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Niessen WMA. Fragmentation of toxicologically relevant drugs in positive-ion liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:626-663. [PMID: 21294151 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The identification of drugs and related compounds by LC-MS-MS is an important analytical challenge in several application areas, including clinical and forensic toxicology, doping control analysis, and environmental analysis. Although target-compound based analytical strategies are most frequently applied, at some point the information content of the MS-MS spectra becomes relevant. In this article, the positive-ion MS-MS spectra of a wide variety of drugs and related substances are discussed. Starting point was an MS-MS mass spectral library of toxicologically relevant compounds, available on the internet. The positive-ion MS-MS spectra of ∼570 compounds were interpreted by chemical and therapeutic class, thus involving a wide variety of drug compound classes, such benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, phenothiazines, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, diuretics, local anesthetics, vasodilators, as well as various subclasses of anti-diabetic, antidepressant, analgesic, and antihistaminic drugs. In addition, the scientific literature was searched for available MS-MS data of these compound classes and the interpretation thereof. The results of this elaborate study are presented in this article. For each individual compound class, the emphasis is on class-specific fragmentation, as discussing fragmentation of all individual compounds would take far too much space. The recognition of class-specific fragmentation may be quite informative in determining the compound class of a specific unknown, which may further help in the identification. In addition, knowledge on (class-specific) fragmentation may further help in the optimization of the selectivity in targeted analytical approaches of compounds of one particular class.
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2
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Walker GS, O'Connell TN. Comparison of LC-NMR and conventional NMR for structure elucidation in drug metabolism studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:1295-305. [PMID: 18798699 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.10.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR) has proven to be a useful technique for the structure elucidation of novel metabolites from pharmaceutical compounds. Proponents of LC-NMR tout the advantage of eliminating the step of a separate chromatographic isolation. However, the advantages of directly coupling NMR and HPLC instrumentation must be weighed against compromises in performance made to each technique to achieve a hyphenated system. While significant advances have been made in LC-NMR technology, a strong case can be made that HPLC purification of metabolites followed by conventional tube NMR is equally useful. It is relatively rare that one approach will be successful and the other not. The fundamental consideration is whether there is sufficient chromatographic expertise in the NMR laboratory to adequately design and execute appropriate experiments such that a pure chromatographic peak will be produced in the hyphenated system. Due to speed and sensitivity differences between NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) continues to be the front-line approach for the structure elucidation of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Walker
- Pfizer, Inc., Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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3
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Wann MH. 20 Application of LC-NMR in pharmaceutical analysis. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(05)80064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Abstract
This review is based on a selection of research papers published mainly in the last decade and it describes various analytical aspects of separation and detection of neuroactive steroids in biological matrices.
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Van Bocxlaer JF, Clauwaert KM, Lambert WE, Deforce DL, Van den Eeckhout EG, De Leenheer AP. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2000; 19:165-214. [PMID: 10986692 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2787(200007)19:4<165::aid-mas1>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has evolved from a topic of mainly research interest into a routinely usable tool in various application fields. With the advent of new ionization approaches, especially atmospheric pressure, the technique has established itself firmly in many areas of research. Although many applications prove that LC-MS is a valuable complementary analytical tool to GC-MS and has the potential to largely extend the application field of mass spectrometry to hitherto "MS-phobic" molecules, we must recognize that the use of LC-MS in forensic toxicology remains relatively rare. This rarity is all the more surprising because forensic toxicologists find themselves often confronted with the daunting task of actually searching for evidence materials on a scientific basis without any indication of the direction in which to search. Through the years, mass spectrometry, mainly in the GC-MS form, has gained a leading role in the way such quandaries are tackled. The advent of robust, bioanalytically compatible combinations of liquid chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection really opens new perspectives in terms of mass spectrometric identification of difficult molecules (e.g., polar metabolites) or biopolymers with toxicological relevance, high throughput, and versatility. Of course, analytical toxicologists are generally mass spectrometry users rather than mass spectrometrists, and this difference certainly explains the slow start of LC-MS in this field. Nevertheless, some valuable applications have been published, and it seems that the introduction of the more universal atmospheric pressure ionization interfaces really has boosted interests. This review presents an overview of what has been realized in forensic toxicological LC-MS. After a short introduction into LC-MS interfacing operational characteristics (or limitations), it covers applications that range from illicit drugs to often abused prescription medicines and some natural poisons. As such, we hope it can act as an appetizer to those involved in forensic toxicology but still hesitating to invest in LC-MS.
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Léonil J, Gagnaire V, Mollé D, Pezennec S, Bouhallab S. Application of chromatography and mass spectrometry to the characterization of food proteins and derived peptides. J Chromatogr A 2000; 881:1-21. [PMID: 10905689 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The following review describes the development of mass spectrometry off-line and on-line coupled with liquid chromatography to the analysis of food proteins. It includes the significant results recently obtained in the field of milk, egg and cereal proteins. This paper also outlines the research carried out in the area of food protein hydrolysates, which are important components in foodstuffs due to their functional properties. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been particularly used for the characterization of food peptides and especially in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Léonil
- INRA Laboratoire de Recherches de Technologie Laitière, Rennes, France.
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8
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Bogusz MJ. Hyphenated liquid chromatographic techniques in forensic toxicology. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 733:65-91. [PMID: 10572975 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prerequisite of applicability of hyphenated methods in forensic analysis is the achievement of a stage of "final maturity". In the field of liquid chromatography, HPLC coupled with diode array detection (DAD) seems to fulfill this criterion, whilst the combination with atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-API-MS) is still in a development stage. HPLC-DAD is broadly used as identification tool in forensic and in emergency toxicology. Two main approaches were observed; development of retention index scales for intra-laboratory exchange of data and establishing of databases only for intra-laboratory use. Using these approaches, several databases were established for toxicological relevant substances (illicit and therapeutic drugs and their metabolites, environmental poisons etc.) in biological fluids. Also, complete HPLC-DAD identification systems are commercially available. Further possibility of progress depends on the on-line combination ("triple hyphenation") with other detection methods, preferably API-MS. HPLC-API-MS, both in electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) options, underwent dramatic development in the last decade and is reaching its final shape. The method was broadly applied for various groups of toxicologically relevant substances, a lot of them unaccessible for other techniques, including GC-MS. Particularly important was application of HPLC-API-MS for detection and quantitation of active, polar metabolites of various drugs and for analysis of macromolecules. APCI seems to be more useful for analysis of less polar compounds, whereas ESI is particularly valuable for determination of polar, large molecules (e.g., toxic peptides, polar metabolites etc.) Up to now, HPLC-API-MS has been mainly applied for dedicated analyses, but the introduction of APCI or ESI in systematic toxicological screening may be expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bogusz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Germany.
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9
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Physico-chemical methods of plant hormone analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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10
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Jie MSFLK, Pasha MK, Syed-Rahmatullah MSK. Fatty acids, fatty acid analogues and their derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 1997. [DOI: 10.1039/np9971400163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Abstract
A review is presented of the modern techniques and approaches in methods for pesticide residue analysis in water matrices. The state of the art of the individual steps (extraction, clean-up, separation, identification, quantitation) of the chromatographic methods is reviewed with emphasis laid on emerging techniques which have gained popularity. The new approaches are discussed with respect to their relevancy to the requirements for increasing the sensitivity of detection and reliability of identification and quantitation at low levels of concentrations, arising from the European Community Drinking Water Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balinova
- Plant Protection Institute, Kostinbrod, Bulgaria
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12
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Goosens EC, Stegman KH, de Jong D, de Jong GJ, Brinkman UAT. Investigation of on-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry as a tool for the identification of impurities in drug substances. Analyst 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/an9962100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Chapter 5. LC-MS: A New Window for Trace-Level Monitoring of Pesticides and their Transformation Products in Environmental Water Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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14
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Myher JJ, Kuksis A. General strategies in chromatographic analysis of lipids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 671:3-33. [PMID: 8520698 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00178-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipid extracts of natural sources contain a large number of lipid classes and molecular species. Completely reproducible samples are obtained only with great care and skill. Analytical methods other than chromatography and/or mass spectrometry are of little use for resolution and identification of lipid molecules even in simple mixtures. The analytical information desired governs the selection of the chromatographic and mass spectrometric method, which determine the sample preparation and derivative needed. Usually a combination of chromatographic methods is necessary to identify specific species of lipids. The recent development of soft ionization techniques, that are readily interfaced with mass spectrometers, have greatly simplified the sample preparation and have largely eliminated the need for derivatization. Because these techniques require expensive equipment and dedicated operators, the methods selected must be consistent with the true analytical needs and the available resources. Although personal preference cannot be eliminated entirely, the general strategies outlined below should help to reduce the number of possibilities facing a lipid analyst to a few practical choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Myher
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Canada
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15
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Hurst WJ, Zagon IS. Isolation, Separation, and Detection of Enkephalins: A Review of Methods for High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079508010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Niessen W, Tinke A. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry General principles and instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01198-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Stanley SM, Owens NA, Rodgers JP. Detection of flunixin in equine urine using high-performance liquid chromatography with particle beam and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 667:95-103. [PMID: 7663690 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A normal-phase HPLC method combined with particle-beam mass spectrometry (PB-MS) was developed for the analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The forty one NSAIDs analysed responded in one or more (electron impact, positive and negative chemical ionisation) modes and highly characteristic spectra were produced. A mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE) method for isolating acidic NSAIDs was developed using the Bond Elut Certify II cartridge. The average recovery was 88.5%. Flunixin, extracted by SPE from urine of a mare to which the meglumine salt had been administered was positively identified by HPLC-PB-MS and HPLC-atmospheric pressure ionization (API) MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Stanley
- Laboratory of the Jockey Club of Southern Africa, Johannesburg
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18
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Hayes FJ, Baker TR, Dobson RL, Tsueda MS. Rapid liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for oxymetazoline in whole rat blood. J Chromatogr A 1995; 692:73-81. [PMID: 7719462 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00630-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A rapid HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometric assay for the quantitation of oxymetazoline in whole rat blood has been developed. Sample preparation was a single liquid-liquid extraction after addition of a deuterated internal standard (IS) and pH adjustment. An aliquot of reconstituted extract was injected onto a narrow-bore octadecyl reversed-phase column at a flow-rate of 400 microliters/min. Using a 20:1 post-column split, 5% of the eluent was introduced into the mass spectrometer interface. Elution of the analyte and IS occurred in less than 2 min. This rapid separation was made possible because of the sample cleanup and the selectivity of the mass spectrometric detection. The [M+H]+ ions for oxymetazoline (m/z 261) and [2H9]oxymetazoline (m/z 270) were detected using selected ion monitoring. The linear range of the assay was 0.67-167 ng/g of blood and the limit of quantitation with a 0.30-g sample was 1.0 ng/g. The assay permitted the analysis of nine samples per hour with the requisite sensitivity and selectivity and was used to determine the blood pharmacokinetics of oxymetazoline in rats dosed via intravenous and intranasal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Hayes
- Miami Valley Laboratories, Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45239-8707
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19
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Chapter 12 Mass Spectrometry of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Mays DC, Nelson AN, Benson LM, Johnson KL, Naylor S, Lipsky JJ. Photolysis of sulfiram: a mechanism for its disulfiram-like reaction. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:1917-25. [PMID: 7986203 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulfiram, a drug applied topically to treat scabies, produces effects similar to those of disulfiram after subsequent ingestion of ethanol. Disulfiram, used in aversion therapy in the treatment of alcoholism, inhibits hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) causing an accumulation of acetaldehyde after ethanol ingestion. The increased tissue levels of acetaldehyde cause a spectrum of undesirable side-effects including flushing, nausea, vomiting, and tachycardia, which are referred to as the disulfiram reaction. Previous studies have shown that in vitro sulfiram is a very weak inhibitor of ALDH, but solutions of sulfiram markedly increase in potency with time. In the present study, fresh solutions of sulfiram were exposed to fluorescent room light under ambient conditions and analyzed at timed intervals by HPLC. At least eight products, including disulfiram, were formed in the light-exposed sulfiram solutions, but not in solutions kept in the dark. Structural characterization of two of the photolysis products was obtained by on-line microbore HPLC-mass spectrometry (mu LC-MS) and on-line microbore HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (mu LC-MS/MS) using continuous flow-liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (CF-LSIMS) as the primary ionization method. Sulfiram was converted to disulfiram at an initial rate of 0.7%/hr, and the formation of disulfiram correlated with the increase in ALDH inhibition in vitro. The results of this investigation show that while sulfiram is a weak inhibitor of ALDH in vitro, it is readily photoconverted to disulfiram, a very potent inhibitor of ALDH, which may explain the adverse reaction to ethanol after sulfiram therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mays
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905
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21
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Stanley SMR, Wilhelmi BS, Rodgers JP, Guthrie A. Detection of corticosteroids by high-performance liquid chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry using a particle beam interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200230805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Tomlinson AJ, Benson LM, Gorrod JW, Naylor S. Investigation of the in vitro metabolism of the H2-antagonist mifentidine by on-line capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry using non-aqueous separation conditions. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 657:373-81. [PMID: 7952102 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of mifentidine, a prototype second-generation histamine H2-antagonist, is investigated using on-line capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) by analysis of hepatic microsomal incubates. Consideration of the hydrophobicity of this drug and putative metabolites led to the development of a non-aqueous CE separation medium consisting of 5 mM NH4OAc in methanol containing 100 mM acetic acid. Benefits of non-aqueous media in CE-MS studies of small hydrophobic molecules are discussed. In addition, we elucidate both chemical transformations and the in vitro metabolism of mifentidine using guinea pig hepatic microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Tomlinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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23
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On-line high-performance liquid chromatography-fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry in forensic analysis. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)85221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Qin XZ, Ip DP, Chang KH, Dradransky PM, Brooks MA, Sakuma T. Pharmaceutical application of LC-MS. 1--Characterization of a famotidine degradate in a package screening study by LC-APCI MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1994; 12:221-33. [PMID: 8003549 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(94)90033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The application of LC-MS to characterize low-level degradates in pharmaceutical dosage formulations is a new and challenging field. In a package screening study, a low-level degradate of famotidine (1, 3-[[[2-[[aminoiminomethyl]-amino]-4-thiazolyl]methyl] thio]-N-(aminosulphonyl)-propanimid-amide, an H2-receptor antagonist, molecular weight: 337) was detected by HPLC in film-coated tablets packaged in child-resistant (CR) foil pouches which were stressed at 40 degrees C/75% relative humidities (RH) for 4 months. LC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry using positive ion mode yielded a molecular weight of 349 for the degradate, suggesting that it was formed by the addition of one carbon to the famotidine molecule. A detailed analysis of the positive product ion mass spectrum of the protonated degradate ion in a LC-MS-MS study indicated that the carbon was added to the side of N-(aminosulphonyl)-propanimid-amide of famotidine. The structure of the degradate was determined to be 2, which was confirmed by LC-APCI MS and HPLC study of the product formed from the reaction of famotidine with formaldehyde--a one-carbon reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Z Qin
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
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25
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Miller L, Bergeron R. Preparative liquid chromatographic isolation of unknown impurities in Arbidol and SI-5. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Kajita M, Niwa T, Watanabe K. Analysis of urinary organic acids by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 622:263-8. [PMID: 8150875 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new method for the rapid determination of urinary organic acids using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Mass spectra of authentic organic acids obtained in the negative-ion mode showed intense [M-H]- ions with some fragment ions. Urine samples of patients with methylmalonic aciduria, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, and phenylketonuria were extracted using anion-exchange columns. The mass chromatograms of the extracts showed some dominant peaks of abnormal metabolites characteristic of each disorder. This is a useful method for the analysis of urinary organic acids for the diagnosis of organic aciduria, because the sample preparation is simple.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kajita
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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27
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Matsuura K, Kuwano M, Takashina H. Determination of pilocarpine in aqueous humour by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 621:173-80. [PMID: 8294539 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80093-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new method has been developed for rapid analysis and determination of pilocarpine in aqueous humour using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The chromatography was carried out on a reversed-phase phenyl column with 0.1% acetic acid-acetonitrile (95:5, v/v). Pilocarpine and its analogues, isopilocarpine, pilocarpic acid and isopilocarpic acid, were separated. An aqueous humour sample was deproteinized with methanol. After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in the mobile phase. The method was applied to the analysis of the metabolite in aqueous humour after the topical application of 2% pilocarpine (w/v) eye-drops. The main metabolite, pilocarpic acid, was easily identified. The protonated molecular ion of pilocarpine was used for the determination. The calibration curve had a good linearity within the concentration range investigated (2 ng to 10 micrograms/ml). The limit of determination was estimated to be an aqueous humour concentration of ca. 2 ng/ml. The method was applied to the determination of unchanged pilocarpine after the topical application of 2% pilocarpine (w/v) eye-drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsuura
- Central Research Laboratories, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan
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28
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Garcia JF, Barceló D. An overview of LC-MS interfacing systems with selected applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240161103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Particle beam liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry behaviour of polynuclear metal carbonyl compounds. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83326-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Horie M, Satto K, Nose N, Tera M, Nakazawa H. Confirmation of Residual Oxolinic Acid, Nalidixic Acid and Piromidic Acid in Fish by Thermospray Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079308020965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Hau J, Nigge W, Linscheid M. A new ion source for liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry with a magnetic sector field mass spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210280314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Creaser CS, Stygall JW. Particle beam liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry: instrumentation and applications. A review. Analyst 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/an9931801467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Baillie TA. Advances in the application of mass spectrometry to studies of drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics and toxicology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(92)85066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jajoo HK, Bennett SM, Kornhauser DM. Thermospray liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of anti-AIDS nucleosides: quantification of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine in plasma samples. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 577:299-304. [PMID: 1328268 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80251-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was investigated as a method for quantification of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (DDC) from human plasma. A stable isotope analog of DDC ([15N2,2H2]DDC) was used as an internal standard. Selected ion monitoring of the protonated molecular ions for DDC and the internal standard was used to record mass chromatograms. The areas of the peaks in the mass chromatograms were used for quantification. The detection limit of DDC in this assay was 50 pg on-column. The calibration curve was linear over the desired range, 0.25-20 ng/ml. The major advantages of this assay over others are: no derivatization, high sensitivity, high specificity and short assay time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Jajoo
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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36
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37
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Poon GK, Jarman M, McCague R, Davies JH, Heeremans CE, van der Hoeven RA, Niessen WM, van der Greef J. Identification of 4-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione metabolites in prostatic cancer patients by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 576:235-44. [PMID: 1400711 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography with thermospray mass spectrometry has proved to be an invaluable technique for the study of metabolic degradation of xenobiotics in complex biological fluids. This paper describes the detection of 4-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione and its metabolites in urinary extracts from prostatic cancer patients. Several metabolites were detected including 4 beta,5 alpha-dihydroxyandrostan-3,17-dione, 3,17-dihydroxyandrostan-4-ones and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-androstan-4,17-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Poon
- Cancer Research Campaign Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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38
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Carrier A, Gagné JP, Bertrand MJ. Limits and effects of precolumn addition of thioglycerol in liquid chromatographic-fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric systems. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80230-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Suk Kim I, Sasinos FI, Rishi DK, Stephens RD, Brown MA. Determination of aromatic sulfonic acids in aqueous environmental samples by anion-exchange chromatography coupled to particle beam mass spectrometry and UV spectrophotometry. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80020-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Chapter 15 Lipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)61508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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41
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Katti AM. An example of the isolation of minor components from multi-component mixtures. Chromatographia 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02276842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Barceló D. Applications of gas chromatography—mass spectrometry in monitoring environmentally important compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(91)87008-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Niessen W, Tjaden U, Van der Greef J. Strategies in developing interfaces for coupling liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Simple direct liquid introduction system usable as an interface for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry on quadrupole and magnetic-sector mass spectrometers. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Gagné JP, Carrier A, Bertrand MJ. Effect of the addition of viscous matrices to the mobile phase on chromatographic performance in liquid chromatography-fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Barceló D. Occurrence, handling and chromatographic determination of pesticides in the aquatic environment. A review. Analyst 1991; 116:681-9. [PMID: 1928733 DOI: 10.1039/an9911600681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Barceló
- Environmental Chemistry Department, CID-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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de Vries JX, Kymber KA. Thermospray and particle beam liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of coumarin anticoagulants. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 562:31-8. [PMID: 2026702 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80561-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Positive ion mass spectra were obtained from several coumarin oral anticoagulants (phenprocoumon, warfarin, acenocoumarol and dicoumarol) and derivatives by liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry (LC-TSP-MS) and liquid chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry (LC-EI-MS) to assess the use of LC-MS methods for the determination of these compounds in biological materials. LC-TSP mass spectra showed a single [M + 1]+ ion with no fragmentation; LC-EI mass spectra showed fragment ions which were similar in mass and relative intensities to those obtained by conventional EI-MS. These data should serve as a basis for the development of LC-MS methods for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of coumarin anticoagulants in biological samples. LC-TSP-MS was applied to the determination of phenprocoumon in a plasma extract from an anticoagulated patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X de Vries
- Abteilung für Klinische Pharmakologie, Medizinische Klinik, Universität Heidelberg, F.R.G
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48
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Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry of alprenolol and its ketoxime analogues. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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