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A UPLC–MSMS method for the analysis of olanzapine in serum—with particular emphasis on drug stability testing. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1006:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Cavalcanti Bedor NCT, Galindo Bedor DC, Miranda de Sousa CE, Nunes Bonifácio F, da Mota Castelo Branco D, Bastos Leal L, Pereira de Santana D. The development and validation of a method for quantifying olanzapine in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:305-13. [PMID: 25491375 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. A rapid method using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of olanzapine (OLZ) in human plasma was developed and validated. Venlafaxine was used as the internal standard (IS), and the samples were extracted from 400-μL human plasma with methyl tert-butyl ether for liquid-liquid extraction. 2. Chromatography was performed using an ACE C18, 125 × 4.6-mm i.d., 5-μm column. The mobile phase consisted of water with 0.1% formic acid for solvent A and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid for solvent B (50 : 50 v/v) in isocratic mode. The flow rate was 1.2 mL/min. The retention times for OLZ and the IS were 0.78 and 1.04 min, respectively. Tandem mass spectrometry operating in positive electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring was used to detect OLZ and the IS (m/z: 313.1 > 256.1 and 278.1 > 260.2, respectively). 3. No significant matrix effects were observed on OLZ and the IS retention times, and the mean recovery of OLZ was 90.08%. The assay was linear in the concentration range of 1-20 ng/mL (R(2) = 0.9976). The intra- and inter-day precision were < 11.60% and the accuracy was < 1.66%. 4. This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in which 10-mg OLZ tablets were administered to healthy volunteers and their plasma OLZ levels were monitored over time. The tests showed that the OLZ test and reference drug (Zyprexa(®)) were bioequivalent, as 90% of the confidence intervals were within the 80-125% interval proposed by regulatory agencies.
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Fan Y, Shen G, Li P, Xi X, Wu H, Tian H, Lu Y, Yin Z. A simple and automated online SPE-LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of olanzapine, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human plasma and its application in therapeutic drug monitoring. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02489g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An integration of sample pretreatment automation using online SPE technique could provide an easy to use, efficient, sensitive and high quality methods for TDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Fan
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Guanghu Shen
- Tianjin AnDing Hospital
- Tianjin 300222
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Xi
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Haiting Wu
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Tianjin AnDing Hospital
- Tianjin 300222
- P. R. China
| | - Yaxin Lu
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
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Hussien LAEA, Ghani MFA, El-Alamein AMA, Mohamed EH. Stability-indicating methods for the determination of olanzapine in presence of its degradation products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.5.2.311-320.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bonde S, Bhadane R, Gaikwad A, Gavali S, Katale D, Narendiran A. Simultaneous determination of Olanzapine and Fluoxetine in human plasma by LC–MS/MS: Its pharmacokinetic application. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 90:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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6
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Lu ML, Lin CH, Chen YC, Yang HC, Wu TH. Determination of olanzapine and N-desmethyl-olanzapine in plasma using a reversed-phase HPLC coupled with coulochemical detection: correlation of olanzapine or N-desmethyl-olanzapine concentration with metabolic parameters. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65719. [PMID: 23741510 PMCID: PMC3669135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olanzapine (OLZ) is one of the most prescribed atypical antipsychotic drugs but its use is associated with unfavorable metabolic abnormalities. N-desmethyl-olanzapine (DMO), one of the OLZ metabolites by CYP1A2, has been reported to have a normalizing action on metabolic abnormalities, but this remains unclear. Our aim was to explore the correlation between the concentrations of OLZ or DMO with various metabolic parameters in schizophrenic patients. METHODS The chromatographic analysis was carried out with a solvent delivery system coupled to a Coulochem III coulometric detector to determine OLZ and DMO simultaneously in OLZ-treated patients. The correlation between the concentration of OLZ or DMO and the metabolic parameters was analyzed by the Spearman rank order correlation method (r s). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The established analytical method met proper standards for accuracy and reliability and the lower limitation of quantification for each injection of DMO or OLZ was 0.02 ng. The method was successfully used for the analysis of samples from nonsmoking patients (n = 48) treated with OLZ in the dosage range of 5-20 mg per day. There was no correlation between OLZ concentrations and tested metabolic parameters. DMO concentrations were negatively correlated with glucose (r s = -0.45) and DMO concentrations normalized by doses were also negatively correlated with insulin levels (r s = -0.39); however, there was a marginally positive correlation between DMO and homocysteine levels (r s = +0.38). CONCLUSIONS The observed negative correlations between levels of DMO and glucose or insulin suggest a metabolic normalization role for DMO regardless of its positive correlation with a known cardiovascular risk factor, homocysteine. Additional studies of the mechanisms underlying DMO's metabolic effects are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Chih Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hua Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Disposable pipette extraction for the simultaneous determination of biperiden and three antipsychotic drugs in human urine by GC–nitrogen phosphorus detection. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:21-9. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disposable pipette extraction with reversed-phase sorbent is proposed for the fast and simple GC determination of the antipsychotic drugs chlorpromazine, olanzapine, clozapine and biperiden – an anticholinergic drug – in human urine. The method was validated and successfully applied to postmortem urine samples. The analytical run was 11 min and lidocaine was used as the internal standard. Results: The developed method showed good linearity, over the range of 0.34 to 5 ng/µl, for all compounds. The within-day and between-day precision and accuracy assays revealed values ≤15%, while the recoveries ranged from 85 to 120%. LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.28 to 0.42 ng/µl and from 0.85 to 3.58 ng/µl, respectively. Conclusion: The developed method is a user-friendly technique, which is simple and fast.
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Patel DS, Sharma N, Patel MC, Patel BN, Shrivastav PS, Sanyal M. LC–MS/MS assay for olanzapine in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study. Acta Pharm Sin B 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Uřinovská R, Brozmanová H, Sištík P, Silhán P, Kacířová I, Lemr K, Grundmann M. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of five antidepressants and four atypical antipsychotics and their main metabolites in human serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 907:101-7. [PMID: 23026228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and simple ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination parent drugs: sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, venlafaxine, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and their active and nonactive metabolites N-desmethylsertraline, norfluoxetine, desmethylcitalopram, didemethylcitalopram, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylclozapine, N-desmethylolanzapine, 2-hydroxyolanzapine and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in human serum. Precipitation of serum proteins was performed with a precipitation reagent consisting of 0.05% solution of ZnSO(4)·7H(2)O in acetonitrile/methanol (40:60, v/v). Alprenolol was used as an internal standard. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a BEH C18 column using gradient elution mobile phase A (2 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 0.1% formic acid in 5% acetonitrile, v/v/v) and B (2 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 0.1% formic acid in 95% acetonitrile, v/v/v). Electrospray in positive mode was used for ionization. Detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring. Analysis time was 5 min. Drugs were separated into three groups with low, medium and high levels. Correlation coefficients of calibration curves were in the range 0.995-1.000. Coefficients of variation were 4.2-9.5% for intra-assay and 3.0-11.9% for inter-assay. Recoveries were 87.1-110% for intra-assay and 88.1-108.2% for inter-assay. The method was fully validated and can be successfully applied for routine analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Uřinovská
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava and University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Saar E, Beyer J, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. The analysis of antipsychotic drugs in human matrices using LC-MS(/MS). Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:376-94. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Saar
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Monash University; Southbank; Victoria; Australia
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Vecchione G, Casetta B, Chiapparino A, Bertolino A, Tomaiuolo M, Cappucci F, Gatta R, Margaglione M, Grandone E. A reliable and rapid tool for plasma quantification of 18 psychotropic drugs by ESI tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:104-13. [PMID: 22608096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A simple liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for simultaneous analysis of 17 basic and one acid psychotropic drugs in human plasma. The method relies on a protein precipitation step for sample preparation and offers high sensitivity, wide linearity without interferences from endogenous matrix components. Chromatography was run on a reversed-phase column with an acetonitrile-H₂O mixture. The quantification of target compounds was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and by switching the ionization polarity within the analytical run. A further sensitivity increase was obtained by implementing the functionality "scheduled multiple reaction monitoring" (sMRM) offered by the recent version of the software package managing the instrument. The overall injection interval was less than 5.5 min. Regression coefficients of the calibration curves and limits of quantification (LOQ) showed a good coverage of over-therapeutic, therapeutic and sub-therapeutic ranges. Recovery rates, measured as percentage of recovery of spiked plasma samples, were ≥ 94%. Precision and accuracy data have been satisfactory for a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service as for managing plasma samples from patients receiving psycho-pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Vecchione
- Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", S. Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
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Sensitive Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Olanzapine in Human Urine. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-012-0249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Therapeutic drug monitoring and LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 883-884:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Saar E, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH, Beyer J. Assessment of the stability of 30 antipsychotic drugs in stored blood specimens. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 215:152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Development of a rapid and sensitive SPE-LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous estimation of fluoxetine and olanzapine in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:1077-82. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schwenger E, Dumontet J, Ensom MH. Does Olanzapine Warrant Clinical Pharmacokinetic Monitoring in Schizophrenia? Clin Pharmacokinet 2011; 50:415-28. [DOI: 10.2165/11587240-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Cui D, Li Y, Lian M, Yang F, Meng Q. Development of a simple and stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for determining olanzapine and related impurities generated in the preparative process. Analyst 2011; 136:3149-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15155j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Choong E, Rudaz S, Kottelat A, Guillarme D, Veuthey JL, Eap CB. Therapeutic drug monitoring of seven psychotropic drugs and four metabolites in human plasma by HPLC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:1000-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ballesteros S, Martínez MA, Ballesteros MA, de la Torre CS, Rodríguez-Borregán JC. A severe case of olanzapine overdose with analytical data. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008; 45:412-5. [PMID: 17486484 DOI: 10.1080/15563650601072183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olanzapine is a second-generation atypical antipsychotic agent approved for the treatment of psychotic disorders and mania. While olanzapine overdoses are common, cases with whole blood concentrations are less so. We describe here a well-documented case of a pure olanzapine overdose in which whole blood concentrations were determined, and compared with other concentrations in the literature. CASE REPORT A 58-year-old woman with a 10-year history of paranoid schizophrenia and poor therapeutic compliance was found unconscious with two empty 28-tablet vials of Zyprexa (olanzapine) 10 mg tablets. Her initial vital signs were blood pressure 110/70 mmHg, pulse rate 82 beats/minute (sinus rhythm), respirations 20 breaths/minute, and the Glasgow Coma Scale score was 7. In the Intensive Care Unit, her pulse rate was 160 beats/minute, in sinus rhythm, and QTc 0.423 seconds (normal <0.4 seconds). Relevant analytical findings were metabolic acidosis, leukocytosis, creatine phosphokinase 1992 mg/dL, and glucose 207 mg/dL. Ten hours after being found, her blood sugar was 350 mg/dL and became normal at 25 hours. The patient needed intubation and insulin. RESULTS Olanzapine was detected and quantitated by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detector and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a validated analytical method. At approximately 4, 8, and 12 hours post-ingestion, whole blood concentrations of olanzapine were 0.41, 0.34, and 0.38 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study reports an acute olanzapine monointoxication with severe toxicity and high whole blood olanzapine concentrations. Clinical and analytical data of similar samples obtained in non-fatal life-threatening cases can be very useful when interpreting postmortem cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Ballesteros
- Spanish Poison Control Centre, National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang G, Jr AVT, Bartlett MG. Bioanalytical methods for the determination of antipsychotic drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:671-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hiriyanna SH, Basavaiah K, Goud P, Dhayanithi V, Raju K, Pati HP. Identification and characterization of olanzapine degradation products under oxidative stress conditions. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2008. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.20.2008.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rao RN, Raju AN, Narsimha R, Babu GR. Isolation and characterization of process related impurities of olanzapine using HPLC and ESI-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2007; 31:107-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Saint-Marcoux F, Sauvage FL, Marquet P. Current role of LC-MS in therapeutic drug monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1327-49. [PMID: 17520242 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques in routine therapeutic drug monitoring activity is becoming increasingly important. This paper reviews LC-MS methods published in the last few years for certain classes of drugs subject to therapeutic drug monitoring: immunosuppressants, antifungal drugs, antiretroviral drugs, antidepressants and antipsychotics. For each class of compounds, we focussed on the most interesting methods and evaluated the current role of LC-MS in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Saint-Marcoux
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Limoges University Hospital, Unité INSERM U850, 87042 Limoges cedex, France
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Peters FT. Stability of analytes in biosamples - an important issue in clinical and forensic toxicology? Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1505-19. [PMID: 17429615 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the stability of drugs in biological samples is important for the interpretation of toxicological findings. This paper reviews data on the stability of drugs in blood, plasma, or serum. Since such data have already been reviewed for classic drugs of abuse, the focus here is on newer drugs of abuse and on therapeutic drugs. Key information about the conditions of the stability experiments will be provided and the following drugs or drug classes are covered: amphetamines, amphetamine-derived, piperazine-derived, and phenethylamine-derived designer drugs, antidepressants, neuroleptics, anti-HIV drugs, antiepileptics, cardiovascular drugs, and others. In addition, aspects of stability experiments and their evaluations are discussed. The data presented show that the majority of drugs are stable in blood, plasma, or serum samples under the conditions usually encountered in a clinical or forensic toxicology laboratory. Instability usually only occurs for drugs carrying ester moieties, sulfur atoms, or other easily oxidized or reduced structures. Nevertheless, clinical or forensic specimens should always be stored at least in the refrigerator and preferably at -20 degrees C or lower to avoid any degradation. Finally, results obtained from biosamples that have been stored at room temperature for a longer time should be interpreted with great care and partial degradation should always be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Peters
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Saracino MA, Gandolfi O, Dall'olio R, Albers L, Kenndler E, Raggi MA. Determination of Olanzapine in rat brain using liquid chromatography with coulometric detection and a rapid solid-phase extraction procedure. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1122:21-7. [PMID: 16678187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method was developed for the determination of the antipsychotic drug Olanzapine levels in rat brain tissue, based on HPLC with electrochemical detection. The analyses were carried out on a C8 reversed phase column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm), using a mobile phase composed of methanol and a phosphate buffer (44.0 mM, pH 3.5), containing triethylamine (21:79, v/v), flowing at 1.2 mL min(-1). A high sensitivity coulometric detection analytical cell containing two flow-through low volume working electrodes was used: electrode 1 was set at +0.350 V and electrode 2 at -0.200 V. Olanzapine, administered to rats in different doses or in different times, was extracted from tissue homogenate of either the whole brain or specific areas (cortex, hyppocampus, nucleus striatum) with a rapid solid phase extraction procedure (SPE) on Oasis HLB cartridges. The method provided a high extraction yield of Olanzapine and internal standard (2-methylolanzapine) from brain tissue homogenate with absolute recovery values higher than 90.0%. The detector response was linear over a concentration range of 0.2-100.0 ng mL(-1) of Olanzapine. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.2 ng mL(-1). Precision results, expressed by the intra-day and the inter-day relative standard deviation values, were satisfactory, better than 4.6%. Accuracy was satisfactory as well. This method proved to be suitable for the analysis of Olanzapine in rat brain tissues and for the study of distribution and pharmacokinetics of Olanzapine in rat brain after a single treatment with the antipsychotic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Addolorata Saracino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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D'Arrigo C, Migliardi G, Santoro V, Spina E. Determination of Olanzapine in Human Plasma by Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography With Ultraviolet Detection. Ther Drug Monit 2006; 28:388-93. [PMID: 16778724 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000211800.66569.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet absorbance detection for the determination of olanzapine in human plasma is described. Clozapine was used as internal standard. Analytes were concentrated from alkaline plasma by liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane-isoamyl alcohol (90:10, vol/vol). The organic phase was back-extracted with 150 muL phosphate buffer (KH2PO4 with 25% H3PO4) 0.1 mol/L pH 2.2. The chromatographic separation required 6 minutes at a flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min and was carried out on a Water Spherisorb S5 C6 analytical column (250 mm x 4.6 mm ID) with a mobile phase water-acetonitrile 55:45 vol/vol containing 0.009 moL/L eptansulfonic acid sodium salt and 0.06 mol/L potassium phosphate monobasic pH 2.7. The peaks were detected at 254 nm. Mean recoveries for olanzapine and internal standard were 89.4+/-3.3% and 90.4+/-1.0%, respectively. Coefficient of variation value for intraday was 5.0% at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL and for interday was 4.0% at concentrations of 5 and 25 ng/mL. Accuracy, expressed as percent error, ranged from -8.00% to 1.24%. Limit of detection and limit of quantification for olanzapine were 2 and 5 ng/mL, respectively. The method is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta D'Arrigo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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27
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Nirogi RVS, Kandikere VN, Shukla M, Mudigonda K, Maurya S, Boosi R, Yerramilli A. Development and validation of a sensitive liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of olanzapine in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:935-42. [PMID: 16504450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of olanzapine, atypical antipsychotic drug, in human plasma using loratadine as internal standard (IS). Following liquid-liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse phase C18 column and analyzed by MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M+H]+ ions, m/z 313/256 for olanzapine and m/z 383/337 for the IS. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.1-30 ng/mL for olanzapine in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 100 pg/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 10%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The average absolute recovery of olanzapine from spiked plasma samples was 85.5+/-1.9%. A run time of 2.0 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 400 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna V S Nirogi
- Biopharmaceutical Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road # 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, India.
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28
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Krebs A, Starczewska B, Puzanowska-Tarasiewicz H, Sledz J. Spectrophotometric Determination of Olanzapine by Its Oxidation with N-Bromosuccinimide and Cerium(IV)sulfate. ANAL SCI 2006; 22:829-33. [PMID: 16772680 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three simple spectrophotometric methods have been described for the assay of olanzapine in its pure and pharmaceutical formulations. The direct method (A) is based on the drug oxidation with excess of N-bromosuccinimide in acidic medium and the two indirect methods (B and C) are based on the oxidation of the drug with excess of N-bromosuccinimide and cerium(IV)sulfate, followed by the reaction of the unconsumed oxidants with celestine blue. The calibration graphs were linear over the range 10 - 120 microg mL(-1) (method A), 0.5 - 6.0 microg mL(-1) (method B) and 0.6 - 3.0 microg mL(-1) (method C). After validation, the proposed methods were successfully applied to assay of olanzapine in its commercial tablets with mean percentage recoveries of 101.23 +/- 0.10, 96 +/- 0.10 and 94 +/- 0.04%. The mechanism of olanzapine oxidation with N-bromosuccinimide was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krebs
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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29
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Ulrich S. Assay of Olanzapine in Human Plasma by a Rapid and Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Nitrogen Phosphorus Selective Detection (GC-NPD) Method. Ther Drug Monit 2005; 27:463-8. [PMID: 16044103 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000164245.24358.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus selective detection (GC-NPD) method with a simple 1-step sample preparation was developed for the assay of the antipsychotic drug olanzapine in plasma. Within a time of analysis of 7 minutes, an HP-5 fused-silica capillary (25 m x 0.2 mm ID, 0.33-microm film thickness, 0.7 mL N2 as carrier gas) provided selectivity with respect to about 30 psychotropic drugs and the internal standard ethylolanzapine. Calibration was linear between 1 and 50 ng/mL and crossed the origin (LOD = 0.3 ng/mL). Intraday precision was 6.7%, 2.7%, and 1.4% at plasma concentrations of 1, 5, and 50 ng/mL, respectively. Interday precision was 4.6% at 20 ng/mL. Accuracy in commercial interlaboratory tests was 108.7% and 88.5%. The method also provided good accuracy in comparison with an HPLC method for patient samples (slope 1.003, r = 0.953) and spiked samples (slope 0.881, r = 0.998). GC-NPD with a simple sample preparation is regarded as an alternative for the assay of olanzapine plasma concentrations in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and in pharmacokinetic studies. Smokers and patients taking concomitant carbamazepine had reduced plasma concentrations of olanzapine. Women and patients older than 60 years had increased plasma olanzapine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ulrich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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30
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Jasińska A, Starczewska B, Polkowska M, Puzanowska‐Tarasiewicz H. Solid Phase Extraction of Olanzapine with Reverse Phase Sorbents Prior to UV and HPLC Analysis. ANAL LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Chin C, Zhang ZP, Karnes HT. A study of matrix effects on an LC/MS/MS assay for olanzapine and desmethyl olanzapine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 35:1149-67. [PMID: 15336361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research project was to investigate potential matrix effects of anticoagulant and lipemia on the response of olanzapine, desmethyl olanzapine, olanzapine-D(3) and desmethyl olanzapine-D(8) in an LC/MS/MS assay. Blank human serum and sodium heparin, sodium citrate, and K(3)EDTA plasma with various degrees of lipemia were fortified with olanzapine, desmethyl olanzapine, olanzapine-D(3) and desmethyl olanzapine-D(8). Six replicates of each sample were extracted using Waters Oasis MCX cartridges and analyzed using electrospray LC/MS/MS. The analytes were separated on a Phenomenex LUNA phenyl hexyl, 2 mm x 50 mm, 5 microm, analytical column and a gradient rising from 2 to 85% mobile phase B. Mobile phase A consisted of acetonitrile-ammonium acetate (20 mM) (52:48 v/v) and mobile phase B was formic acid-acetonitrile (0.1:100 v/v). Ion suppression was investigated through post column infusion experiments. The degree of lipemia of each sample, indicated by turbidity, was ranked into categories from least to greatest and used for statistical analyses. The results from analysis of variance testing indicated that lipemia, anticoagulant and their interaction significantly influenced mass spectral matrix effects and extraction matrix effects. Differential behavior between the analytes and labeled internal standards contributed to variability. The most significant source of variability however, was ion suppression due to co-eluting matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chin
- PPD Development, 2240 Dabney Road, Richmond, VA 23230, USA
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32
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Rapid analysis of olanzapine and desmethylolanzapine in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Jasiñska A, Nalewajko E. Batch and flow-injection methods for the spectrophotometric determination of olanzapine. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Smyth WF, Ramachandran VN, O'Kane E, Coulter D. Characterisation of selected drugs with nitrogen-containing saturated ring structures by use of electrospray ionisation with ion-trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 378:1305-12. [PMID: 14740137 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-2414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Revised: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electrospray ionisation-ion-trap mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)) of selected drugs with nitrogen-containing saturated ring structures has been investigated. Sequential product-ion fragmentation experiments (MS(n)) have been performed to elucidate degradation pathways for the [M+H](+) ions and their predominant fragment ions. These MS(n) experiments result in characteristic fragmentations in which functional groups are generally cleaved from the ring systems as neutral molecules such as H(2)O, amines, alkenes, esters, carboxylic acids, etc. When such a nitrogen-containing drug molecule also contains a functional group, such as an ester, that on liberation as a neutral molecule has a significantly lower -Delta H(f) degrees value than that of the corresponding amine then the former is preferentially liberated. Furthermore, when an aromatic entity is present in these drug molecules together with the nitrogen-containing saturated ring structure fragmentation of the latter ring occurs with the former, predictably, being resistant to fragmentation. The structures of fragment ions proposed for ESI-MS(n) can be supported by electrospray ionisation-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOFMS). The data presented in this paper therefore provide useful information on the structure of these heterocyclic compounds which could be used to characterise unknown drug compounds isolated from natural sources, for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Franklin Smyth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, BT52 1SA, Coleraine, N. Ireland, UK.
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35
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Gervasini G, Vizcaíno S, Herráiz AG, Benítez J, Carrillo JA. Applicability of an Assay for Routine Monitoring of Highly Variable Concentrations of Olanzapine Based on HPLC with Mass Spectrometric Detection. Clin Chem 2003; 49:2088-91. [PMID: 14633885 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.022517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Extremadura University School of Medicine, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
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36
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Titier K, Bouchet S, Péhourcq F, Moore N, Molimard M. High-performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection to identify and quantify atypical antipsychotics and haloperidol in plasma after overdose. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 788:179-85. [PMID: 12668083 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)01003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
For toxicological purposes, an HPLC assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of haloperidol and atypical antipsychotics (risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, olanzapine, clozapine) in human plasma. After a double-step liquid-liquid extraction, compounds were separated on a C(8) column eluted with a gradient of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer 50 mM pH 3.8. A sequential ultraviolet detection was used (260, 280 and 240 nm). Calibration curves were linear in the range 10-1000 ng/ml. The limits of quantification were 5 ng/ml for all drugs. Average accuracy at four concentrations ranged from 93 to 109%. Both inter- and intra-day variation coefficients were lower than 11% for all drugs. This simple and rapid method (run time<15 min) is currently used for poison management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Titier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pellegrin Hospital and University Victor Segalen, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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37
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Kratzsch C, Peters FT, Kraemer T, Weber AA, Maurer HH. Screening, library-assisted identification and validated quantification of fifteen neuroleptics and three of their metabolites in plasma by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:283-295. [PMID: 12644990 DOI: 10.1002/jms.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI-LC/MS) is presented for the fast and reliable screening and identification and for the precise and sensitive quantification of 15 neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drugs and three of their relevant metabolites in plasma. It allows confirmation of the diagnosis of a neuroleptic overdose and monitoring of psychiatric patients' compliance. The neuroleptics amisulpride, bromperidol, clozapine, droperidol, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, haloperidol, melperone, olanzapine, perazine, pimozide, risperidone, sulpiride, zotepine and zuclopenthixol and the pharmacologically active metabolites norclozapine, clozapine N-oxide and 9-hydroxyrisperidone were extracted from plasma using solid-phase extraction and were separated on a Merck LiChroCART column with Superspher 60 RP Select B as the stationary phase. Gradient elution was performed using aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile. After screening and identification in the scan mode using the authors' new LC/MS library, the neuroleptics were quantified in the selected-ion mode. The quantification assay was fully validated. It was found to be selective and proved to be linear from sub-therapeutic to over therapeutic concentrations for all analytes. The corresponding reference levels are listed. The accuracy and precision data were within the required limits. The analytes were stable in frozen plasma for at least 1 month. The method was successfully applied to several authentic plasma samples from patients treated or intoxicated with various neuroleptics. The validated LC/MS assay has proved to be appropriate for the isolation, separation, screening, identification and quantification of various neuroleptics in plasma for clinical toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kratzsch
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
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38
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Bıryol İ, Erk N. Voltammetric, Spectrophotometric, and High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Olanzapine. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120024338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Kollroser M, Schober C. Direct-injection high performance liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry for the quantitative determination of olanzapine, clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine in human plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:1266-1272. [PMID: 12112253 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A specific and sensitive direct-injection high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) method has been developed for the rapid identification and quantitative determination of olanzapine, clozapine, and N-desmethylclozapine in human plasma. After the addition of the internal standard dibenzepin and dilution with 0.1% formic acid, plasma samples were injected into the LC/MS/MS system. Proteins and other large biomolecules were removed during an online sample cleanup using an extraction column (1 x 50 mm i.d., 30 microm) with a 100% aqueous mobile phase at a flow rate of 4 mL/min. The extraction column was subsequently brought inline with the analytical column by automatic valve switching. Analytes were separated on a 5 microm Symmetry C18 (Waters) analytical column (3.0 x 150 mm) with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid (20:80, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The total analysis time was 6 min per sample. The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation for all compounds were <11%. By eliminating the need for extensive sample preparation, the proposed method offers very large savings in total analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kollroser
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/II, A8010 Graz, Austria.
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40
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Boulton DW, Markowitz JS, DeVane CL. A high-performance liquid chromatography assay with ultraviolet detection for olanzapine in human plasma and urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 759:319-23. [PMID: 11499485 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine is a commonly used atypical antipsychotic medication for which therapeutic drug monitoring has been proposed as clinically useful. A sensitive method was developed for the determination of olanzapine concentrations in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with low-wavelength ultraviolet absorption detection (214 nm). A single-step liquid-liquid extraction procedure using heptane-iso-amyl alcohol (97.5:2.5 v/v) was employed to recover olanzapine and the internal standard (a 2-ethylated olanzapine derivative) from the biological matrices which were adjusted to pH 10 with 1 M carbonate buffer. Detector response was linear from 1-5000 ng (r2>0.98). The limit of detection of the assay (signal:noise=3:1) and the lower limit of quantitation were 0.75 ng and 1 ng/ml of olanzapine, respectively. Interday variation for olanzapine 50 ng/ml in plasma and urine was 5.2% and 7.1% (n=5), respectively, and 9.5 and 12.3% at 1 ng/ml (n=5). Intraday variation for olanzapine 50 ng/ml in plasma and urine was 8.1% and 9.6% (n=15), respectively, and 14.2 and 17.1% at 1 ng/ml (n=15). The recoveries of olanzapine (50 ng/ml) and the internal standard were 83 +/- 6 and 92 +/- 6% in plasma, respectively, and 79 +/- 7 and 89 +/- 7% in urine, respectively. Accuracy was 96% and 93% at 50 and 1 ng/ml, respectively. The applicability of the assay was demonstrated by determining plasma concentrations of olanzapine in a healthy male volunteer for 48 h following a single oral dose of 5 mg olanzapine. This method is suitable for studying olanzapine disposition in single or multiple-dose pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Boulton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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41
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Weigmann H, Härtter S, Maehrlein S, Kiefer W, Krämer G, Dannhardt G, Hiemke C. Simultaneous determination of olanzapine, clozapine and demethylated metabolites in serum by on-line column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 759:63-71. [PMID: 11499630 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An automated method for simultaneous routine quantification of the antipsychotic drugs clozapine, olanzapine and their demethylated metabolites is described. The method included adsorption on a cyanopropyl (CPS) coated clean-up column (10 microm; 10 x 2.0 mm I.D.), washing off interfering serum constituents to waste, and separation on C18 ODS Hypersil reversed phase material (5 microm; 250 x 4.6 mm I.D.) using acetonitrile-water-tetramethylethylenediamine (37:62.6:0.4, v/v/v) adjusted to pH 6.5 with concentrated acetic acid. UV-detection was performed at 254 nm. The limit of quantification was 10-20 ng/ml. Relative day to day standard variations ranged between 4.5 and 13.5%. The method is suitable for routine monitoring of olanzapine and clozapine including their demethylated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weigmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Germany
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42
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Raggi MA, Mandrioli R, Sabbioni C, Ghedini N, Fanali S, Volterra V. Determination of olanzapine and desmethylolanzapine in the plasma of schizophrenic patients by means of an improved HPLC method with amperometric detection. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Raggi MA, Casamenti G, Mandrioli R, Volterra V. A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method using electrochemical detection for the analysis of olanzapine and desmethylolanzapine in plasma of schizophrenic patients using a new solid-phase extraction procedure. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 750:137-46. [PMID: 11204214 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with amperometric detection for the analysis of the novel antipsychotic drug olanzapine and its metabolite desmethylolanzapine in human plasma has been developed. The analysis was carried out on a reversed-phase column (C8, 150 x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 microm) using acetonitrile-phosphate buffer, pH 3.8, as the mobile phase. The detection voltage was + 800 mV and the cell and column temperature was 30 degrees C. The flow-rate was 1.2 ml min(-1). Linear responses were obtained between 5 and 150 ng ml(-1), with repeatability <3.3%. A careful pretreatment of the biological samples was implemented by means of solid-phase extraction (SPE) on C8 cartridges. The method requires 500 microl of plasma for one complete analysis. Absolute recovery exceeded 97% for both olanzapine and desmethylolanzapine, and the detection limit was 1 ng ml(-1) for both analytes. Repeatability, intermediate precision and accuracy were satisfactory. This sensitive and selective method has been successfully applied to therapeutic drug monitoring in schizophrenic patients treated with Zyprexa tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Raggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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44
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Bogusz MJ. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as a routine method in forensic sciences: a proof of maturity. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 748:3-19. [PMID: 11092582 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The applications of LC-API-MS in routine forensic toxicological casework were presented. This technique has been used for routine determination of several groups of drugs: opiate agonists (like morphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine and their glucuronides, methadone, buprenorphine) cocaine and its metabolites (benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester), amphetamine and other psychoactive phenethylamines, like MDMA, MDE or MDA, benzodiazepine derivatives (flunitrazepam and metabolites, triazolam, bromazepam), hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, psilocin) and olanzapine, A common solid-phase extraction procedure for all drugs (with exception of LSD) has been developed. Among two ionization sources, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization appeared more universal and assured generally higher sensitivity. Only in the case of very polar drugs (e.g. psilocin or psilocybin) electrospray ionization was more sensitive. LC-API-MS became a very powerful and flexible method for dedicated analyses of substances of forensic interest. The use of this technique for general, broad applicable screening depends on the establishing of interlaboratory database of standardized mass spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bogusz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Germany.
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45
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Oliveira EJ, Watson DG. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the study of the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. Biomed Chromatogr 2000; 14:351-72. [PMID: 11002274 DOI: 10.1002/1099-0801(200010)14:6<351::aid-bmc28>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to the study of metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics is reviewed. Original research papers covering the period from 1998 to early 2000 and concerning the use of LC/MS in the study of xenobiotic metabolism in humans and other mammalian species are reviewed. LC/MS interfaces, sample preparation steps, column types, mobile phases and additives, and the type of metabolites detected are summarized and discussed in an attempt to identify the current and future trends in the use of LC/MS for metabolism studies. Applications are listed according to the parent xenobiotic type and include substances used in therapeutics, drug candidates, compounds being evaluated in clinical trials, environmental pollutants, adulterants and naturally occurring substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow G4 ONR, UK
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