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Handelsman Y, Jellinger PS, Guerin CK, Bloomgarden ZT, Brinton EA, Budoff MJ, Davidson MH, Einhorn D, Fazio S, Fonseca VA, Garber AJ, Grunberger G, Krauss RM, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Smith DA, Wyne KL. Consensus Statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Algorithm - 2020 Executive Summary. Endocr Pract 2021; 26:1196-1224. [PMID: 33471721 DOI: 10.4158/cs-2020-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of lipid disorders begins with lifestyle therapy to improve nutrition, physical activity, weight, and other factors that affect lipids. Secondary causes of lipid disorders should be addressed, and pharmacologic therapy initiated based on a patient's risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Patients at extreme ASCVD risk should be treated with high-intensity statin therapy to achieve a goal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of <55 mg/dL, and those at very high ASCVD risk should be treated to achieve LDL-C <70 mg/dL. Treatment for moderate and high ASCVD risk patients may begin with a moderate-intensity statin to achieve an LDL-C <100 mg/dL, while the LDL-C goal is <130 mg/dL for those at low risk. In all cases, treatment should be intensified, including the addition of other LDL-C-lowering agents (i.e., proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, ezetimibe, colesevelam, or bempedoic acid) as needed to achieve treatment goals. When targeting triglyceride levels, the desirable goal is <150 mg/dL. Statin therapy should be combined with a fibrate, prescription-grade omega-3 fatty acid, and/or niacin to reduce triglycerides in all patients with triglycerides ≥500 mg/dL, and icosapent ethyl should be added to a statin in any patient with established ASCVD or diabetes with ≥2 ASCVD risk factors and triglycerides between 135 and 499 mg/dL to prevent ASCVD events. Management of additional risk factors such as elevated lipoprotein(a) and statin intolerance is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Handelsman
- Medical Director & Principal Investigator, Metabolic Institute of America, Tarzana, California.
| | - Paul S Jellinger
- Professor of Clinical Medicine, Voluntary Faculty, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Center for Diabetes & Endocrine Care, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Chris K Guerin
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Voluntary Faculty, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Zachary T Bloomgarden
- Editor, the Journal of Diabetes, Clinical Professor, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eliot A Brinton
- President, Utah Lipid Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, Past President, American Board of Clinical Lipidology, Torrance, California
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Professor of Medicine, UCLA Endowed Chair of Preventive Cardiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California
| | - Michael H Davidson
- Professor, Director of the Lipid Clinic, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel Einhorn
- Associate Editor, the Journal of Diabetes, Medical Director, Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute, Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCSD, President, Diabetes and Endocrine Associates, San Diego, California
| | - Sergio Fazio
- The William and Sonja Connor Chair of Preventive Cardiology, Professor of Medicine and Physiology & Pharmacology, Director, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Assistant Dean for Clinical Research, Tullis Tulane Alumni Chair in Diabetes, Chief, Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Alan J Garber
- Professor, Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - George Grunberger
- Chairman, Grunberger Diabetes Institute, Clinical Professor, Internal Medicine and Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Professor, Internal Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Visiting Professor, Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, Past President, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, UCSF, Adjunct Professor, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Dolores Jordan Endowed Chair, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey I Mechanick
- Professor of Medicine, Medical Director, The Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Clinical Cardiovascular Health at Mount Sinai Heart, Director, Metabolic Support, Divisions of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Heart, Director, Metabolic Support, Divisions of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Paul D Rosenblit
- Clinical Professor, Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism), University California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, Co-Director, Diabetes Out-Patient Clinic, UCI Medical Center, Orange, California, Director & Site Principal Investigator, Diabetes/Lipid Management & Research Center, Huntington Beach, California
| | - Donald A Smith
- Endocrinologist, Clinical Lipidologist, Associate Professor of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai, Director Lipids and Metabolism, Mount Sinai Heart, New York, New York
| | - Kathleen L Wyne
- Director, Adult Type 1 Diabetes Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD, Bloomgarden ZT, Fonseca VA, Garber AJ, Grunberger G, Guerin CK, Bell DSH, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Wyne K, Smith D, Brinton EA, Fazio S, Davidson M. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Endocr Pract 2019; 23:1-87. [PMID: 28437620 DOI: 10.4158/ep171764.appgl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of these guidelines is mandated by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Board of Directors and American College of Endocrinology (ACE) Board of Trustees and adheres with published AACE protocols for the standardized production of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). METHODS Recommendations are based on diligent reviews of the clinical evidence with transparent incorporation of subjective factors, according to established AACE/ACE guidelines for guidelines protocols. RESULTS The Executive Summary of this document contains 87 recommendations of which 45 are Grade A (51.7%), 18 are Grade B (20.7%), 15 are Grade C (17.2%), and 9 (10.3%) are Grade D. These detailed, evidence-based recommendations allow for nuance-based clinical decision-making that addresses multiple aspects of real-world medical care. The evidence base presented in the subsequent Appendix provides relevant supporting information for Executive Summary Recommendations. This update contains 695 citations of which 203 (29.2 %) are EL 1 (strong), 137 (19.7%) are EL 2 (intermediate), 119 (17.1%) are EL 3 (weak), and 236 (34.0%) are EL 4 (no clinical evidence). CONCLUSION This CPG is a practical tool that endocrinologists, other health care professionals, health-related organizations, and regulatory bodies can use to reduce the risks and consequences of dyslipidemia. It provides guidance on screening, risk assessment, and treatment recommendations for a range of individuals with various lipid disorders. The recommendations emphasize the importance of treating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in some individuals to lower goals than previously endorsed and support the measurement of coronary artery calcium scores and inflammatory markers to help stratify risk. Special consideration is given to individuals with diabetes, familial hypercholesterolemia, women, and youth with dyslipidemia. Both clinical and cost-effectiveness data are provided to support treatment decisions. ABBREVIATIONS 4S = Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study A1C = glycated hemoglobin AACE = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists AAP = American Academy of Pediatrics ACC = American College of Cardiology ACE = American College of Endocrinology ACS = acute coronary syndrome ADMIT = Arterial Disease Multiple Intervention Trial ADVENT = Assessment of Diabetes Control and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Niaspan Trial AFCAPS/TexCAPS = Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study AHA = American Heart Association AHRQ = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AIM-HIGH = Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome With Low HDL/High Triglycerides trial ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ATP = Adult Treatment Panel apo = apolipoprotein BEL = best evidence level BIP = Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention trial BMI = body mass index CABG = coronary artery bypass graft CAC = coronary artery calcification CARDS = Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study CDP = Coronary Drug Project trial CI = confidence interval CIMT = carotid intimal media thickness CKD = chronic kidney disease CPG(s) = clinical practice guideline(s) CRP = C-reactive protein CTT = Cholesterol Treatment Trialists CV = cerebrovascular CVA = cerebrovascular accident EL = evidence level FH = familial hypercholesterolemia FIELD = Secondary Endpoints from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes trial FOURIER = Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk trial HATS = HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HeFH = heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia HHS = Helsinki Heart Study HIV = human immunodeficiency virus HoFH = homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia HPS = Heart Protection Study HPS2-THRIVE = Treatment of HDL to Reduce the Incidence of Vascular Events trial HR = hazard ratio HRT = hormone replacement therapy hsCRP = high-sensitivity CRP IMPROVE-IT = Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial IRAS = Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study JUPITER = Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Lp-PLA2 = lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 MACE = major cardiovascular events MESA = Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis MetS = metabolic syndrome MI = myocardial infarction MRFIT = Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial NCEP = National Cholesterol Education Program NHLBI = National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome PCSK9 = proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 Post CABG = Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft trial PROSPER = Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk trial QALY = quality-adjusted life-year ROC = receiver-operator characteristic SOC = standard of care SHARP = Study of Heart and Renal Protection T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus TG = triglycerides TNT = Treating to New Targets trial VA-HIT = Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial VLDL-C = very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol WHI = Women's Health Initiative.
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Madureira TV, Pinheiro I, Malhão F, Castro LFC, Rocha E, Urbatzka R. Silencing of PPARαBb mRNA in brown trout primary hepatocytes: effects on molecular and morphological targets under the influence of an estrogen and a PPARα agonist. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 229:1-9. [PMID: 30528668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The crosstalk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and estrogenic pathways are shared from fish to humans. Salmonid fish had an additional genome duplication, and two PPARα isoforms (PPARαBa and PPARαBb) were previously identified. Since a negative regulation between estrogen signaling and PPARα was described, a post-transcriptional gene silencing for PPARαBb was designed in primary brown trout hepatocytes. The aims of the study were to: (i) decipher the effects of PPARαBb knock-down on peroxisome morphology and on mRNA expression of potential target genes, and (ii) to assess the cross-interferences caused by an estrogenic compound (17α-ethinylestradiol - EE2) and a PPARα agonist (Wy-14,643 - Wy) using the established knock-down model. A knock-down efficiency of 70% was achieved for PPARαBb and its silencing significantly reduced the volume density of peroxisomes, but did not alter mRNA levels of the studied genes. Exposure to Wy did not change peroxisome morphology or mRNA expression, but under silencing conditions Wy rescued the volume density of peroxisomes to control levels, and increased acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1-3l (Acox1-3l) mRNA. Exposure to EE2 caused a reduction of peroxisome volume density, but under silencing conditions this effect was abolished and ApoA1 mRNA level was diminished. The morphological alterations of peroxisomes by WY and EE2 demonstrated that obtained results are PPARαBb dependent, and suggest the regulation of unknown downstream targets of PPARαBb. In summary, PPARαBb is involved in the control of peroxisome size and/or number, which opens future opportunities to explore its regulation and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Vieira Madureira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivone Pinheiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Malhão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ralph Urbatzka
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Jeong S, Yoon M. Inhibition of the actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha on obesity by estrogen. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1430-40. [PMID: 17557980 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the major ovarian factor estrogen modulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha actions on obesity and to investigate the mechanism by which estrogen regulates PPARalpha actions. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Female ovariectomized mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/group). After they were treated with combinations of high fat, fenofibrate (FF), or 17beta-estradiol (E) for 13 weeks, variables and determinants of obesity and lipid metabolism were measured using in vivo and in vitro approaches. RESULTS When female ovariectomized mice were given a high-fat diet with either FF or E, body weight gain and white adipose tissue mass were significantly reduced and serum lipid profiles were improved compared with control mice fed a high-fat diet alone. When mice were concomitantly treated with FF and E, however, E reversed the effects of FF on body weight gain, serum lipid profiles, and hepatic PPARalpha target gene expression. Consistent with the in vivo data, E not only decreased basal levels of PPARalpha reporter gene activation but also significantly decreased Wy14,643-induced luciferase reporter activity. In addition, inhibition of PPARalpha functions by E did not seem to occur by interfering with the DNA binding of PPARalpha. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrate that in vivo and in vitro treatment of estrogen inhibited the actions of FF-activated PPARalpha on obesity and lipid metabolism through changes in the expression of PPARalpha target genes, providing evidence that FF does not regulate obesity in female mice with functioning ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyo Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Mokwon University, Taejon 302-729, Korea
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Soria A, González MDC, Vidal H, Herrera E, Bocos C. Triglyceridemia and peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-α expression are not connected in fenofibrate-treated pregnant rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 273:97-107. [PMID: 16013444 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-8145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the response to fenofibrate in pregnant rats, 0 mg, 100 mg or 200 mg of fenofibrate per kilogram body weight oral doses were given twice a day from day 16 of gestation and studied at day 20. Virgin rats were studied in parallel. Whereas in pregnant rats plasma triglycerides significantly increased, in virgin rats, fenofibrate decreased plasma triglycerides which accumulated in liver. Fenofibrate faithfully modulated the hepatic expression of PPARalpha responsive genes. Fenofibrate increased mRNA contents corresponding to both acyl-CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR), and lowered mRNA amounts of apolipoproteins B and C-III, both in virgin and pregnant rats. However, genes related to hepatic lipogenesis, such as PPARy and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), showed an augmented expression by fenofibrate in virgin rats, but not in pregnant animals. We propose that the opposite effects of fenofibrate treatment in virgin and pregnant rats are a consequence of the enhanced capability for VLDL-triglyceride production in the latter, further promoted by the elevated amount of free fatty acids (FFA), which reach the liver in treated pregnant rats and were not sufficiently oxidized and/or stored, and therefore would have to be canalized as triglycerides to the plasma. Thus, the present study shows how fenofibrate, in spite of efficiently exerting its expected molecular effects in the liver (i.e., to induce fatty acid and lipoprotein catabolism, and to reduce TG-rich lipoprotein secretion), was unable to reverse the typical hypertriglyceridaemia of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Soria
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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