1
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Ge Y, Liu M, Deng X, Liao L. Derivatization-Enhanced Analysis of Glucocorticoids for Structural Characterization by Gas Chromatography-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 29:200. [PMID: 38202782 PMCID: PMC10780989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are classified in section S9 of the Prohibited List of the World Anti-Doping Agency, due to a potential risk to improving physical performance and causing harm to the health of athletes. Based on the similar physiological actions of glucocorticoids, both differentiating known glucocorticoids and identifying unknown glucocorticoids are important for doping control. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry plays an important role in structural characterization because of abundant structural diagnostic ions produced by electron ionization. It also provides a chance to study the fragmentation patterns. Thus, an enhanced derivatization procedure was optimized to produce trimethylsilylated glucocorticoids and structural diagnostic ions of nineteen trimethylsilylated glucocorticoids were obtained by gas chromatography-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. In our study, glucocorticoids were classified as: 3-keto-4-ene, 1,4-diene-3-keto, 3α-hydroxy with saturated A-ring, 21-hydroxy-20-keto and halo substituent glucocorticoids based on their structural difference. Structural diagnostic ions that contributed to structural characterization were specifically presented and the fragment patterns were demonstrated according to the above categories. This study not only gave new insights into the structural characterization of these glucocorticoids but also provided evidence for tracing unknown glucocorticoids or chemically modified molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Liao
- Shanghai Anti-Doping Laboratory, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.G.); (M.L.)
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2
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Kim SY, Shin DW, Hyun J, Kwon NH, Cheong JC, Paeng KJ, Lee J, Kim JY. Uncertainty Evaluation for the Quantification of Urinary Amphetamine and 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Comparison of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement Approach and the Monte Carlo Method with R. Molecules 2023; 28:6803. [PMID: 37836646 PMCID: PMC10574584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating the measurement uncertainty (MU) is becoming increasingly mandatory in analytical toxicology. This study evaluates the uncertainty in the quantitative determination of urinary amphetamine (AP) and 4-hydroxyamphetamine (4HA) using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method based on the dilute-and-shoot approach. Urine sample dilution, preparation of calibrators, calibration curve, and method repeatability were identified as the sources of uncertainty. To evaluate the MU, the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) approach and the Monte Carlo method (MCM) were compared using the R programming language. The MCM afforded a smaller coverage interval for both AP (94.83, 104.74) and 4HA (10.52, 12.14) than that produced by the GUM (AP (92.06, 107.41) and 4HA (10.21, 12.45)). The GUM approach offers an underestimated coverage interval for Type A evaluation, whereas the MCM provides an exact coverage interval under an abnormal probability distribution of the measurand. The MCM is useful in complex settings where the measurand is combined with numerous distributions because it is generated from the uncertainties of input quantities based on the propagation of the distribution. Therefore, the MCM is more practical than the GUM for evaluating the MU of urinary AP and 4HA concentrations using LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yeong Kim
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Shin
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Hyun
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea;
| | - Nam Hee Kwon
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chul Cheong
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jung Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
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3
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Oflu S, Erarpat S, Zaman BT, Eroğlu K, Günkara ÖT, Bakırdere S, Turak F. Quantification of trace fenuron in waste water samples by matrix matching calibration strategy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after simultaneous derivatization and preconcentration. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1063. [PMID: 37594584 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a highly sensitive and accurate analytical strategy for the determination of fenuron in wastewater samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Simultaneous derivatization and spray-based fine droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction (SFDF-LPME) method was developed and performed to achieve low detection limits. The parameters of the derivatization and SFDF-LPME method were optimized by univariate approach to improve sensitivity and selectivity. Under the optimum SFDF-LPME-GC-MS conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were found to be 0.15 and 0.49 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, the linear range was calculated as 0.51-24.50 mg/kg. Recovery studies were carried out on wastewater samples to determine the accuracy of the developed method and its applicability to real sample matrix. Matrix matching calibration strategy was applied to eliminate/reduce any possible interference effects caused by the complexity of the wastewater matrix and to increase the accuracy of the analytical results. Percent recovery results varied between 85.9 and 120.9% with small percent relative standard deviation values. These results were satisfactory in terms of the accuracy and applicability of the proposed method for wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sude Oflu
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34210, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezin Erarpat
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34210, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buse Tuğba Zaman
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34210, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kumsal Eroğlu
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34210, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Tahir Günkara
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34210, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34210, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, 06670, Çankaya, 06690, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Turak
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34210, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Oflu S, Erarpat S, Zaman BT, Günkara ÖT, Bakırdere S, Turak F. Combination of quadrupole isotope dilution mass spectrometry with simultaneous derivatization and spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction for the determination of methamphetamine in human urine and serum samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 119:107207. [PMID: 35933004 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an analytical method with high accuracy and precision was developed for the determination of methamphetamine in human urine and serum samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A simultaneous derivatization and spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction (SADF-LPME) method was proposed to derivatize and preconcentrate target analyte. Quadruple isotope dilution (ID4) was used to provide high accuracy and precision for methamphetamine determination in the samples. After the optimization studies for the derivatization and microextraction parameters, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the developed SADF-LPME method were found to be 48.0 and 159.9 μg/kg, respectively. Recovery studies were implemented to verify the applicability and accuracy of the developed method for human urine and serum samples. The SADF-LPME method gave low percent recovery results (30.5-61.0%) for the spiked urine and serum samples showing that it failed to minimize or eliminate matrix effects for the analyte. Hence, methamphetamine acetamide-d3 was synthesized and purified in our research laboratory to be used as methamphetamine isotopic analogue in the ID4 method. When the SADF-LPME method was combined with ID4, the percent recovery values for urine and serum samples were calculated as 99.7-100.0% and 99.4-100.2%, respectively. These results demonstrated the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method for urine and serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sude Oflu
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezin Erarpat
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Buse Tuğba Zaman
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ömer Tahir Günkara
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, 06670, Çankaya, 06690, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Fatma Turak
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye.
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5
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Harpaz D, Bernstein N, Namdar D, Eltzov E. Portable biosensors for rapid on-site determination of cannabinoids in cannabis, a review. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108031. [PMID: 36058440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the therapeutic virtues of cannabidiol (CBD). Furthermore, due to their molecular enriched profiles, cannabis inflorescences are biologically superior to a single cannabinoid for the treatment of various health conditions. Thus, there is flourishing demand for Cannabis sativa varieties containing high levels of CBD. Additionally, legal regulations around the world restrict the cultivation and consumption of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-rich cannabis plants for their psychotropic effects. Therefore, the use of cannabis varieties that are high in CBD is permitted as long as their THC content does not exceed a low threshold of 0.3%-0.5%, depending on the jurisdiction. These chemovars are legally termed 'hemp'. This controlled cannabinoid requirement highlights the need to detect low levels of THC, already in the field. In this review, cannabis profiling and the existing methods used for the detection of cannabinoids are firstly evaluated. Then, selected valuable biosensor technologies are discussed, which suggest portable, rapid, sensitive, reproducible, and reliable methods for on-site identification of cannabinoids levels, mainly THC. Recent cutting-edge techniques of promising potential usage for both cannabis and hemp analysis are identified, as part of the future cultivation and agricultural improvement of this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Harpaz
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, POBox 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Dvora Namdar
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, POBox 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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6
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Laajimi H, Galli F, Patience GS, Schieppati D. Experimental methods in chemical engineering: gas
chromatography‐GC. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hela Laajimi
- Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. “CV”, Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Federico Galli
- Département de génie chimique et génie biotechnologique Université de Sherbrooke 2500, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke Québec Canada
| | - Gregory S. Patience
- Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. “CV”, Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Dalma Schieppati
- Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. “CV”, Montréal Québec Canada
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7
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Becam J, Paolantonacci M, Pourriere-Fabiani C, Lacarelle B, Solas C, Fabresse N. Évaluation d’une méthode de criblage toxicologique en chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Shimko KM, Piatkowski T, Thomas KV, Speers N, Brooker L, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW. Performance- and image-enhancing drug use in the community: use prevalence, user demographics and the potential role of wastewater-based epidemiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126340. [PMID: 34171672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Performance- and image-enhancing drug (PIED) misuse is a significant public health issue. Currently, seizure data, surveys, anti-doping testing, and needle service provider data are used to estimate PIED use in populations. These methods are time consuming, single point-in-time measurements that often consist of small sample sizes and do not truly capture PIED prevalence. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used globally to assess and monitor licit and illicit drug consumption within the general community. This method can objectively cover large populations as well as specific subpopulations (gyms, music festivals, prisons), and has potential as a complementary monitoring method for PIED use. Information obtained through WBE could be used to aid public health authorities in developing targeted prevention and education programmes. Research on PIED analysis in wastewater is limited and presents a significant gap in the literature. The focus is on anabolic steroids, and one steroid alternative currently growing in popularity; selective androgenic receptor modulators. This encompasses medical uses, addiction, prevalence, user typology, and associated public health implications. An overview of WBE is described including its benefits, limitations and potential as a monitoring method for PIED use. A summary of previous work in this field is presented. Finally, we summarise gaps in the literature, future perspectives, and recommendations for monitoring PIEDs in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Timothy Piatkowski
- School of Psychology and Counselling and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Naomi Speers
- Sport Integrity Australia (SIA), Unit 14, 5 Tennant Street, Fyshwick, ACT 2609, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL), National Measurement Institute (NMI), 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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9
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Mohammadian E, Rahimpour E, Foroumadi A, Alizadeh-Sani M, Hasanvand Z, Jouyban A. Derivatization of γ-Amino Butyric Acid Analogues for Their Determination in the Biological Samples and Pharmaceutical Preparations: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1727-1754. [PMID: 34096806 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1916733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in regulating neuronal excitability. Four structurally related drugs to GABA including pregabalin (PGB), gabapentin (GBP), vigabatrin (VGB), and baclofen are used for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. These drugs are small aliphatic molecules having neither fluorescent nor strong absorbance in the ultraviolet/visible region; therefore, direct determination of these analytes by optical methods is difficult. Additionally, their high boiling point makes gas chromatography impossible. Accordingly, the amine or acid moiety in these drugs is derivatized in order to improve their selectivity and sensitivity during determination in the biological samples. This review focuses on derivatization based methods and their different reactions for determination of PGB, GBP, VGB, and baclofen in the biological samples and pharmaceutical preparations reported between 1980 and 2020. High-performance liquid chromatography methods coupled with different detectors are a commonly used methods for determination of GABA analogs after derivatization. These methods cover 38.89% of all developed methods for determination of GABA analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mohammadian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zaman Hasanvand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Martínez Brito D, Leogrande P, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botre F, de la Torre X. Arimistane: Degradation product or metabolite of 7-oxo-DHEA? Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1430-1439. [PMID: 33783974 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The instability of androst-5-ene-3,7-dione structures under acidic conditions is known. The formation of arimistane from 7-oxo-DHEA, influenced by the conditions of sample extraction, and mainly derivatization reaction and gas chromatography (GC) injector temperature, was described earlier, potentially leading to misinterpretation of results. By using a liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) (LC-MS) we investigated the stability of the 7-oxo-DHEA in two different solvents (methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), and the arimistane formation after the application common analytical procedures. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo studies of 7-oxo-DHEA were performed. METHODS The stability of 7-oxo-DHEA was studied in solutions after 60 days storage at -20°C. In vitro studies were performed by incubating 7-oxo-DHEA with human liver microsomes (HLMs). Healthy volunteers collected urine samples before and after the administration of a single dose of 7-oxo-DHEA. Analyses were performed using high-performance LC (HPLC) coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS) and GC combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) following HPLC purification. RESULTS 7-oxo-DHEA was stable after 60 days in DMSO while a protic solvent as methanol promotes the degradation of 7-oxo-DHEA to arimistane. HLM incubations showed no formation of arimistane and the sample preparation only influenced the degradation of 7-oxo-DHEA when solvolysis was applied. After the administration study the presence of arimistane also after the hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase (Escherichia coli) was observed while using β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase (Helix pomatia) showed the presence of arimistane already in blank samples collected before administration. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm arimistane as a valuable diagnostic marker of 7-oxo-DHEA administration, but also indicate that its formation is due to degradation processes rather than to metabolic biotransformation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Botre
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy.,REDs-Research and Expertise on Anti-Doping Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Kintz P, Gheddar L, Raul JS. Simultaneous testing for anabolic steroids in human hair specimens collected from various anatomic locations has several advantages when compared with the standard head hair analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1445-1451. [PMID: 33634609 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 90s, hair testing for anabolic steroids in humans has found numerous forensic, clinical, and anti-doping applications. In most cases, analyses were performed on head hair, collected in the vertex regions. However, for various reasons (shaved subject, bald subject, religious belief, cosmetic treatment and aesthetic reason), hair collectors can face the lack of head hair, and therefore, body hair can be the unique alternative choice. Although there is no possibility to perform segmental analyses with body hair, their use has two major advantages: (1) In most cases, anabolic steroids are more concentrated in body hair when compared with head hair, which allows detecting abuse at lower frequency and for lower dosages; and (2) the window of drug detection is generally much longer in body hair when compared with head hair, particularly in male athlete presenting short head hair. To document the relevance of simultaneous collection of head and body hair, the authors present eight authentic cases of anabolic steroids abuse, including clostebol (one case), drostanolone (one case), metandienone (one case), 19-norandrostenedione (one case), stanozolol (two cases) and trenbolone (three cases). In all cases, body hair concentrations were higher than head hair concentrations. Even in three cases, no steroid was identified in head hair, although present in body hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X-Pertise Consulting, Mittelhausbergen, France.,Laboratory of Toxicology, Institut de medecine légale, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurie Gheddar
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institut de medecine légale, Strasbourg, France
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12
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Determination of Intraprostatic and Intratesticular Androgens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010466. [PMID: 33466491 PMCID: PMC7796479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens represent the main hormones responsible for maintaining hormonal balance and function in the prostate and testis. As they are involved in prostate and testicular carcinogenesis, more detailed information of their active concentration at the site of action is required. Since the introduction of the term intracrinology as the local formation of active steroid hormones from inactive precursors of the adrenal gland, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-S, it is evident that blood circulating levels of sex steroid hormones need not reflect their actual concentrations in the tissue. Here, we review and critically evaluate available methods for the analysis of human intraprostatic and intratesticular steroid concentrations. Since analytical approaches have much in common in both tissues, we discuss them together. Preanalytical steps, including various techniques for separation of the analytes, are compared, followed by the end-point measurement. Advantages and disadvantages of chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS, GC-MS), immunoanalytical methods (IA), and hybrid (LC-IA) are discussed. Finally, the clinical information value of the determined steroid hormones is evaluated concerning differentiating between patients with cancer or benign hyperplasia and between patients with different degrees of infertility. Adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated androgens are mentioned as perspective prognostic markers for these purposes.
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13
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Caban M, Stepnowski P. Electron ionization induced fragmentation of fluorinated derivatives of bisphenols. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8860. [PMID: 32533586 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fluorinated derivatization agents allow for the identification and quantification of emerging pollutants with high sensitivity, yet details of their potential applications using electron ionization are lacking. The fluorine atom itself does not effectively participate in electron ionization. Furthermore, limited information exists regarding the effect of fluorine during electron ionization-induced fragmentation. To fill this gap, this report presents the fragmentation pathways of the fluorinated derivatives of ten bisphenol analogues as exemplary emerging pollutants. METHODS The bisphenols were derivatized by the acetylation reagent trifluoroacetic anhydride and a new silylation reagent, namely dimethyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silyldiethylamine (DIMETRIS; previously applied for the analysis of selected pharmaceuticals in environmental samples), and analyzed using GC/MS (electron ionization, 70 eV). Deuterated bisphenol A was added to the group of analytes to confirm the proposed fragmentation pathways. RESULTS The specific chemical structure of bisphenols gives the possibility of several resonance hybrids of C-centered radicals. This, in turn, results in several fragmentation pathways, unique for each resonance hybrid. Sequential losses of radicals and neutral fragments were observed in both types of derivative, with final stable carbenium ions. McLafferty-type rearrangements were observed between the native structure of the analytes and the introduced substituents. The gamma-shift of F onto Si in the Si(CH2 )2 CF3 substituent is proposed to explain the loss of the fragment with a mass of 78 u. CONCLUSIONS Both types of derivatization reagent used were found to be applicable, although the use of DIMETRIS was limited for high-mass bisphenols. The introduction of fluorine by derivatization brings benefits for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of bisphenol-type compounds using GC/MS because of the presence of characteristic ions in the mass spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
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14
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Bressan C, Ayala-Cabrera JF, Santos FJ, Cuadras S, Garrostas L, Monfort N, Alechaga É, Moyano E, Ventura R. Analysis of hydroxylated phenylalkylamine stimulants in urine by GC-APPI-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7837-7850. [PMID: 32954468 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-APPI-HRMS) method was developed for the determination of eight phenylalkylamine stimulants in urine samples. Spiked urine samples were hydrolyzed, processed by solid-phase extraction, and derivatized before analysis. Two derivatization reactions were studied: the formation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and trimethylsilyl/trifluoroacetyl (TMS/TFA) derivatives with MSTFA and N-methyl-bis (trifluoroacetamide) (MBTFA) as derivatization reagents. Gas chromatography of both derivatives was performed with a 100% dimethylsiloxane column and a good separation of all isomeric compounds was achieved. To maximize the signal of the protonated molecule [M+H]+, the APPI most critical parameters were optimized. Three solvents were tested as dopant agents, with acetone yielding the lower in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation. The acquisition was performed in full scan and product ion scan (parallel reaction monitoring, PRM) using a quadrupole-Orbitrap mass analyzer (35,000 FWHM at m/z 200) in positive ion detection mode. At the optimal working conditions, the full scan method was evaluated for the fulfillment of identification requirements in doping analysis. Selectivity, limits of detection, matrix effect, and precision were estimated to validate the method for confirmation purposes and its applicability was tested by the analysis of spiked samples as well as by the analysis of samples obtained after the administration of some of the compounds to healthy volunteers. Results were compared with those obtained by GC-electron ionization-MS, demonstrating that the GC-APPI-HRMS method improved selectivity and sensibility, achieving lower limits of detection and satisfactory reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bressan
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan F Ayala-Cabrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Cuadras
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Garrostas
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnación Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Semi-quantitative analysis of drugs of abuse in human urine by end-point dilution flow immunochromatographic assay. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-020-00041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Ružena Č, Jindra V, Renáta H. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstractβ2-Agonists (β2-adrenergic agonists, bronchodilatants, and sympathomimetic drugs) are a group of drugs that are mainly used in asthma and obstructive pulmonary diseases. In practice, the substances used to contain one or more stereogenic centers in their structure and their enantiomers exhibit different pharmacological properties. In terms of bronchodilatory activity, (R)-enantiomers showed higher activity. The investigation of stereoselectivity in action and disposition of chiral drugs together with the preparation of pure enantiomer drugs calls for efficient stereoselective analytical methods. The overview focuses on the stereoselectivity in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of β2-agonists and summarizes the stereoselective analytical methods for the enantioseparation of racemic beta-agonists (HPLC, LC-MS, GC, TLC, CE). Some methods of the stereoselective synthesis for β2-agonists preparation are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Čižmáriková Ružena
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Valentová Jindra
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Horáková Renáta
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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17
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Cláudia M, Pedro A, Tiago R, Francisco CR, Eugenia G. Determination of New Psychoactive Substances in Whole Blood Using Microwave Fast Derivatization and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:92-102. [PMID: 31436798 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The production and consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) has been raising a major concern worldwide. Due to easy access and available information, many NPSs continue to be synthesized with an alarming increase of those available to purchase, despite all the control efforts created. A new analytical method was developed and validated to determine a group of phenethylamines and synthetic cathinones: cathinone, flephedrone, buphedrone, 4-MTA, α-PVP, methylone, 2C-P, ethylone, pentylone, MDPV and bromo-dragonFLY in whole blood. A mixed-mode solid phase extraction was applied to 250 μL of sample, and the extracts were derivatized with fast microwave technique before being analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The validation procedure followed the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) guidelines with parameters that included selectivity, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy, recoveries and stability. The method presented linearity between 5 and 500 ng/mL for cathinone, buphedrone, 4-MTA, methylone, 2C-P and bromo-dragonFLY, 10-500 ng/mL for flephedrone, ethylone, pentylone and MDPV, and 40-500 ng/mL for α-PVP, with determination coefficients above 0.99 for all analytes. Recoveries ranged between 70.3% and 116.6%, and regarding intra- and inter-day precision, the relative mean errors were typically lower than 8.6%. The method was successfully applied to over 100 authentic samples from the Laboratory of Chemistry and Forensic Toxicology, Centre Branch, of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalho Cláudia
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Centro, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213, Coimbra Portugal
| | - Almeida Pedro
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Centro, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213, Coimbra Portugal.,Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rosado Tiago
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Corte Real Francisco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Centro, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213, Coimbra Portugal
| | - Gallardo Eugenia
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal
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18
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Serrano J, Kolanczyk RC, Tapper MA, Lahren T, Dongari N, Hammermeister DE, Kosian PA, Schmieder PK, Sheedy BR, Challis K, Kubátová A. Characterization and analysis of estrogenic cyclic phenone metabolites produced in vitro by rainbow trout liver slices using GC-MS, LC-MS and LC-TOF-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1126-1127:121717. [PMID: 31437775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic phenones are chemicals of interest to the USEPA and international organizations due to their potential for endocrine disruption to aquatic and terrestrial species. The metabolic conversion of cyclic phenones by liver hepatocytes and the structure of main metabolites yielded have not been assessed in fish species. As part of a larger project, in this study we investigated the structure of metabolites produced in vitro by rainbow trout (rt) liver slices after exposure to the model cyclic phenones benzophenone (DPK), cyclobutyl phenyl ketone (CBP) and cyclohexyl phenyl ketone (CPK). While only one distinct metabolite was detected for DPK and CBP (benzhydrol and CBPOH, respectively), CPK yielded nine positional isomers (M1-M9) as products. In absence of standards, improved inference of CPK metabolites tentative structures was achieved by combining GC-MS with and without derivatization, LC with tandem MS, LC with high resolution time of flight (TOF) MS and LC fractionation data with CPK phase II conjugative metabolism information. Data supported that CPK is metabolized by phase I oxidation of the cyclohexyl ring and not the phenyl group as predicted by metabolism simulators. CPK metabolites M1 and M2 (MW 186), were proposed to be cyclohexenyl-derivatives. Also, M6-M9 were proposed to be hydroxylated metabolites (MW 204), with the potential for undergoing phase II conjugative metabolism to glucuronides and sulfates. Finally, M3, M4 and M5 were proposed as cyclohexanone-derivatives of CPK (MW 202), resulting from the limited redox-interconversion of their hydroxylated pairs M8, M6 and M7, respectively. Assessment of metabolite role in biological responses associated with endocrine disruption will advance the development of methods for species extrapolation and the understanding of differential sensitivity of species to chemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Serrano
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, USA.
| | - Richard C Kolanczyk
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Mark A Tapper
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Tylor Lahren
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Nagaraju Dongari
- University of North Dakota, Department of Chemistry, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Dean E Hammermeister
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Patricia A Kosian
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Patricia K Schmieder
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Barbara R Sheedy
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Katie Challis
- Student Services Contractor, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Alena Kubátová
- University of North Dakota, Department of Chemistry, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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19
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Serrano J, Tapper MA, Kolanczyk RC, Sheedy BR, Lahren T, Hammermeister DE, Denny JS, Hornung MW, Kubátová A, Kosian PA, Voelker J, Schmieder PK. Metabolism of cyclic phenones in rainbow trout in vitro assays. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:192-208. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1596331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Serrano
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Mark A. Tapper
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Richard C. Kolanczyk
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Barbara R. Sheedy
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Tylor Lahren
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Dean E. Hammermeister
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Denny
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Michael W. Hornung
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Patricia A. Kosian
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Voelker
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Student Services Contractor, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Patricia K. Schmieder
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
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20
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Cuevas-Tena M, Alegría A, Lagarda MJ. Relationship Between Dietary Sterols and Gut Microbiota: A Review. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cuevas-Tena
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia; Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 - Burjassot (Valencia) Spain
| | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia; Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 - Burjassot (Valencia) Spain
| | - Maria J. Lagarda
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia; Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 - Burjassot (Valencia) Spain
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21
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Mesihää S, Rasanen I, Ojanperä I. Quantitative estimation of α-PVP metabolites in urine by GC-APCI-QTOFMS with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection based on parent drug calibration. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 286:12-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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McKenna J, Jett R, Shanks K, Manicke NE. Toxicological Drug Screening using Paper Spray High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HR-MS/MS). J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:300-310. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josiah McKenna
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Rachel Jett
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kevin Shanks
- AXIS Forensic Toxicology, 5780 W 71st St, Indianapolis, IN 46278
| | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, IUPUI, 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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23
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Mishra P, Banga I, Tyagi R, Munjal T, Goel A, Capalash N, Sharma P, Suri CR, Gandhi S. An immunochromatographic dipstick as an alternate for monitoring of heroin metabolites in urine samples. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23163-23170. [PMID: 35540121 PMCID: PMC9081577 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathway of heroin degradation post oral administration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mishra
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB)
- Amity University
- Noida-201313
- India
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences (AINN)
| | - Ivneet Banga
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB)
- Amity University
- Noida-201313
- India
| | - Roshika Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB)
- Amity University
- Noida-201313
- India
| | - Tanya Munjal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB)
- Amity University
- Noida-201313
- India
| | - Aditya Goel
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB)
- Amity University
- Noida-201313
- India
| | - Neena Capalash
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh-160014
- India
| | - Prince Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh-160014
- India
| | - C. R. Suri
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology
- Chandigarh-160036
- India
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB)
- Amity University
- Noida-201313
- India
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology
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24
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Johnson-Davis KL. Opiate & Benzodiazepine Confirmations: To Hydrolyze or Not to Hydrolyze is the Question. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:564-572. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2016.022947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Gallacher C, Thomas R, Taylor C, Lord R, Kalin RM. Comprehensive composition of Creosote using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:34-41. [PMID: 28315805 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Creosote is a distillation product of coal tar and is widely used as wood preservative for railway sleepers, utility poles and for other applications. Creosote can have potentially negative effects on the environment and many of the components are toxic. This study presents the analysis of a Creosote sample from a former wood impregnation plant located in the UK. The sample was analysed using two dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) and a database of compounds that could be detected was produced. The GCxGG-TOFMS was capable of detecting 1505 individual compounds, which is far more than previous estimates for the number of compounds present within Creosote. Post extraction derivatization using BTSFA with 1% TMCS was employed to increase the potential number of compounds detected with 255 derivatized compounds detected, 231 of which would not have been detected without prior derivatization. Selected derivatized compounds were quantified with limits of detection ranging from 0.6 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg from a concentrated dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). This work presents the first published full analysis of a Creosote using GCxGC-TOFMS combined with derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gallacher
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK.
| | - Russell Thomas
- WSP/Parsons Brinckerhoff, Kings Orchard, 1 Queen St, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, UK
| | - Richard Lord
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert M Kalin
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK
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26
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Orfanidis A, Mastrogianni O, Koukou A, Psarros G, Gika H, Theodoridis G, Raikos N. A GC-MS method for the detection and quantitation of ten major drugs of abuse in human hair samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1047:141-150. [PMID: 27884570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive analytical method has been developed in order to identify and quantify major drugs of abuse (DOA), namely morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, cocaine, ecgonine methyl ester, benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine and methylenedioxyamphetamine in human hair. Samples of hair were extracted with methanol under ultrasonication at 50°C after a three step rinsing process to remove external contamination and dirt hair. Derivatization with BSTFA was selected in order to increase detection sensitivity of GC/MS analysis. Optimization of derivatization parameters was based on experiments for the selection of derivatization time, temperature and volume of derivatising agent. Validation of the method included evaluation of linearity which ranged from 2 to 350ng/mg of hair mean concentration for all DOA, evaluation of sensitivity, accuracy, precision and repeatability. Limits of detection ranged from 0.05 to 0.46ng/mg of hair. The developed method was applied for the analysis of hair samples obtained from three human subjects and were found positive in cocaine, and opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orfanidis
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - O Mastrogianni
- Laboratory of Forensic Service of Ministry of Justice of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Koukou
- School of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - G Psarros
- School of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - H Gika
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - G Theodoridis
- School of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - N Raikos
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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27
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Bahmanabadi L, Akhgari M, Jokar F, Sadeghi HB. Quantitative determination of methamphetamine in oral fluid by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:195-202. [PMID: 27022165 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116638728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine abuse is one of the most medical and social problems many countries face. In spite of the ban on the use of methamphetamine, it is widely available in Iran's drug black market. There are many analytical methods for the detection of methamphetamine in biological specimen. Oral fluid has become a popular specimen to test for the presence of methamphetamine. The purpose of the present study was to develop a method for the extraction and detection of methamphetamine in oral fluid samples using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods. An analytical study was designed in that blank and 50 authentic oral fluid samples were collected to be first extracted by LLE and subsequently analysed by GC/MS. The method was fully validated and showed an excellent intra- and inter-assay precision (reflex sympathetic dystrophy ˂ 10%) for external quality control samples. Recovery with LLE methods was 96%. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 5 and 15 ng/mL, respectively. The method showed high selectivity, no additional peak due to interfering substances in samples was observed. The introduced method was sensitive, accurate and precise enough for the extraction of methamphetamine from oral fluid samples in forensic toxicology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bahmanabadi
- 1 Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Akhgari
- 1 Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Jokar
- 1 Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - H B Sadeghi
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Bioanalytical techniques in discrimination between therapeutic and abusive use of drugs in sport. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:965-80. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discrimination between therapeutic and abusive use of drugs in sports is performed using threshold concentrations or reporting levels, and the detection of the substances in a sample is only reported as an adverse analytical finding when the concentration exceeds the threshold or the reporting level. In this paper, the strategies of discrimination and the analytical methods used for the main groups of substances where the distinction is needed (β-2 agonists, ephedrines, glucocorticoids and morphine) will be reviewed. Nowadays, LC–MS is the method of choice for the analysis of these substances and, in most of the cases, a simple dilution of the urine sample is performed before the chromatographic analysis.
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Margalho C, Castanheira A, Real FC, Gallardo E, López-Rivadulla M. Determination of "new psychoactive substances" in postmortem matrices using microwave derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:14-23. [PMID: 26994330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite worldwide efforts aiming to ban the marketing and subsequent abuse of psychoactive substances such as synthetic cathinones and phenethylamines, there has been an alarming growth of both in recent years. Different compounds similar to those already existing are continuously appearing in the market in order to circumvent the legislation. An analytical methodology has been validated for qualitative and quantitative determinations of D-cathine (D-norpseudoehedrine), ephedrine, methcathinone, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-propan-2-amine (PMA), mephedrone, methedrone, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DOB), 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-H), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-I), 2-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-(ethylthio)phenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-2), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-4) and 2-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-(propylthio)phenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-7), in low volumes of vitreous humor (100 μL), pericardial fluid (250 μL) and whole blood (250 μL), using deutered amphetamine, ephedrine and mephedrone as internal standards. The validation parameters included selectivity, linearity and limits of detection and quantification, intra- and interday precision and trueness, recovery and stability. The method included mixed-mode solid phase extraction, followed by microwave fast derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operated in selected ion monitoring mode. The procedure was linear between 5 and 600 ng/mL, with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for all analytes. Intra- and interday precision ranged from 0.1 to 13.6%, while accuracy variability was within 80-120% interval from the nominal concentration at all studied levels. The extraction efficiencies ranged from 76.6 to 112.8%. Stability was considered acceptable for all compounds in the studied matrices. The developed assay was applied to authentic samples of the Laboratory of Chemistry and Forensic Toxicology, Centre Branch, of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Margalho
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. (INMLCF, I.P.)-Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Alice Castanheira
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. (INMLCF, I.P.)-Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Corte Real
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. (INMLCF, I.P.)-Delegação do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Manuel López-Rivadulla
- Servicio de Toxicología Forense, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Forenses Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Ahrens BD, Kucherova Y, Butch AW. Detection of Stimulants and Narcotics by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Sports Doping Control. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1383:247-263. [PMID: 26660193 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3252-8_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sports drug testing laboratories are required to detect several classes of compounds that are prohibited at all times, which include anabolic agents, peptide hormones, growth factors, beta-2 agonists, hormones and metabolic modulators, and diuretics/masking agents. Other classes of compounds such as stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids, and glucocorticoids are also prohibited, but only when an athlete is in competition. A single class of compounds can contain a large number of prohibited substances and all of the compounds should be detected by the testing procedure. Since there are almost 70 stimulants on the prohibited list it can be a challenge to develop a single screening method that will optimally detect all the compounds. We describe a combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) testing method for detection of all the stimulants and narcotics on the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited list. Urine for LC-MS/MS testing does not require sample pretreatment and is a direct dilute and shoot method. Urine samples for the GC-MS method require a liquid-liquid extraction followed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 2122 Granville Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90025-6106, USA
| | - Yulia Kucherova
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 2122 Granville Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90025-6106, USA
| | - Anthony W Butch
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 2122 Granville Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90025-6106, USA.
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Ondra P, Válka I, Knob R, Ginterová P, Maier V. Analysis of Amphetamine-Derived Designer Drugs by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 40:78-85. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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32
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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Marino MA, Voyer B, Cody RB, Dane AJ, Veltri M, Huang L. Rapid Identification of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Herbal Incenses with DART-MS and NMR. J Forensic Sci 2015; 61 Suppl 1:S82-91. [PMID: 26331594 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The usage of herbal incenses containing synthetic cannabinoids has caused an increase in medical incidents and triggered legislations to ban these products throughout the world. Law enforcement agencies are experiencing sample backlogs due to the variety of the products and the addition of new and still-legal compounds. In our study, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was employed to promptly screen the synthetic cannabinoids after their rapid, direct detection on the herbs and in the powders by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). A simple sample preparation protocol was employed on 50 mg of herbal sample matrices for quick NMR detection. Ten synthetic cannabinoids were discovered in fifteen herbal incenses. The combined DART-MS and NMR methods can be used to quickly screen synthetic cannabinoids in powder and herbal samples, serving as a complementary approach to conventional GC-MS or LC-MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Marino
- Chemistry Department, 151 Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549
| | - Brandy Voyer
- Chemistry Department, 151 Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549
| | | | - A John Dane
- JEOL Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd, Peabody, MA, 01960
| | - Mercurio Veltri
- Chemistry Department, 151 Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549
| | - Ling Huang
- Chemistry Department, 151 Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549
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Recent developments in sweat analysis and its applications. Int J Anal Chem 2015; 2015:164974. [PMID: 25838824 PMCID: PMC4369929 DOI: 10.1155/2015/164974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the clinical use of sweat as biofluid is limited. The collection of sweat and its analysis for determining ethanol, drugs, ions, and metals have been encompassed in this review article to assess the merits of sweat compared to other biofluids, for example, blood or urine. Moreover, sweat comprises various biomarkers of different diseases including cystic fibrosis and diabetes. Additionally, the normalization of sampled volume of sweat is also necessary for getting efficient and useful results.
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García-Sevillano M, García-Barrera T, Navarro F, Abril N, Pueyo C, López-Barea J, Gómez-Ariza J. Combination of direct infusion mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry for toxicometabolomic study of red blood cells and serum of mice Mus musculus after mercury exposure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 985:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Matabosch X, Pozo OJ, Pérez-Mañá C, Papaseit E, Segura J, Ventura R. Detection and characterization of prednisolone metabolites in human urine by LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:633-642. [PMID: 25800201 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticosteroids are prohibited in sports when used by systemic administrations (e.g. oral), whereas they are allowed using other administration ways. Strategies to discriminate between administrations routes have to be developed by doping control laboratories. For this reason, the metabolism of prednisolone (PRED) was studied using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. A single oral (10 mg) dose of PRED was administered to two healthy male volunteers. Urine samples were collected up to 6 days after administration. Samples were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate in alkaline conditions. The extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Precursor ion scan methods (m/z 77, 91, 105, 121, 147 and 171) in positive ionization and neutral loss scan methods (76 and 94 Da) in negative ionization modes were applied for the open detection of PRED metabolites. Using these methods, PRED parent compound plus 20 metabolites were detected. PRED and 11 metabolites were characterized by comparison with standards of the compounds (PRED, prednisone, 20β-dihydro-PRED and 20α-dihydro-PRED, 20β-dihydro-prednisone and 20α-dihydro-prednisone, 6β-hydroxy-PRED and 6α-hydroxy-PRED, 20β isomers and 20α isomers of 6β,11β,17α,20,21-pentahydroxypregnan-1,4-diene-3-one, 6α,11β,17α,20β,21-pentahydroxypregnan-1,4-diene-3-one and Δ(6) -PRED). Using mass spectrometric data, feasible structures were proposed for seven of the remaining nine detected metabolites, including several 6-hydroxy-metabolites. Eleven of the characterized metabolites have not been previously described. Maximum excretion rates for PRED metabolites were achieved in first 24 h; however, most of the metabolites were still detectable in the last collected samples (day 6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Matabosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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Monfort N, Martínez L, Bergés R, Segura J, Ventura R. Screening method for stimulants in urine by UHPLC-MS/MS: identification of isomeric compounds. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:819-30. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Monfort
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Laura Martínez
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Bergés
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF; Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF; Barcelona Spain
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de Bairros AV, de Almeida RM, Pantaleão L, Barcellos T, Silva SME, Yonamine M. Determination of low levels of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in urine by hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 975:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Jędrkiewicz R, Głowacz A, Kupska M, Gromadzka J, Namieśnik J. Application of modern sample preparation techniques to the determination of chloropropanols in food samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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41
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Valdez CA, Leif RN, Hart BR. Rapid and mild silylation of β-amino alcohols at room temperature mediated by N-methylimidazole for enhanced detectability by gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2217-2221. [PMID: 25178726 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In this work, we expand the use of in situ activation of chloro(dimethyl)phenylsilane using N-methylimidazole (NMI) for the effective derivatization of β-aminoethyl alcohols. Due to its enhanced nucleophilic character, NMI is expected to act as an efficient activator in these reactions. METHODS The derivatization of a panel of β-aminoethyl alcohols was accomplished by reacting the analyte with chloro(dimethyl)phenylsilane in the presence of either NMI or pyridine. After the addition of chloro(dimethyl)phenylsilane, the vials were gently tumbled for 1 h at ambient temperature. The phenyldimethylsilyl derivatives were identified using gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS). RESULTS A total of ten β-aminoethyl alcohols were successfully derivatized via in situ activation of chloro(dimethyl)-phenylsilane with NMI. Derivatization with NMI was significantly more efficient than with pyridine by a factor of 3-6 for the studied alcohols. The derivatizations in the presence of NMI were found to occur in just 1 h and were conveniently executed at ambient temperature. CONCLUSIONS The use of the nitrogenous base NMI in order to activate chloro(dimethyl)phenylsilane for the efficient silylation of a panel of β-aminoethyl alcohols has been demonstrated. The present work shows that NMI is an efficient base for the smooth derivatization of these types of alcohols. Furthermore, the installation of the bulky PDMS group onto these alcohols adds to the certainty that this is a viable approach for the installation of the more commonly employed, trimethylsilyl group. Published in 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Valdez
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA; Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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Fernández-Arauzo L, Pimentel-Trapero D, Hernández-Carrasquilla M. Simultaneous determination of resorcylic acid lactones, β and α trenbolone and stilbenes in bovine urine by UHPLC/MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 973C:89-96. [PMID: 25464100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cattle with α-zearalanol (zeranol, α-ZAL), a resorcylic acid lactone (RAL), is illegal in European Union countries. Zearalenone, a common contaminant of cattle feed, is also a RAL and there is evidence that it, or its metabolites, can be converted in vivo to α-ZAL (or to β-zearalanol, β-ZAL). To determine whether an animal has been treated with α-ZAL it is necessary to quantify separately all the RALs. This work presents the simultaneous determination in urine of RALs, β-trenbolone (β-TB) and its metabolite α-trenbolone (α-TB) and the stilbenes diethylstilbestrol (DES), dienestrol (DEN) and hexestrol (HEX) using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS). Several chromatographic UHPLC columns were tested in order to achieve chromatographic separation of the analytes and the results are shown. Baseline separation of all compounds was not possible, so that careful consideration of the MRM transitions was necessary. The separation chosen for the validation work used a 100mm×2.1mm×1.7μm Phenyl column eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/methanol/water. The method validation according to EU Decision 657/2002 included linearity, within laboratory reproducibility and trueness, decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ). For all compounds the method was linear in the range 2-12μg/l (1 and 6μg/l for DES) with determination coefficients greater than 0.97 and linear residuals below 20%. Within laboratory reproducibility was lower than 25% and trueness less than 11% for all compounds and concentration levels. CCα ranged from 0.6μg/l (DES) to 1.6 (α-TB) and CCβ was 0.8μg/l (α-zearalenol) to 1.9μg/l (α-TB).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernández-Arauzo
- Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid, Sierra de Alquife 8 2ª planta, 28053 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Pimentel-Trapero
- Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid, Sierra de Alquife 8 2ª planta, 28053 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Hernández-Carrasquilla
- Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid, Sierra de Alquife 8 2ª planta, 28053 Madrid, Spain.
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Matabosch X, Pozo OJ, Papaseit E, Farré M, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Detection and characterization of triamcinolone acetonide metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry after intramuscular administration. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1829-1839. [PMID: 25559453 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glucocorticosteroids are prohibited in sports when used by systemic administrations (e.g. intramuscular, IM), whereas they are allowed using other ways of administration. Strategies to discriminate between administrations routes have to be developed by doping control laboratories. For this reason, the metabolism of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), one of the most used glucocorticosteroids, was studied using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). METHODS Urine samples obtained after IM administration of TA were analyzed using two sample treatments: (a) hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase enzymes and liquid-liquid extraction under alkaline conditions, and (b) liquid-liquid extraction under acidic conditions. The extracts were analyzed by LC/MS/MS. RESULTS TA, commercially available metabolites (6β-hydroxytriamcinolone acetonide, 6β-OH-TA, and triamcinolone), and their C20-reduced derivatives showed characteristic fragmentation behavior. Besides common product ions and neutral losses for corticosteroids containing fluorine, additional characteristic neutral losses (58 Da, loss of acetone; 44 Da, loss of acetaldehyde) were observed in positive electrospray ionization. Based on that behavior, two complementary approaches were applied to detect TA metabolites: (a) open detection by precursor ion and neutral loss scan methods and (b) targeted detection by selected reaction monitoring methods (SRM) containing theoretical ion transitions of the potential metabolites. Two main compounds, TA and 6β-OH-TA, and nine minor potential metabolites, were detected by open screening methods. Using SRM, two additional metabolites were detected. Some of the metabolites were characterized using reference standards and, for the rest of metabolites, feasible structures were proposed based on mass spectrometric data. CONCLUSIONS Metabolites resulting from hydroxylation in C-6, oxidation of the 11-hydroxyl group, reduction of the Δ(4) double bond and oxidation of the side chain were detected. Some of them have not been previously described. Excretion profiles of the detected metabolites after IM administration are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Matabosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Affinity-based biosensors (ABBs) have started to be considered in sport medicine and doping control analysis because they are cheap, easy to use and sufficiently selective analytical devices, characterized by a reversible interaction with the analyte under investigation allowing the use of the same sensor for multiple analyses. In this review we describe the main categories of substances reported in the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List and how ABBs may contribute to their detection. Although several ABBs proposed in the last few years display limit of detections that are in principle matching the World Anti-Doping Agency requirements, their application in the framework of 'traditional' antidoping tests seems quite unlikely, mainly because of the still insufficient selectivity especially in the case of 'pseudo-endogenous' compounds, and on the lack of complete information regarding potential matrix effects in real samples and following their routine use. At the same time, ABBs could contribute to fill a significant information gap concerning complementary evidence that can be obtained from their use 'on the spot', as well as to preselect a risk population of individuals to be targeted for a full antidoping test; while in sport medicine they could contribute to obtaining analytical information of physiological relevance from the measurement of specific parameters or markers before, during and after physical exercise.
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Podolec P, Szabó AH, Blaško J, Kubinec R, Górová R, Višňovský J, Gnipová A, Horváth A, Bierhanzl V, Hložek T, Čabala R. Direct silylation of Trypanosoma brucei metabolites in aqueous samples and their GC-MS/MS analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 967:134-8. [PMID: 25089958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple two-step method for the derivatization of polar compounds (lactate, alanine, glycerol, succinate and glucose) using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was developed. This method allows direct derivatization of aqueous samples wihout sample pretreatment. The method was used for the analysis of the metabolites of the unicellular organism Trypanosoma brucei. The limits of detection by GC-MS/MS analysis were in the range of 0.02 mg L(-1) for glucose to 0.85 mg L(-1) for lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Podolec
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Hengerics Szabó
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Blaško
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Kubinec
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Renáta Górová
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Višňovský
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; SynthCluster, s.r.o., Komenského 1439, 900 01 Modra, Slovakia
| | - Anna Gnipová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anton Horváth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Václav Bierhanzl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hložek
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radomír Čabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Ea S, Aubert C, Rontani JF, Teral Y, Campredon M. Elucidation of electron ionization mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways of trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of vicinal diols deriving from haplamine by collision-induced dissociation gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and ¹⁸O labelling. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1004-1010. [PMID: 24677521 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Formation of vicinal diols was observed after in vitro and in vivo studies of the natural product haplamine (9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,6-dihydropyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-5-one). These compounds, identified as trans- and cis-3,4-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3,4,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-5-ones and trans- and cis-3,4,9-trihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3,4,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-5-ones, have a potential interest in oncology. It is therefore essential to elucidate their electron ionization mass spectrometric (EIMS) fragmentation pathways. METHODS EIMS fragmentation pathways of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxy- and 3,4,9-trihydroxyhaplamines were investigated. These pathways have been substantiated by: (i) comparison with EI mass spectra of structural homologues (silylated diols obtained from various chromenes and 1,2-dihydronaphthalene), (ii) low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) and (iii) (18)O labelling. RESULTS CID-MS/MS analyses and (18)O labelling demonstrated that EI mass spectral fragmentation of these TMS derivatives involves a transannular cleavage of the pyran ring with formation of a characteristic intense cyclic ion. The study of the mass spectra of TMS derivatives of different chromenes and 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene allowed to confirm the proposed fragmentation pathways and to show that they act only when the pyran ring is present. CONCLUSIONS Elimination of the neutral element [(CH3)2=C(H)OSi(CH3)3] and formation of cyclic ions play a key role during EI mass spectral fragmentation of the TMS derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxy- and 3,4,9-trihydroxyhaplamines. These fragmentation pathways could be generalized to TMS derivatives of cyclic compounds possessing vicinal diols close to a pyran ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompheary Ea
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicocinétique (EA 3286), Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385, Marseille, France
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Mena-Bravo A, Luque de Castro M. Sweat: A sample with limited present applications and promising future in metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 90:139-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Sardela VF, Sardela PD, Deventer K, Araujo AL, Cavalcante KM, Padilha MC, Pereira HM, Van Eenoo P, Aquino Neto FR. Identification of sympathomimetic alkylamine agents in urine using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and comparison of derivatization methods for confirmation analyses by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1298:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Carro AM, González P, Lorenzo RA. Applications of derivatization reactions to trace organic compounds during sample preparation based on pressurized liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:214-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dell’Acqua L, Roda G, Arnoldi S, Rusconi C, Turati L, Gambaro V. Improved GC method for the determination of the active principles of Catha edulis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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