1
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Pedersen AF, Bayen S, Liu L, Dietz R, Sonne C, Rosing-Asvid A, Ferguson SH, McKinney MA. Nontarget and suspect screening reveals the presence of multiple plastic-related compounds in polar bear, killer whale, narwhal and long-finned pilot whale blubber from East Greenland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124417. [PMID: 38909771 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The monitoring of legacy contaminants in sentinel northern marine mammals has revealed some of the highest concentrations globally. However, investigations into the presence of chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) and other lesser-known chemicals are rarely conducted, if at all. Here, we used a nontarget/suspect approach to screen for thousands of different chemicals, including many CEACs and plastic-related compounds (PRCs) in blubber/adipose from killer whales (Orcinus orca), narwhals (Monodon monoceros), long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in East Greenland. 138 compounds were tentatively identified mostly as PRCs, and four were confirmed using authentic standards: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), and one antioxidant (Irganox 1010). Three other PRCs, a nonylphenol isomer, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, and dioctyl sebacate, exhibited fragmentation patterns matching those in library databases. While phthalates were only above detection limits in some polar bear and narwhal, Irganox 1010, nonylphenol, and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol were detected in >50% of all samples. This study represents the first application of a nontarget/suspect screening approach in Arctic cetaceans, leading to the identification of multiple PRCs in their blubber. Further nontarget analyses are warranted to comprehensively characterize the extent of CEAC and PRC contamination within Arctic marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Pedersen
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid
- Department of Birds and Mammals, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk GL-3900, Greenland
| | - Steven H Ferguson
- Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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Hernández-Fernández J, Cano H, Reyes AF. Valoration of the Synthetic Antioxidant Tris-(Diterbutyl-Phenol)-Phosphite (Irgafos P-168) from Industrial Wastewater and Application in Polypropylene Matrices to Minimize Its Thermal Degradation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073163. [PMID: 37049926 PMCID: PMC10096021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial wastewater from petrochemical processes is an essential source of the synthetic phenolic phosphite antioxidant (Irgafos P-168), which negatively affects the environment. For the determination and analysis of Irgafos P-168, DSC, HPLC-MS, and FTIR methodologies were used. Solid phase extraction (SPE) proved to be the best technique for extracting Irgafos from wastewater. HPLC-MS and SPE determined the repeatability, reproducibility, and linearity of the method and the SPE of the standards and samples. The relative standard deviations, errors, and correlation coefficients for the repeatability and reproducibility of the calibration curves were less than 4.4% and 4.2% and greater than 0.99955, respectively. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the Fisher method with confidence in 95% of the data, did not reveal significant differences between the mentioned parameters. The removal of the antioxidant from the wastewater by SPE showed recovery percentages higher than 91.03%, and the chemical characterization of this antioxidant by FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, and MS showed it to be structurally the same as the Irgafos P-168 molecule. The recovered Irgafos was added to the polypropylene matrix, significantly improving its oxidation times. An OIT analysis, performed using DSC, showed that the recovered Irgafos-blended polypropylene (PP) demonstrated oxidative degradation at 8 min. With the addition of the Irgafos, the oxidation time was 13 min. This increases the polypropylene’s useful life and minimizes the environmental impact of the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Hernández-Fernández
- Chemistry Program, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, San Pablo Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
- Chemical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar, Parque Industrial y Tecnológico Carlos Vélez Pombo, Km 1 Vía Turbaco, Turbaco 130001, Colombia
- Department of Natural and Exact Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 30300, Colombia
| | - Heidis Cano
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Ana Fonseca Reyes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
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3
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Petrovics N, Kirchkeszner C, Patkó A, Tábi T, Magyar N, Kovácsné Székely I, Szabó BS, Nyiri Z, Eke Z. Effect of crystallinity on the migration of plastic additives from polylactic acid-based food contact plastics. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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4
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Linkuvienė V, Ross EL, Crawford L, Weiser SE, Man D, Kay S, Kolhe P, Carpenter JF. Effects of transportation of IV bags containing protein formulations via hospital pneumatic tube system: Particle characterization by multiple methods. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1024-1039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Bak MG, Won JS, Koo SW, Oh A, Lee HK, Kim DS, Lee SG. Migration Behavior of Lubricants in Polypropylene Composites under Accelerated Thermal Aging. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111723. [PMID: 34070231 PMCID: PMC8197380 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface migration of lubricants degrades the quality of thermoplastic polymer composites. In this study, the surface migration of lubricants in polypropylene composites were studied to improve the quality of the composites. Polypropylene (PP)/lubricant composites were manufactured using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and injection molding, and the migration phenomena of the lubricant in the PP/lubricant composites were investigated under accelerated aging conditions with temperatures in the range of 20 to 90 °C and humidity of 100% for 72 h. The interrelation between the surface migration properties of PP/lubricant composites were investigated by considering their microstructural and morphological features, which were influenced by the thermal aging conditions. Further, the microstructural and morphological features were examined by contact angle, surface energy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, close-up digital imaging, and atomic force microscopy analyses. The polypropylene composites containing the magnesium stearate as the lubricant were found to exhibit a more stable migration behavior than the polypropylene composites containing a calcium stearate lubricant. This is attributed to multiple synergistic factors, such as interfacial tension and work of adhesion between PP and the lubricant. The findings of this study can be utilized to effectively manufacture high-quality thermoplastic composites for the fourth industrial revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Gyu Bak
- Department of Plastic Materials Research Team, Automotive Research & Development, Hyundai Motor Group, Hwaseong-si 445-010, Korea; (M.-G.B.); (A.O.); (H.-K.L.); (D.-S.K.)
| | - Jong-Sung Won
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Seon-Woong Koo
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials & Textile Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Arom Oh
- Department of Plastic Materials Research Team, Automotive Research & Development, Hyundai Motor Group, Hwaseong-si 445-010, Korea; (M.-G.B.); (A.O.); (H.-K.L.); (D.-S.K.)
| | - Han-Ki Lee
- Department of Plastic Materials Research Team, Automotive Research & Development, Hyundai Motor Group, Hwaseong-si 445-010, Korea; (M.-G.B.); (A.O.); (H.-K.L.); (D.-S.K.)
| | - Dae-Sik Kim
- Department of Plastic Materials Research Team, Automotive Research & Development, Hyundai Motor Group, Hwaseong-si 445-010, Korea; (M.-G.B.); (A.O.); (H.-K.L.); (D.-S.K.)
| | - Seung-Goo Lee
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials & Textile Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Lee MJ, Park SY, Sung AY. Characterization of Biocompatible Hydrogel Lenses Using Methacrylic Acid with Neodymium Oxide Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101575. [PMID: 34069015 PMCID: PMC8156141 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared hydrogel contact lenses containing nanoparticles of neodymium oxide and methacrylic acid (MA) to investigate their effect on the physical and chemical properties of the lens. Neodymium oxide nanoparticles improved the tensile strength without affecting wettability. The tensile strength, wettability, and light transmittance were all increased when MA was added in a specific ratio. To confirm the safety of the newly used nanoparticles, test on absorbance, eluate, and pH change were conducted and it was found that the safety level was satisfactory. In conclusion, it was confirmed that durable contact lenses can be manufactured with neodymium oxide nanoparticles, and most of the basic elements of the lens such as transparency, strength, and wettability could be improved using MA, which is a hydrophilic material. It is believed that the study will be helpful as part of basic research to use new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jae Lee
- Department of Optometry, Jeju Tourism University, Jeju 63063, Korea;
| | - Seon-Young Park
- Department of Optometry & Vision Science, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea;
| | - A-Young Sung
- Department of Optometry & Vision Science, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Nicolas C, Huang J, Richaud E, Minne W, Drozdzak R, Recher G, Fontaine L, Montembault V. ROMP of novel hindered phenol-functionalized norbornenes and preliminary evaluation as stabilizing agents†. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Wu X, Liu P, Shi H, Wang H, Huang H, Shi Y, Gao S. Photo aging and fragmentation of polypropylene food packaging materials in artificial seawater. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116456. [PMID: 33039831 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastic litters in marine environment usually contain varied types and contents of additives that can significantly affect the photochemical aging and fragmentation process of microplastics (MPs). This study investigated the photo aging process of two common polypropylene (PP) food packaging materials (i.e., meal box and tea cup) in artificial seawater within 12 d of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Results revealed that the aging of both plastic materials were critically inhibited compared with pure PP, indicating that PP food packaging materials in natural seawater may share longer aging time than pure ones. GC-MS analysis revealed that antioxidant Irgafos 168 (tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite) was the dominant additive in these plastic materials. Photo reaction between Irgafos 168 and hydroperoxide species on the surface of MPs to prevent the formation of hydroxyl radical was the possible mechanism for the inhibiting effects. After antioxidant was exhausted, its photo degradation products could become the dominant contributor to influence the aging process of MPs. This is the first work exploring the role of antioxidant on the aging process of PP MPs in simulated ocean environment. The findings could be of great help for unraveling the effect of antioxidants on the aging-related environmental risk of hydrocarbon plastics in ocean environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huanhuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hexinyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yanqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Hermabessiere L, Receveur J, Himber C, Mazurais D, Huvet A, Lagarde F, Lambert C, Paul-Pont I, Dehaut A, Jezequel R, Soudant P, Duflos G. An Irgafos® 168 story: When the ubiquity of an additive prevents studying its leaching from plastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141651. [PMID: 32836131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a source of chemical to the environment and wildlife. Despite the ubiquity of plastic pollution and thus plastic additive in the environment, plastic additives have been studied to a limited extend. As a prerequisite to a study aiming to evaluate the leaching of a common additive used as an antioxidant (Irgafos® 168) from polyethylene microparticles, an inventory of the potential background contamination of the laboratory workplace was done. In this study, Irgafos® 168 (tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite) and its oxidized form (tris (2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphate) were quantified in different laboratory reagents, including the plastic packaging and the powders, using Pyrolysis-GC/MS. At least one form of Irgafos® 168 was detected in all tested laboratory reagents with higher concentrations in caps and bottles as compared to the powders. Additionally, oxidized Irgafos® 168 was also found in the reverse osmosed and deionized water container used in the laboratory. The same profile of contamination, i.e. higher concentration of the oxidized form and higher concentrations in acidic reagents, was observed when comparing the reagent and their respective containers suggesting that the additive is leaching from the container into the powder. Overall, this study demonstrates that the antioxidant additive Irgafos® 168 is ubiquitous in the laboratory workplace. Plastic additives such as Irgafos® 168 can therefore largely interfere and biased ecotoxicological and toxicological studies especially using environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastics. The source, fate and effects of plastic additive from plastic debris should be carefully considered in future studies that require setting up methods to overcome these contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Hermabessiere
- ANSES - Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
| | | | - Charlotte Himber
- ANSES - Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - David Mazurais
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Fabienne Lagarde
- Le Mans Université, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans - IMMM-UMR-CNRS 6283, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Alexandre Dehaut
- ANSES - Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Duflos
- ANSES - Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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Tao B, Wang G, Yin Z, Pu X, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Cheng J, Li Y, Zhang J. Determination of the Contents of Antioxidants and Their Degradation Products in Sodium Chloride Injection for Blood Transfusion. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:8869576. [PMID: 32655966 PMCID: PMC7327558 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8869576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The infusion bag is mainly made up of polyolefin polymer. Antioxidants are usually added to these polymer materials in the production process to prevent the materials from aging and enhance the stability of the materials. Because of the potential harm of antioxidants to human body, it is necessary to limit the amount of antioxidants migrating to the pharmaceutical solutions. In the present study, we developed and validated the HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of antioxidants and their degradation products migrating to sodium chloride solution for injection. A total of six antioxidants and six their degradation products were separated and simultaneously determined by using a Waters Symmetry RP18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and gradient elution of methanol/acetonitrile/acetic acid-water (1 : 99, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detective wavelength was set at 277 nm, and the column temperature was maintained at 35°C. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection (LOD, 0.011-0.151 μg/mL), limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.031-0.393 μg/mL), intraday precision (0.25%-3.17%), interday precision (0.47%-3.48%), linearity (0.1-46.8 μg/mL, r > 0.9994), stability (0.35%-3.29%), and accuracy (80.39%-104.31%). In the extraction experiment, antioxidants, BHT, 1010, 1330, 1076, and 168, and their degradation products, 1310 and DBP, were detected in the packaging materials. Only 1310 was detected in the migration experiment. The maximum daily dosage of sodium chloride for blood transfusion is three bags, and the content of 1310 in long-term testing samples is from 0 to 12 months ranging from 37.44 μg/3 bags to 48.71 μg/3 bags. The daily intake of 1310 did not exceed 48.71 μg, which was much lower than its permitted daily exposure (PDE, 300 μg/day). Therefore, the antioxidants and their degradation products migrating into the drug solution would not cause drug safety risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zongning Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaocong Pu
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Luohong Zhang
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yong Li
- Sichuan Taipingyang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Sichuan Taipingyang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
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11
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Douziech M, Benítez-López A, Ernstoff A, Askham C, Hendriks AJ, King H, Huijbregts MAJ. A regression-based model to predict chemical migration from packaging to food. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:469-477. [PMID: 31641273 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Packaging materials can be a source of chemical contaminants in food. Process-based migration models (PMM) predict the chemical fraction transferred from packaging materials to food (FC) for application in prioritisation tools for human exposure. These models, however, have a relatively limited applicability domain and their predictive performance is typically low. To overcome these limitations, we developed a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) to statistically relate measured FC to properties of chemicals, food, packaging, and experimental conditions. We found a negative relationship between the molecular weight (MW) and FC, and a positive relationship with the fat content of the food depending on the octanol-water partitioning coefficient of the migrant. We also showed that large chemicals (MW > 400 g/mol) have a higher migration potential in packaging with low crystallinity compared with high crystallinity. The predictive performance of the LMM for chemicals not included in the database in contact with untested food items but known packaging material was higher (Coefficient of Efficiency (CoE) = 0.21) compared with a recently developed PMM (CoE = -5.24). We conclude that our empirical model is useful to predict chemical migration from packaging to food and prioritise chemicals in the absence of measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Douziech
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ana Benítez-López
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Integrative Ecology, Avd. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41001, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alexi Ernstoff
- Quantis, EPFL Innovation Park-Bâtiment D, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry King
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire, MK441LQ, UK
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Fred-Ahmadu OH, Bhagwat G, Oluyoye I, Benson NU, Ayejuyo OO, Palanisami T. Interaction of chemical contaminants with microplastics: Principles and perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135978. [PMID: 31864138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evidences abound of the occurrence of plastic pollution, from mega- to nano-sized plastics, in virtually all matrixes of the environment. Apart from the direct effects of plastics and microplastics pollution such as entanglement, inflammation of cells and gut blockage due to ingestion, plastics are also able to act as vectors of various chemical contaminants in the aquatic environment. This paper provides a review of the association of plastic additives with environmental microplastics, how the structure and composition of polymers influence sorption capacities and highlights some of the models that have been employed to interpret experimental data from recent sorption studies. The factors that influence the sorption of chemical contaminants such as the degree of crystallinity, surface weathering, and chemical properties of contaminants. and the implications of chemical sorption by plastics for the marine food web and human health are also discussed. It was however observed that most studies relied on pristine or artificially aged plastics rather than field plastic samples for studies on chemical sorption by plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omowunmi H Fred-Ahmadu
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Geetika Bhagwat
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Idowu Oluyoye
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Nsikak U Benson
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria.
| | | | - Thavamani Palanisami
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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13
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Fischer J, Metzsch-Zilligen E, Zou M, Pfaendner R. A novel class of high molecular weight multifunctional antioxidants for polymers based on thiol-ene click reaction. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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14
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Squillace O, Fong R, Shepherd O, Hind J, Tellam J, Steinke NJ, Thompson RL. Influence of PVAc/PVA Hydrolysis on Additive Surface Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010205. [PMID: 31947559 PMCID: PMC7023474 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This aims to establish design rules for the influence of complex polymer matrices on the surface properties of small molecules. Here, we consider the dependence of the surface behaviour of some model additives on polymer matrix hydrophobicity. With stoichiometric control over hydrolysis, we generate systematic changes in matrix chemistry from non-polar, hydrophobic PVAc to its hydrolysed and hydrophilic analogue, PVA. With the changing degree of hydrolysis (DH), the behaviour of additives can be switched in terms of compatibility and surface activity. Sorbitol, a polar sugar-alcohol of inherently high surface energy, blooms to the surface of PVAc, forming patchy domains on surfaces. With the increasing DH of the polymer matrix, its surface segregation decreases to the point where sorbitol acts as a homogeneously distributed plasticiser in PVA. Conversely, and despite its low surface energy, octanoic acid (OA) surprisingly causes the increased wettability of PVAc. We attribute these observations to the high compatibility of OA with PVAc and its ability to reorient upon exposure to water, presenting a hydrophilic COOH-rich surface. The surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) does not show such a clear dependence on the matrix and formed wetting layers over a wide range of DH. Interestingly, SDS appears to be most compatible with PVAc at intermediate DH, which is consistent with the amphiphilic nature of both species under these conditions. Thus, we show that the prediction of the segregation is not simple and depends on multiple factors including hydrophobicity, compatibility, blockiness, surface energy, and the mobility of the components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Squillace
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (R.F.); (O.S.); (R.L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44(0)-7999-284328
| | - Rebecca Fong
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (R.F.); (O.S.); (R.L.T.)
| | - Oliver Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (R.F.); (O.S.); (R.L.T.)
| | - Jasmine Hind
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; (J.H.); (J.T.); (N.-J.S.)
| | - James Tellam
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; (J.H.); (J.T.); (N.-J.S.)
| | - Nina-Juliane Steinke
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; (J.H.); (J.T.); (N.-J.S.)
| | - Richard L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (R.F.); (O.S.); (R.L.T.)
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Direct screening of food packaging materials for post-polymerization residues, degradation products and additives by liquid extraction surface analysis nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (LESA-nESI-MS). Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1058:117-126. [PMID: 30851845 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Materials in direct contact with food should be monitored for the presence of species able to migrate into food. A direct method based on liquid extraction surface analysis nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (LESA-nanoESI-MS) was developed for the analysis of the migrating species from a polymer film. Different types of molecules: post-polymerization residues, degradation products (oligomers resulting from polymer recycling, products of polymer oxidative degradation) and anti-oxidant additives (vitamin E) were demonstrated to be detected and identified, and determined quantitatively if relevant calibration standards are available. The method was validated by a comparison a standard method based on with bulk extraction mass spectrometry. It offers considerable advantages over the latter in terms of drastically reduced analysis time and solvent consumption. Also, LESA-nanoESI-MS produced simpler spectra (limited to compounds able to migrate into food) than Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART).
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Lu M, Liu P, Zhang S, Yuan W, Ding S, Wang F, Ding Y, Yang M. Anti-aging behavior of amino-containing co-condensed nanosilica in polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Kang K, Chang Y, Choi JC, Park SJ, Han J. Migration Study of Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Irganox 1010 from Polypropylene Treated with Severe Processing Conditions. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1005-1010. [PMID: 29574970 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Safety concerns have emerged over the increased use of polypropylene (PP) in food-packaging markets. Some antioxidants in PP can migrate to foods and cause undesirable effects in humans. In this study, migration behaviors of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Irganox 1010 (I-1010) in PP sheets were determined according to the US FDA migration test conditions. In particular, we tested the effects of severe conditions of food processing and storage, such as autoclave heating (sterilization at about 121 °C), microwave radiation (700 W), and deep freezing (-30 °C) on migration of antioxidants. Migrant concentrations were higher in 95% ethanol as lipid food simulant, because of the hydrophobic nature of both PP and antioxidants. Autoclave heating treatment increased migrant concentrations compared with other processing conditions. Moreover, increased migrant concentrations by deep freezing condition were attributed to the brittleness of PP at freezing temperature. Regardless of processing conditions, BHT which has a lower molecular weight, migrated faster than I-1010. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The antioxidants with hydrophobic nature such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Irganox 1010 (I-1010) in polypropylene sheets would be migrated to foods, which is an important issue for industrial production food packaging materials. Migration behavior was promoted by severe processing conditions such as autoclave heating, microwave radiation, freezing, and especially autoclave heating treatment led the highest migration among them. Therefore, control of chemical additive migration from polypropylene food packaging is needed for safe food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmo Kang
- Dept. of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea Univ., Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjee Chang
- Dept. of Food Biosciences and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea Univ., Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chun Choi
- Food Additives and Packaging Div., Natl. Inst. of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jong Park
- Food Additives and Packaging Div., Natl. Inst. of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejoon Han
- Dept. of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea Univ., Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Dept. of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea Univ., Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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18
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Lu M, Liu P, Wang F, Ding Y, Zhang S, Yang M. Synthesis of nanoparticle-immobilized antioxidants and their antioxidative performances in polymer matrices: a review. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing PR China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing PR China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing PR China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing PR China
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Diot-Néant F, Migeot L, Hollande L, Reano FA, Domenek S, Allais F. Biocatalytic Synthesis and Polymerization via ROMP of New Biobased Phenolic Monomers: A Greener Process toward Sustainable Antioxidant Polymers. Front Chem 2017; 5:126. [PMID: 29312930 PMCID: PMC5744638 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant norbornene-based monomers bearing biobased sterically hindered phenols (SHP)—NDF (norbornene dihydroferulate) and NDS (norbornene dihydrosinapate)—have been successfully prepared through biocatalysis from naturally occurring ferulic and sinapic acids, respectively, in presence of Candida antarctica Lipase B (Cal-B). The ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of these monomers was investigated according to ruthenium catalyst type (GI) vs. (HGII) and monomer to catalyst molar ratio ([M]/[C]). The co-polymerization of antioxidant functionalized monomer (NDF or NDS) and non-active norbornene (N) has also been performed in order to adjust the number of SHP groups present per weight unit and tune the antioxidant activity of the copolymers. The polydispersity of the resulting copolymers was readily improved by a simple acetone wash to provide antioxidant polymers with well-defined structures. After hydrogenation with p-toluenesulfonylhydrazine (p-TSH), the radical scavenging ability of the resulting saturated polymers was evaluated using α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. Results demonstrated that polymers bearing sinapic acid SHP exhibited higher antiradical activity than the polymer bearing ferulic acid SHP. In addition it was also shown that only a small SHP content was needed in the copolymers to exhibit a potent antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Diot-Néant
- Chaire ABI, AgroParisTech, CEBB, Pomacle, France.,The George and Josephine Butler Laboratory for Polymer Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Loïs Migeot
- Chaire ABI, AgroParisTech, CEBB, Pomacle, France
| | - Louis Hollande
- Chaire ABI, AgroParisTech, CEBB, Pomacle, France.,UMR GENIAL, AgroParisTech, Institut National De la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Massy, France
| | - Felix A Reano
- Chaire ABI, AgroParisTech, CEBB, Pomacle, France.,UMR GENIAL, AgroParisTech, Institut National De la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Massy, France
| | - Sandra Domenek
- UMR GENIAL, AgroParisTech, Institut National De la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Massy, France
| | - Florent Allais
- Chaire ABI, AgroParisTech, CEBB, Pomacle, France.,UMR 782 GMPA, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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20
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Piperidine-conjugated polyfunctional star-shaped PLLA as a novel bio-based antioxidant additive for bioplastics. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Li H, Zhong Y, Wu W, Zhang L, Lai X, Zeng X. Phenolic antioxidants based on calixarene: Synthesis, structural characterization, and antioxidative properties in natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Li
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yong Zhong
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Wenjian Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Dongguan University of Technology; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xuejun Lai
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xingrong Zeng
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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22
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Rani M, Shim WJ, Han GM, Jang M, Song YK, Hong SH. Benzotriazole-type ultraviolet stabilizers and antioxidants in plastic marine debris and their new products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:745-754. [PMID: 27889215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet stabilizers (UVSs) and antioxidants are the most widely used additives in plastics to enhance the lifetime of polymeric materials. There is growing interest in the roles of plastic marine debris and microplastics as source or vector of toxic substances to marine environment and organisms. However, there is limited information available on plastic associated chemicals, particularly additive chemicals. Therefore, to evaluate their extent of exposure from plastics to the marine environment, we determined UVSs and antioxidants in plastic debris (n=29) collected from beaches along with their corresponding new plastic products in markets (n=27) belonging to food, fisheries, and general use. Antioxidants were present at higher concentrations than UVSs in both plastic debris and new plastics, indicative of their high use over UVSs. Irganox 1076 and Irganox 1010 were more commonly used than other chemicals investigated. The irregular use with high concentration of additive chemicals was observed in short-term use plastic products. Except for Irganox 1076 and UV 326, most antioxidants and UVSs were relatively high in new plastics compared to corresponding plastic marine debris, implying their potential leaching or degradation during use or after disposal. The present study provides quantitative information about additive chemicals contained in plastic marine debris and their new products. These results could be useful for better understanding of environmental exposure to hazardous chemicals through plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manviri Rani
- Oil and POPs Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Sciences, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Myung Han
- Oil and POPs Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jang
- Oil and POPs Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Sciences, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Song
- Oil and POPs Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Sciences, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Sciences, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Bodai Z, Jakab PP, Novák M, Nyiri Z, Szabó BS, Rikker T, Eke Z. Solubility determination as an alternative to migration measurements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:574-81. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1142676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Suhrhoff TJ, Scholz-Böttcher BM. Qualitative impact of salinity, UV radiation and turbulence on leaching of organic plastic additives from four common plastics - A lab experiment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 102:84-94. [PMID: 26696590 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Four common consumer plastic samples (polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylchloride) were studied to investigate the impact of physical parameters such as turbulence, salinity and UV irradiance on leaching behavior of selected plastic components. Polymers were exposed to two different salinities (i.e. 0 and 35 g/kg), UV radiation and turbulence. Additives (e.g. bisphenol A, phthalates, citrates, and Irgafos® 168 phosphate) and oligomers were detected in initial plastics and aqueous extracts. Identification and quantification was performed by GC-FID/MS. Bisphenol A and citrate based additives are leached easier compared to phthalates. The print highly contributed to the chemical burden of the analyzed polyethylene bag. The study underlines a positive relationship between turbulence and magnitude of leaching. Salinity had a minor impact that differs for each analyte. Global annual release of additives from assessed plastics into marine environments is estimated to be between 35 and 917 tons, of which most are derived from plasticized polyvinylchloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Jesper Suhrhoff
- Jacobs University Bremen, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Barbara M Scholz-Böttcher
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, PO Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
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Han HJ, Park SW, Jung HY, Kim JS, Dong H, Noh BS. Analysis of Off-flavor Generated from a Polyethylene Terephthalate Water Bottles and Caps by Using an Electronic Nose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2015.47.4.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Gholami A, Hajian M, Rafiemanzelat F, Zanjanijam AR. Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) composites: Influence of different nanofillers as antimigration agents. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abed Gholami
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Isfahan; Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Morteza Hajian
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Isfahan; Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
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Bodai Z, Kirchkeszner C, Novák M, Nyiri Z, Kovács J, Magyar N, Iván B, Rikker T, Eke Z. Migration of Tinuvin P and Irganox 3114 into milk and the corresponding authorised food simulant. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1358-66. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1055523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bodai Z, Szabó BS, Novák M, Hámori S, Nyiri Z, Rikker T, Eke Z. Analysis of potential migrants from plastic materials in milk by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with liquid-liquid extraction and low-temperature purification. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10028-37. [PMID: 25251884 DOI: 10.1021/jf503110v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple and fast analytical method was developed for the determination of six UV stabilizers (Cyasorb UV-1164, Tinuvin P, Tinuvin 234, Tinuvin 326, Tinuvin 327, and Tinuvin 1577) and five antioxidants (Irgafos 168, Irganox 1010, Irganox 3114, Irganox 3790, and Irganox 565) in milk. For sample preparation liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification combined with centrifugation was used to remove fats, proteins, and sugars. After the cleanup step, the sample was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). External standard and matrix calibrations were tested. External calibration proved to be acceptable for Tinuvin P, Tinuvin 234, Tinuvin 326, Tinuvin 327, Irganox 3114, and Irganox 3790. The method was successfully validated with matrix calibration for all compounds. Method detection limits were between 0.25 and 10 μg/kg. Accuracies ranged from 93 to 109%, and intraday precisions were <13%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bodai
- Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques (EKOL), Eötvös Loránd University , 1/A Pázmány Péter sétány, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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Hammond M, Marghitoiu L, Lee H, Perez L, Rogers G, Nashed-Samuel Y, Nunn H, Kline S. A cytotoxic leachable compound from single-use bioprocess equipment that causes poor cell growth performance. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:332-7. [PMID: 24497314 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A current trend in the production of biopharmaceuticals is the replacement of fixed stainless steel fluid-handling units with disposable plastic bags. Such single-use systems (SUS) offer numerous advantages, but also introduce a new set of materials into the production process and consequently expose biomanufacturers to a new set of risks related to those materials, not to mention reliance on an entirely new supply chain. In the course of developing and conducting a cell-growth-based test for suitability of disposable plastic components destined for use in cell culture operations, we discovered that the cytotoxic compound bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (bDtBPP) leaches out of certain bags and into cell culture media in concentrations that are deleterious to cell growth. Specifically, media held in certain bags for several days at 37°C was found to contain bDtBPP, and use of those held-media samples in cell growth experiments provides data that overlap neatly with cell growth experiments using media spiked directly with bDtBPP, proving that bDtBPP leaching is responsible for the reduced growth attributable to those SUS bags. Overall, this issue represents a risk to the production of biopharmaceuticals in SUS, a risk that must be managed by diligent collaboration among companies along the entire supply chain for SUS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hammond
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
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31
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Monitoring the extraction of additives and additive degradation products from polymer packaging into solutions by multi-residue method including solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1493-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Castillo R, Biedermann M, Riquet AM, Grob K. Comprehensive on-line HPLC-GC for screening potential migrants from polypropylene into food: The effect of pulsed light decontamination as an example. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Perspectives on alternatives to phthalate plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) in medical devices applications. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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34
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Spangenberg JE. Caution on the storage of waters and aqueous solutions in plastic containers for hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2627-2636. [PMID: 23059879 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The choice of containers for storage of aqueous samples between their collection, transport and water hydrogen ((2)H) and oxygen ((18)O) stable isotope analysis is a topic of concern for a wide range of fields in environmental, geological, biomedical, food, and forensic sciences. The transport and separation of water molecules during water vapor or liquid uptake by sorption or solution and the diffusive transport of water molecules through organic polymer material by permeation or pervaporation may entail an isotopic fractionation. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the extent of such fractionation. METHODS Sixteen bottle-like containers of eleven different organic polymers, including low and high density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and perfluoroalkoxy-Teflon (PFA), of different wall thickness and size were completely filled with the same mineral water and stored for 659 days under the same conditions of temperature and humidity. Particular care was exercised to keep the bottles tightly closed and prevent loss of water vapor through the seals. RESULTS Changes of up to +5‰ for δ(2)H values and +2.0‰ for δ(18)O values were measured for water after more than 1 year of storage within a plastic container, with the magnitude of change depending mainly on the type of organic polymer, wall thickness, and container size. The most important variations were measured for the PET and PC bottles. Waters stored in glass bottles with Polyseal™ cone-lined PP screw caps and thick-walled HDPE or PFA containers with linerless screw caps having an integrally molded inner sealing ring preserved their original δ(2)H and δ(18)O values. The carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen stable isotope compositions of the organic polymeric materials were also determined. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study clearly show that for precise and accurate measurements of the water stable isotope composition in aqueous solutions, rigorous sampling and storage procedures are needed both for laboratory standards and for unknown samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Spangenberg
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, University of Lausanne, Anthropole Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Coltro L, Machado MP. Migração específica de antioxidante de embalagens plásticas para alimentos. POLIMEROS 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282011005000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O uso de aditivos em materiais plásticos é essencial para o processamento e desempenho dos plásticos, uma vez que os aditivos conferem características desejadas aos polímeros. No entanto, há restrições determinadas pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) para as embalagens plásticas de alimentos, as quais devem ser avaliadas por meio de ensaios físicos, realizados por laboratório acreditado, para verificar se os requisitos estabelecidos pela ANVISA são atendidos. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver metodologia que permita a avaliação da migração de 3-(3,5-di-terc-butil-4-hidroxifenil) propionato de n-octadecila, antioxidante de nome comercial Irganox 1076, CAS 2082-79-3, presente em embalagens plásticas para contato com alimentos, empregando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Esse estudo também teve como finalidade comprovar se o conteúdo de Irganox 1076 de amostras comerciais de filmes plásticos atende ao requisito de limite de migração específica estabelecido pela ANVISA para este aditivo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a metodologia utilizada para os simulantes aquoso, ácido e gorduroso é satisfatória e adequada para a análise da migração específica do Irganox 1076, uma vez que todos os parâmetros necessários para a validação do método foram atingidos. As amostras de filme de PEBD e de EVA analisadas atendem ao limite de migração específica do Irganox 1076 para todos os simulantes avaliados.
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Alin J, Hakkarainen M. Microwave heating causes rapid degradation of antioxidants in polypropylene packaging, leading to greatly increased specific migration to food simulants as shown by ESI-MS and GC-MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5418-5427. [PMID: 21513311 DOI: 10.1021/jf1048639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microwave heating of commercial microwavable polypropylene packaging in contact with fatty food simulants caused significant antioxidant degradation and increased specific migration as shown by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Degradation of the antioxidants Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1010 was not detected during conventional heating of polypropylene packaging at the same temperature. The migration into aqueous food simulants was primarily restricted by the water solubility of the migrants. Using isooctane as fatty food simulant caused significant swelling and greatly enhanced overall migration values compared to the other fatty food simulant, 99.9% ethanol, or the aqueous food simulants 10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid, or water. ESI-MS spectra clearly reflected the overall migration values, and the number and amount of compounds detected decreased as the hydrophilicity of the food simulant increased. ESI-MS was shown to be an excellent tool for the analysis of semivolatile migrants and a good complement to GC-MS analysis of volatile migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Alin
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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Lin QB, Li B, Song H, Li XM. DETERMINATION OF 7 ANTIOXIDANTS, 8 ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBENTS, AND 2 FIRE RETARDANTS IN PLASTIC FOOD PACKAGE BY ULTRASONIC EXTRACTION AND ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.563889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Bao Lin
- a Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- a Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Huan Song
- b Shanxi Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- a Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
- c College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Datong University , Datong, Shanxi, P. R. China
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Interference with spectrophotometric analysis of nucleic acids and proteins by leaching of chemicals from plastic tubes. Biotechniques 2010; 48:297-302. [PMID: 20569206 DOI: 10.2144/000113387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorbance spectroscopy is routinely used to monitor the concentrations of nucleic acids and proteins within solutions and to assess changes in their structure caused by interaction with chemicals or other biomolecules. Biological samples used for such analyses are manipulated and stored in small microcentrifuge tubes (microtubes) composed of polypropylene plus several plastic additives. Here we demonstrate that normal handling of laboratory microtubes causes leaching of light-absorbing chemicals into biological samples that interfere with spectrophotometric measurements. The leached chromophores absorbed UV light strongly at 220 and 260 nm, which are the wavelengths normally used to detect and quantitate proteins and DNA. Some common laboratory techniques, including sonication and PCR, were particularly effective inducers of leaching. The magnitude of the increase in absorbance was dependent upon both exposure time and heat history, with greatest induction after tubes were warmed to temperatures at or above 37 degrees C. Mass spectrometry revealed that aqueous solutions stored in plastic microtubes accumulate a complex mixture of leached chemicals with molecular masses of 200-1400 Da. Leaching was ubiquitous among commercially available brands of microtubes, indicating a persistent source of error in biomolecule detection and concentration measurements.
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Alin J, Hakkarainen M. Type of polypropylene material significantly influences the migration of antioxidants from polymer packaging to food simulants during microwave heating. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Xue B, Ogata K, Toyota A. Synthesis of polymeric antioxidants based on ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and their antioxidant ability for preventing polypropylene (PP) from thermal oxidation degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dopico-García MS, López-Vilariñó JM, Gonzalez-Rodríguez MV. Antioxidant content of and migration from commercial polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride packages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:3225-31. [PMID: 17381127 DOI: 10.1021/jf070102+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants commonly used in polyolefins were studied in commercial food packages made of low- and high-density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and in a LDPE film extruded at the laboratory. The phenolic antioxidants BHA, BHT, AO 2246, AO 425, Ethanox 330, Irganox 1010, and Irganox 1076 were studied together with the phosphite Irgafos 168 and their two degradation products, phosphate and DBP. Antioxidants were extracted from polyolefins using microwave energy and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the antioxidant content in the diverse commercial films. Irganox 1010 and Irganox 1076 were found in the majority of the samples generally together with the phosphite Irgafos 168 and its oxidized product (phosphate). Specific migration levels of each antioxidant were determined by HPLC after pretreatment with solid-phase extraction (SPE) in aqueous food simulants and after their dilution with tetrahydrofuran (THF) in fatty food simulant. These levels were much lower than limits allowed by legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Dopico-García
- Laboratorio de Química, Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de Esteiro s/n, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
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Guillot S, Briand E, Galy J, Gérard JF, Larroque M. Relationship between migration potential and structural parameters in crosslinked polyethylenes. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Extraction and quantification of antioxidants from low-density polyethylene by microwave energy and liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yen HC, Hsu YT. Impurities from polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes as a potential source of interference in simultaneous analysis of multiple lipid-soluble antioxidants by HPLC with electrochemical detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 42:390-5. [PMID: 15147149 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2004.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection was used to analyze lipidsoluble antioxidants and micronutrients in plasma. Small amounts of plasma samples are often extracted in polypropylene (PP) microcentrifuge tubes before HPLC analysis due to its convenience. We therefore investigated the effect of impurities released from different PP tubes during extraction on the electrochemical detection of retinol, lutein, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, retinyl palmitate, β-carotene and total coenzyme Q
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chuan Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan.
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