1
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Wienen D, Gries T, Cooper SL, Heath DE. An overview of polyurethane biomaterials and their use in drug delivery. J Control Release 2023; 363:376-388. [PMID: 37734672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethanes are a versatile and highly tunable class of materials that possess unique properties including high tensile strength, abrasion and fatigue resistance, and flexibility at low temperatures. The tunability of polyurethane properties has allowed this class of polymers to become ubiquitous in our daily lives in fields as diverse as apparel, appliances, construction, and the automotive industry. Additionally, polyurethanes with excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility can be synthesized, enabling their use as biomaterials in the medical field. The tunable nature of polyurethane biomaterials also makes them excellent candidates as drug delivery vehicles, which is the focus of this review. The fundamental idea we aim to highlight in this article is the structure-property-function relationships found in polyurethane systems. Specifically, the chemical structure of the polymer determines its macroscopic properties and dictates the functions for which it will perform well. By exploring the structure-property-function relationships for polyurethanes, we aim to elucidate the fundamental properties that can be tailored to achieve controlled drug release and empower researchers to design new polyurethane systems for future drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wienen
- Institute of Textile Technology, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gries
- Institute of Textile Technology, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Stuart L Cooper
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Daniel E Heath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graeme Clark Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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2
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Koutsamanis I, Spoerk M, Arbeiter F, Eder S, Roblegg E. Development of Porous Polyurethane Implants Manufactured via Hot-Melt Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122950. [PMID: 33321876 PMCID: PMC7764633 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantable drug delivery systems (IDDSs) offer good patient compliance and allow the controlled delivery of drugs over prolonged times. However, their application is limited due to the scarce material selection and the limited technological possibilities to achieve extended drug release. Porous structures are an alternative strategy that can overcome these shortcomings. The present work focuses on the development of porous IDDS based on hydrophilic (HPL) and hydrophobic (HPB) polyurethanes and chemical pore formers (PFs) manufactured by hot-melt extrusion. Different PF types and concentrations were investigated to gain a sound understanding in terms of extrudate density, porosity, compressive behavior, pore morphology and liquid uptake. Based on the rheological analyses, a stable extrusion process guaranteed porosities of up to 40% using NaHCO3 as PF. The average pore diameter was between 140 and 600 µm and was indirectly proportional to the concentration of PF. The liquid uptake of HPB was determined by the open pores, while for HPL both open and closed pores influenced the uptake. In summary, through the rational selection of the polymer type, the PF type and concentration, porous carrier systems can be produced continuously via extrusion, whose properties can be adapted to the respective application site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Koutsamanis
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.K.); (M.S.); (S.E.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.K.); (M.S.); (S.E.)
| | - Florian Arbeiter
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Simone Eder
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.K.); (M.S.); (S.E.)
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.K.); (M.S.); (S.E.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(0)-316-380-8888; Fax: +43-(0)-316-380-9100
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3
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Mohtashami Z, Javar HA, Tehrani MR, Esfahani MR, Roohipour R, Aghajanpour L, Amoli FA, Vakilinezhad MA, Dorkoosh FA. Fabrication, Optimization, and In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Intra-vitreal Implant of Budesonide Generally Made of PHBV. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:314. [PMID: 33165678 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery to vitreous in comparison with drug delivery to the other parts of the eye is complicated and challenging due to the existence of various anatomical and physiological barriers. Developing injectable intra-vitreal implant could be beneficial in this regard. Herein, poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) implants were fabricated and optimized using response surface method for budesonide (BZ) delivery. The acquired implants were characterized in regard to the stability of the ingredients during fabrication process, drug loading amount, and drug release pattern (in PBS-HA-A and in vitreous medium). According to this research and statistical analysis performed, first HV% (hydroxyvalerate) then molecular weight and ratio of PEG as pore former affect respectively release rate and burst strength of BZ with different coefficients. Drug release profile in rabbit eye correlated well with that of in vitro (R2 = 0.9861, p ˂ 0.0001). No significant changes were seen in ERG waves, intraocular pressure, and histological studies during the in vivo part of the project. Using 8% HV, 20% PEG/PHBV, and higher molecular weight PEG (i.e., 6000), the optimum formulation was achieved. Toxicity and biocompatibility of the optimized formulation, which were evaluated in vivo, indicated the suitability of design implant for intra-vitreal BZ delivery. Grapical abstract.
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4
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Bhattacharyya SK, Dule M, Paul R, Dash J, Anas M, Mandal TK, Das P, Das NC, Banerjee S. Carbon Dot Cross-Linked Gelatin Nanocomposite Hydrogel for pH-Sensing and pH-Responsive Drug Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5662-5674. [PMID: 33320568 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutics to the intestinal region bypassing the harsh acidic environment of the stomach has long been a research focus. On the other hand, monitoring a system's pH during drug delivery is a crucial diagnosis factor as the activity and release rate of many therapeutics depend on it. This study answered both of these issues by fabricating a novel nanocomposite hydrogel for intestinal drug delivery and near-neutral pH sensing at the same time. Gelatin nanocomposites (GNCs) with varying concentrations of carbon dots (CDs) were fabricated through simple solvent casting methods. Here, CDs served a dual role and simultaneously acted as a cross-linker and chromophore, which reduced the usage of toxic cross-linkers. The proposed GNC hydrogel sample acted as an excellent pH sensor in the near-neutral pH range and could be useful for quantitative pH measurement. A model antibacterial drug (cefadroxil) was used for the in vitro drug release study at gastric pH (1.2) and intestinal pH (7.4) conditions. A moderate and sustained drug release profile was noticed at pH 7.4 in comparison to the acidic medium over a 24 h study. The drug release profile revealed that the pH of the release medium and the percentage of CDs cross-linking influenced the drug release rate. Release data were compared with different empirical equations for the evaluation of drug release kinetics and found good agreement with the Higuchi model. The antibacterial activity of cefadroxil was assessed by the broth microdilution method and found to be retained and not hindered by the drug entrapment procedure. The cell viability assay showed that all of the hydrogel samples, including the drug-loaded GNC hydrogel, offered acceptable cytocompatibility and nontoxicity. All of these observations illustrated that GNC hydrogel could act as an ideal pH-monitoring and oral drug delivery system in near-neutral pH at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhab Dule
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Raj Paul
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Md Anas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Poushali Das
- School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Das
- School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.,Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Susanta Banerjee
- School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.,Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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5
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Rusu LC, Ardelean LC, Jitariu AA, Miu CA, Streian CG. An Insight into the Structural Diversity and Clinical Applicability of Polyurethanes in Biomedicine. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051197. [PMID: 32456335 PMCID: PMC7285236 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their mechanical properties, ranging from flexible to hard materials, polyurethanes (PUs) have been widely used in many industrial and biomedical applications. PUs’ characteristics, along with their biocompatibility, make them successful biomaterials for short and medium-duration applications. The morphology of PUs includes two structural phases: hard and soft segments. Their high mechanical resistance featuresare determined by the hard segment, while the elastomeric behaviour is established by the soft segment. The most important biomedical applications of PUs include antibacterial surfaces and catheters, blood oxygenators, dialysis devices, stents, cardiac valves, vascular prostheses, bioadhesives/surgical dressings/pressure-sensitive adhesives, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds and electrospinning, nerve generation, pacemaker lead insulation and coatings for breast implants. The diversity of polyurethane properties, due to the ease of bulk and surface modification, plays a vital role in their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Cristina Rusu
- Department of Oral Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean
- Department of Technology of Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Adriana-Andreea Jitariu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology and Angiogenesis Research Center Timisoara, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Catalin Adrian Miu
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics-Traumatology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Caius Glad Streian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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6
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Daban G, Bayram C, Bozdoğan B, Denkbaş EB. Porous polyurethane film fabricated via the breath figure approach for sustained drug release. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Daban
- Bioengineering Division, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringHacettepe University, 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Cem Bayram
- Advanced Technologies Application and Research CenterHacettepe University, 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Betül Bozdoğan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and LettersAksaray University, 68100 Aksaray Turkey
| | - Emir Baki Denkbaş
- Bioengineering Division, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringHacettepe University, 06800 Ankara Turkey
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of EngineeringBaşkent University, 06530 Bağlıca, Ankara Turkey
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7
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A potential antibacterial wound dressing of cefadroxil chitosan nanoparticles in situ gel: Fabrication, in vitro optimization and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Lowinger MB, Barrett SE, Zhang F, Williams RO. Sustained Release Drug Delivery Applications of Polyurethanes. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E55. [PMID: 29747409 PMCID: PMC6027189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their introduction over 50 years ago, polyurethanes have been applied to nearly every industry. This review describes applications of polyurethanes to the development of modified release drug delivery. Although drug delivery research leveraging polyurethanes has been ongoing for decades, there has been renewed and substantial interest in the field in recent years. The chemistry of polyurethanes and the mechanisms of drug release from sustained release dosage forms are briefly reviewed. Studies to assess the impact of intrinsic drug properties on release from polyurethane-based formulations are considered. The impact of hydrophilic water swelling polyurethanes on drug diffusivity and release rate is discussed. The role of pore formers in modulating drug release rate is examined. Finally, the value of assessing mechanical properties of the dosage form and approaches taken in the literature are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Lowinger
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | - Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Robert O Williams
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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9
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Chen K, Chang HHR, Shalviri A, Li J, Lugtu-Pe JA, Kane A, Wu XY. Investigation of a new pH-responsive nanoparticulate pore former for controlled release enteric coating with improved processability and stability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 120:116-125. [PMID: 28887098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Chen
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hao Han R Chang
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alireza Shalviri
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Li
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie Anne Lugtu-Pe
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anil Kane
- Patheon Inc., Toronto Region Operations (TRO), Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Xiao Yu Wu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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10
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Aho J, Halme A, Boetker J, Water JJ, Bohr A, Sandler N, Rantanen J, Baldursdottir S. The effect of HPMC and MC as pore formers on the rheology of the implant microenvironment and the drug release in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 177:433-442. [PMID: 28962789 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porous implants or implantable scaffolds used for tissue regeneration can encourage tissue growth inside the implant and provide extended drug release. Water-soluble polymers incorporated into a biodegradable or inert implant matrix may leach out upon contact with biological fluids and thereby gradually increasing the porosity of the implant and simultaneously release drug from the implant matrix. Different molecular weight grades of methylcellulose (MC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were mixed with polylactide and extruded into model implants containing nitrofurantoin as a model drug. The effect of the leached pore formers on the implant porosity and the rheology of the implant microenvironment in vitro was investigated and it was shown that HPMC pore formers had the greatest effect on the surrounding viscosity, with higher drug release and pore forming ability as compared to the MC pore formers. The highest molecular weight HPMC led to the most significant increase in viscosity of the implant microenvironment, while the highest drug release was achieved with the lowest molecular weight HPMC. The data suggested that the microenvironmental rheology of the implant, both in the formed pores and in biological fluids in the immediate vicinity of the implant could be an important factor affecting the diffusion of the drug and other molecules in the implantation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Aho
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Amanda Halme
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biosciences, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Boetker
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorrit Jeroen Water
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam Bohr
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biosciences, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefania Baldursdottir
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Sandker MJ, Duque LF, Redout EM, Chan A, Que I, Löwik CWGM, Klijnstra EC, Kops N, Steendam R, van Weeren R, Hennink WE, Weinans H. Degradation, intra-articular retention and biocompatibility of monospheres composed of [PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA]-b-PLLA multi-block copolymers. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:401-414. [PMID: 27816621 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the use of microspheres with a narrow particle size distribution ('monospheres') composed of biodegradable poly(DL-lactide)-PEG-poly(DL-lactide)-b-poly(L-lactide) multiblock copolymers that are potentially suitable for local sustained drug release in articular joints. Monospheres with sizes of 5, 15 and 30μm and a narrow particle size distribution were prepared by a micro-sieve membrane emulsification process. During in vitro degradation, less crystallinity, higher swelling and accelerated mass loss during was observed with increasing the PEG content of the polymer. The monospheres were tested in both a small (mice/rat) and large animal model (horse). In vivo imaging after injection with fluorescent dye loaded microspheres in mice knees showed that monospheres of all sizes retained within the joint for at least 90days, while the same dose of free dye redistributed to the whole body within the first day after intra-articular injection. Administration of monospheres in equine carpal joints caused a mild transient inflammatory response without any clinical signs and without degradation of the cartilage, as evidenced by the absence of degradation products of sulfated glycosaminoglycans or collagen type 2 in the synovial fluid. The excellent intra-articular biocompatibility was confirmed in rat knees, where μCT-imaging and histology showed neither changes in cartilage quality nor quantity. Given the good intra-articular retention and the excellent biocompatibility, these novel poly(DL-lactide)-PEG-poly(DL-lactide)-b-poly(L-lactide)-based monospheres can be considered a suitable platform for intra-articular drug delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This paper demonstrates the great potential in intra-articular drug delivery of monodisperse biodegradable microspheres which were prepared using a new class of biodegradable multi-block copolymers and a unique membrane emulsification process allowing the preparation of microspheres with a narrow particle size distribution (monospheres) leading to multiple advantages like better injectability, enhanced reproducibility and predictability of the in vivo release kinetics. We report not only on the synthesis and preparation, but also in vitro characterization, followed by in vivo testing of intra-articular biocompatibility of the monospheres in both a small and a large animal model. The favourable intra-articular biocompatibility combined with the prolonged intra-articular retention (>90days) makes these monospheres an interesting drug delivery platform. What should also be highlighted is the use of horses; a very accurate translational model for the human situation, making the results not only relevant for equine healthcare, but also for the development of novel human OA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Sandker
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luisa F Duque
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Everaldo M Redout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80163, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Alan Chan
- Percuros B.V., P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivo Que
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Clemens W G M Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Evelien C Klijnstra
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Kops
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob Steendam
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rene van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80163, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Postbus 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Rheumatology, UMC Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering TUDelft, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
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12
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Santurdes N, González-Gómez A, Martín del Campo-Fierro M, Rosales-Ibáñez R, Oros-Ovalle C, Vázquez-Lasa B, San Román J. Development of bioresorbable bilayered systems for application as affordable wound dressings. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911516635840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was the preparation and evaluation of a bioresorbable bilayered system for application in the treatment of dermal lesions. The system was based on a polyesterurethane as the external layer and a gelatin membrane as the internal layer. The polyesterurethane was synthesized from poly(ε-caprolactone), polyethylene glycol of 1 or 10 kDa as a hydrophilic component or Pluronic F127 as an amphiphilic component and l-lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate as an urethane precursor. Gelatin membrane was obtained by crosslinking with the naturally occurring crosslinker genipin. Three important points were addressed in this study: the physicochemical characterization of the system, the in vitro behaviour and the in vivo performance on a full-thickness wound defect of rat. The polyesterurethane containing polyethylene glycol of 10 kDa presented the optimum properties for the designed application as to be tested in animal experiments. The in vivo results showed good healing of the lesion with the formation of epidermis similar to normal rat skin. These promising results suggest the potential of this system to be used as an affordable wound dressing in the treatment of different dermal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Santurdes
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A González-Gómez
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - R Rosales-Ibáñez
- Faculty of Stomatology, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - C Oros-Ovalle
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi and Hospital Central ‘Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto’, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - B Vázquez-Lasa
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - J San Román
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Wang Y, Dai J, Chang X, Yang M, Shen R, Shan L, Qian Y, Gao C. Model drug as pore former for controlled release of water-soluble metoprolol succinate from ethylcellulose-coated pellets without lag phase: opportunities and challenges. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:35-44. [PMID: 25163432 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using model drug metoprolol succinate (MS) as a pore former to modify the initial lag phase (i.e., a slow or non-release phase in the first 1-2 h) associated with the drug release from coated pellets. MS-layered cores with high drug-layering efficiency (97% w/w) were first prepared by spraying a highly concentrated drug aqueous solution (60% w/w, 70°C) on non-pareils without using other binders. The presence of MS in ethylcellulose (EC) coating solution significantly improved the coating process by reducing pellets sticking, which often occurs during organic coating. There may be a maximum physical compatibility of MS with EC, and the physical state of the drug in the functional coating layer of EC/MS (80:20) was simultaneously crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous or solid molecule solution). The lag phase associated with hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) as a pore former was not observed when MS was used as a pore former. The drug release from EC/MS-coated pellets was pH independent, inversely proportional to the coating levels, and directly related to the pore former levels. The functional coating layer with MS as a pore former was not completely stabilized without curing. Curing at 60°C for 1 day could substantially improve the stability of EC/MS-coated pellets. The physical state of the drug in the free film of EC/MS (85:15) changed partially from amorphous to crystal when cured at 60°C for 1 day, which should be attributed to the incompatibility of the drug with EC.
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Claeys B, De Bruyn S, Hansen L, De Beer T, Remon JP, Vervaet C. Release characteristics of polyurethane tablets containing dicarboxylic acids as release modifiers - a case study with diprophylline. Int J Pharm 2014; 477:244-50. [PMID: 25445517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of several dicarboxylic acids on the release characteristics of polyurethane tablets with a high drug load was investigated. Mixtures of diprophylline (Dyph) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPUR) (ratio: 50/50, 65/35 and 75/25 wt.%) were hot-melt extruded and injection molded with the addition of 1, 2.5, 5 and 10% wt.% dicarboxylic acid as release modifier. Incorporating malonic, succinic, maleic and glutaric acid in the TPUR matrices enhanced drug release, proportional to the dicarboxylic acid concentration in the formulation. No correlation was found between the water solubility, melting point, logP and pKa of the acids and their drug release modifying capacity. Succinic and maleic acid had the highest drug release modifying capacity which was linked to more intense molecular interactions with Dyph. A structural fit between the primary and secondary alcohol of Dyph and both carboxylic groups of the acids was at the origin of this enhanced interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Claeys
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander De Bruyn
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurent Hansen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Paul Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Wang Y, Yang J, Qian Y, Yang M, Qiu Y, Huang W, Shan L, Gao C. Novel ethylcellulose-coated pellets for controlled release of metoprolol succinate without lag phase: characterization, optimization andin vivoevaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1120-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.931969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Stanković M, de Waard H, Steendam R, Hiemstra C, Zuidema J, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WL. Low temperature extruded implants based on novel hydrophilic multiblock copolymer for long-term protein delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:578-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Cherng JY, Hou TY, Shih MF, Talsma H, Hennink WE. Polyurethane-based drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2013; 450:145-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
AbstractThis paper is focused on the preparation and physicochemical characterization of two poly(ester ether urethane)s with rifampicin in their matrix and different molar concentrations of urethane groups. The polyurethanes with rifampicin were processed as asymmetrical microporous membranes by a phase inversion method and characterized by attenuated total reflection — Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The influence of the surface morphology in the release of drug compounds was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle, and water uptake. The release of rifampicin depends on the molar concentration of urethane groups and also on the surface morphology of the polyurethane membranes. The antibacterial activity was evaluated with S. Epidermidis RP 62 A and P. Aeruginosa ATCC 1544. Finally, the biocompatibility of the polyurethane membranes was studied with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) to evaluate the potential biomedical applications.
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20
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Sun X, Gao H, Wu G, Wang Y, Fan Y, Ma J. Biodegradable and temperature-responsive polyurethanes for adriamycin delivery. Int J Pharm 2011; 412:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Akkaramongkolporn P, Wongsermsin K, Opanasopit P, Ngawhirunpat T. Comparison between the effect of strongly and weakly cationic exchange resins on matrix physical properties and the controlled release of diphenhydramine hydrochloride from matrices. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1104-14. [PMID: 20617405 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on investigating and comparing between the effect of the strongly cationic exchange resin, Dowex 88 (Dow88), and the weakly cationic exchange resin, Amberlite IRP64 (Am64), on the physical properties of matrices and their drug release profiles. The matrices were prepared by direct compression of Methocel K4M (HPMC) or Ethocel 7FP (EC) polymeric matrix formers and contained diphenhydramine hydrochloride as a model drug. The addition of Dow88 to the matrices decreased matrix hardness and increased thickness, diameter, and friability. In contrast, the addition of Am64 increased matrix hardness and maintained the original thickness, diameter, and friability. In deionized water, both resins lowered drug release from HPMC-based matrices by virtue of the gelation property of matrix former and the drug exchange property of embedded resin, in other words in situ resinate formation. Dow88 strongly dissociated and lowered the drug release to a greater extent than Am64, which was weakly dissociated. However, Am64 could retard drug release under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. EC-based matrices containing either resin displayed a propensity for disintegration caused by swelling and wicking (water adsorption) actions by the resin. The results of this study provided useful information on the utilization of ion exchange resins as release modifiers in matrix systems.
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Camargo JA, Sapin A, Daloz D, Maincent P. Ivermectin-loaded microparticles for parenteral sustained release:in vitrocharacterization and effect of some formulation variables. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:609-17. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.501397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Merchan M, Sedlarikova J, Sedlarik V, Machovsky M, Svobodova J, Saha P. Antibacterial polyvinyl chloride/antibiotic films: The effect of solvent on morphology, antibacterial activity, and release kinetics. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Ruggeri V, Francolini I, Donelli G, Piozzi A. Synthesis, characterization, andin vitro activity of antibiotic releasing polyurethanes to prevent bacterial resistance. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 81:287-98. [PMID: 17120216 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Central venous catheters are a major cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections. Different attempts have been made to incorporate antimicrobial agents into catheters, particularly directed at the surface-coating of devices. To facilitate the antimicrobial adsorption, various cationic surfactants, which however showed several problems, have been used. On the other hand, impregnated catheters with only antimicrobials have demonstrated a short-term duration due to the difficulties to deliver the drug slowly. Thus, in order to obtain high antimicrobial-polymer affinity we synthesized or modified polyurethanes to introduce different functional groups. Polymers were loaded with two antibiotics, cefamandole nafate and rifampin (RIF), chosen for both their functional groups and their action spectrum. The in vitro release behavior showed that the elution of drugs depended on the matrix hydrophilicity and on the antibiotic-polymer and antibiotic-antibiotic interactions. To increase the amount of drug released, polyethylene glycol (PEG) used as a pore forming agent at different molecular weights was incorporated in the polymer bulk with antibiotics. As for the in vitro antimicrobial activity of matrices, assessed by Kirby-Bauer test, it was seen that antibiotics released from various formulations inhibited the bacterial growth and exerted a synergistic effect when both were present. In particular, PEG10000-containing polymer was active against the RIF-resistant S. aureus strain up to 23 days. These results suggest that the combined entrapping of antibiotics and pore formers in these novel polymer systems could be promising to prevent the bacterial colonization and to control the emergence of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ruggeri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, PO BOX no 34, Roma 62, Italy
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25
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Koennings S, Garcion E, Faisant N, Menei P, Benoit JP, Goepferich A. In vitro investigation of lipid implants as a controlled release system for interleukin-18. Int J Pharm 2006; 314:145-52. [PMID: 16513302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Operating on the inductive and effective phases of an anti-tumor immune response and uncovering pivotal functions that may reduce cancer cell growth, interleukin-18 (IL-18) appears to be an attractive candidate for the sustained local adjuvant immunotherapeutic treatment of brain gliomas. The objective of this work was to develop IL-18 loaded lipid implants as a controlled delivery system. For the preparation of protein loaded triglyceride matrix material, a solid-in-oil (s/o) dispersion technique was chosen for which protein particles in the micrometer range were first prepared by co-lyophilization with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Implants of 1 mm diameter, 1.8 mm height and 1.8 mg weight were manufactured by compression of the powder mixture in a specially designed powder compacting tool. The in vitro release behavior of 125I-Bolton-Hunter-radiolabeled IL-18 was assessed in a continuous-flow system. A cell culture assay was established for the determination of bioactivity of released IL-18. Implants showed a continuous release of 10-100 ng IL-18 per day for 12 days. A progressive integrity loss was observed with ongoing release, which would be related to protein degradation during incubation. The initially released fraction proved complete retention of bioactivity, indicating that the manufacturing procedure had no detrimental effects on protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koennings
- University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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26
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Pongjanyakul T, Medlicott NJ, Tucker IG. Melted glyceryl palmitostearate (GPS) pellets for protein delivery. Int J Pharm 2004; 271:53-62. [PMID: 15129973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysozyme was incorporated into glyceryl palmitostearate (GPS) pellets by compression and melting at loadings of 2, 5 and 10% (w/w). Released lysozyme from both compressed and melted pellets showed good retention of enzymatic activity (>80% active). The percentage lysozyme recovered during in vitro release experiments, over 120 h, was significantly lower from the melted pellets (<15%) compared with compressed pellets (71-85%). Scanning electron microscopy suggested this difference in release was due to differences in porosity of the compressed and melted pellets. Inclusion of hydrophilic components, PEG 4000 and Gelucire 50/13, in the melted matrices increased the percentage of lysozyme released in vitro. Lysozyme released from GPS/PEG 4000 matrices showed good retention of enzymatic activity (>88% active) while that from GPS/Gelucire 50/13 showed reduced activity (68 and 51% active). PEG 4000 was not completely miscible with GPS at the concentrations studied and heterogenous systems resulted. At a loading of 20-35% (w/w) PEG 4000 in GPS greater than 80% of the incorporated lysozyme was released, indicating the likely achievement of interconnecting hydrophilic channels throughout the GPS matrix. In conclusion, melted GPS demonstrated potential as a matrix for the controlled release of proteins and release rates could be modified by inclusion of hydrophilic components.
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Russell AJ, Berberich JA, Drevon GF, Koepsel RR. Biomaterials for mediation of chemical and biological warfare agents. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2004; 5:1-27. [PMID: 12704086 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.121202.125602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent events have emphasized the threat from chemical and biological warfare agents. Within the efforts to counter this threat, the biocatalytic destruction and sensing of chemical and biological weapons has become an important area of focus. The specificity and high catalytic rates of biological catalysts make them appropriate for decommissioning nerve agent stockpiles, counteracting nerve agent attacks, and remediation of organophosphate spills. A number of materials have been prepared containing enzymes for the destruction of and protection against organophosphate nerve agents and biological warfare agents. This review discusses the major chemical and biological warfare agents, decontamination methods, and biomaterials that have potential for the preparation of decontamination wipes, gas filters, column packings, protective wear, and self-decontaminating paints and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Russell
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA.
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28
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Lee SH, Kim SR, Kim JS, Bae HR, Lee CH, Kim DD. In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activity evaluation of a polyurethane matrix. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:559-66. [PMID: 12803779 DOI: 10.1211/002235702883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Various in-vitro and in-vivo methods for evaluation of the duration of antibacterial activity were compared using a controlled-release polyurethane matrix developed for the prevention of surface bacterial adhesion and growth. Cefadroxil was incorporated into this polyurethane matrix by a solvent casting method before the matrix was coated with polyurethane in tetrahydrofuran solution. The release of cefadroxil from the matrix into distilled water at 37 degrees C was measured by HPLC. The morphological change of matrices before and after release studies was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The duration of antimicrobial activity of the matrix against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by measuring the diameters of the inhibition zone and the optical density of the broth. The matrices were also implanted subcutaneously in rats and the duration of the antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the inhibition zone. The results showed that duration of antibacterial activity of the polyurethane matrix was successfully determined in-vitro by these methods, and the results differed from the conventional in-vitro release study. It was also possible to determine the duration of action of the matrix in-vivo by implanting the matrix in rats, and then measuring the antibacterial activity of the matrix at predetermined time intervals. While a good correlation was observed between the in-vitro and in-vivo methods used in this study to evaluate the duration of the antibacterial activity of the polymeric matrix, the conventional in-vitro release study did not coincide with these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea
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29
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Chen BH, Lee DJ. Finite element analysis of slow drug release through deformed coating film: effects of morphology and average thickness of coating film. Int J Pharm 2002; 234:25-42. [PMID: 11839435 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper, a continuation of our previous work, is a presentation of the effect of the morphology and the average thickness of the deformed coating films on the slow diffusional release characteristics analyzed numerically under the constraints of the constant volume of the drug matrices and the coating films, if the films have the same average thickness. Increasing the average thickness of the coating films slows down the fractional release and the average release rate of the drug and smoothen the initial burst of the drug, as well as increase the initial lag time. The effect due to deformation of the coating films on these diffusional release characteristics are found to be less significant with the increasing average thickness of the coating films. Interestingly initial lag times are found to be the same for the coated particles having the same smallest thickness but different average thickness of coating films. The effect due to the change in the average thickness of the coating films on the characteristics of the slow controlled-release is discussed to shed light on the design of a better controlled-release device.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-H Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
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