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Thareja A, Leigh T, Hakkarainen JJ, Hughes H, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Fernandez-Trillo F, Blanch RJ, Ahmed Z. Improving corneal permeability of dexamethasone using penetration enhancing agents: First step towards achieving topical drug delivery to the retina. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124305. [PMID: 38852749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
With an ever-increasing burden of vision loss caused by diseases of the posterior ocular segment, there is an unmet clinical need for non-invasive treatment strategies. Topical drug application using eye drops suffers from low to negligible bioavailability to the posterior segment as a result of static and dynamic defensive ocular barriers to penetration, while invasive delivery systems are expensive to administer and suffer potentially severe complications. As the cornea is the main anatomical barrier to uptake of topically applied drugs from the ocular surface, we present an approach to increase corneal permeability of a corticosteroid, dexamethasone sodium-phosphate (DSP), using a novel penetration enhancing agent (PEA). We synthesised a novel polyacetylene (pAc) polymer and compared its activity to two previously described cell penetrating peptide (CPP) based PEAs, TAT and penetratin, with respect to increasing transcorneal permeability of DSP in a rapid ex-vivo porcine corneal assay over 60 min. The transcorneal apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) for diffusion of pAc, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated TAT and penetratin were up to 5 times higher (p < 0.001), when compared to controls. When pAc was used in formulation with DSP, an almost 5-fold significant increase was observed in Papp of DSP across the cornea (p = 0.0130), a significant 6-fold increase with TAT (p = 0.0377), and almost 7-fold mean increase with penetratin (p = 0.9540). Furthermore, we investigated whether the PEAs caused any irreversible damage to the barrier integrity of the corneal epithelium by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and immunostaining of tight junction proteins using zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin antibodies. There was no damage or structural toxicity, and the barrier integrity was preserved after PEA application. Finally, an in-vitro cytotoxicity assessment of all PEAs in human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19) demonstrated that all PEAs were very well-tolerated, with IC50 values of 64.79 mM for pAc and 1335.45 µM and 87.26 µM for TAT and penetratin, respectively. Our results suggest that this drug delivery technology could potentially be used to achieve a significantly higher intraocular therapeutic bioavailability after topical eye drop administration, than currently afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Thareja
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
| | - Thomas Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | - Helen Hughes
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), School of Science & Computing, Department of Science, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford City X91 K0EK, Ireland.
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+DFarma, Facultad de Farmacia, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco Fernandez-Trillo
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom; BioMedNano Group, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias Rúa As Carballeiras, Universidade da Coruna, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Richard J Blanch
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Academic Department of Military Surgery & Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Centre for Trauma Sciences Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Centre for Trauma Sciences Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
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El-Yazbi AF, Aboukhalil FM, Khamis EF, Youssef RM, El-Sayed MA. Simultaneous determination of Mometasone Furoate and salicylic acid in complex matrix using green analytical method. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tawakkol SM, Fayez YM, Fahmy NM, Lotfy HM, Shehata MAA. Monitoring of Clotrimazole Degradation Pathway in Presence of its Co-formulated Drug. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:518-527. [PMID: 30929003 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Two stability-indicating chromatographic methods for the determination of clotrimazole and its two acid induced degradation products, with dexamethasone acetate without prior separation. First method depends on RP-HPLC utilizing ODS-3 Inertsil C18 column. Mobile phase consists of acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) in ratio (65:35, v/v) with flow rate 1.5 mL/min and UV-detection at 220 nm. Linearity range 1.0-75.0 μg/mL for clotrimazole and 2.0-75.0 μg/mL for dexamethasone with mean percentage recovery of 99.49 ± 1.10 for CLT and 99.60 ± 1.06 for DA. Second method depends on HP-TLC. Developing system is composed of chloroform:ethyl acetate in the ratio of (5:3.5, v/v), scanned at 220 nm. Linearity range 1.0-12.0 μg/band for clotrimazole and 1.0-20.0 μg/band for dexamethasone with mean R% of 99.33 ± 0.76 for clotrimazole and 99.77 ± 0.99 for dexamethasone. Conditions and parameters affecting the separation of the cited components without interference of the degradation products are tested and optimized. Suitability of the methods for quantization of the drugs concentrations is proven by validation as instructed from the ICH. Validation results and statistical treatment of the data demonstrate reliability of these methods. Kinetics of acid degradation process of clotrimazole are investigated by the proposed HPLC method and the order rate constant, half life and shelf life are computed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Mostafa Tawakkol
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Al Masaken Al Iqtisadeyah, Qism Helwan, Cairo Governorate, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Fourth Industrial Zone, Bank Complex, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Mohammed Fayez
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Al kasr al ainy street - Al Sayeda Zeinab, Egypt
| | - Nesma Mahmoud Fahmy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Fourth Industrial Zone, Bank Complex, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hayam Mahmoud Lotfy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Al kasr al ainy street - Al Sayeda Zeinab, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical industries, Future University in Egypt, 90th St, Cairo Governorate, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Abdel-Atty Shehata
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Al kasr al ainy street - Al Sayeda Zeinab, Egypt
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Lotfy HM, Saleh SS. Investigating Advanced Approaches Based on Iso-Absorptivity Coefficient in Unresolved Spectral Signals of Binary Mixtures. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:7924821. [PMID: 30863656 PMCID: PMC6378064 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7924821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Several spectrophotometric approaches utilize different functions of the iso-absorptivity coefficient in zero-order absorption signals and its manipulated spectra. This work introduced an investigation concerning the efficiency power of recent methods based on iso-absorptivity coefficient in different spectral signals. These methods were as follows: absorptivity centering method (a-Centering), absorbance subtraction method (AS), amplitude modulation method (AM,) and amplitude summation method (A-Sum). These methods were applied to determine the binary mixture of ofloxacin (OFX) and dexamethasone (DXM). Linearity of the proposed methods was investigated in the range of 1.0-10.0 μg/ml for both drugs. The proposed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines and were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of OFX and DXM in their pharmaceutical preparation without interference from additives. Statistical analysis of the results obtained by the proposed spectrophotometric methods compared with a reported method revealed no significant difference between the proposed and reported methods, confirming accuracy and precision at 95% confidence limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam M. Lotfy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, 12311 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah S. Saleh
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 11787 6th of October, Egypt
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Lotfy HM, Fayez YM, Tawakkol SM, Fahmy NM, Shehata MAEA. Spectrophotometric resolution of the severely overlapped spectra of clotrimazole with dexamethasone in cream dosage form by mathematical manipulation steps. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 202:115-122. [PMID: 29778704 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several spectrophotometric techniques were recently conducted for the determination of binary mixtures of clotrimazole (CLT) and dexamethasone acetate (DA) without any separation procedure. The methods were based on generation of ratio spectra of mixture then applying simple mathematic manipulation. The zero order absorption spectra of both drugs could be obtained by the constant center (CC) method. The concentration of both CLT and DA could be obtained by constant value via amplitude difference (CV-AD) method depending on ratio spectra, Ratio difference (RD) method where the difference between the amplitudes at two wavelengths (ΔP) on the ratio spectra could eliminate the contribution of the interfering substance and bring the concentration of the other, and the derivative ratio (DD1) method where the derivative of the ratio spectra was able to determine the drug of interest without any interference of the other one. While the concentration of DA could be measured after graphical manipulation as concentration using the novel advanced concentration value method (ACV). Calibration graphs were linear in the range of 75-550 μg/mL for CLT and 2-20 μg/mL for DA. The methods applied to the binary mixture under study were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of the two drugs in synthetic mixtures and in their combined form Mycuten-D cream. The results obtained were compared statistically to each other and to the official methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam Mahmoud Lotfy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Shereen Mostafa Tawakkol
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt
| | - Nesma Mahmoud Fahmy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt.
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Fayez YM, Tawakkol SM, Fahmy NM, Lotfy HM, Shehata MAA. Comparative study of the efficiency of computed univariate and multivariate methods for the estimation of the binary mixture of clotrimazole and dexamethasone using two different spectral regions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 194:126-135. [PMID: 29331813 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three methods of analysis are conducted that need computational procedures by the Matlab® software. The first is the univariate mean centering method which eliminates the interfering signal of the one component at a selected wave length leaving the amplitude measured to represent the component of interest only. The other two multivariate methods named PLS and PCR depend on a large number of variables that lead to extraction of the maximum amount of information required to determine the component of interest in the presence of the other. Good accurate and precise results are obtained from the three methods for determining clotrimazole in the linearity range 1-12 μg/mL and 75-550 μg/mL with dexamethasone acetate 2-20 μg/mL in synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutical formulation using two different spectral regions 205-240 nm and 233-278 nm. The results obtained are compared statistically to each other and to the official methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shereen Mostafa Tawakkol
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt; Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Nesma Mahmoud Fahmy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt.
| | - Hayam Mahmoud Lotfy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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Osman EEA. Analytical investigation of different mathematical approaches utilizing manipulation of ratio spectra. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 188:469-477. [PMID: 28756262 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work represents a comparative study of different approaches of manipulating ratio spectra, applied on a binary mixture of ciprofloxacin HCl and dexamethasone sodium phosphate co-formulated as ear drops. The proposed new spectrophotometric methods are: ratio difference spectrophotometric method (RDSM), amplitude center method (ACM), first derivative of the ratio spectra (1DD) and mean centering of ratio spectra (MCR). The proposed methods were checked using laboratory-prepared mixtures and were successfully applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulation containing the cited drugs. The proposed methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines. A comparative study was conducted between those methods regarding simplicity, limitations and sensitivity. The obtained results were statistically compared with those obtained from the reported HPLC method, showing no significant difference with respect to accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Eldin A Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
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Smajdor J, Piech R, Paczosa-Bator B. Highly sensitive voltammetric determination of dexamethasone on amalgam film electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lotfy HM, Fayez YM, Tawakkol SM, Fahmy NM, Shehata MAEA. Spectrophotometric Determination For the Binary Mixture of Clotrimazole and Dexamethasone in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/22297928.2017.1279985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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El-Kosasy AM, Abdel-Aziz O, Magdy N, El Zahar NM. Spectrophotometric and chemometric methods for determination of imipenem, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, paracetamol and cilastatin sodium in human urine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 157:26-33. [PMID: 26709018 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
New accurate, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric and chemometric methods were developed and subsequently validated for determination of Imipenem (IMP), ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIPRO), dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX), paracetamol (PAR) and cilastatin sodium (CIL) in human urine. These methods include a new derivative ratio method, namely extended derivative ratio (EDR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-squares (PLS) methods. A novel EDR method was developed for the determination of these drugs, where each component in the mixture was determined by using a mixture of the other four components as divisor. Peak amplitudes were recorded at 293.0 nm, 284.0 nm, 276.0 nm, 257.0 nm and 221.0 nm within linear concentration ranges 3.00-45.00, 1.00-15.00, 4.00-40.00, 1.50-25.00 and 4.00-50.00 μg mL(-1) for IMP, CIPRO, DEX, PAR and CIL, respectively. PCR and PLS-2 models were established for simultaneous determination of the studied drugs in the range of 3.00-15.00, 1.00-13.00, 4.00-12.00, 1.50-9.50, and 4.00-12.00 μg mL(-1) for IMP, CIPRO, DEX, PAR and CIL, respectively, by using eighteen mixtures as calibration set and seven mixtures as validation set. The suggested methods were validated according to the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and the results revealed that they were accurate, precise and reproducible. The obtained results were statistically compared with those of the published methods and there was no significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M El-Kosasy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Omar Abdel-Aziz
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - N Magdy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - N M El Zahar
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
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Elgizawy SM, Hassan NY, Lotfy HM, Saleh SS. Comparative study of RP-HPLC versus TLC-spectrodensitometric methods applied for binary mixtures of fluoroquinolones and corticosteroids. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.26.2014.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Bourdon F, Lecoeur M, Duhaut M, Odou P, Vaccher C, Foulon C. A validated micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for the quantitation of dexamethasone, ondansetron and aprepitant, antiemetic drugs, in organogel. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 86:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lotfy HM, Tawakkol SM, Fahmy NM, Shehata MA. Successive spectrophotometric resolution as a novel technique for the analysis of ternary mixtures of pharmaceuticals. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 121:313-323. [PMID: 24263128 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel spectrophotometric technique was developed for the simultaneous determination of ternary mixtures, without prior separation steps. This technique was called successive spectrophotometric resolution technique. The technique was based on either the successive ratio subtraction or successive derivative subtraction. The mathematical explanation of the procedure was illustrated. In order to evaluate the applicability of the methods a model data as well as an experimental data were tested. The results from experimental data related to the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of lidocaine hydrochloride (LH), calcium dobesilate (CD) and dexamethasone acetate (DA); in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ), the degradation product of calcium dobesilate were discussed. The proposed drugs were determined at their maxima 202 nm, 305 nm, 239 nm and 225 nm for LH, CD, DA and HQ respectively; by successive ratio subtraction coupled with constant multiplication method to obtain the zero order absorption spectra, while by applying successive derivative subtraction they were determined at their first derivative spectra at 210 nm for LH, 320 nm or P(292-320) for CD, 256 nm or P(225-252) for DA and P(220-233) for HQ respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 2-20 μg/mL for both LH and DA, 6-50 μg/mL for CD, and 3-40 μg/mL for HQ. The proposed methods were checked using laboratory-prepared mixtures and were successfully applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulation containing the cited drugs with no interference from other dosage form additives. The proposed methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines. The obtained results were statistically compared with those of the official BP methods for LH, DA, and CD, and with the official USP method for HQ; using student t-test, F-test, and one way ANOVA, showing no significant difference with respect to accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam M Lotfy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Shereen M Tawakkol
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Nesma M Fahmy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa A Shehata
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
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M.Lotfy H, M.Tawakkol S, M.Fahmy N, A.Shehata M. Validated Stability Indicating Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Calcium Dobesilate, and Dexamethasone Acetate in their Dosage Forms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/22297928.2013.838428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vega E, Egea MA, Calpena AC, Espina M, García ML. Role of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on freeze-dried and gamma-irradiated PLGA and PLGA-PEG diblock copolymer nanospheres for ophthalmic flurbiprofen delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1357-71. [PMID: 22457594 PMCID: PMC3310410 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) with poly(ethylene glycol) nanospheres (NSs) incorporating flurbiprofen (FB) were freeze-dried with several cryoprotective agents and sterilized by γ-irradiation. Only when 5.0% (w/v) hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was used, a complete resuspension by manual shaking and almost identical particle size of the NSs was obtained after freeze-drying. In vitro drug release and ex vivo corneal permeation of NSs with and without HPβCD were evaluated. The presence of HPβCD resulted in a reduction of burst effect, providing a more sustained release of the drug. A significant decrease in the FB transcorneal permeation of NSs containing HPβCD was obtained, related to the slower diffusion of FB observed in the in vitro results. The uptake mechanism of the NSs was examined by confocal microscopy, suggesting that NSs penetrate corneal epithelium through a transcellular pathway. Ocular tolerance was assessed in vitro and in vivo by the Eytex™ and Draize test, respectively. Long-term stability studies revealed that γ-irradiated NSs stored as freeze-dried powders maintained their initial characteristics. Stability studies of the resuspended NSs after 3 months of storage in the aqueous form showed that NSs were stable at 4°C, while formulations stored at 25°C and 40°C increased their initial particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Vega
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona, Spain.
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Teixeira LS, Mundim IM, Souza WC, Ramos DR, Bellorio KB, Rezende KR. An LC-MS/MS-ESI method for the quantification of betamethasone in bioequivalence studies. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.23.2011.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Oliveira TMB, Ribeiro FWP, Soares JE, de Lima-Neto P, Correia AN. Square-wave adsorptive voltammetry of dexamethasone: Redox mechanism, kinetic properties, and electroanalytical determinations in multicomponent formulations. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:148-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jimenez N, Galan J, Vallet A, Egea M, Garcia M. Methyl trypsin loaded poly(D,L-lactide-coglycolide) nanoparticles for contact lens care**Work performed at: Barcelona University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1414-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Vega E, Gamisans F, García M, Chauvet A, Lacoulonche F, Egea M. PLGA nanospheres for the ocular delivery of flurbiprofen: Drug release and interactions. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:5306-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Song L, Bai J, Zhou W. Determination of Betamethasone and Dexamethasone in Human Urine and Serum by MEKC After an Experimental Design. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Difrancesco R, Frerichs V, Donnelly J, Hagler C, Hochreiter J, Tornatore KM. Simultaneous determination of cortisol, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mycophenolic acid and mycophenolic acid glucuronide in human plasma utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 859:42-51. [PMID: 17928278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic combination immunosuppressive regimens are commonly prescribed to renal transplant recipients. To develop an assay method for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring of multiple immunosuppressives, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) approach for the simultaneous analysis of several glucocorticoids, mycophenolic acid (MPA) and mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG) was investigated. The resultant method utilized a gradient reverse phase separation over a Symmetry C18 column using an ammonium acetate-methanol mobile phase at pH 3.5. The analytes were detected by coupling the chromatography system via electrospray to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Multiple-reaction monitoring in the negative mode ion (MH-/product) was employed selecting MPA at 319.1/190.9, MPAG at 495.1/191.0, dexamethasone at 391.0/361.0, hydrocortisone at 361.1/331.1, methylprednisolone at 373.1/343.1, prednisone at 357.1/327.2, and prednisolone at 359.1/329.1. The calibration curve concentrations ranged from 3.60 ng/mL to 50 microg/mL with the lowest limit of quantitation for corticosteroids being 3.60-7.20 ng/mL and 0.656-6.75 microg/mL for MPA and MPAG, respectively. The relative standard deviation for quality control intraday variation and interday variation was between 0.76% and 9.57% for all analytes. This assay offers a versatile, unique method for multi-analyte immunosuppressive determinations during combination immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Difrancesco
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY14260-1200, United States
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23
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Quintana MC, Blanco MH, Lacal J, Hernández L. ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESIDUES IN BOVINE LIVER BY HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Quintana
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Sciences , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - M. H. Blanco
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Sciences , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - J. Lacal
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Sciences , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - L. Hernández
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Sciences , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, E-28049, Spain
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24
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Lallemand F, Varesio E, Felt-Baeyens O, Bossy L, Hopfgartner G, Gurny R. Biological conversion of a water-soluble prodrug of cyclosporine A. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 67:555-61. [PMID: 17475453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNIL088 is a water-soluble prodrug of cyclosporine A (CsA) designed for topical ocular delivery. The pro-moiety is grafted via an ester function to CsA and the solubilizing group is a phosphate ion. The aim of this study was to elucidate the conversion mechanisms by which UNIL088 generates CsA. UNIL088 was incubated in rabbit tears at physiological temperature to study its enzymatic and chemical conversion, respectively. Metabolites and intermediates were identified using a quadrupole-time of flight (QqTOF) mass spectrometer, which allowed biotransformation pathways to be deduced. Conversion is activated by the chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of the terminal ester function of the pro-moiety, leading to the phospho-serine-sarcosine-cyclosporine A that spontaneously converts into CsA. In addition to the main biotransformation pathway, a secondary reaction involved hydrolysis of the phosphate ester group of the pro-moiety, probably by phosphatases present in tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lallemand
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Vega E, Egea MA, Valls O, Espina M, García ML. Flurbiprofen loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for ophtalmic administration. J Pharm Sci 2007; 95:2393-405. [PMID: 16886193 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic/glycolic) acid nanoparticles incorporating flurbiprofen (FB) were prepared by the solvent displacement technique using poloxamer 188 as a stabilizer to improve the availability of the drug for the prevention of the inflammation caused by ocular surgery. A 2(3) + star design was applied to investigate the influence of several factors such as the pH of the aqueous phase, the initial concentration of the stabilizer, and the drug used to prepare the nanoparticles (NPs) on the physicochemical properties (particle size analysis, zeta potential, and drug loading efficiency) of the colloidal system. The best formulations were those prepared at pH 3.5 with a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL of FB and 10 or 20 mg/mL of poloxamer 188. These formulations showed an appropriate average size for ophthalmic administration (232.8 and 277.6 nm, respectively) and a good yield of entrapment efficiency (94.60% and 93.55%, respectively). The release behavior of FB from the developed NPs was complete and exhibited a biphasic pattern. Formulations did not show toxicity on ocular tissues. In vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy was assessed in the rabbit eye after topical instillation of sodium arachidonate (SA). A higher decrease of the SA-induced inflammation was obtained for the NP formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vega
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Frerichs VA, Tornatore KM. Determination of the glucocorticoids prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and cortisol in human serum using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 802:329-38. [PMID: 15018795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Revised: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are an important component of immunosuppressive therapy for solid organ transplantation. A method to quantitate prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone and cortisol in human serum has been developed. Analysis is performed utilizing reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated to a lower limit of quantitation of 5.4 ng/ml for prednisone and cortisol, and 10.7 ng/ml for dexamethasone and prednisolone, with error below 7% at the lower limits. The between-day relative standard deviations ranged 2.9-7.1%. Comparison of cortisol analysis to an established method using clinical samples yielded differences below 15% for 26 of 28 determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Frerichs
- Core Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Pharmacotherapy Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-1200, USA.
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27
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Liu H, Chen X, Zhang S, Qu L, Zhao Y, Liu H, Dong M. Separation and determination of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in cochlear perilymph fluid by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet monitoring and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry characterization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 805:255-60. [PMID: 15135098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 02/28/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The method for separation and determination of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DexP) in cochlear perilymph fluid (CPF) of cavy was developed using HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) monitoring and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) identification. The quantitative determination of DexP in CPF was achieved by HPLC with UV detection at 245 nm. The separation was carried out on a Phenomenex ODS(3) column ( 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm) with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-5mmol/l ammonium acetate (23:77 (v/v)) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. DexP was baseline separated from the matrices of CPF blanks within 15 min. The linearity ranged from 0.5 to 50 microg/ml. The limit of detection was 0.10 microg/ml. The recovery ranged from 98.5 to 100.8%. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) of intra- and inter-day peak area were between 0.7-1.3 and 1.2-3.5%, respectively. Both full scan MS and MS2 of DexP with positive and negative polarity were obtained and elucidated. The specific ions were chosen to characterize DexP in the CPF sample. Using the proposed HPLC-UV-ESI/MS method, the concentration of DexP in CPF samples after both vein and middle ear injections were determined, and the relationships between concentration and time were obtained. This method offered reference data for clinical investigation of DexP to cure ear diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University, 450052, PR China.
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28
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Development and validation of chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometry and micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the determination of four-component pharmaceuticals. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Nepote AJ, Damiani PC, Olivieri AC. Chemometrics assisted spectroscopic determination of vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and dexamethasone in injectables. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:621-7. [PMID: 12644188 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A spectrophotometric method is described and applied to resolve ternary mixtures of the corticosteroid dexamethasone sodium phosphate and the vitamins B6 and B12. It involves multivariate calibration based on partial least-squares regression. The model was built with UV-vis absorption spectra, and was evaluated by cross-validation on a number of synthetic mixtures. Satisfactory results for both artificial and commercial samples were obtained. A spectrofluorometric method was also developed for the determination of B6 in the presence of vitamin B12 and dexamethasone. The results provided by both methods for pharmaceutical formulations were compared successfully. None of the described procedures require sample pre-treatment steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Nepote
- Cátedra de Química Analítica II, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Paraje El Pozo, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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30
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Lemus Gallego JM, Pérez Arroyo J. Simultaneous determination of dexamethasone and trimethoprim by liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:1255-61. [PMID: 12408916 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine dexamethasone phosphate and trimethoprim is described in this paper. The separation was made in a LichrCART(R) C18 column using an acetonitrile-NaH(2)PO(4) (10 mM) (70:30, v/v) (pH 3) buffer solution as mobile phase. The mobile-phase flow rate and the sample volume injected were 1 ml/min and 20 microliter, respectively. The limits of quantification were about 0.25 mg/l for each compound. The method was applied in synthetic mixtures and in pharmaceutical formulations. Analyses were made by preparing test (from the stock solution) method whose results were compared with those obtained by means of the standard addition method. Both methods showed similar results, and then it was proved that some pharmaceuticals claimed levels were in agreement with the obtained results by using our analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lemus Gallego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Facultad de Ciencias Qui;micas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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31
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Weijtens O, Schoemaker RC, Romijn FPHTM, Cohen AF, Lentjes EGWM, van Meurs JC. Intraocular penetration and systemic absorption after topical application of dexamethasone disodium phosphate. Ophthalmology 2002; 109:1887-91. [PMID: 12359610 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(02)01176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the dexamethasone concentration in aqueous humor, vitreous, and serum of patients after repeated topical application of dexamethasone disodium phosphate. DESIGN Prospective nonrandomized comparative trial. PARTICIPANTS Twenty phakic patients scheduled for a first vitrectomy. METHODS All participants received dexamethasone disodium phosphate drops according to an application schedule intended to result in steady-state drug concentrations. Starting on the preoperative day, they received 1 drop of dexamethasone disodium phosphate (0.1%) every 1 hours until the time of vitrectomy (total, 10 or 11 drops). At night, ointment containing dexamethasone (0.3 mg/g) and gentamicin (5 mg/g) was administered once. From 7 AM on, the drop application schedule was resumed. At the start of the vitrectomy, samples were taken from the aqueous humor, vitreous, and blood. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The dexamethasone concentrations in the aqueous humor, vitreous, and serum measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS The mean dexamethasone concentrations in the aqueous humor, vitreous, and serum were 30.5 ng/ml (range, 7.1-57.7; standard deviation [SD] 15.0), 1.1 ng/ml (range, 0.0-1.6; SD 0.4), and 0.7 ng/ml (range, 0.0-1.2; SD 0.4), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Compared with previously tested administration routes (peribulbar or subconjunctival injection or oral administration), the penetration of dexamethasone into the vitreous after repeated drop application is negligible. Despite the frequent dosing schedule, the dexamethasone concentration in the aqueous humor is far lower than after a subconjunctival injection with dexamethasone disodium phosphate. Systemic uptake is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Weijtens
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Felt O, Gurny R, Baeyens V. Delivery of antibiotics to the eye using a positively charged polysaccharide as vehicle. AAPS PHARMSCI 2001; 3:E34. [PMID: 12066799 PMCID: PMC2751223 DOI: 10.1208/ps030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The positively charged polysaccharide chitosan is able to increase precorneal residence time of ophthalmic formulations containing active compounds when compared with simple aqueous solutions. The purpose of the study was to evaluate tear concentration of tobramycin and ofloxacin after topical application of chitosan-based formulations containing 0.3% wt/vol of antibiotic and to compare them with 2 commercial solutions: Tobrex and Floxal, respectively. The influence of the molecular weight, deacetylation degree, and concentration of 4 different samples of chitosan on pharmacokinetic parameters (area under the curve values [AUC(eff)] and time of efficacy [t(eff)]) of tobramycin and ofloxacin in tears was investigated over time. It was demonstrated that the 2 chitosan products of high molecular weight (1350 and 1930 kd) and low deacetylation degree (50%) significantly increased antibiotic availability when compared to the controls, with AUC(eff) showing a 2- to 3-fold improvement. The time of efficacy of ofloxacin was significantly increased from about 25 minutes to 46 minutes by the chitosan of higher Mw (1930 kd) at a concentration of 0.5% wt/vol, whereas a similar performance was achieved by a chitosan of low Mw (580 kd) at a concentration of 1.5% wt/vol in the case of tobramycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Felt
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - R. Gurny
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - V. Baeyens
- Pharmapeptides, Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Enseignement, F-74166 Archamps, France
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33
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Spectrophotometric resolution of ternary mixtures of Dexamethasone, Polymyxin B and Trimethoprim in synthetic and pharmaceutical formulations. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Gallego JML, Arroyo JP. SIMULTANEOUS RESOLUTION OF DEXAMETHASONE AND POLYMYXIN B BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY DERIVATIVE AND MULTIVARIATE METHODS. ANAL LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100104152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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35
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Abstract
The current status of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in pharmaceutical analyses is reviewed with about 300 references, mainly from 1996 until 1999. This article covers the use of CE for assay and purity determination of the main component, analysis of natural medicines, antisense DNA, peptides, and proteins. Analysis of hydrophobic and/or electrically neutral drugs by electrokinetic chromatography, capillary electrochromatography and nonaqueous CE is critically evaluated. Detailed techniques for the separation of enantiomers are given in the text with some actual applications. Furthermore, this review includes sensitivity and regulatory aspects for the actual use of CE in new drug applications (NDA). The analytical validation required for CE in NDA is also treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Osaka, Japan.
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36
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Boone CM, Waterval JC, Lingeman H, Ensing K, Underberg WJ. Capillary electrophoresis as a versatile tool for the bioanalysis of drugs--a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:831-63. [PMID: 10746954 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents an overview of current research on the use of capillary electrophoretic techniques for the analysis of drugs in biological matrices. The principles of capillary electrophoresis and its various separation and detection modes are briefly discussed. Sample pretreatment methods which have been used for clean-up and concentration are discussed. Finally, an extensive overview of bioanalytical applications is presented. The bioanalyses of more than 200 drugs have been summarised, including the applied sample pretreatment methods and the achieved detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Boone
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University Center for Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perrett
- Department of Medicine, St Bartholomew's, London, UK
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38
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Raith K, Althoff E, Banse J, Neidhardt H, Neubert RH. Two examples of rapid and simple drug analysis in pharmaceutical formulations using capillary electrophoresis: naphazoline, dexamethasone and benzalkonium in nose drops and nystatin in an oily suspension. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2907-11. [PMID: 9870387 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis is a versatile tool in pharmaceutical analysis. In the course of a revision of the "Standardrezepturen", a German formula of standard dispensings for preparation in pharmacies, this technique has been applied to drug analysis in pharmaceutical formulations. The present paper deals with two different examples. First, naphazoline, dexamethasone and the preservative benzalkonium are quantified in nose drops without any sample preparation. Second, the antifungal antibiotic nystatin is quantified using nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis in methanol after sample preparation from an oily suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Raith
- Martin Luther University Halle, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Halle (Saale), Germany
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39
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Baeyens V, Kaltsatos V, Boisramé B, Varesio E, Veuthey JL, Fathi M, Balant LP, Gex-Fabry M, Gurny R. Optimized release of dexamethasone and gentamicin from a soluble ocular insert for the treatment of external ophthalmic infections. J Control Release 1998; 52:215-20. [PMID: 9685951 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(97)00212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the case of external ophthalmic infections, repeated instillations of antibiotics are required to reach therapeutic level, above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). An additional administration of a corticosteroid is often needed, in order to limit the precorneal damages caused by the infection. However, repeated administration of a corticosteroid can increase intraocular pressure and thus lead to glaucoma. To overcome the disadvantages of separated and repeated instillations of two products and to avoid the side effects of dexamethasone, a soluble insert containing gentamicin sulfate and dexamethasone phosphate was developed. The new system ensures the concomitant release of the two drugs during the first 10 h of treatment, followed by an adequate concentration of gentamicin sulfate, above the MIC of 4.0 microgram ml-1, during 50 h, due to a combination of gentamicin sulfate with cellulose acetate phthalate, which reduces the solubility of gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Baeyens
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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40
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Abstract
During the past decade, capillary electrophoresis (CE) emerged as a promising, effective and economic approach for separation of a large variety of substances, including those encountered in clinical and forensic analysis. Reliable and automated CE instruments became commercially available and promoted the exploration of an increasing number of CE methods and fields of application. The widespread applicability of CE, its enormous separation power and high-sensitivity detection schemes make this technology an attractive and promising tool. This review discusses the principles and important aspects of CE-based assays and provides an overview of the key achievements encountered with CE in clinical and forensic analysis, including those associated with the analysis of serum proteins, hemoglobin variants, drugs and nucleic acids. Validated assays, interesting applications and future trends in clinical and forensic analysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F von Heeren
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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41
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Baeyens V, Gurny R. Chemical and physical parameters of tears relevant for the design of ocular drug delivery formulations. PHARMACEUTICA ACTA HELVETIAE 1997; 72:191-202. [PMID: 9372641 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6865(97)00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a summary of the most important chemical and physical parameters of tears that can help the formulator in the development of new ocular formulations and in the conception of innovative ophthalmic delivery approaches. For each physiological parameter, the relevance in ocular drug delivery is discussed in detail and the analytical tools that are used for the determination of these parameters are described and summarized. The aim of this review is also to give a description of the main analytical techniques available in ophthalmology that can be used for pharmacokinetic studies of active compounds. The importance of tear sampling techniques used in the determination of the parameters is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Baeyens
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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