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Stayner LT, Carreón-Valencia T, Demers PA, Fritz JM, Sim MR, Stewart P, Tsuda H, Cardenas A, Consonni D, Davies L, De Matteis S, Felley-Bosco E, Ghio AJ, Göen T, Grosse Y, Gualtieri AF, Josephy PD, Koutros S, Linhart I, Louro H, O'Brien KM, Panzacchi S, Peña L, Rössner P, Schildkraut JM, Stefaniak AB, Wentzensen N, Wild P, Xu Y, de Conti A, Facchin C, Wedekind R, Ahmadi A, Blanco J, Chittiboyina S, Kulasingam S, MacLehose R, Motlhale M, Shah S, Suonio E, Mattock H, Kunzmann A, Madia F, Pasqual E, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Schubauer-Berigan MK. Carcinogenicity of talc and acrylonitrile. Lancet Oncol 2024; 25:962-963. [PMID: 38976996 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(24)00384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul A Demers
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jason M Fritz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Malcolm R Sim
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Hiroyuki Tsuda
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Dario Consonni
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Laurie Davies
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Andrew J Ghio
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Göen
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Stella Koutros
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Igor Linhart
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Laura Peña
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Pavel Rössner
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Wild
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Aline de Conti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Ayat Ahmadi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jessica Blanco
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Sanam Shah
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Eero Suonio
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Heidi Mattock
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Federica Madia
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Elisa Pasqual
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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2
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Wu KY, Wu CF, Luo YS, Huang YF, Uang SN, Lee YY, Chiang SY. Study of urinary mercapturic acids as biomarkers of human acrylonitrile exposure. Toxicol Lett 2022; 373:141-147. [PMID: 36402260 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the vinyl monomer acrylonitrile (AN) is primarily occupational. AN is also found in cigarette smoke. AN can be detoxified to form N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-cysteine (CEMA) or activated to 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO) and detoxified to form N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine (CHEMA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine (HEMA). These urinary mercapturic acids (MAs) are considered to be potential biomarkers of AN exposure. This study assessed personal AN exposure, urinary MAs (CEMA, CHEMA, and HEMA), and cotinine (a biomarker of cigarette smoke) in 80 AN-exposed and 23 non-exposed factory workers from urine samples provided before and after work shifts. Unambiguous linear correlations were observed between levels of urinary CEMA and CHEMA with personal AN exposures, indicating their potential as chemically-specific biomarkers for AN exposures. AN exposure was the dominant factor in MA formation for AN-exposed workers, whereas urinary cotinine used as a biomarker showed that cigarette smoke exposure was the primary factor for non-exposed workers. The CHEMA/CEMA and (CHEMA+HEMA)/CEMA ratios in this human study differ from those in similar studies of AN-treated rats and mice in literature, suggesting a possible dose- and species-dependent effect in AN metabolic activation and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Yuh Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Huang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Nian Uang
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Lee
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Food and Beverage Management, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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3
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Acrylonitrile induction of rodent neoplasia: Potential mechanism of action and relevance to humans. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211055363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylonitrile, an industrial chemical, is a multisite carcinogen in rats and mice, producing tumors in four tissues with barrier function, that is, brain, forestomach, Zymbal’s gland, and Harderian gland. To assess mechanism(s) of action (MoA) for induction of neoplasia and to evaluate whether the findings in rodents are indicative of human hazard, data on the potential key effects produced by acrylonitrile in the four rodent target tissues of carcinogenicity were evaluated. A notable finding was depletion of glutathione in various organs, including two target tissues, the brain, and forestomach, suggesting that this effect could be a critical initiating event. An additional combination of oxidative DNA damage and cytotoxic effects of acrylonitrile and its metabolites, cyanide, and 2-cyanoethylene oxide, could initiate pro-inflammatory signaling and sustained cell and tissue injury, leading to compensatory cell proliferation and neoplastic development. The in vivo DNA-binding and genotoxicity of acrylonitrile has been studied in several target tissues with no compelling positive results. Thus, while some mutagenic effects were reported in acrylonitrile-exposed rodents, data to determine whether this mutagenicity stems from direct DNA reactivity of acrylonitrile are insufficient. Accordingly, the induction of tumors in rodents is consistent primarily with a non-genotoxic MoA, although a contribution from weak mutagenicity cannot be ruled out. Mechanistic data to support conclusions regarding human hazard from acrylonitrile exposure is weak. Comparison of metabolism of acrylonitrile between rodents and humans provide little support for human hazard. Three of the tissues affected in bioassays (forestomach, Zymbal’s gland, and Harderian gland) are present only in rodents, while the brain is anatomically different between rodents and humans, diminishing relevance of tumor induction in these tissues to human hazard. Extensive epidemiological data has not revealed causation of human cancer by acrylonitrile.
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4
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Zheng L, Pan L, Lin P, Miao J, Wang X, Lin Y, Wu J. Evaluating the toxic effects of three priority hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) to rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27277-27287. [PMID: 28965194 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) spill in the marine environment is an issue of growing concern, and it will mostly continue to do so in the future owing to the increase of high chemical traffic. Nevertheless, the effects of HNS spill on marine environment, especially on aquatic organisms are unclear. Consequently, it is emergent to provide valuable information for the toxicities to marine biota caused by HNS spill. Accordingly, the acute toxicity of three preferential HNS and sub-lethal effects of acrylonitrile on Brachionus plicatilis were evaluated. The median lethal concentration (LC50) at 24 h were 47.2 mg acrylonitrile L-1, 276.9 mg styrene L-1, and 488.3 mg p-xylene L-1, respectively. Sub-lethal toxicity effects of acrylonitrile on feeding behavior, development, and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis were also evaluated. Results demonstrated that rates of filtration and ingestion were significantly reduced at 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg L-1 of acrylonitrile. Additionally, reproductive period, fecundity, and life span were significantly decreased at high acrylonitrile concentrations. Conversely, juvenile period was significantly increased at the highest two doses and no effects were observed on embryonic development and post-reproductive period. Meanwhile, we found that ingestion rate decline could be a good predictor of reproduction toxicity in B. plicatilis and ecologically relevant endpoint for toxicity assessment. These data will be useful to assess and deal with marine HNS spillages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Pengfei Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiufen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yufei Lin
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
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5
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Williams GM, Kobets T, Duan JD, Iatropoulos MJ. Assessment of DNA Binding and Oxidative DNA Damage by Acrylonitrile in Two Rat Target Tissues of Carcinogenicity: Implications for the Mechanism of Action. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1470-1480. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary M. Williams
- Chemical Safety Program,
Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, United States
| | - Tetyana Kobets
- Chemical Safety Program,
Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, United States
| | - Jian-Dong Duan
- Chemical Safety Program,
Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, United States
| | - Michael J. Iatropoulos
- Chemical Safety Program,
Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, United States
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6
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Haber LT, Patterson J. Report of an independent peer review of an acrylonitrile risk assessment. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:487-527. [PMID: 16270753 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht552oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A peer review panel made up of experts in toxicology, epidemiology, cancer mode of action (MOA), cancer mechanisms, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, dose–response, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cancer and noncancer methods, pharmacokinetic modeling and acrylonitrile, met on 22–23 September 2003 in Cincinnati, OH. The purpose of the meeting was to provide an independent review of a risk assessment of acrylonitrile that had been prepared by the Acrylonitrile Group (AN Group). Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA) organized the peer review and selected the panel. The panel discussed the toxicity and epidemiology literature of acrylonitrile and MOA information, and reached conclusions regarding its MOA, weight of evidence (WOE) for carcinogenicity, preferred approach for dose-response assessment and risk values. This paper summarizes the discussion and conclusions of the panel regarding the acrylonitrile assessment. Subsequent to the peer review, the authors of the acrylonitrile assessment revised their report and the panel reviewed the revised report. A manuscript of the revised assessment is being published in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology.
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7
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Rongzhu L, Suhua W, Guangwei X, Fangan H, Ziqiang C, Fusheng J, Kacew S. Neurobehavioral alterations in rats exposed to acrylonitrile in drinking water. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 26:179-84. [PMID: 17439920 DOI: 10.1177/0960327107070563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out on rodents, to explore the neurobehavioral effects of acrylonitrile (AN) administered in drinking water. Thirty, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: two exposure groups (50 and 200 ppm AN), and one control group (tap water without AN). Three tests, including the open field test, rotarod test and spatial water maze, were applied to evaluate locomotor activities, motor co-ordination and learning and memory, respectively, prior to initiation of the treatment, and at Week 4, 8 and 12 postexposure. There were no consistent changes in the open field test, except for locomotion and grooming episodes. In the rotarod test, AN significantly decreased the latencies to fall in a dose and time-dependent manner. In the spatial water maze test, rats exposed to AN for 12 weeks had significantly more training times and longer escape latencies than control animals. These findings indicate that oral exposure to AN induces neurobehavioral alterations in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rongzhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 3 Yizheng Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China.
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8
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Blackburn K, Daston G, Fisher J, Lester C, Naciff JM, Rufer ES, Stuard SB, Woeller K. A strategy for safety assessment of chemicals with data gaps for developmental and/or reproductive toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:202-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Neuparth T, Capela R, Rey-Salgueiro L, Moreira SM, Santos MM, Reis-Henriques MA. Simulation of a Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) spill in the marine environment: lethal and sublethal effects of acrylonitrile to the European seabass. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:978-985. [PMID: 23800594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive maritime transportation of Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS), there is a current lack of knowledge on the effects posed by HNS spills on the marine biota. Among the HNS identified as priority, acrylonitrile was selected to conduct ecotoxicological assays. We assessed the acute and subletal effects of acrylonitrile in seabass, followed by a recovery phase to simulate the conditions of a spill incident. The work aimed at testing a broad range of biological responses induced by acrylonitrile. Sublethal exposure to the highest two doses increased the fish mortality rate (8.3% and 25% mortality in 0.75 and 2 mg L(-1) acrylonitrile concentrations), whereas no mortality were observed in control and 0.15 mg L(-1) treatments. Additionally, important alterations at sub-individual level were observed. Acrylonitrile significantly induced the activities of Catalase- CAT and Glutathione S-Transferase - GST; and the levels of DNA damage were significantly increased. Conversely, Superoxide Dismutase- SOD - activity was found to be significantly inhibited and no effects were found on Lipid Peroxidation- LPO and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase - EROD - activity. Following a 7d recovery period, the levels of CAT, GST and EROD fell to levels at or below those in the control. In the 2 mg L(-1) group, SOD remained at the levels found during exposure phase. This study has gathered essential information on the acute and subletal toxicity of acrylonitrile to seabass. It also demonstrated that 7d recovery allowed a return of most endpoints to background levels. These data will be useful to assist relevant bodies in preparedness and response to HNS spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Sangeetha M, Eazhisai Vallabi D, Sali VK, Thanka J, Vasanthi HR. Sub-acute toxicity profile of a modified resveratrol supplement. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:492-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Kolenda-Roberts HM, Harris N, Singletary E, Hardisty JF. Immunohistochemical characterization of spontaneous and acrylonitrile-induced brain tumors in the rat. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:98-108. [PMID: 22821367 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312452492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight spontaneously occurring glial tumors (previously diagnosed as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and gliomas) and eleven granular cell tumors (GCTs) were selected for evaluation using a panel of immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains (Ricinus communis agglutinin type 1 [RCA-1], ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 [Iba-1], OX-6/major immunohistocompatibility complex class II, oligodendrocytes transcription factor 2 [Olig2], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], S100 beta, glutamine synthetase, neurofilament, proliferating cell nuclear antigen). In addition, nine brain tumors from a 2-year drinking water study for acrylonitrile were obtained from the Acrylonitrile Group, Inc. Based on IHC staining characteristics, Olig2+ oligodendrogliomas were the most commonly diagnosed spontaneous tumor in these animals. Many of the spontaneous tumors previously diagnosed as astrocytomas were RCA-1+, Iba-1+ and negative for GFAP, S100beta, and glutamine synthetase; the diagnosis of malignant microglial tumor is proposed for these neoplasms. Three mixed tumors were identified with Olig2+ (oligodendrocytes) and Iba-1+ (macrophage/microglia) cell populations. The term mixed glioma is not recommended for these tumors, as it is generally used to refer to oligoastrocytomas, which were not observed in this study. GCT were positive for RCA-1 and Iba-1. All acrylonitrile tumors were identified as malignant microglial tumors. These results may indicate that oligodendrogliomas are more common as spontaneous tumors, while acrylonitrile-induced neoplasms are microglial/histiocytic in origin. No astrocytomas (GFAP, S100 beta, and/or glutamine synthetase-positive neoplasms) were observed.
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12
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Chang CY, Tanong K, Chiemchaisri C, Vigneswaran S. Feasibility study of a cyclic anoxic/aerobic two-stage MBR for treating ABS resin manufacturing wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:5325-5330. [PMID: 21190843 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility and the treatment efficiency of a cyclic anoxic/aerobic two-stage MBR for treating polymeric industrial wastewater. The anoxic/aerobic hybrid MBR was operated without sludge withdrawal except sampling during the study. The results showed that the highest COD organic loading rate of 8.7 kg COD/m(3) day from bioreactor was obtained at phase 3. The system achieved 97% BOD(5) and 89% COD removal. It also revealed that 93% of COD removal was contributed by bioreactor at phase 3 and the similar results happened to phases 1 and 2. The highest TN and TKN removals for each phase were 60, 74, 80% and 61, 74, 81%, respectively and limited by nitritation step. SEM images of nascent and fouled membranes were offered to evaluate the cleaning method. The system was operated for 174 days, resulting in high degradation rate, flexibility towards influent fluctuations and limited sludge production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yuan Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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13
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Neal BH, Collins JJ, Strother DE, Lamb JC. Weight-of-the-evidence review of acrylonitrile reproductive and developmental toxicity studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009; 39:589-612. [PMID: 19650719 DOI: 10.1080/10408440903052855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of acrylonitrile (AN) toxicity to humans has focused on potential carcinogenicity and acute toxicity. Epidemiological studies from China reported reproductive and developmental effects in AN workers, including infertility, birth defects, and spontaneous abortions. A weight-of-the-evidence (WoE) evaluation of the AN database assessed study strength, characterized toxicity, and identified no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs). The epidemiological studies do not demonstrate causality and are not sufficiently robust to be used for risk assessment. Rodent developmental studies showed fetotoxicity and malformations at maternally toxic levels; there was no unique developmental susceptibility. NOAELs for oral and inhalation exposures were 10 mg/kg/day and 12 ppm (6 h/day), respectively. Drinking-water and inhalation reproductive toxicity studies showed no clear effects on reproductive performance or fertility. Maternally toxic concentrations caused decreased pup growth. The drinking-water reproductive NOAEL was 100 ppm (moderate confidence due to study limitations). The inhalation exposure reproductive and neonatal toxicity high confidence NOAEL was 45 ppm (first generation 90 ppm) (6 h/day). The inhalation reproductive toxicity study provides the most robust data for risk assessment. Based on the WoE evaluation, AN is not expected to be a developmental or reproductive toxicant in the absence of significant maternal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara H Neal
- Center for Toxicology and Mechanistic Biology, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA.
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14
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Nagatani M, Ando R, Yamakawa S, Saito T, Tamura K. Histological and immunohistochemical studies on spontaneous rat astrocytomas and malignant reticulosis. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:599-605. [PMID: 19487256 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309338385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Among spontaneous neoplasms of the rat central nervous system, the discrimination between astrocytoma and malignant reticulosis (MR) is sometimes difficult because of their similar cell morphology and infiltration patterns. In the present study, we carried out histological and immunohistochemical analyses on a total of sixty-four cases in Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats. These cases were diagnosed as benign/malignant astrocytoma containing no neoplastic oligodendroglial elements or MR according to the diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization International Classification of Rodent Tumors (Mohr et al. 1994). Astrocytomas were divided into three types and MR into two types based on the number of lesions, cellularity and infiltration patterns, and so on. Although the neoplastic cells from all types showed various immunoreactivities for RM-4 (anti-rat macrophages and dendritic cells), ED-1, and/or vimentin, there were no distinctive differences among these types, and most cells that were positive for RM-4 were also positive for ED-1. None of the tumor types showed any reactivity for GFAP or S-100 protein. From the results of morphological and immunohistochemical examinations, it was indicated that there are no distinctive differences between spontaneous astrocytomas and MR in rats, and they are probably derived from the same cell lineage, that is, microglia, macrophage, or radial glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nagatani
- Hamamatsu Branch of Pathology Department, Biology and Zoology Research Center Inc., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 435-0016, Japan.
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15
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Kirman CR, Sweeney LM, Gargas ML, Strother DE, Collins JJ, Deskin R. Derivation of noncancer reference values for acrylonitrile. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2008; 28:1375-1394. [PMID: 18761732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dose-response assessments were conducted for the noncancer effects of acrylonitrile (AN) for the purposes of deriving subchronic and chronic oral reference dose (RfD) and inhalation reference concentration (RfC) values. Based upon an evaluation of available toxicity data, the irritation and neurological effects of AN were determined to be appropriate bases for deriving reference values. A PBPK model, which describes the toxicokinetics of AN and its metabolite 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO) in both rats and humans, was used to assess the dose-response data in terms of an internal dose measure for the oral RfD values, but could not be used in deriving the inhalation RfC values. Benchmark dose (BMD) methods were used to derive all reference values. Where sufficient information was available, data-derived uncertainty factors were applied to the points of departure determined by BMD methods. From this assessment, subchronic and chronic oral RfD values of 0.5 and 0.05 mg/kg/day, respectively, were derived. Similarly, subchronic and chronic inhalation RfC values of 0.1 and 0.06 mg/m(3), respectively, were derived. Confidence in the reference values derived for AN was considered to be medium to high, based upon a consideration of the confidence in the key studies, the toxicity database, dosimetry, and dose-response modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Kirman
- The Sapphire Group, Inc., Beachwood, OH 44122, USA.
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16
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Kirman CR, Gargas ML, Marsh GM, Strother DE, Klaunig JE, Collins JJ, Deskin R. Cancer dose–response assessment for acrylonitrile based upon rodent brain tumor incidence: Use of epidemiologic, mechanistic, and pharmacokinetic support for nonlinearity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 43:85-103. [PMID: 16099568 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A cancer dose-response assessment was conducted for acrylonitrile (AN) using updated information on mechanism of action, epidemiology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. Although more than 10 chronic bioassays indicate that AN produces multiple tumors in rats and mice, a number of large, well-conducted epidemiology studies provide no evidence of a causal association between AN exposure and cancer mortality of any type. The epidemiological data include early industry exposures that are far higher than occur today and that approach or exceed levels found to be tumorigenic in animals. Despite the absence of positive findings in the epidemiology data, a dose-response assessment was conducted for AN based on brain tumors in rats. Mechanistic studies implicate the involvement of oxidative stress in rat brain due to a metabolite (2-cyanoethylene oxide or CEO, cyanide), but do not conclusively rule out a potential role for the direct genotoxicity of CEO. A PBPK model was used to predict internal doses (peak CEO in brain) for 12 data sets, which were pooled together to provide a consistent characterization of the dose-response relationship for brain tumor incidence in the rat. The internal dose corresponding to a 5% increase in extra risk (ED 05=0.017 mg/L brain) and its lower confidence limit (LED 05=0.014 mg/L brain) was used as the point of departure. The weight-of-evidence supports the use of a nonlinear extrapolation for the cancer dose-response assessment. A quantitative comparison of the epidemiology exposure-response data (lung and brain cancer mortality) to the rat brain tumor data in terms of internal dose adds to the confidence in the nonlinear extrapolation. Uncertainty factors of 200 and 220 (for the oral and inhalation routes, respectively) were applied to the LED 05 to account for interspecies variation, intraspecies variation, and the severity of the response measure. Accordingly, oral doses below 0.009 mg/kg-day and air concentrations below 0.1mg/m(3) are not expected to pose an appreciable risk to human populations exposed to AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Kirman
- The Sapphire Group, Inc., Beachwood, OH, USA.
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Johannsen FR, Levinskas GJ. Chronic toxicity and oncogenic dose-response effects of lifetime oral acrylonitrile exposure to Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Lett 2002; 132:221-47. [PMID: 12044705 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (AN) was administered in the drinking water for approximately 2 years to groups of 100 male and 100 female Fischer 344 rats at nominal concentrations of 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 ppm. Two groups, each of 100 males and 100 females, were used as untreated controls. Average daily intake was 0.1, 0.3, 0.8, 2.5 or 8.4 mg AN per kg body weight per day, respectively, for treated male rats and 0.1, 0.4, 1.3, 3.7, or 10.9 mg AN per kg per body weight per day, respectively, for dosed females. Clinical biochemistry, interim necropsies, organ weights and microscopic evaluation of tissues and organs were performed on groups of ten rats per sex per group at months 6, 12, and 18 and at study termination. Females were sacrificed in the 24th month and males were terminated after 26 months of dosing. A consistent decrease in survival, lower body weight and reduced water intake, as well as small reductions in hematological parameters, were observed in both sexes of the 100 ppm group. Elevated numbers of early deaths were observed in groups of males receiving 10 ppm AN and females receiving 30 ppm AN. Organ:body weight ratios at various study intervals were consistently elevated in the high dose group and likely were related to lower body weights. At these same intervals, mean absolute weights were either comparable to controls or only slightly elevated and few changes in weight ratios were seen when organ weights were compared with brain weights. No biochemical changes suggested a treatment-related effect. An increase in urine specific gravity in 100 ppm male rats was reflective of a decrease in liquid intake at this level. The only significant non-neoplastic finding observed histologically was a dose-related increase in hyperplasia/hyperkeratosis in squamous cells of the forestomach in male and female rats given 3 ppm and higher AN. This observation correlated with the induction of treatment-related squamous cell tumors (papillomas and carcinomas) of the forestomach seen primarily in rats at 3 ppm AN and higher. Mammary gland carcinomas were observed only in female groups. Both sexes given 10 ppm AN or more in their drinking water for their lifetime had astrocytomas of the brain/spinal cord and adenomas/carcinomas of the Zymbal's gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick R Johannsen
- Environmental, Safety and Health, Solutia Inc., 575 Maryville Centre Drive, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA.
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18
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Quast JF. Two-year toxicity and oncogenicity study with acrylonitrile incorporated in the drinking water of rats. Toxicol Lett 2002; 132:153-96. [PMID: 12044703 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sprague-Dawley rats (80 per sex per control and 48 per sex in each treatment group) were given drinking water formulated to contain 0, 35, 100, or 300 ppm acrylonitrile (AN) for up to 2-years. An additional ten rats per sex per group were added for a 1-year interim necropsy. The equivalent doses of AN consumed were 0, 3.4, 8.5, and 21.3 mg/kg per day for males and 0, 4.4, 10.8, and 25.0 for females. Rats were closely monitored clinically with body weight, feed and water consumption measured at numerous intervals. Hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis were evaluated six times. All rats were necropsied when moribund, found dead, or at scheduled termination, with extensive histopathology of all rats. Numerous adverse toxic and oncogenic effects were observed in both sexes of all AN treatment groups. Decreased water consumption, feed consumption, and concomitant body weight suppression occurred within days of study initiation and persisted throughout the study in all treatment groups. An early onset of Zymbal gland tumors in high dose male and female rats, and in the mammary gland of all treated groups of females, was detected in-life. Hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis, repeatedly evaluated, were without significant biological effects, except for an increased urine specific gravity due to the rats lower water intake. Organ weights at study termination were not significantly affected. Mortality was high in all female treated groups, with no surviving male or female 300 ppm rats during the last 2 months of the study. The most significant findings in this study were detected following gross and microscopic examination of an extensive list of tissues from all rats in the study. Nontumorous and tumorous lesions were found at an increased and/or decreased rate in a number of tissues of both sexes at all treatment levels. The primary nontumorous histopathologic effects of AN exposure occurred in the forestomach and the central nervous system of rats of both sexes and involved all treatment groups. A statistically significant increased incidence of tumors in one or more dose levels of either sex occurred in the central nervous system, Zymbal gland, forestomach, tongue, small instestine, and mammary gland. A no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was not identified in this study for toxicity or oncogenicity in either sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Quast
- The Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
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