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Novais ADS, Arantes LC, Almeida ES, Rocha RG, Lima CD, Melo LMDA, Richter EM, Munoz RAA, Pio dos Santos WT, da Silva RAB. Fast on-site screening of 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in forensic samples using carbon screen-printed electrode and square wave voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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3
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Review: The Application of Liquid Chromatography Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of Drugs of Abuse. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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4
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The current role of on-line extraction approaches in clinical and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2261-74. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's clinical and forensic toxicological laboratories, automation is of interest because of its ability to optimize processes, to reduce manual workload and handling errors and to minimize exposition to potentially infectious samples. Extraction is usually the most time-consuming step; therefore, automation of this step is reasonable. Currently, from the field of clinical and forensic toxicology, methods using the following on-line extraction techniques have been published: on-line solid-phase extraction, turbulent flow chromatography, solid-phase microextraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, single-drop microextraction and on-line desorption of dried blood spots. Most of these published methods are either single-analyte or multicomponent procedures; methods intended for systematic toxicological analysis are relatively scarce. However, the use of on-line extraction will certainly increase in the near future.
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Battista N, Sergi M, Montesano C, Napoletano S, Compagnone D, Maccarrone M. Analytical approaches for the determination of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in human matrices. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:7-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | | | - Sabino Napoletano
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
- Department of Public Safety, Ministry of Interior; Forensic Service/GIPS; Ancona Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
- Center of Integrated Research; Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome; Rome Italy
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Sequential extraction of amphetamines, opiates, and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid from a limited volume of urine using a monolithic silica spin column coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-013-0185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chiuminatto U, Gosetti F, Dossetto P, Mazzucco E, Zampieri D, Robotti E, Gennaro MC, Marengo E. Automated Online Solid Phase Extraction Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Forty-Two Therapeutic Drugs and Drugs of Abuse in Human Urine. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5636-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100607v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Chiuminatto
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Paolo Dossetto
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mazzucco
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Davide Zampieri
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elisa Robotti
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gennaro
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Mercolini L, Musenga A, Comin I, Baccini C, Conti M, Raggi MA. Determination of plasma and urine levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its main metabolite by liquid chromatography after solid-phase extraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Pragst F. Chapter 13 High performance liquid chromatography in forensic toxicological analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(06)06013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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10
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Schönberg L, Grobosch T, Lampe D, Kloft C. New screening method for basic compounds in urine by on-line extraction–high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:177-85. [PMID: 16999974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated, qualitative screening HPLC method for the identification of basic compounds in urine has been developed. A 1-ml volume of urine was extracted by on-line extraction and separated on two coupled strong cation-exchange (SCX) columns (2 x LunaSCX, 150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) under isocratic conditions. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of potassium dihydrogenphosphate buffer (pH 2.3) and acetonitrile. The use of photodiode-array detection (DAD, lambda = 190-800 nm) gave access to a library of approximately 2600 toxicologically relevant compounds. The validated method is reliable, simple and in addition successfully proven with the analysis of real biological specimen for the routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schönberg
- Berliner Betrieb fuer Zentrale Gesundheitliche Aufgaben (BBGes), Institute of Clinical Toxicology-Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Center, Oranienburgerstrasse 285, 13437 Berlin, Germany
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Oliferova LA, Statkus MA, Tsisin GI, Wang J, Zolotov YA. On-line coupling of sorption preconcentration to liquid-chromatographic methods of analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806050029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Quintana JB, Miró M, Estela JM, Cerdà V. Automated On-Line Renewable Solid-Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography Exploiting Multisyringe Flow Injection-Bead Injection Lab-on-Valve Analysis. Anal Chem 2006; 78:2832-40. [PMID: 16615800 DOI: 10.1021/ac052256z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the third generation of flow injection analysis, also named the lab-on-valve (LOV) approach, is proposed for the first time as a front end to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) sample processing by exploiting the bead injection (BI) concept. The proposed microanalytical system based on discontinuous programmable flow features automated packing (and withdrawal after single use) of a small amount of sorbent (<5 mg) into the microconduits of the flow network and quantitative elution of sorbed species into a narrow band (150 microL of 95% MeOH). The hyphenation of multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) with BI-LOV prior to HPLC analysis is utilized for on-line postextraction treatment to ensure chemical compatibility between the eluate medium and the initial HPLC gradient conditions. This circumvents the band-broadening effect commonly observed in conventional on-line SPE-based sample processors due to the low eluting strength of the mobile phase. The potential of the novel MSFI-BI-LOV hyphenation for on-line handling of complex environmental and biological samples prior to reversed-phase chromatographic separations was assessed for the expeditious determination of five acidic pharmaceutical residues (viz., ketoprofen, naproxen, bezafibrate, diclofenac, and ibuprofen) and one metabolite (viz., salicylic acid) in surface water, urban wastewater, and urine. To this end, the copolymeric divinylbenzene-co-n-vinylpyrrolidone beads (Oasis HLB) were utilized as renewable sorptive entities in the micromachined unit. The automated analytical method features relative recovery percentages of >88%, limits of detection within the range 0.02-0.67 ng mL(-1), and coefficients of variation <11% for the column renewable mode and gives rise to a drastic reduction in operation costs ( approximately 25-fold) as compared to on-line column switching systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Huq S, Dixon A, Kelly K, Kallury KMR. Novel solid-phase extraction protocol for 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol from urine samples employing a polymeric mixed-mode cation-exchange resin, Strata-X-C, suitable for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1073:355-61. [PMID: 15909541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for extraction and cleanup of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), the major metabolite of the active principle of marijuana, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, from urine samples. The protocol utilizes a polymeric mixed-mode cationic sorbent, Strata-X-C, which exhibits strong retention for the metabolite facilitating a more rigorous organic wash to eliminate matrix components/endogenous materials. Acetonitrile containing acetic acid was used as the elution solvent and is compatible with both LC-MS and GC-MS modes of analysis. The hydrophobic retention of Strata-X-C was demonstrated to be higher than a neutral polymeric sorbent, Strata-X, of the same backbone but devoid of the cation-exchange moiety (sulfonic acid), by LC studies employing homologous paraben probes. Simultaneously, the polar (non-ionic) interaction capability of Strata-X-C is also greater than that of Strata-X, as assessed through regioisomeric nitrophenol probes. These two features enable the metabolite to be retained strongly on Strata-X-C. Good linearity and precision was obtained for THC-COOH by GC-MS analysis of its trimethylsilyl derivative in the range 1-50 ng. A simplified room temperature instantaneous derivatization procedure was developed that is suitable for high-throughput screening of THC-COOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahana Huq
- Phenomenex Inc., 411 Madrid Avenue, Torrance, CA 90501, USA
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Moeller MR, Kraemer T. Drugs of abuse monitoring in blood for control of driving under the influence of drugs. Ther Drug Monit 2002; 24:210-21. [PMID: 11897967 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200204000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Driving under the influence of drugs is an issue of growing concern in the industrialized countries as a risk and a cause for road accidents. In forensic toxicology, the increasing number of samples for determination of drugs in blood is mainly due to zero-tolerance laws in several countries and well-trained police officers who can better recognize drivers under the influence of drugs of abuse. This review describes procedures for detection of the following drugs of abuse in whole blood, plasma, and serum: amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), N-ethyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), cannabinoids (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene, the opiates (heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, or codeine), and methadone as well as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), and psilocybin/psilocin. For many of the analytes, sensitive immunologic methods for screening are available. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is still the state-of-the-art method for confirmatory analysis or for screening and confirmation in one step. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) procedures for such purposes are also included in this review. Basic data about the biosample assayed, internal standard, workup, GC or LC column and mobile phase, detection mode, reference data, and validation data of each procedure are summarized in two tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred R Moeller
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Backofen U, Matysik FM, Lunte CE. Determination of cannabinoids in hair using high-pH* non-aqueous electrolytes and electrochemical detection. Some aspects of sensitivity and selectivity. J Chromatogr A 2002; 942:259-69. [PMID: 11822390 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (NACE-ED) was applied to the determination of cannabinoids in hair. The effect of different electrolyte compositions on the selectivity of the separation of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid (THCA) was studied. Complete electrophoretic resolution was obtained using a strongly basic background electrolyte consisting of 5 mM sodium hydroxide dissolved in acetonitrile-methanol (1:1). Electrochemical detection yielded well defined signals in the oxidation mode. In order to obtain low limits of detection experimental parameters, which determine the sensitivity and the noise level, were optimized. A crucial parameter for sensitive measurements using a wall-tube flow cell as end-column detector is the distance between the capillary outlet and the working electrode. The highest signal-to-noise ratio using a 50 microm I.D. capillary was obtained at a distance of 25 microm. When the capillary outlet was moved away from the working electrode, thus reducing the strength of the separation field present at the working electrode, a large low frequency noise developed. This rise was attributed to disturbances of the hydrodynamic pattern in the flow cell. Analytical aspects such as sensitivity, reproducibility and selectivity were addressed in this work. The precision of NACE-ED regarding migration time and peak height for a sample containing 1 microg/ml THC was 0.4% and 1.1% (RSD), respectively (n=5). The calibration curve was linear for concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 10 microg/ml (r=0.998). The limit of detection for THC was 37 ng/ml, which is almost two orders of magnitude lower when compared with on-column UV detection. The method was evaluated using hair samples containing cannabinoids as sample material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulli Backofen
- University of Kansas, Department of Chemistry, Lawrence 66045, USA
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Frit JS, Macka M. Solid-phase trapping of solutes for further chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:137-66. [PMID: 11192152 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of its simplicity, speed and effectiveness, solid-phase extraction (SPE) has become the preferred technique for concentration of selected analytes prior to chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis. In this review the historical development of SPE is briefly traced. Then the principles of SPE are reviewed in some detail. Numerous references are given on the format, sorbents, elution conditions, online techniques and automation with special emphasis on relatively recent developments. The principles and recent advances in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are also reviewed. The final section on selected recent applications includes an extensive list of references to work published within the last three years. Future trends and developments are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Frit
- Chemistry Department, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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