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Mawatari S, Hazeyama S, Fujino T. Measurement of Ether Phospholipids in Human Plasma with HPLC-ELSD and LC/ESI-MS After Hydrolysis of Plasma with Phospholipase A1. Lipids 2016; 51:997-1006. [PMID: 27386871 PMCID: PMC4958133 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethanolamine ether phospholipid (eEtnGpl) and choline ether phospholipid (eChoGpl) are present in human plasma or serum, but the relative concentration of the ether phospholipids in plasma is very low as compared to those in other tissues. Nowadays, measurement of ether phospholipids in plasma depends on tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), but a system for LC/MS/MS is generally too expensive for usual clinical laboratories. Treatment of plasma with phospholipase A1 (PLA1) causes complete hydrolysis of diacylphospholipids, but ether phospholipids remain intact. After the treatment of plasma with PLA1, both eEtnGpl and eChoGpl are detected as independent peaks by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC–ELSD). The same sample used for HPLC–ELSD can be applied to detect eEtnGpl and eChoGpl with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Presence of alkylacylphospholipids in both eChoGpl and eEtnGpl in human plasma was indicated by sequential hydrolysis of plasma with PLA1 and hydrochloric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Mawatari
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241 Kubara, Hisayama Chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka, 811-2501, Japan.
| | - Seira Hazeyama
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241 Kubara, Hisayama Chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka, 811-2501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Fujino
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241 Kubara, Hisayama Chou, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka, 811-2501, Japan
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2
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Pati S, Nie B, Arnold RD, Cummings BS. Extraction, chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for lipid analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:695-709. [PMID: 26762903 PMCID: PMC8425715 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipids make up a diverse subset of biomolecules that are responsible for mediating a variety of structural and functional properties as well as modulating cellular functions such as trafficking, regulation of membrane proteins and subcellular compartmentalization. In particular, phospholipids are the main constituents of biological membranes and play major roles in cellular processes like transmembrane signaling and structural dynamics. The chemical and structural variety of lipids makes analysis using a single experimental approach quite challenging. Research in the field relies on the use of multiple techniques to detect and quantify components of cellular lipidomes as well as determine structural features and cellular organization. Understanding these features can allow researchers to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms by which lipid-lipid and/or lipid-protein interactions take place within the conditions of study. Herein, we provide an overview of essential methods for the examination of lipids, including extraction methods, chromatographic techniques and approaches for mass spectrometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Pati
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ben Nie
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Robert D. Arnold
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Brian S. Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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3
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Godoy-Ramos R, Novoa-Gundel P, Jara-Vasquez P, Lamperti-Fernandez L, Gomez-Gaete C. NP/HILIC-ELSD Separation of Phospholipid Classes and Application to Preliminary Analysis of Plasma Low Density Lipoproteins. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.903849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Godoy-Ramos
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Concepcion , Concepcion , Chile
| | - Pedro Novoa-Gundel
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Concepcion , Concepcion , Chile
| | - Pablo Jara-Vasquez
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Concepcion , Concepcion , Chile
| | - Liliana Lamperti-Fernandez
- c Laboratory of Lipoproteins and Atherogenesis in Endothelial Function, Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Concepcion , Concepcion , Chile
| | - Carolina Gomez-Gaete
- b Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Concepcion , Concepcion , Chile
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Rondanino C, Ouchchane L, Chauffour C, Marceau G, Déchelotte P, Sion B, Pons-Rejraji H, Janny L, Volle DH, Lobaccaro JMA, Brugnon F. Levels of liver X receptors in testicular biopsies of patients with azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:361-371.e5. [PMID: 24842676 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the transcription factors liver X receptors (LXRs) and their downstream genes, which are involved in the regulation of several testicular functions in mouse models, are differentially expressed in testes of men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) or obstructive azoospermia (OA). DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) Patients with various types of NOA (n=22) and with OA (n=5). INTERVENTION(S) Human testicular biopsies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Transcript levels were measured in testicular biopsies with the use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Correlations of LXR mRNA levels with the number of germ cells, the expression of proliferation and apoptosis markers, and the amount of intratesticular lipids and testosterone were evaluated. The localization of LXRα was analyzed by immunofluorescence. RESULT(S) LXR mRNA levels were decreased by 49%-98% in NOA specimens and positively correlated with germ cell number. Accumulations of IDOL and SREBP1c (LXR targets involved in lipid homeostasis) were 1.8-2.1 times lower in NOA samples and mRNA levels of the SREBP1c target gene ELOVL6 were increased 1.9-2.4-fold. Interestingly, the amount of triglycerides and free fatty acids were higher in NOA testes (3.4-12.2-fold). LXRα was present in Leydig cells. Accumulations of LXR downstream genes encoding the steroidogenic proteins StAR and 3βHSD2 were higher in NOA testes (5.9-12.8-fold). CONCLUSION(S) Knowledge of changes in the transcript levels of LXRs and some of their downstream genes during altered spermatogenesis may help us to better understand the physiopathology of testicular failure in azoospermic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rondanino
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; AMP-CECOS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lemlih Ouchchane
- Laboratoire ISIT, UMR 6284 Université d'Auvergne-CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Service de Biostatistiques, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Candice Chauffour
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; AMP-CECOS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Geoffroy Marceau
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoît Sion
- Laboratoire NEURO-DOL, INSERM U 1107, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hanae Pons-Rejraji
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, Aubière, France; AMP-CECOS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Janny
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, Aubière, France; AMP-CECOS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David H Volle
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Brugnon
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, Aubière, France; AMP-CECOS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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5
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Impact of maternal hyperlipidic hypercholesterolaemic diet on male reproductive organs and testosterone concentration in rabbits. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 5:183-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174414000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease initially stemmed from the developmental programming of metabolic diseases. Reproductive functions and fertility in adulthood may also be programmed during foetal development. We studied the impact of dietary-induced maternal hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia (HH), administered at 10 weeks of age and throughout the gestation and lactation, on male reproductive functions of rabbit offspring. Male rabbits born to HH dams and fed a control diet had significantly lighter testes and epididymes compared with rabbits born to control dams at adulthood. No significant changes in sperm concentration, sperm DNA integrity and sperm membrane composition were observed, but serum-free testosterone concentrations were decreased in HH males. This study confirms the importance of maternal metabolic status for the development of male reproductive organs.
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6
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Volat FE, Pointud JC, Pastel E, Morio B, Sion B, Hamard G, Guichardant M, Colas R, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Martinez A. Depressed levels of prostaglandin F2α in mice lacking Akr1b7 increase basal adiposity and predispose to diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 2012; 61:2796-806. [PMID: 22851578 PMCID: PMC3478517 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Negative regulators of white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion are poorly documented in vivo. Prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF(2α)) is a potent antiadipogenic factor in cultured preadipocytes, but evidence for its involvement in physiological context is lacking. We previously reported that Akr1b7, an aldo-keto reductase enriched in adipose stromal vascular fraction but absent from mature adipocytes, has antiadipogenic properties possibly supported by PGF(2α) synthase activity. To test whether lack of Akr1b7 could influence WAT homeostasis in vivo, we generated Akr1b7(-/-) mice in 129/Sv background. Akr1b7(-/-) mice displayed excessive basal adiposity resulting from adipocyte hyperplasia/hypertrophy and exhibited greater sensitivity to diet-induced obesity. Following adipose enlargement and irrespective of the diet, they developed liver steatosis and progressive insulin resistance. Akr1b7 loss was associated with decreased PGF(2α) WAT contents. Cloprostenol (PGF(2α) agonist) administration to Akr1b7(-/-) mice normalized WAT expansion by affecting both de novo adipocyte differentiation and size. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Akr1b7(-/-) mice with cloprostenol suggested that decreased adipocyte size resulted from inhibition of lipogenic gene expression. Hence, Akr1b7 is a major regulator of WAT development through at least two PGF(2α)-dependent mechanisms: inhibition of adipogenesis and lipogenesis. These findings provide molecular rationale to explore the status of aldo-keto reductases in dysregulations of adipose tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny E. Volat
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6293/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103–Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Pointud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6293/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103–Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Emilie Pastel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6293/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103–Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Béatrice Morio
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Sion
- EA975, Biologie de la Reproduction, Faculté de Médecine, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ghislaine Hamard
- Plate-Forme de Recombinaison Homologue, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Michel Guichardant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U870, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1235, INSA-Lyon, RMND/Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Romain Colas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U870, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1235, INSA-Lyon, RMND/Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Marie Lefrançois-Martinez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6293/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103–Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Antoine Martinez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6293/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103–Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Aubière, France
- Corresponding author: Antoine Martinez,
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7
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ZHOU J, HU X, WANG T, LIANG H, YUAN Q. HPLC Analysis of Egg Yolk Phosphatidylcholine by Evaporative Light Scattering Detector. Chin J Chem Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(11)60233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Mengesha AE, Bummer PM. Simple chromatographic method for simultaneous analyses of phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and free fatty acids. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1084-91. [PMID: 20585908 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a simple chromatographic method for the simultaneous analyses of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and its hydrolytic degradation products: lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and free fatty acids (FFA). Quantitative determination of PC, LPC, and FFA is essential in order to assure safety and to accurately assess the shelf life of phospholipid-containing products. A single-run normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light scattering detector has been developed. The method utilizes an Allsphere silica analytical column and a gradient elution with mobile phases consisting of chloroform: chloroform-methanol (70:30%, v/v) and chloroform-methanol-water-ammonia (45:45:9.5:0.5%, v/v/v/v). The method adequately resolves PC, LPC, and FFA within a run time of 25 min. The quantitative analysis of PC and LPC has been achieved with external standard method. The free fatty acids were analyzed as a group using linoleic acid as representative standard. Linear calibration curves were obtained for PC (1.64-16.3 μg, r(2) = 0.9991) and LPC (0.6-5.0 μg, r(2) = 0.9966), while a logarithmic calibration curve was obtained for linoleic acid (1.1-5.8 μg, r(2) = 0.9967). The detection and quantification limits of LPC and FFA were 0.04 and 0.1 μg, respectively. As a means of validating the applicability of the assay to pharmaceutical products, PC liposome was subjected to alkaline hydrolytic degradation. Quantitative HPLC analysis showed that 97% of the total mass balance for PC could be accounted for in liposome formulation. The overall results show that the HPLC method could be a useful tool for chromatographic analysis, stability studies, and formulation characterization of phospholipid-based pharmaceuticals.
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9
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Nie H, Liu R, Yang Y, Bai Y, Guan Y, Qian D, Wang T, Liu H. Lipid profiling of rat peritoneal surface layers by online normal- and reversed-phase 2D LC QToF-MS. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2833-44. [PMID: 20526000 PMCID: PMC2918466 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d007567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An online, two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QToF-MS) method was developed for lipid profiling of rat peritoneal surface layers, in which the lipid classes and species could be simultaneously separated in one injection with a significantly increased sensitivity. Different lipid classes were separated on a normal-phase column in the first dimension and lipid molecular species were separated on a reversed-phase column in the second dimension, so that the ion suppression effects were reduced while the detection sensitivity was improved. Identified were 721 endogenous lipid species from 12 lipid classes, in which 415 structures were confirmed using tandem mass spectra, and the other 306 lipid molecular species were identified by accurate masses. The linearity, limit of detection, and repeatability were all satisfactory. The method was applied to the investigation of the lipid changes in rat peritoneal surface layer after peritoneal dialysis, and 32 potential lipid biomarkers were identified, as their concentrations in the dosed group were 2.2-12.5 times of those in the control group. The results revealed that this 2D LC-MS system was a promising tool for lipid profiling of complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Youyou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Department of Instrumental and Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Daqing Qian
- Department of Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
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10
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Li L, Gao FP, Tang HB, Bai YG, Li RF, Li XM, Liu LR, Wang YS, Zhang QQ. Self-assembled nanoparticles of cholesterol-conjugated carboxymethyl curdlan as a novel carrier of epirubicin. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:265601. [PMID: 20522924 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/26/265601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop nanoparticles made of cholesterol-conjugated carboxymethyl curdlan (CCMC) entrapping epirubicin (EPB) and establish their in vitro and in vivo potential. CCMC was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra ((1)H NMR). The degrees of substitution (DS) of the cholesterol moiety were 2.3, 3.5 and 6.4, respectively. EPB-loaded CCMC-3.5 nanoparticles were prepared by the remote loading method. The physicochemical characteristics, drug loading efficiency and drug release kinetics of EPB-loaded CCMC-3.5 nanoparticles were characterized. The in vitro release profiles revealed that EPB release was sensitive to the pH as well as the drug loading contents. The cellular cytotoxicity and cellular uptake were accessed by using human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. The EPB-loaded CCMC-3.5 nanoparticles were found to be more cytotoxic and have a broader distribution within the cells than the free EPB. The in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were investigated after intravenous injection in rats. Promisingly, a 4.0-fold increase in the mean residence time (MRT), a 4.31-fold increase in the half-life time and a 6.69-fold increase in the area under the curve (AUC 0-->infinity) of EPB were achieved for the EPB-loaded CCMC-3.5 self-assembled nanoparticles compared with the free EPB. The drug level was significantly increased in liver at 24 and 72 h; however, it decreased in heart at 8 and 24 h compared with the free EPB. The in vivo anti-tumor study indicated that the EPB-loaded CCMC-3.5 self-assembled nanoparticles showed greater anti-tumor efficacy than the free EPB. Taken together, the novel CCMC self-assembled nanoparticles might have potential application as anti-cancer drug carriers in a drug delivery system due to good results in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
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11
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Ding R, Li Z, Chen S, Wu D, Wu J, Chen J. Enhanced secretion of recombinant α-cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase from E. coli by medium additives. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Liver X Receptor activation downregulates AKT survival signaling in lipid rafts and induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2010; 29:2712-23. [PMID: 20190811 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a structural component of lipid rafts within the plasma membrane. These domains, used as platforms for various signaling molecules, regulate cellular processes including cell survival. Cholesterol contents are tightly correlated with the structure and function of lipid rafts. Liver X receptors (LXRs) have a central role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis within the cell. Therefore, we investigated whether these nuclear receptors could modulate lipid raft signaling and consequently alter prostate cancer (PCa) cell survival. Treatment with the synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 downregulated the AKT survival pathway and thus induced apoptosis of LNCaP PCa cells in both xenografted nude mice and cell culture. The decrease in tumor cholesterol content resulted from the upregulation of ABCG1 and the subsequent increase in reverse cholesterol transport. RNA interference experiments showed that these effects were mediated by LXRs. Atomic force microscopy scanning of the inner plasma membrane sheet showed smaller and thinner lipid rafts after LXR stimulation, associated with the downregulation of AKT phosphorylation in these lipid rafts. Replenishment of cell membranes with exogenous cholesterol antagonized these effects, showing that cholesterol is a key modulator in this process. Altogether, pharmacological modulation of LXR activity could thus reduce prostate tumor growth by enhancing apoptosis in a lipid raft-dependent manner.
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13
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Interest of fluorescence derivatization and fluorescence probe assisted post-column detection of phospholipids: a short review. Molecules 2010; 15:352-73. [PMID: 20110896 PMCID: PMC6256975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15010352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are essential constituents of all living cell membranes. There are many analytical methods available for the quantitative and qualitative determination of phospholipids, but since these molecules lack chromophores, common absorbance based methods are of limited use. Beside mass spectrometry, some less specific approaches that are routinely used are evaporative light scattering detection or fluorescence, which exhibit sufficient sensitivity. Here, we focus on fluorescence, which remains an interesting way to quantify phospholipids. Two ways of detecting phospholipids by fluorescence are possible coupled with separation techniques such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE): firstly, pre-column derivatization procedures and secondly, probe assisted post-column detection with suitable fluorescence reagents. In both cases, the common purpose is to increase the detection sensitivity. It is shown that, whereas pre-column derivatization is characterized by selectivity due to the chemical functionality of the analyte involved in the derivatization process, in supramolecular post-column derivatization, the selectivity only proceeds from the capacity of the lipid to involve supramolecular assemblies with a fluorescence probe. The aim of this review is to summarize available experiments concerning fluorescence detection of phospholipids. The interest and limitation of such detection approaches are discussed.
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Calvano CD, Jensen ON, Zambonin CG. Selective extraction of phospholipids from dairy products by micro-solid phase extraction based on titanium dioxide microcolumns followed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1453-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Separation and Quantification of Vegetable Oil Based Polyols by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light Scattering Detection. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-007-1113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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He FQ, Wang CT, Li XK, Liu XQ. HPLC analysis of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids in rice. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934807040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Volle DH, Mouzat K, Duggavathi R, Siddeek B, Déchelotte P, Sion B, Veyssière G, Benahmed M, Lobaccaro JMA. Multiple roles of the nuclear receptors for oxysterols liver X receptor to maintain male fertility. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:1014-27. [PMID: 17341595 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol nuclear receptors liver X receptor (LXR)alpha and LXRbeta are known to regulate lipid homeostasis in cells exposed to high amounts of cholesterol and/or fatty acids. In order to elucidate the specific and redundant roles of the LXRs in the testis, we explored the reproductive phenotypes of mice deficient of LXRalpha, LXRbeta, and both, of which only the lxralpha;beta-/- mice are infertile by 5 months of age. We demonstrate that LXRalpha-deficient mice had lower levels of testicular testosterone that correlated with a higher apoptotic rate of the germ cells. LXRbeta-deficient mice showed increased lipid accumulation in the Sertoli cells and a lower proliferation rate of the germ cells. In lxralpha;beta-/- mice, fatty acid metabolism was affected through a decrease of srebp1c and increase in scd1 mRNA expression. The retinoid acid signaling pathway was also altered in lxralpha;beta-/- mice, with a higher accumulation of all-trans retinoid receptor alpha, all-trans retinoid receptor beta, and retinoic aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 mRNA. Combination of these alterations might explain the deleterious phenotype of infertility observed only in lxralpha;beta-/- mice, even though lipid homeostasis seemed to be first altered. Wild-type mice treated with a specific LXR agonist showed an increase of testosterone production involving both LXR isoforms. Altogether, these data identify new roles of each LXR, collaborating to maintain both integrity and functions of the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Volle
- Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6547, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
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18
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Ren Q, Jiang H. Quantification of Soybean Phospholipids in Soybean Degummed Oil Residue by HPLC with Evaporative Light Scattering Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200054817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- a National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Yang
- a National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Ren
- a National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hailiang Jiang
- b Analysis and Measurement Center of Ningbo Institute of Technology , Zhejiang University , Ningbo, P.R. China
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19
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Indrasena WM, Henneberry K, Barrow CJ, Kralovec JA. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Lipid Classes in Fish Oils by Thin‐Layer Chromatography with an Iatroscan Flame Ionization Detector (TLC‐FID) and Liquid Chromatography with an Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (LC‐ELSD). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500189828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. M. Indrasena
- a Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd. , Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - K. Henneberry
- a Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd. , Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C. J. Barrow
- a Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd. , Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - J. A. Kralovec
- a Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd. , Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
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20
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Mouzat K, Prod'Homme M, Volle DH, Sion B, Déchelotte P, Gauthier K, Vanacker JM, Lobaccaro JMA. Oxysterol nuclear receptor LXRbeta regulates cholesterol homeostasis and contractile function in mouse uterus. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4693-4701. [PMID: 17166844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606718200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The uterus is an organ where lipid distribution plays a critical role for its function. Here we show that nuclear receptor for oxysterols LXRbeta prevents accumulation of cholesteryl esters in mouse myometrium by controlling expression of genes involved in cholesterol efflux and storage (abca1 and abcg1). Upon treatment with an LXR agonist that mimics activation by oxysterols, expression of these target genes was increased in wild-type mice, whereas under basal conditions, lxralpha;beta(-/-) mice exhibited a marked decrease in abcg1 accumulation. This change resulted in a phenotype of cholesteryl ester accumulation. Besides, a defect of contractile activity induced by oxytocin or PGF2alpha was observed in mice lacking LXRbeta. These results imply that LXRbeta provides a safety valve to limit cholesteryl ester levels as a basal protective mechanism in the uterus against cholesterol accumulation and is necessary for a correct induction of contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- UMR CNRS 6547, "LXRs, Oxysterols, and Steroidogenic Tissues," and Research Center for Human Nutrition, 63177 Aubie`re, France
| | - Magali Prod'Homme
- UMR CNRS 6547, "LXRs, Oxysterols, and Steroidogenic Tissues," and Research Center for Human Nutrition, 63177 Aubie`re, France
| | - David H Volle
- UMR CNRS 6547, "LXRs, Oxysterols, and Steroidogenic Tissues," and Research Center for Human Nutrition, 63177 Aubie`re, France
| | - Benoit Sion
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d'Auvergne, 63058 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôtel Dieu, Boulevard Léon Malfreyt, 63058 Clermont-Ferrand, France, and
| | | | | | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- UMR CNRS 6547, "LXRs, Oxysterols, and Steroidogenic Tissues," and Research Center for Human Nutrition, 63177 Aubie`re, France.
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21
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Martin G, Cagnon N, Sabido O, Sion B, Grizard G, Durand P, Levy R. Kinetics of occurrence of some features of apoptosis during the cryopreservation process of bovine spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:380-8. [PMID: 17092986 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryopreservation/thawing of bovine spermatozoa induces a reduction in cell viability and is possibly associated with a form of programmed cell death that we previously named 'apoptosis-like phenomenon'. METHODS In this study, we specified, by flow cytometry, the moment of appearance of some characteristics of apoptosis during the cryopreservation process. We also studied the presence and/or activation in bovine sperm cells of specific proteins involved in somatic cell apoptosis by western blot and fluorimetry. RESULTS A decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) was detectable 5 min after sperm dilution in the cryopreservation medium, caspase activation after 3 h of equilibration and an increase in plasma membrane permeability after the complete process of cryopreservation/thawing. The presence of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax, a protein that facilitates the formation of mitochondrial pores, was observed in bovine spermatozoa, but the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 was not detectable. Moreover, it was observed that bovine spermatozoa contain cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), two proteins usually released from the mitochondria during the apoptotic process. Activated caspase-9, involved in the mitochondrial pathway, was detected in bovine spermatozoa but not caspase-3 and -8. CONCLUSIONS The early features of apoptosis appear as ordered events during the cryopreservation/thawing process of bovine sperm cells. Bovine spermatozoa contain the machinery necessary to proceed to apoptosis involving especially the mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Martin
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction-GIMAP, Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
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22
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Cummins CL, Volle DH, Zhang Y, McDonald JG, Sion B, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Caira F, Veyssière G, Mangelsdorf DJ, Lobaccaro JMA. Liver X receptors regulate adrenal cholesterol balance. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1902-12. [PMID: 16823488 PMCID: PMC1483175 DOI: 10.1172/jci28400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is the obligate precursor to adrenal steroids but is cytotoxic at high concentrations. Here, we show the role of the liver X receptors (LXRalpha and LXRbeta) in preventing accumulation of free cholesterol in mouse adrenal glands by controlling expression of genes involved in all aspects of cholesterol utilization, including the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, StAR, a novel LXR target. Under chronic dietary stress, adrenal glands from Lxralphabeta-/- mice accumulated free cholesterol. In contrast, wild-type animals maintained cholesterol homeostasis through basal expression of genes involved in cholesterol efflux and storage (ABC transporter A1 [ABCA1], apoE, SREBP-1c) while preventing steroidogenic gene (StAR) expression. Upon treatment with an LXR agonist that mimics activation by oxysterols, expression of these target genes was increased. Basally, Lxralphabeta-/- mice exhibited a marked decrease in ABCA1 and a derepression of StAR expression, causing a net decrease in cholesterol efflux and an increase in steroidogenesis. These changes occurred under conditions that prevented the acute stress response and resulted in a phenotype more specific to the loss of LXRalpha, including hypercorticosteronemia, cholesterol ester accumulation, and adrenomegaly. These results imply LXRalpha provides a safety valve to limit free cholesterol levels as a basal protective mechanism in the adrenal gland, where cholesterol is under constant flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L. Cummins
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6547, Aubière, France.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David H. Volle
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6547, Aubière, France.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6547, Aubière, France.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jeffrey G. McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6547, Aubière, France.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoît Sion
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6547, Aubière, France.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne-Marie Lefrançois-Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6547, Aubière, France.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Françoise Caira
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6547, Aubière, France.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Georges Veyssière
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6547, Aubière, France.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David J. Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6547, Aubière, France.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A. Lobaccaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6547, Aubière, France.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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23
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Peterson BL, Cummings BS. A review of chromatographic methods for the assessment of phospholipids in biological samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:227-43. [PMID: 16138296 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are important constituents of all living cell membranes. Lipidomics is a rapidly growing field that provides insight as to how specific phospholipids play roles in normal physiological and disease states. There are many analytical methods available for the qualitative and quantitative determination of phospholipids. This review provides a summary of the methods that were historically used such as thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, an introduction to applications of interfacing these traditional chromatographic techniques with mass spectrometry is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Peterson
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, 30602-2352, USA
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24
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25
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Sala Vila A, Castellote-Bargalló AI, Rodríguez-Palmero-Seuma M, López-Sabater MC. High-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection for the determination of phospholipid classes in human milk, infant formulas and phospholipid sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1008:73-80. [PMID: 12943251 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation of phospholipid classes in human milk, infant formulas and phospholipidic sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) used in paediatric nutrition. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin were separated in less than 25 min using an Extrasil silica column (150 x 4.0 mm I.D., 3-microm particle size) by isocratic elution with a mixture of isopropanol-hexane-water. Phospholipids were determined by an evaporative light-scattering detector. Several chromatographic conditions were assayed to optimise the method, whose suitability is shown by the detection limits, linearity ranges and precision rates obtained. The main advantages of the proposed method are its speed and the direct determination of the main phospholipids present in human milk, infant formulas and the phospholipid sources of LC-PUFAs used in paediatric nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sala Vila
- Dept. Nutrició i Bromatologia, Centre de Referència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CeRTA), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Al-Saad KA, Siems WF, Hill HH, Zabrouskov V, Knowles NR. Structural analysis of phosphatidylcholines by post-source decay matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2003; 14:373-382. [PMID: 12686484 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The utility of post-source decay (PSD) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was investigated for the structural analysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC did not produce detectable negative molecular ion from MALDI, but positive ions were observed as both [PC+H](+) and [PC+Na](+). The PSD spectra of the protonated PC species contained only one fragment corresponding to the head group (m/z 184), while the sodiated precursors produced many fragment ions, including those derived from the loss of fatty acids. The loss of fatty acid from the C-1 position (sn-1) of the glycerol backbone was favored over the loss of fatty acid from the C-2 position (sn-2). Ions emanating from the fragmentation of the head group (phosphocholine) included [PC+Na-59](+), [PC+Na-183](+) and [PC+Na-205](+), which corresponded to the loss of trimethylamine (TMA), non-sodiated choline phosphate and sodiated choline phosphate, respectively. Other fragments reflecting the structure of the head group were observed at m/z 183, 146 and 86. The difference in the fragmentation patterns for the PSD of [PC+Na](+) compared to [PC+H](+) is attributed to difference in the binding of Na(+) and H(+). While the proton binds to a negatively charged oxygen of the phosphate group, the sodium ion can be associated with several regions of the PC molecule. Hence, in the sodiated PC, intermolecular interaction of the negatively charged oxygen of the phosphate group, along with sodium association at multiple sites, can lead to a complex and characteristic ion fragmentation pattern. The preferential loss of sn-1 fatty acid group could be explained by the formation of an energetically favorable six-member ring intermediate, as apposed to the five-member ring intermediate formed prior to the loss of sn-2 fatty acid group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Al-Saad
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
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27
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Matsunaga T, Koyama I, Hokari S, Komoda T. Detection of oxidized high-density lipoprotein. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:331-43. [PMID: 12450667 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews working procedures for the separation and detection of oxidized high-density lipoproteins (ox-HDL) and their constituents. It begins with an introductory overview of structural alterations of the HDL particle and its constituents generated during oxidation. The main body of the review delineates various procedures for the isolation and detection of ox-HDL as well as the purification and separation of phosphatidylcholine metabolites and denatured apolipoproteins in the particle. The useful methods published more recently are picked up and the utility of the separation techniques is described. The last section covers a clinical evaluation of changes in these factors in ox-HDL as well as future directions of ox-HDL research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical School, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
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28
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Weerheim AM, Kolb AM, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Phospholipid composition of cell-derived microparticles determined by one-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Anal Biochem 2002; 302:191-8. [PMID: 11878797 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles in the circulation activate the coagulation system and may activate the complement system via C-reactive protein upon conversion of membrane phospholipids by phospholipases. We developed a sensitive and reproducible method to determine the phospholipid composition of microparticles. Samples were applied to horizontal, one-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Phospholipids were separated on HPTLC by chloroform:ethyl acetate:acetone:isopropanol:ethanol:methanol:water:acetic acid (30:6:6:6:16:28:6:2); visualized by charring with 7.5% Cu-acetate (w/v), 2.5% CuSO(4) (w/v), and 8% H(3)PO(4) (v/v) in water; and quantified by photodensitometric scanning. Erythrocyte membranes were used to validate the HPTLC system. Microparticles were isolated from plasma of healthy individuals (n = 10). On HPTLC, mixtures of (purified) phospholipids, i.e., lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), lysophosphatidylserine, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylinositol, could be separated and quantified. All phospholipids were detectable in erythrocyte ghosts, and their quantities fell within ranges reported earlier. Quantitation of phospholipids, including extraction, was highly reproducible (CV < 10%). Microparticles contained PC (59%), SM (20.6%), and PE (9.4%), with relatively minor (<5%) quantities of other phospholipids. HPTLC can be used to study the phospholipid composition of cell-derived microparticles and may also be a useful technique for the analysis of other samples that are available only in minor quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Weerheim
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Kang DH, Row KH. Fractionation of soybean phospholipids by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography with sorbents of various particle size. J Chromatogr A 2002; 949:217-23. [PMID: 11999737 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used on a preparative scale to seperate phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) phospholipids from soybean. Separation was achieved using mixtures of three solvents, hexane, methanol and isopropanol. The optimized mobile phase compositions were experimentally determined while operating in a linear gradient mode using 15, 5-20, 25-40, and 40-63 microm preparative particles as well as 4 microm analytical particles. A gradient mobile phase was established on a commmercially available analytical Nova-Pak column such that hexane linearly decreased from 85 to 0 as isopropanol and methanol linearly increased in two gradient steps from 10 to 30 and 5 to 70 respectively. The total run time was 25 min at a flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min. A slight change in mobile phase composition was required to increase the resolution of phospholipids. The 15 microm particle size gave the best separation of the preparative particle sizes examined based on their resolutions between PE and PI and PI and PC. Finally, the retention factors of PE and PC were correlated in terms of mobile phase composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk Hui Kang
- Center for Advanced Bioseparation Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inchon, South Korea
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30
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Force A, Grizard G, Giraud MN, Motta C, Sion B, Boucher D. Membrane fluidity and lipid content of human spermatozoa selected by swim-up method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2001; 24:327-34. [PMID: 11737413 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2605.2001.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examined whether spermatozoa (spz) from normospermic fertile patients and selected by a swim-up (S-U) procedure had a particular membrane fluidity related to their maturity and their lipid content as compared with the sperm cells from the whole ejaculate (total sperm). Swim-up selected sperm had a reduced cytoplasmic space as revealed by a lower creatine kinase (CK) activity compared with total sperm (2 +/- 1 vs. 12 +/- 5 mUI/10(7) spz, p < 0.05). The cholesterol (Chol) and total phospholipid (PL) contents were significantly lower in S-U selected sperm than in total sperm (0.72 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.20 +/- 0.30 nmol/10(6) spz for Chol and 1.77 +/- 0.17 vs. 2.78 +/- 0.50 nmol/10(6) spz for PL, p < 0.05) and such a decrease was observed for the three major membrane PL: phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM). However, these decreases were not associated with a change in either Chol/PL or PC/(PC + PE) molar ratios. Membrane fluidity estimated by fluorescence polarization remained comparable between the S-U sperm fraction and total sperm (fluorescence polarization anisotropy, r, which is inversely proportional to the fluidity: 0.235 +/- 0.006 vs. 0.230 +/- 0.005). The sperm membrane fluidity obtained in normospermic patients was compared with abnormospermic ones (oligoasthenoteratospermia). In abnormospermic patients, the membrane fluidity was decreased in migrated spermatozoa compared with total sperm (anisotropy: 0.210 +/- 0.010 vs. 0.250 +/- 0.013, p < 0.01). Our data suggest that the S-U method selected a subpopulation of mature spermatozoa characterised by a low content of Chol and PL, likely related to a reduced membrane area. The fact that Chol/PL and PC/(PC + PE) molar ratios were unchanged shows a maintenance of the membrane quality. This was confirmed by the fluorescence anisotropy measurement showing no difference in plasma membrane fluidity between S-U selected sperm and total sperm. In abnormal semen the migrated spermatozoa had a lower fluidity compared with total sperm suggesting a defective sperm function. These results bring new elements characterizing the S-U selected spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Force
- Biologie de la Reproduction, CECOS, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Sion B, Grizard G, Boucher D. Quantitative analysis of desmosterol, cholesterol and cholesterol sulfate in semen by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 935:259-65. [PMID: 11762778 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and accurate method to separate and quantify cholesterol, desmosterol and cholesterol sulfate in human spermatozoa and seminal plasma (SP) is described. This high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is based on reversed-phase chromatography on a Inertsil ODS2 5 microm silica column with a binary gradient of mixtures of chloroform-methanol and chloroform-methanol-water as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 0.25 ml/min. Sterols are separated with good resolution and high reproducibility. The eluted sterols are quantified using a light-scattering (mass) detector. As little as 64, 64 and 68 pmol of cholesterol, desmosterol and cholesterol sulfate, respectively, can be quantified under these conditions. Cholesterol is the predominant sterol both in spermatozoa (107+/-7 nmol/10(8) spermatozoa) and SP (0.83+/-0.10 micromol/ml) whereas the concentrations of desmosterol were 38+/-6 nmol/10(8) in spermatozoa and 0.18+/-0.02 micromol/ml in SP. Cholesterol sulfate represents about 6% of total cholesterol in the spermatozoa and SP. In conclusion, this method offers interesting perspectives for the quantitative analysis of these sterols not only in semen, but also in other biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sion
- Biologie de la Reproduction, CECOS, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Shimada K, Mitamura K, Higashi T. Gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography of natural steroids. J Chromatogr A 2001; 935:141-72. [PMID: 11762773 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review article underlines the importance of gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and their hyphenated techniques using mass spectrometry (MS) for the determination of natural steroids, especially in human biological fluids. Steroids are divided into eight categories based on their structures and functions, and recent references using the above methodologies for the analysis of these steroids are cited. GC and GC-MS are commonly used for the determination of volatile steroids. Although HPLC is a widely used analytical method for the determination of steroids including the conjugated type in biological fluids, LC-MS is considered to be the most promising one for this purpose because of its sensitivity, specificity and versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shimada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan.
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Zhong L, Eisenhandler R, Yeh KC. Determination of famotidine in low-volume human plasma by normal-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:736-741. [PMID: 11473396 DOI: 10.1002/jms.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and robust assay procedure using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for the determination of famotidine in human plasma and urine is described. Famotidine and the internal standard were isolated from plasma samples by cation-exchange solid-phase extraction with benzenesulfonic acid (SCX) cartridges. The urine assay used direct injection of a diluted urine sample. The chromatographic separation was accomplished by using a BDS Hypersil silica column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water containing trifluoroacetic acid. The MS/MS detection of the analytes was set in the positive ionization mode using electrospray ionization for sample introduction. The analyte and internal standard precursor-product ion combinations were monitored in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Assay calibration curves were linear in the concentration range 0.5--500 ng ml(-1) and 0.05--50 microg ml(-1) in plasma and urine, respectively. For the plasma assay, a 100 microl sample aliquot was subjected to extraction. To perform the urine assay, a 50 microl sample aliquot was used. The intra-day relative standard deviations at all concentration levels were <10%. The inter-day consistency was assessed by running quality control samples during each daily run. The limit of quantification was 0.5 ng ml(-1) in plasma and 0.05 microg ml(-1) in urine. The methods were utilized to support clinical pharmacokinetic studies in infants aged 0-12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhong
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Effets sur le spermatozoïde humain du Diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophényl)-1,1-diméthyl-urée) et de l’un de ses produits de transformation, la 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) (Etude préliminaire). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03034397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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