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Gaikwad SS, Morales JO, Lande NB, Catalán-Figueroa J, Laddha UD, Kshirsagar SJ. Exploring paediatric oral suspension development: Challenges, requirements, and formulation advancements. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124169. [PMID: 38688428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Oral suspension is the most preferred dosage form for the paediatric population because of the difficulties related to solid medications, such as the swallowing limitations, bitter taste, and poor oral bioavailability, which can cause serious impairment to attain a successful treatment. Given the importance of successful therapies, there is a need for safe and effective commercially-available paediatric oral suspension and their characterization. For the latter, it is important to identify safe excipients and preservatives. The paediatric group is a diverse category which includes infants and teenagers, with major pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics differences, mainly because of physiological and behavioral variations. Therefore, finding a single formulation for paediatric population remains a challenge, as well asthe formulation of stable-in-time suspension. In addition, drug's dissolving characteristic and permeation, are the main determinants for oral absorption, which are closely related to drug release kinetics from the pharmaceutical form. In this context, drug release profile is an important and limiting step in oral bioavailability, particularly for BCS class II drugs; thus, it is possible to increase bioavailability and minimize adverse effects by changing the release rate of such drugs. This review covers all the aspects for paediatric oral suspension development, and analyses the considerations for excipients selection as a crucial task for effectively choosing a safe and effective pharmaceutical form and correctly dosing paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, At Sahajanandnagar, Post-Shinganapur, Tal-Kopargaon, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 423603, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, MET's Institute of Pharmacy, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Adgaon, Nashik 422003, India.
| | - Javier O Morales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, University of Chile. Santiago 8380494, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Chile
| | - Narayan B Lande
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, At Sahajanandnagar, Post-Shinganapur, Tal-Kopargaon, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 423603, India
| | - Johanna Catalán-Figueroa
- Food Science Lab, Institute of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330546, Chile
| | - Umesh D Laddha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET's Institute of Pharmacy, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Adgaon, Nashik 422003, India; Regeron Inc., Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24232, South Korea
| | - Sanjay J Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET's Institute of Pharmacy, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Adgaon, Nashik 422003, India
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Gao T, Zhao H, Wang L, Song D, Zhao X. Preparation and characterisation of kaempferol composite carrier solid dispersion: evaluation of its application in preventing soybean oil spoilage. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38597177 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2338811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Kaempferol (KPF) can be used as a natural antioxidant and food additive in food processing. However, the poor solubility of KPF limited its bioavailability and application. In order to improve the solubility of KPF, kaempferol composite carrier solid dispersion (KPF-CC-SD) was prepared and the process was optimised. When the ratio of KPF: CA (citric acid): Soluplus reached 1:4:6, the dissolution rate was the highest, and the sample was stable over 12 weeks. The characterisation results indicated that KPF-CC-SD exists in an amorphous form. Peroxidation value and acid value of soybean oil showed that the preservation effect of KPF-CC-SD was better than that of KPF, and the inhibition effect of KPF-CC-SD on acid value was better than that of butylated hydroxytoluene. In conclusion, KPF-CC-SD can change the solubility, crystal form and spatial stability of KPF through the carrier, which has a great application prospect in the field of food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Gao
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Honghui Zhao
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Danni Song
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Tran P, Park JS. Application of supercritical fluid technology for solid dispersion to enhance solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121247. [PMID: 34740762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many new chemical entities (NCEs) have been discovered with the development of the pharmaceutical industry. However, the main disadvantage of these drugs is their low aqueous solubility, which results in poor bioavailability, posing a challenge for pharmaceutical scientists in the field of drug development. Solid dispersion (SD) technology is one of the most successful techniques used to resolve these problems. SD has been widely used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs using several methods such as melting, supercritical fluid (SCF), solvent evaporation, spray drying, hot-melt extrusion, and freeze-drying. Among them, SCF with carbon dioxide (CO2) has recently attracted great attention owing to its enhanced dissolution and bioavailability with non-toxic, economical, non-polluting, and high-efficiency properties. Compared with the conventional methods using organic solvents in the preparation of the formulation (solvent evaporation method), SCF used CO2 to replace the organic solvent with high pressure to avoid the limitation of solvent residues. The solubility of a substance in CO2 plays an important role in the success of the formulation. In the present review, the various processes involved in SCF technology, application of SCF to prepare SD, and future perspectives of SCF are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Tran
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Supercritical-derived artemisinin microfibers and microparticles for improving anticancer effects. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Misra SK, Pathak K. Supercritical fluid technology for solubilization of poorly water soluble drugs via micro- and naonosized particle generation. ADMET AND DMPK 2020; 8:355-374. [PMID: 35300190 PMCID: PMC8915588 DOI: 10.5599/admet.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately two-third of the compounds in the pharmaceutical industry were developed through combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening of particulate solids. Poor solubility and bioavailability of these pharmaceuticals are challenging attributes confronted by a formulator during product development. Hence, substantial efforts have been directed into the research on particle generation techniques. Although the conventional methods, such as crushing or milling and crystallization or precipitation, are still used; supercritical fluid technology introduced in the mid-1980s presents a new method of particle generation. Supercritical fluid processes not only produce micro- and nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution, they are also employed for the microencapsulation, cocrystallization, and surface coating with polymer. Recognized as a green technology, it has emerged as successful variants chiefly as Rapid Expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS), Supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) and Particles from Gas Saturated Solution (PGSS) depending upon type of solvent, solute, antisolvent and nebulization techniques. Being economical and eco-friendly, supercritical fluid technolgy has garnered considerable interest both in academia and industry for modification of physicochemical properties such as particle size, shape, density and ultimately solubility. The current manuscript is a comprehensive update on different supercritical fluid processes used for particle generation with the purpose of solubility enhancement of drugs and hence bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kiran Misra
- University Institute of Pharmacy, CSJM University, Kanpur, 208026, India,
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah 206130, India
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Li B, Han L, Cao B, Yang X, Zhu X, Yang B, Zhao H, Qiao W. Use of magnoflorine-phospholipid complex to permeate blood-brain barrier and treat depression in the CUMS animal model. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:566-574. [PMID: 31104521 PMCID: PMC6534223 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1616236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the liposolubility and blood-brain barrier permeability of magnoflorine, a new formulation of magnoflorine-phospholipid complex was prepared, characterized, and pharmacologically evaluated in the chronic unpredictable mild stress animal model. In this paper, the magnoflorine-phospholipid complex was synthesized and its characterization was determined. The antidepressant-like and antioxidant activity of magnoflorine-phospholipid complex was investigated by behavioral tests and western blotting analysis. As a result, the magnoflorine-phospholipid complex displayed high encapsulation efficiency and significantly improved the oil-water participate coefficient. In vivo blood-brain distribution study, the magnoflorine-phospholipid complex extended the duration of magnoflorine in blood and help magnoflorine to permeate the blood-brain barrier into brain. In behavioral tests, the magnoflorine-phospholipid complex significantly decreased immobility time compared to model control group in both FST and TST. Furthermore, the magnoflorine-phospholipid complex increased the expression of antioxidative stress-related proteins by the western blotting analysis. These findings strongly suggest that the phospholipid complex could significantly improve liposolubility, drug properties of magnoflorine and help magnoflorine permeate blood-brain barrier and exert the antidepressant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Li
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Linmeng Han
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Bingyan Cao
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xuehui Zhu
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Bing Yang
- b Department of Cell Biology , School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Haodong Zhao
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Wei Qiao
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
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Alshora D, Ibrahim M, Elzayat E, Almeanazel OT, Alanazi F. Defining the process parameters affecting the fabrication of rosuvastatin calcium nanoparticles by planetary ball mill. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4625-4636. [PMID: 31303752 PMCID: PMC6603996 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s207301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Rosuvastatin calcium (ROSCa) nanoparticles were fabricated by planetary ball mill to enhance ROSCa dissolution rate and bioavailability. Methods Milling time factors (milling cycle time and number as well as pause time) were explored. The effect of different milling ball size, speed, and solid-to-solvent ratio were also studied using Box-Behnken factorial design. The fabricated nanoparticles were evaluated in term of physicochemical properties and long-term stability. Results The obtained data revealed that the integrated formulation and process factors should be monitored to obtain desirable nanoparticle attributes in terms of particle size, zeta potential, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. The optimized ROSCa nanoparticles prepared by milling technique showed a significant enhancement in the dissolution rate by 1.3-fold and the plasma concentration increased by 2-fold (P<0.05). Moreover, stability study showed that the optimized formula of ROSCa nanoparticles exhibits higher stability in long-term stability conditions at 30°C with humidity of 60%. Conclusion Formulation of ROSCa as nanoparticles using milling technique showed a significant enhancement in both dissolution rate and plasma concentration as well as stability compared with untreated drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Alshora
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ehab Elzayat
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osaid T Almeanazel
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ahn JB, Kim DH, Lee SE, Pyo YC, Park JS. Improvement of the dissolution rate and bioavailability of fenofibrate by the supercritical anti-solvent process. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:263-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Nosrati H, Barzegari P, Danafar H, Kheiri Manjili H. Biotin-functionalized copolymeric PEG-PCL micelles for in vivo tumour-targeted delivery of artemisinin. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:104-114. [PMID: 30663422 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1543199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin is used as an antimalarial and anticancer agent with minimal toxic effects on the host body. Biotin-PEG-PCL polymers have been used for targeted drug delivery to cancer, as well as to improve the pharmacokinetics of the drug and reduce its effects. In this study, biotin-conjugated copolymers were fabricated with polymerization of the ring opening method and the properties of copolymer and nanoparticles were investigated using various techniques. The toxicity of artemisinin and its nanoparticles have been investigated on MCF-7 and normal HFF2 cells. The results showed that the encapsulation efficacy of artemisinin in nanoparticles was 45.5 ± 0.41%. The release profile of the drug indicates that the release is slow and controlled and is approximately pH dependent. The results of artemisinin cell culture on human breast cancer cells showed that biotin-PEG-PCL nanoparticles had an inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells and had no toxic effects on HFF2 cells. Anticancer activity in vivo in the 4T1 breast cancer model showed that tumour volumes were decreased up 40 mm3 by ART-loaded micelles and 76 mm3 by free ART, compared to the control group (2150 mm). In vivo results showed that this formulation significantly increases the accumulation of substances in the tumours. Therefore, the molecular formulation of ART-based copolymers can be a desirable process for cancer treatment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Nosrati
- a Department of pharmaceutical biomaterials, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Parisa Barzegari
- b Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Hossein Danafar
- b Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,c Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,d Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Hamidreza Kheiri Manjili
- b Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,c Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
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10
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Applying Supercritical Fluid Technology to Prepare Ibuprofen Solid Dispersions with Improved Oral Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11020067. [PMID: 30717471 PMCID: PMC6409573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, supercritical fluid (SCF) technology was applied to prepare reliable solid dispersions of pharmaceutical compounds with limited bioavailability using ibuprofen (IBU) as a model compound. Solid-state characterization of the dispersions was conducted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PXRD and DSC results suggested that the amorphous form of IBU was maintained in the solid dispersions. Furthermore, in vitro dissolution and in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in rats were also performed. The dissolution performance of the SCF-prepared IBU dispersions was significantly improved compared to that of the physical mixtures of crystalline IBU and a polymer. In addition, the PK results revealed that the SCF-prepared IBU dispersions produced remarkably high blood drug concentrations (both the AUC and Cmax) and a rapid absorption rate (Tmax). Finally, molecular modeling was used to evaluate the binding energy of interactions between IBU and the polymers. The negative binding energy suggests a relatively stable system. Hence, SCF technology can be used as a very effective approach to prepare IBU solid dispersions with good physical stability and enhanced in vitro and in vivo performance.
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11
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Alshora DH, Ibrahim MA, Elzayat E, Almeanazel OT, Alanazi F. Rosuvastatin calcium nanoparticles: Improving bioavailability by formulation and stabilization codesign. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200218. [PMID: 29985967 PMCID: PMC6037357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Rosuvastatin calcium (ROSCa) is a poorly soluble drug with bioavailability not exceeding 20%. Decreasing the particle size may enhance its solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to prepare ROSCa nanoparticles by wet milling technique using planetary ball mill. The codesign between formulation and stabilization of nanoparticles was studied to achieve both high dissolution as well as bioavailability. Methodology ROSCa nanosuspensions was prepared by wet milling technique using planetary ball mill, by applying milling ball size of 0.1 mm at speed of 800 rpm for 3 cycles each cycle composed of 10 minutes. HPMC, PVP k-30, pluronic F-127, Tween 80 and PEG 6000 were used as stabilizers. The nanosuspensions were then freeze-dried, and the dried nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, in-vitro dissolution test, XRPD and in-vivo study. Results ROSCa nanoparticles stabilized with 10% PVP (P3) had a good stability with smallest particle size, which in turn enhanced the dissolution rate. The particle size of the leading formula was 461.8 ± 16.68 nm with zeta potential of -31.8 ± 7.22 mV compared to untreated drug that has a particle size of 618μm. The percent of ROSCa dissolved after 1 hour enhanced significantly which reached 72% and 58.25% for leading nanoparticle formula and untreated ROSCa, respectively (P < 0.05). The in-vivo study of ROSCa from the leading nanoparticle formula showed a significant enhancement in the Cmax after 2 h (82.35 ng/ml) compared to 9.2 ng/ml for untreated drug. Conclusion Wet milling technique is a successful method to prepare ROSCa nanoparticles. From different stabilizer used, PVP (10%) was able to produce stable nanoparticle with small particle size which significantly enhance the dissolution rate and pharmacokinetics parameters of ROSCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa H Alshora
- Kayyali chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Ibrahim
- Kayyali chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ehab Elzayat
- Kayyali chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osaid T Almeanazel
- Kayyali chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars Alanazi
- Kayyali chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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A Repurposed Drug for Brain Cancer: Enhanced Atovaquone Amorphous Solid Dispersion by Combining a Spontaneously Emulsifying Component with a Polymer Carrier. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10020060. [PMID: 29783757 PMCID: PMC6027483 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal central nervous system tumor. Recently, atovaquone has shown inhibition of signal transducer and activator transcription 3, a promising target for GBM therapy. However, it is currently unable to achieve therapeutic drug concentrations in the brain with the currently reported and marketed formulations. The present study sought to explore the efficacy of atovaquone against GBM as well as develop a formulation of atovaquone that would improve oral bioavailability, resulting in higher amounts of drug delivered to the brain. Atovaquone was formulated as an amorphous solid dispersion using an optimized formulation containing a polymer and a spontaneously emulsifying component (SEC) with greatly improved wetting, disintegration, dispersibility, and dissolution properties. Atovaquone demonstrated cytotoxicity against GBM cell lines as well as provided a confirmed target for atovaquone brain concentrations in in vitro cell viability studies. This new formulation approach was then assessed in a proof-of-concept in vivo exposure study. Based on these results, the enhanced amorphous solid dispersion is promising for providing therapeutically effective brain levels of atovaquone for the treatment of GBM.
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Letchmanan K, Shen SC, Ng WK, Tan RB. Application of transglycosylated stevia and hesperidin as drug carriers to enhance biopharmaceutical properties of poorly-soluble artemisinin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 161:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kulkarni C, Kelly AL, Gough T, Jadhav V, Singh KK, Paradkar A. Application of hot melt extrusion for improving bioavailability of artemisinin a thermolabile drug. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 44:206-214. [PMID: 29145748 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1386200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion has been used to produce a solid dispersion of the thermolabile drug artemisinin. Formulation and process conditions were optimized prior to evaluation of dissolution and biopharmaceutical performance. Soluplus®, a low Tg amphiphilic polymer especially designed for solid dispersions enabled melt extrusion at 110 °C although some drug-polymer incompatibility was observed. Addition of 5% citric acid as a pH modifier was found to suppress the degradation. The area under plasma concentration time curve (AUC0-24h) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) were four times higher for the modified solid dispersion compared to that of pure artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kulkarni
- a Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering Science , University of Bradford , Bradford , UK
| | - A L Kelly
- a Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering Science , University of Bradford , Bradford , UK
| | - T Gough
- a Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering Science , University of Bradford , Bradford , UK
| | - V Jadhav
- b C U Shah College of Pharmacy , Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women's University , Mumbai , India
| | - K K Singh
- c School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Central Lancashire , Preston, Lancashire , UK
| | - A Paradkar
- a Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering Science , University of Bradford , Bradford , UK
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15
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Kankala RK, Zhang YS, Wang SB, Lee CH, Chen AZ. Supercritical Fluid Technology: An Emphasis on Drug Delivery and Related Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201700433. [PMID: 28752598 PMCID: PMC5849475 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past few decades, supercritical fluid (SCF) has emerged as an effective alternative for many traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. Operating active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) alone or in combination with various biodegradable polymeric carriers in high-pressure conditions provides enhanced features with respect to their physical properties such as bioavailability enhancement, is of relevance to the application of SCF in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein, recent advances in drug delivery systems manufactured using the SCF technology are reviewed. We provide a brief description of the history, principle, and various preparation methods involved in the SCF technology. Next, we aim to give a brief overview, which provides an emphasis and discussion of recent reports using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2 ) for fabrication of polymeric carriers, for applications in areas related to drug delivery, tissue engineering, bio-imaging, and other biomedical applications. We finally summarize with perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Chia-Hung Lee
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Manjili HK, Malvandi H, Mousavi MS, Attari E, Danafar H. In vitro and in vivo delivery of artemisinin loaded PCL-PEG-PCL micelles and its pharmacokinetic study. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:926-936. [PMID: 28683649 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1347880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is a natural anti-malarial sesquiterpene lactone with anticancer properties, but its application is limited because of its low water solubility. To increase the bioavailability and water solubility of ART, we synthesized three series of poly (ɛ-caprolactone)-poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL) tri-block copolymers. The structure of the copolymers was characterized by HNMR, FTIR, DSC and GPC techniques. ART was encapsulated inside micelles by a nanoprecipitation method which leading to the formation of ART/PCL-PEG-PCL micelles. The obtained micelles were characterized by DLS and AFM technique. The results showed that the average size of micelles was about 83.22 nm. ART was encapsulated into PCL-PEG-PCL micelles with encapsulation efficacy of 89.23 ± 1.41%. In vivo results demonstrated that this formulation significantly increased drug accumulation in tumours. Pharmacokinetic study in rats revealed that in vivo drug exposure of ART was significantly increased and prolonged by intravenously administering ART-loaded micelles when compared with the same dose of free ART. The MTT assay showed that bare PCL-PEG-PCL micelles is non-toxic to MCF7 and 4T1 cancer cell lines whereas the ART/PCL-PEG-PCL micelles showed a specific toxicity to both cancer cell lines. Therefore, the polymeric micellar formulation of ART based copolymer could provide a desirable process for ART delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Kheiri Manjili
- a Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Hojjat Malvandi
- c School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Mir Sajjad Mousavi
- c School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Elahe Attari
- c School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Hossein Danafar
- d Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,e Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
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17
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Letchmanan K, Shen SC, Ng WK, Tan RBH. Dissolution and physicochemical stability enhancement of artemisinin and mefloquine co-formulation via nano-confinement with mesoporous SBA-15. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:560-568. [PMID: 28499218 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to enhance the dissolution rate, supersaturation and physicochemical stability of combination of two poorly water-soluble anti-malarial drugs, artemisinin (ART) and mefloquine (MFQ), by encapsulating them inside mesoporous silica (SBA-15) via co-spray drying. Characteristic studies such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) clearly indicate the amorphization of the crystalline drugs. ART/MQF/SBA-15 formulations show a superior dissolution enhancement with a burst release of more than 95% of drugs within 30min. In addition, the combination formulation exhibits a stable supersaturation enhancement by 2-fold higher than that of the untreated crystalline counterparts. ART/MQF/SBA-15 samples possess excellent physicochemical stability under 2 different moderate storage conditions for 6 months. The amorphization of ART and MFQ via nano-confinement using mesoporous SBA-15 is a potentially promising approach to enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble anti-malarial drugs that co-formulated into a single dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaran Letchmanan
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore.
| | - Shou-Cang Shen
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore
| | - Wai Kiong Ng
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore
| | - Reginald B H Tan
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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18
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Kavas A, Keskin D, Altunbaş K, Tezcaner A. Raloxifene-/raloxifene-poly(ethylene glycol) conjugate-loaded microspheres: A novel strategy for drug delivery to bone forming cells. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:168-83. [PMID: 27343363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Raloxifene (Ral)- or Ral-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugate-loaded microspheres were prepared with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) alone or with the blend of PCL and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) to provide controlled and sustained Ral release systems. Benefits of these formulations were evaluated on bone regeneration. Ral-loaded PCL microspheres had the highest encapsulation efficiency (70.7±5.0%) among all groups owing to high hydrophobic natures of both Ral and PCL. Cumulative amount of Ral released from Ral-PEG (1:2) conjugate-loaded PCL:PLGA (1:1) microspheres (26.9±8.8%) after 60days was significantly higher relative to other microsphere groups. This finding can be ascribed to two factors: i) Ral-PEG conjugation, resulting in increased water-solubility of Ral and increased degradation rates of PCL and PLGA with enhanced water penetration into the polymer matrix, and ii) usage of PLGA besides PCL in the carrier composition to benefit from less hydrophobic and faster degradable nature of PLGA in comparison to PCL. In vitro cytotoxicity studies performed using adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) demonstrated that all microspheres were non-toxic. Evaluation of intensities of Alizarin red S staining conducted after 7 and 14days of incubation of ASCs in the release media of the different microsphere groups was performed with Image J analysis software. At day 7, it was observed that the matrix deposited by the cells cultivated in the release medium of Ral-PEG (1:2) conjugate-loaded PCL:PLGA (1:1) microspheres had significantly higher mineral content (26.78±6.23%) than that of the matrix deposited by the cells cultivated in the release media of the other microsphere groups except Ral-loaded PCL:PLGA (1:1) microsphere group. At day 14, Ral release from Ral-PEG (1:2) conjugate-loaded PCL:PLGA (1:1) microsphere group resulted with significantly higher mineralization of the matrix (32.31±1.85%) deposited by ASCs in comparison to all other microsphere groups. Alizarin red S staining results eventuated in parallel with the release results. Thus, it can be suggested that Ral-PEG (1:2) conjugate-loaded PCL:PLGA (1:1) microsphere formulation has a potential as an effective controlled drug delivery system for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Kavas
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Dilek Keskin
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Korhan Altunbaş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar 03200, Turkey
| | - Ayşen Tezcaner
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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Enhancement of dissolution rate and oral bioavailability in beagle dogs of oleanolic acid by adsorbing onto porous silica using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Liu X, Wang S, Chai L, Zhang D, Sun Y, Xu L, Sun J. A two-step strategy to design high bioavailable controlled-release nimodipine tablets: the push-pull osmotic pump in combination with the micronization/solid dispersion techniques. Int J Pharm 2013; 461:529-39. [PMID: 24374219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to decrease the fluctuation of blood concentration and to increase the oral bioavailability of nimodipine (NMD), a two-step strategy including the push-pull osmotic pump (PPOP) method in combination with micronization and solid dispersion techniques, was used to prepare the controlled-release high-bioavailability solid dosages. The optimization of formulation and process was conducted by comparing effects of different solubilization methods on release behavior of NMD. The in vitro dissolution studies indicated that both the two strategies were able to deliver NMD in the predetermined zero-order manner from 2 to 12h, regardless of effects of release media and agitation rates. Although the Cmax values of two PPOP tablets were lower than that of the reference formulation, both the Tmax values were prolonged, demonstrating the prominent controlled release performance. In comparison with the commercial reference tables, the relative bioavailability of the two formulations was 67.0% and 121.1%, respectively, indicating the solid dispersion technique was more efficient than the micronization technique in terms of solubilization capability and absorption enhancement. In summary, the two-step strategy, combining the push-pull osmotic pump method with the solid dispersion technique, is a very effective method to prepare high bioavailable controlled-release formulations of the poorly soluble drugs, i.e. NMD, taking into account the therapeutical efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Liqing Chai
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 29, Shuangta Street, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yinghua Sun
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China.
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Lashkarbolooki M, Hezave AZ, Rahnama Y, Ozlati R, Rajaei H, Esmaeilzadeh F. Solubility of cyproheptadine in supercritical carbon dioxide; experimental and modeling approaches. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Chu C, Liu M, Wang D, Guan J, Cai C, Sun Y, Zhang T. Porous aerosil loading probucol using supercritical carbon dioxide: preparation,in vitroandin vivocharacteristics. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:501-6. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.800109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Cha KH, Cho KJ, Kim MS, Kim JS, Park HJ, Park J, Cho W, Park JS, Hwang SJ. Enhancement of the dissolution rate and bioavailability of fenofibrate by a melt-adsorption method using supercritical carbon dioxide. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5565-75. [PMID: 23118538 PMCID: PMC3484728 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s36939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to enhance the bioavailability of fenofibrate, a poorly water-soluble drug, using a melt-adsorption method with supercritical CO2. Methods: Fenofibrate was loaded onto Neusilin® UFL2 at different weight ratios of fenofibrate to Neusilin UFL2 by melt-adsorption using supercritical CO2. For comparison, fenofibrate-loaded Neusilin UFL2 was prepared by solvent evaporation and hot melt-adsorption methods. The fenofibrate formulations prepared were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, powder x-ray diffractometry, specific surface area, pore size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry. In vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability were also investigated. Results: Fenofibrate was distributed into the pores of Neusilin UFL2 and showed reduced crystal formation following adsorption. Supercritical CO2 facilitated the introduction of fenofibrate into the pores of Neusilin UFL2. Compared with raw fenofibrate, fenofibrate from the prepared powders showed a significantly increased dissolution rate and better bioavailability. In particular, the area under the drug concentration-time curve and maximal serum concentration of the powders prepared using supercritical CO2 were 4.62-fold and 4.52-fold greater than the corresponding values for raw fenofibrate. Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the usefulness of the melt-adsorption method using supercritical CO2 for improving the bioavailability of fenofibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Ho Cha
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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24
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Girotra P, Singh SK, Nagpal K. Supercritical fluid technology: a promising approach in pharmaceutical research. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:22-38. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.726998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Gahoi S, Jain GK, Tripathi R, Pandey SK, Anwar M, Warsi MH, Singhal M, Khar RK, Ahmad FJ. Enhanced antimalarial activity of lumefantrine nanopowder prepared by wet-milling DYNO MILL technique. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 95:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Shahzad Y, Shah SNH, Ansari MT, Riaz R, Safdar A, Hussain T, Malik M. Effects of drug-polymer dispersions on solubility and in vitro diffusion of artemisinin across a polydimethylsiloxane membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Wu JX, Yang M, Berg FVD, Pajander J, Rades T, Rantanen J. Influence of solvent evaporation rate and formulation factors on solid dispersion physical stability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:610-20. [PMID: 22024381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
New chemical entities (NCEs) often show poor water solubility necessitating solid dispersion formulation. The aim of the current study is to employ design of experiments in investigating the influence of one critical process factor (solvent evaporation rate) and two formulation factors (PVP:piroxicam ratio (PVP:PRX) and PVP molecular weight (P(MW))) on the physical stability of PRX solid dispersion prepared by the solvent evaporation method. The results showed the rank order of an increase in factors contributing to a decrease in the extent of PRX nucleation being evaporation rate>PVP:PRX>P(MW). The same rank order was found for the decrease in the extent of PRX crystal growth in PVP matrices from day 0 up to day 12. However, after 12days the rank became PVP:PRX>evaporation rate>P(MW). The effects of an increase in evaporation rate and PVP:PRX ratio in stabilizing PRX were of the same order of magnitude, while the effect from P(MW) was much smaller. The findings were confirmed by XRPD. FT-IR showed that PRX recrystallization in the PVP matrix followed Ostwald's step rule, and an increase in the three factors all led to increased hydrogen bonding interaction between PRX and PVP. The present study showed the applicability of the Quality by Design approach in solid dispersion research, and highlights the need for multifactorial analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian X Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Ansari MT, Batty KT, Iqbal I, Sunderland VB. Improving the solubility and bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin by solid dispersions and inclusion complexes. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:757-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Yadav AV, Dabke AP, Shete AS. Crystal engineering to improve physicochemical properties of mefloquine hydrochloride. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 36:1036-45. [PMID: 20334542 DOI: 10.3109/03639041003642065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmaceutical cocrystallization is a promising alternative for improving the solubility and dissolution rate or manipulating other physical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of cocrystallization with different cocrystal formers on physicochemical properties of mefloquine hydrochloride. METHOD Cocrystals were prepared by solution crystallization method--mefloquine hydrochloride (414.8 mg, 1 mmol) and different cocrystal formers (1/2 mmol) were dissolved in 20 mL of ethanol with warming. Solution was cooled in ice bath for 6 hours. The crystals were isolated by filtration through a membrane (0.45 microm) and dried in the air. The pure drug and the prepared cocrystals were characterized in terms of saturation solubility, drug content, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, in vitro dissolution studies, and stability studies. RESULTS The cocrystals showed enhanced solubility and dissolution rate. The cocrystals were found to be stable over the period of 6 months confirmed from stability studies. CONCLUSION Cocrystals resist the conversion of anhydrous form of drug into its hydrate which is responsible for the drugs less solubility and dissolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Yadav
- KIMS University and College of Pharmacy, Karad, Maharashtra, India.
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Tenorio A, Gordillo MD, Pereyra CM, De La Ossa EJM. Supercritical Antisolvent Process Applied to the Pharmaceutical Industry. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2010.481589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Montes A, Tenorio A, Gordillo M, Pereyra C, Martínez de la Ossa E. Screening design of experiment applied to supercritical antisolvent precipitation of amoxicillin: Exploring new miscible conditions. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Kim MS, Kim JS, Hwang SJ. Enhancement of Wettability and Dissolution Properties of Cilostazol Using the Supercritical Antisolvent Process: Effect of Various Additives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:230-3. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology-Based New Drug Dosage Form, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University
| | - Jeong-Soo Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology-Based New Drug Dosage Form, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University
| | - Sung-Joo Hwang
- Center for Nanotechnology-Based New Drug Dosage Form, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University
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Tanaka Y, Inkyo M, Yumoto R, Nagai J, Takano M, Nagata S. Nanoparticulation of poorly water soluble drugs using a wet-mill process and physicochemical properties of the nanopowders. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:1050-7. [PMID: 19801857 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the dissolution and oral absorption properties of poorly water soluble drugs such as omeprazole, albendazole and danazol, various dispersing agents were added to prepare nanopowder formulations using an ULTRA APEX MILL, which is a wet-mill instrument, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated. Using Pluronic F-108 or F-68 as dispersing agents, slurries containing drug particles having nanometer size were obtained for all model drugs tested. Omeprazole, a heat labile drug, was not degraded by wet-milling and the omeprazole nanoparticles in a milled slurry did not aggregate for 24 h after wet-milling. After lyophilization of these milled slurries containing drug nanoparticles, fine solid white nanopowders were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested that the model drugs were milled into nanometer size. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) curves confirmed that all milled drug nanopowders were crystalline, although milling of albendazole nanopowder transformed it to another crystal form. Wet-milling using an ULTRA APEX MILL offers a highly effective approach to produce stable drug nanopowders and is a very useful tool for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water soluble and heat labile drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
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Sinha S, Baboota S, Ali M, Kumar A, Ali J. Solid Dispersion: An Alternative Technique for Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drugs. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690903120136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Tenorio A, Jaeger P, Gordillo MD, Pereyra CM, de la Ossa EJM. On the Selection of Limiting Hydrodynamic Conditions for the Supercritical AntiSolvent (SAS) Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie801940p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Tenorio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Food Technology and Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain, and Thermal and Separation Process, Technische Universität Hamburg−Harburg, Eissendorfer Strasse 38 (O), D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip Jaeger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Food Technology and Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain, and Thermal and Separation Process, Technische Universität Hamburg−Harburg, Eissendorfer Strasse 38 (O), D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria D. Gordillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Food Technology and Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain, and Thermal and Separation Process, Technische Universität Hamburg−Harburg, Eissendorfer Strasse 38 (O), D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clara M. Pereyra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Food Technology and Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain, and Thermal and Separation Process, Technische Universität Hamburg−Harburg, Eissendorfer Strasse 38 (O), D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrique J. Martínez de la Ossa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Food Technology and Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain, and Thermal and Separation Process, Technische Universität Hamburg−Harburg, Eissendorfer Strasse 38 (O), D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
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Garg A, Singh S, Rao VU, Bindu K, Balasubramaniam J. Solid state interaction of raloxifene HCl with different hydrophilic carriers during co-grinding and its effect on dissolution rate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:455-70. [PMID: 19048425 DOI: 10.1080/03639040802438365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different classes of hydrophilic carriers (poly vinyl pyrrolidones [PVPs] [Plasdone K-25 and Plasdone S-630], cellulosic polymers [hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl cellulose], and Sodium Alginate) on the solid state and dissolution rate of Raloxifene hydrochloride (R-HCl). Solid state characterizations of co-ground mixtures and physical mixtures in 1:1 and 1:2 ratios of drug to polymer were performed by employing laser diffractometer for particle size and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for solid state interactions. The results of particle size studies showed that only co-grinding with PVPs was more effective in the reduction of particle size than the milling of drug alone. DSC study indicated that the crystalline nature of the drug was reduced after co-grinding with PVPs when compared with their corresponding physical mixtures. The hydrophilic carriers other than PVPs did not reduce the crystalline nature of the drug significantly. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were carried out for selected batches to confirm DSC results. Significant enhancement in dissolution rate and extent was observed with co-ground mixtures of drug and PVPs. Plasdone S-630 was found to be a better carrier for R-HCl in terms of achieving improvement in dissolution. In vitro dissolution data can be described by Hixson-Crowell model, indicating the drug release mechanism predominated by erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Majerik V, Horváth G, Szokonya L, Charbit G, Badens E, Bosc N, Teillaud E. Supercritical Antisolvent Versus Coevaporation— Preparation and Characterization of Solid Dispersions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:975-83. [PMID: 17891584 DOI: 10.1080/03639040601150286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to improve the dissolution rate and aqueous solubility of oxeglitazar. Solid dispersions of oxeglitazar in PVP K17 (polyvinilpyrrolidone) and poloxamer 407 (polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer) were prepared by supercritical antisolvent (SAS) and coevaporation (CoE) methods. Drug-carrier formulations were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, gas chromatography, UV/VIS spectroscopy and in vitro dissolution tests. The highest dissolution rate (nearly 3-fold higher than raw drug) was achieved by preparation of drug/PVP K17 coevaporate. Oxeglitazar/PVP K17 solid dispersions were stabilized by hydrogen bonding but contained higher amount of residual dichloromethane (DCM) than poloxamer 407 formulations regardless of the method of preparation. SAS prepared oxeglitazar/poloxamer 407 dissolved more than two times faster than raw drug. However, unlike PVP K17, poloxamer 407 did not form a single phase amorphous solid solution with oxeglitazar which has been manifested in higher degrees of crystallinity, too. Among the two techniques, evaluated in this work, conventional coevaporation resulted in higher amorphous content but SAS reduced residual solvent content more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Majerik
- Department of Chemical Engineering Science, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary.
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Liu H, Zhou LL, Wei LL, Nie SF, Yang XG, Tang R, Pan WS. Preparation of Budesonide-Poly (Ethylene Oxide) Solid Dispersions Using Supercritical Fluid Technology. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:959-66. [PMID: 17891582 DOI: 10.1080/03639040601134181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of preparing solid dispersions of the poorly soluble budesonide by supercritical fluid (SCF) technique, using poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a hydrophilic carrier. The budesonide-PEO solid dispersions were prepared, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO(2)) as the processing medium, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solubility test and dissolution test in order to understand the influence of the SCF process on the physical status of the drug. The endothermic peak of budesonide in the SCF-treated mixtures was significantly reduced, indicating that budesonide was in amorphous form inside the carrier system. This was further confirmed by SEM and PXRD studies. The enhanced dissolution rates of budesonide were observed from SCF-treated budesonide-PEO mixtures. The amorphous characteristic of the budesonide, the better mixing of drug and PEO powders in the presence of SC CO(2), together with the improved wettability of the drug in PEO, produced a remarkable enhancement of the in vitro drug dissolution rate. Thus, budesonide-PEO solid dispersions with enhanced dissolution rate can be prepared using organic solvent-free SCF process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan General Hospital, Wuhan, PR China
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Solid dispersions of dihydroartemisinin in polyvinylpyrrolidone. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:390-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Screening design of experiment applied to supercritical antisolvent precipitation of amoxicillin. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cardoso MT, Monteiro G, Cardoso J, Prazeres T, Figueiredo J, Martinho J, Cabral J, Palavra A. Supercritical antisolvent micronization of minocycline hydrochloride. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mishima K. Biodegradable particle formation for drug and gene delivery using supercritical fluid and dense gas. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:411-32. [PMID: 18061302 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in biodegradable particle formation using supercritical fluids and dense gases have been reviewed with an emphasis on studies of micronizing and encapsulating poorly-soluble pharmaceuticals and gene. General review articles published in previous years have then been provided. A brief description of the operating principles of some types of particle formation processes is given. These include the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS), the particles from gas-saturated solution (PGSS) processes, the gas antisolvent process (GAS), and the supercritical antisolvent process (SAS). The papers have been reviewed under two groups, one involving the production of particles from pure biodegradable substances, and the other involving coating, capsule, and impregnation that contain active components, especially those that relate to pharmaceuticals. This review is a comprehensive review specifically focused on the formation of biodegradable particles for drug and gene delivery system using supercritical fluid and dense gas.
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Mutalik S, Anju P, Manoj K, Usha AN. Enhancement of dissolution rate and bioavailability of aceclofenac: a chitosan-based solvent change approach. Int J Pharm 2007; 350:279-90. [PMID: 17945447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study the significant effect of chitosan on improving the dissolution rate and bioavailability of aceclofenac has been demonstrated by simple solvent change method. Chitosan was precipitated on aceclofenac crystals using sodium citrate as the salting out agent. The pure drug and the prepared co-crystals with different concentrations of chitosan (0.05-0.6%) were characterized in terms of solubility, drug content, particle size, thermal behaviour (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), morphology (scanning electron microscopy, SEM), in vitro drug release and stability studies. The in vivo performance was assessed by preclinical pharmacodynamic (analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity) and pharmacokinetic studies. The particle size of the prepared co-crystals was drastically reduced during the formulation process. The DSC showed a decrease in the melting enthalpy indicating disorder in the crystalline content. The XRD also revealed a characteristic decrease in crystallinity. The dissolution studies demonstrated a marked increase in the dissolution rate in comparison with pure drug. The considerable improvement in the dissolution rate of aceclofenac from optimized crystal formulation was attributed to the wetting effect of chitosan, decreased drug crystallinity, altered surface morphology and micronization. The optimized co-crystals exhibited excellent stability on storage at accelerated conditions. The in vivo studies revealed that the optimized crystal formulation provided a rapid pharmacological response in mice and rats besides exhibiting improved pharmacokinetic parameters in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Mutalik
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Tenorio A, Gordillo M, Pereyra C, de la Ossa EM. Controlled submicro particle formation of ampicillin by supercritical antisolvent precipitation. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Phase behavior of water-insoluble simvastatin drug in supercritical mixtures of chlorodifluoromethane and carbon dioxide. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-006-0022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Quispe-Condori S, Sánchez D, Foglio MA, Rosa PT, Zetzl C, Brunner G, Meireles MAA. Global yield isotherms and kinetic of artemisinin extraction from Artemisia annua L leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Won DH, Kim MS, Lee S, Park JS, Hwang SJ. Improved physicochemical characteristics of felodipine solid dispersion particles by supercritical anti-solvent precipitation process. Int J Pharm 2005; 301:199-208. [PMID: 16024189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solid dispersions of felodipine were formulated with HPMC and surfactants by the conventional solvent evaporation (CSE) and supercritical anti-solvent precipitation (SAS) methods. The solid dispersion particles were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), solubility and dissolution studies. The effects of the drug/polymer ratio and surfactants on the solubility of felodipine were also studied. The mean particle size of the solid dispersions was 200-250 nm; these had a relatively regular spherical shape with a narrow size distribution. The particle size of the solid dispersions from the CSE method increased at 1 h after dispersed in distilled water. However, the particle sizes of solid dispersions from the SAS process were maintained for 6 h due to the increased solubility of felodipine. The physical state of felodipine changed from crystalline to amorphous during the CSE and SAS processes, confirmed by DSC/XRD data. The equilibrium solubility of the felodipine solid dispersion prepared by the SAS process was 1.5-20 microg/ml, while the maximum solubility was 35-110 microg/ml. Moreover, the solubility of felodipine increased with decreasing drug/polymer ratio or increasing HCO-60 content. The solid dispersions from the SAS process showed a high dissolution rate of over 90% within 2 h. The SAS process system may be used to enhance solubility or to produce oral dosage forms with high dissolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Han Won
- National Research Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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