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Xu H, Jia C, Cheng W, Zhang T, Tao R, Ma Y, Si L, Xu Y, Li J. The Effect of L-Carnitine Additive During In Vitro Maturation on the Vitrification of Pig Oocytes. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:198-207. [PMID: 32673085 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of oocytes/embryos is an important technique for genetic resources; however, the success of vitrification in pig oocytes remained at a relatively lower level due to the high content of lipid droplets (LDs). Considering the positive effect of L-carnitine on the function of LDs, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of the addition of L-carnitine on the vitrification of porcine cumulus cells of complexes (cumulus/oocyte complexes [COCs]). First, COCs were randomly divided into two groups: one group of COCs were commonly in vitro maturation (IVM) for 42-46 hours (nonvitrification [NV]), while another group of COCs were IVM with 10 mM L-carnitine (NVL [nonvitrification with L-carnitine addition in IVM]). In addition, random parts of COCs with L-carnitine addition were vitrified (VL [vitrification with L-carnitine addition in IVM]), while vitrification was performed on COCs without L-carnitine used as control group (V). Results showed that the maturation rate of pig oocytes reduced significantly when the vitrification was performed at 16 hours during IVM (VL vs. NVL, 40.09 ± 2.85 vs. 90.76 ± 1.16; V vs. NV, 34.41 ± 2.55 vs. 89.71 ± 1.33, p < 0.01). With the addition of L-carnitine, intracellular LDs were decreased significantly (p < 0.01). However, no difference was observed on the efficiency of vitrification in pig oocytes (VL vs. V, 40.09 ± 2.85 vs. 34.41 ± 2.55, p > 0.05). In addition, not only the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in pig oocytes with the L-carnitine addition group reduced significantly (p < 0.01), but also the expression of SOD1 gene was improved (p < 0.05). In conclusion, results demonstrated that although no difference could be observed on pig COC vitrification, the LDs and ROS level in pig oocytes could be modified by the addition of L-carnitine, which might be helpful for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiu Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruixin Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuehua Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linan Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinxue Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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da Silva Cardoso Pinto V, Alves MF, de Souza Nunes Martins M, Basso AC, Tannura JH, Pontes JHF, Lima MS, Garcia da Silva T, Okuda LH, Stefano E, Romaldini AHCN, Arnold DR, Pituco EM. Effects of oocytes exposure to bovine diarrhea viruses BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and Hobi-like virus on in vitro-produced bovine embryo development and viral infection. Theriogenology 2017; 97:67-72. [PMID: 28583610 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
As production of in vitro (IVP) bovine embryos steadily increases, the sanitary risk associated with IVP embryos remains a concern. One of the greatest concerns is how BVDV may be transmitted through IVP embryos. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects caused by BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and Hobi-like virus exposure during in vitro maturation on embryo development and viral infection. Abittior-derived oocytes were randomly assigned for in vitro maturation with serial concentrations of BVDV-1 (3.12 × 102 - 2.50 × 103 TCID50/100 μL), BVDV-2 (6.25 × 101 - 5.20 × 102 TCID50/100 μL) or Hobi-like virus (1.90 × 102 - 1.58 × 103 TCID50/100 μL) for 22-24 h. After maturation, oocytes were fertilized and embryo cultured following standard in vitro procedures. Embryo development was evaluated and percentage of respective, positive BVDV degenerated and viable embryos were evaluated by RT-qPCR. No concentration of BVDV-1 altered embryo development as measured by cleavage and blastocyst rates, compared to negative control group. However 100% of degenerated embryos and 50-100% of viable embryos tested positive for BVDV-1, depending on the viral concentration. BVDV-2 exposed oocytes had higher cleavage rates than the negative control group (60.2-64.1% vs 49.8%; P = 0.003-0.032). However, no difference was detected for blastocyst rates. In aadition, 100% of degenerated embryos and 20-50% of viable embryos tested positive for BVDV-2. Hobi-like virus treated oocytes had reduced cleavage rates for the three highest viral concentrations (33.3-38.0% vs 49.8% for negative controls; P ≤ 0.001-0.014). Blastocyst rates were only reduced in the 7.9 × 102 Hobi-like virus concentration (6.9 ± 0.9% vs 15.1 ± 1.6%; P = 0.009), when calculated by oocyte number. 50-80% of degenerated embryos tested positive for Hobi-like virus. No viable embryos from the Hobi-like virus treated oocytes tested positive. These results suggest that IVP embryos from BVDV-1 and -2 infected oocytes develop normally, but carry the virus. However, Hobi-like virus infected oocytes had reduced cleavage and cause pre-implantation embryo loss, but viable embryos did not carry the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V da Silva Cardoso Pinto
- Laboratório de viroses de bovídeos, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1.252, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04014-900, Brazil.
| | - M F Alves
- In Vitro Brasil, Rodovia SP 340, Km 166, Mogi Mirim, SP, CEP 13800-970, Brazil
| | - M de Souza Nunes Martins
- Laboratório de viroses de bovídeos, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1.252, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04014-900, Brazil
| | - A C Basso
- In Vitro Brasil, Rodovia SP 340, Km 166, Mogi Mirim, SP, CEP 13800-970, Brazil
| | - J H Tannura
- In Vitro Brasil, Rodovia SP 340, Km 166, Mogi Mirim, SP, CEP 13800-970, Brazil
| | - J H F Pontes
- In Vitro Brasil, Rodovia SP 340, Km 166, Mogi Mirim, SP, CEP 13800-970, Brazil
| | - M Santos Lima
- Laboratório de viroses de bovídeos, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1.252, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04014-900, Brazil
| | - T Garcia da Silva
- Laboratório de viroses de bovídeos, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1.252, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04014-900, Brazil
| | - L H Okuda
- Laboratório de viroses de bovídeos, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1.252, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04014-900, Brazil
| | - E Stefano
- Laboratório de viroses de bovídeos, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1.252, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04014-900, Brazil
| | - A H C N Romaldini
- Laboratório de viroses de bovídeos, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1.252, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04014-900, Brazil
| | - D R Arnold
- In Vitro Brasil, Rodovia SP 340, Km 166, Mogi Mirim, SP, CEP 13800-970, Brazil
| | - E M Pituco
- Laboratório de viroses de bovídeos, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1.252, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04014-900, Brazil
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Bielanski A. Biosafety in Embryos and Semen Cryopreservation, Storage, Management and Transport. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 753:429-65. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bielanski A. A review of the risk of contamination of semen and embryos during cryopreservation and measures to limit cross-contamination during banking to prevent disease transmission in ET practices. Theriogenology 2012; 77:467-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Bielanski A, Lalonde A. Effect of cryopreservation by slow cooling and vitrification on viral contamination of IVF embryos experimentally exposed to bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1. Theriogenology 2009; 72:919-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Perry GH. Risk assessment of transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in abattoir-derived in vitro produced embryos. Theriogenology 2007; 68:38-55. [PMID: 17462725 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen of the bovine reproductive system causing reduced conception rates, abortions and persistently infected calves. Most if not all strains of BVDV are transmissible by natural mating and AI. For international trade, it is recommended that in vitro fertilized embryos be washed according to the IETS Manual. However, BVDV may not be entirely washed out, resulting in possible transmission risks to recipients. Donor cows, donor bulls and biological agents are all possible sources of contamination. The process for producing in vitro produced (IVP) embryos is complex and non-standard, and some procedures can contribute to spread of BVDV to uninfected embryos. The structure of the zone pellucida (ZP) of IVP embryos permits adherence of BVDV to the ZP. To estimate the risk of producing infected recipients and persistently infected calves from abattoir-derived IVP embryos, a quantitative risk assessment model using Microsoft Excel and Palisade @Risk was developed. Assumptions simplified some of the complexities of the IVP process. Uncertainties due to incomplete or variable data were addressed by incorporating probability distributions in the model. Model variables included: disease prevalence; the number of donor cows slaughtered for ovaries; the number of oocytes collected, selected and cultured; the BVDV status of ovaries, semen, biological compounds and its behavior in the IVP embryo process. The model used the Monte Carlo method to simulate the IVP process. When co-culture cells derived from donor cows of unknown health status were used for in vitro culture (IVC), the probability of a recipient cow at risk of infection to BVDV per oocyte selected for IVP processing averaged 0.0006. However, when co-culture free from BVDV was used, the probability was 1.2 x 10(-5). Thus, for safe international trade in bovine IVP embryos (i.e. negligible risks of transmission of BVDV), co-culture cells, if used during IVC for producing IVP embryos, should be disease-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Perry
- Animal Biosecurity, Biosecurity Australia, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Mahabir E, Bulian D, Needham J, Mayer A, Mateusen B, Van Soom A, Nauwynck H, Schmidt J. Transmission of mouse minute virus (MMV) but not mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) following embryo transfer with experimentally exposed in vivo-derived embryos. Biol Reprod 2006; 76:189-97. [PMID: 17021342 PMCID: PMC7109837 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.056135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the presence and location of fluorescent microspheres having the size of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and of mouse minute virus (MMV) in the zona pellucida (ZP) of in vivo-produced murine embryos, the transmission of these viruses by embryos during embryo transfer, and the time of seroconversion of recipients and pups. To this end, fertilized oocytes and morulae were exposed to different concentrations of MMVp for 16 h, while 2-cell embryos and blastocysts were coincubated for 1 h. In addition, morulae were exposed to MHV-A59 for 16 h. One group of embryos was washed, and the remaining embryos remained unwashed before embryo transfer. Serological analyses were performed by means of ELISA to detect antibodies to MHV or MMV in recipients and in progeny on Days 14, 21, 28, 42, and 63 and on Days 42, 63, 84, 112, 133, and 154, respectively, after embryo transfer. Coincubation with a minimum of 105/ml of fluorescent microspheres showed that particles with a diameter of 20 nm but not 100 nm crossed the ZP of murine blastocysts. Washing generally led to a 10-fold to 100-fold reduction of MMVp. Washed MMV-exposed but not MHV-exposed embryos led to the production of antibodies independent of embryonic stage and time of virus exposure. Recipients receiving embryos exposed to a minimum of 107 mean tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/ml of MHV-A59 and 102 TCID50/ml of MMVp seroconverted by Day 42 after embryo transfer. The results indicate that MMV but not MHV can be transmitted to recipients even after washing embryos 10 times before embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Mahabir
- Department of Comparative Medicine, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Kuleshova LL, Shaw JM. A strategy for rapid cooling of mouse embryos within a double straw to eliminate the risk of contamination during storage in liquid nitrogen. Hum Reprod 2000; 15:2604-9. [PMID: 11098034 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/15.12.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Double packaging, in which an inner straw containing the specimen is inserted into an outer, larger straw (here termed 'straw-in-straw') to prevent the inner straw from coming into direct contact with liquid nitrogen provides a simple strategy for reducing or eliminating the potential contamination risk associated with storage in liquid nitrogen. This approach has in the past been used in conjunction with cryopreservation by slow cooling, but has not previously been tested for use throughout an entire rapid cooling and warming procedure. This study determined whether keeping the straw containing the embryos inside a second protecting container throughout the cryopreservation and storage protocol would compromise embryo viability. We established that a cryoprotectant containing a high polymer concentration (35% dextran or Ficoll) together with 25% ethylene glycol (as the penetrating cryoprotectant) was highly effective for day 2 and day 3 mouse embryos in both single and double straws. The survival and development of all cryopreserved embryos, as assessed both in vitro and in vivo, was not statistically different to their untreated controls. This established that a protein/serum-free cryoprotectant solution supplemented with polymers could provide complete protection of mouse embryos. It also shows, for the first time, that embryos can be cooled by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen and warmed by direct immersion into a waterbath within a double straw arrangement to reduce the likelihood of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Kuleshova
- Centre for Early Human Development, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Bielanski A, Nadin-Davis S, Sapp T, Lutze-Wallace C. Viral contamination of embryos cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Cryobiology 2000; 40:110-6. [PMID: 10788310 DOI: 10.1006/cryo.1999.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the worldwide application of embryo-freezing technology as the means of preserving germplasm of mammalian species, there is no information available on the possible transmission of infectious agents to cryopreserved embryos via contaminated liquid nitrogen (LN). Recently, it has been reported that new methods of cryopreservation which employ ultrarapid freezing or vitrification require direct contact between the freezing medium containing oocytes or embryos and liquid phase nitrogen (LPN). As models for human and animal viral pathogens three bovine viruses, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV), and bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), were employed to study the potential for their transmission by experimentally contaminated LN to embryos frozen and stored in open freezing containers. Bovine embryos in a mixture of 20% ethylene glycol, 20% ME(2)SO, and 0.6% sucrose were vitrified in either unsealed standard 0.25 ml or modified open pulled straws or in plastic cryovials and then plunged into contaminated LPN. After 3-5 weeks of storage in LN, embryos were thawed and sequentially washed and only those with intact ZP were pooled together and tested in batches of three for viral contamination. From this pool of 83 batches, 13 of 61 (21.3%) batches exposed to BVDV and BHV-1 tested positive for viral association while all 22 batches exposed to BIV in unsealed containers tested negative. All control embryos vitrified in sealed cryovials and straws were free from viral contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bielanski
- Animal Diseases Research Institute, Biologics Evaluation Laboratory, Nepean, Ontario, K2H 8P9, Canada
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Vanroose G, Nauwynck H, Van Soom A, Vanopdenbosch E, De Kruif A. Effect of bovine herpesvirus-1 or bovine viral diarrhea virus on development of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 1999; 54:255-63. [PMID: 10497347 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199911)54:3<255::aid-mrd6>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In previous experiments, zona pellucida (ZP)-intact in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos incubated for 1 hr with 10(6.3) TCID(50)/ml bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1), 10(5.3) TCID(50)/ml cytopathic (CP) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) or 10(5.3) TCID(50)/ml noncytopathic (NCP) BVDV showed no signs of virus replication or embryonic degeneration. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether a prolonged presence (24 hr or 8 days) of 10(6.3) TCID(50)/ml BHV-1 or 10(5.3) TCID(50)/ml BVDV in an in vitro embryo production system affected the rate of cleavage and embryonic development of ZP-intact embryos, and to point out eventual causes of adverse effects. When virus was present in each step of an IVP system, significantly lower rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation of virus-exposed embryos were observed, in comparison with control embryos (P < 0.01). When embryos were only exposed to virus during the in vitro fertilization (IVF), the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation were significantly affected. The introduction of BHV-1 or BVDV during in vitro maturation (IVM) or in vitro culture (IVC) resulted only in significantly lower rates of blastocyst (P < 0.01). In all experiments, virus replication was not detected in the embryonic cells. On the other hand, virus replication was clearly demonstrated in oviductal cells in the co-culture system, resulting in a degeneration of these cells. In an additional experiment, synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) without somatic cells was used as an alternative culture system. Even when SOF-embryos were exposed to 10(6.3) TCID(50)/ml BHV-1 or 10(5.3) TCID(50)/ml CP, and NCP BVDV, the rates of blastocyst formation of the BHV-1-, CP-, and NCP BVDV-exposed embryos were not different from the unexposed control embryos, 23%, 24%, and 24%, respectively, vs. 27%. Taken together, it can be concluded that the virus-induced adverse effects on embryonic development in conventional co-cultures were due to changes in the embryonic environment caused by infection of oviductal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vanroose
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Belgium.
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