of disialoganglioside GD3 and monosialoganglioside GM3 in infant formulas and whey protein concentrates by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:937-46. [PMID: 22589154 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Yiping Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Baifen Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Baohua Tao
- Zhejiang Beingmate Scientific-Industrial-Trade Share Co., Ltd.; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | | | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
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Wang B. Molecular mechanism underlying sialic acid as an essential nutrient for brain development and cognition. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:465S-72S. [PMID: 22585926 PMCID: PMC3649484 DOI: 10.3945/an.112.001875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The early stages of neurodevelopment in infants are crucial for establishing neural structures and synaptic connections that influence brain biochemistry well into adulthood. This postnatal period of rapid neural growth is of critical importance for cell migration, neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and axon fasciculation. These processes thus place an unusually high demand on the intracellular pool of nutrients and biochemical precursors. Sialic acid (Sia), a family of 9-carbon sugar acids, occurs in large amounts in human milk oligosaccharides and is an essential component of brain gangliosides and sialylated glycoproteins, particularly as precursors for the synthesis of the polysialic acid (polySia) glycan that post-translationally modify the cell membrane-associated neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM). Human milk is noteworthy in containing exceptionally high levels of Sia-glycoconjugates. The predominate form of Sia in human milk is N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Infant formula, however, contains low levels of Sia consisting of both Neu5Ac and N-glycolyneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Current studies implicate Neu5Gc in several human inflammatory diseases. Polysialylated NCAM and neural gangliosides both play critical roles in mediating cell-to-cell interactions important for neuronal outgrowth, synaptic connectivity, and memory formation. A diet rich in Sia also increases the level of Sia in the brains of postnatal piglets, the expression level of 2 learning-related genes, and enhances learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Australia.
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Janas T, Janas T. Membrane oligo- and polysialic acids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2923-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lacomba R, Salcedo J, Alegría A, Barberá R, Hueso P, Matencio E, Lagarda MJ. Sialic acid (N-acetyl and N-glycolylneuraminic acid) and ganglioside in whey protein concentrates and infant formulae. Int Dairy J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pham PH, Duffy TL, Dmytrash AL, Lien VW, Thomson AB, Clandinin M. Estimate of dietary ganglioside intake in a group of healthy Edmontonians based on selected foods. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lacomba R, Salcedo J, Alegría A, Barberá R, Hueso P, Matencio E, Lagarda MJ. Effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on sialic acid and gangliosides present in human milk and infant formulas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5755-5762. [PMID: 21495682 DOI: 10.1021/jf200663k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of simulated gastrointestinal digestion upon sialic acid and gangliosides in infant and follow-on formulas and human milk, as well as their bioaccessibility, have been evaluated. The gastric stage is the step that causes a greater decrease in sialic acid and ganglioside contents. The intestinal stage only decreases the total and individual contents of gangliosides. After gastrointestinal digestion, neither sialic acid nor gangliosides were found in the nonbioaccessible fraction. The highest bioaccessibility (100 × content in soluble fraction after gastrointestinal digestion/total content) of sialic acid is found in human milk (87%), followed by infant formula (77%) and follow-on formula (16%). In the case of gangliosides, the highest bioaccessibility is present in the follow-on formula (51%), followed by human milk (29%) and infant formula (5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Lacomba
- Department of Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Uchiyama SI, Sekiguchi K, Akaishi M, Anan A, Maeda T, Izumi T. Characterization and chronological changes of preterm human milk gangliosides. Nutrition 2011; 27:998-1001. [PMID: 21288691 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gangliosides are present in high concentrations in the nervous tissue, and some are observed in small amounts in many extraneural tissues and body fluids. Human milk may play important roles in energy supplementation, prophylaxis of infection, and brain development. For preterm infants, human milk gangliosides are also very important substances during the early lactation stage. However, there are no data on human milk gangliosides from mothers at preterm delivery. We investigated the characterization of gangliosides and chronologic changes in human preterm milk earlier than 30 wk of gestation from 1 to 60 d after birth. METHODS Forty-one samples were analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and a microtechnique using 1 mL of milk from each lactation and compared with 61 full-term human milk samples. RESULTS Total lipid-bound sialic acid of human milk gangliosides after preterm delivery showed a peak concentration at 2 to 3 d postpartum and then remained at a high concentration until approximately 10 d. GD3 was the major ganglioside in the colostrum until approximately 7 to 10 d postpartum. GM3 was scarcely detected until 7 d postpartum and then increased gradually. There was no difference in the GD3 concentration per 1 mL of human milk between preterm and full-term human milk until approximately 5 to 8 d postpartum. After that time, the GD3 concentration decreased sharply. In contrast, the total concentrations of GM3 per 1 mL of human milk from mothers after preterm delivery were lower than those from mothers after full-term delivery throughout the entire period examined. CONCLUSION This finding is essential to elucidate the composition of human milk gangliosides after preterm delivery, which may contribute to the analysis of the physiologic composition and formulation appropriate preterm infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Uchiyama
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
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