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Rasul A, Imran Khan M, Ur Rehman M, Abbas G, Aslam N, Ahmad S, Abbas K, Akhtar Shah P, Iqbal M, Ahmed Al Subari AM, Shaheer T, Shah S. In vitro Characterization and Release Studies of Combined Nonionic Surfactant-Based Vesicles for the Prolonged Delivery of an Immunosuppressant Model Drug. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7937-7949. [PMID: 33116510 PMCID: PMC7569247 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s268846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an exceptional immunosuppressant used for the treatment of immune disorders. Niosomal vesicles are promising drug carriers that are formed by self-association of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol in an aqueous phase. The objective of the study was to formulate combined nonionic surfactant based vesicles and to evaluate their in vitro characterization, release studies and in vivo studies. Materials and Methods Five niosomal formulations (F7 to F11) were prepared using the thin film hydration method. The molar ratio of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactant taken was 1:1. In formulation F10, the combination of surfactants Span 20 and Brij 35 was used. The niosomes were characterized by zeta sizer and SEM for particle size analysis, in vitro drug release and stability studies. The pharmacokinetic studies were conducted on healthy albino rabbits. Results The size of niosome was found in the range of 427.1 nm to 972.3 nm. SEM image of optimized formulations F10 exhibit the spherical nature of niosomal vesicles. DSC thermograms of niosomal formulations exhibited a broadened endothermic peak. The stability study exhibited that all formulations are stable and negligible change of vesicle size and entrapment was observed with time. The percentage drug release was significantly higher as compared to CsA plain dispersion for all niosomal formulations at pH 1.2 and 7.4. The release kinetic behavior showed that all preparations were best described by zero order and can release active ingredient in a sustained manner. The pharmacokinetic data showed the test formulation (F10) possessed greater bioavailability as compared to the reference formulation (CsA aqueous dispersion). Conclusion The formulation F10 demonstrated a comparatively more delayed rate of release with enhanced dissolution as compared to a single surfactant scheme. The F10 formulation can be a remarkable nanotechnology for prolonged delivery of CsA orally with improved dissolution profile and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Aslam
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Ahmad
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Khizar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Talal Shaheer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shahid Shah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Rahamathulla M, H.V G, Veerapu G, Hani U, Alhamhoom Y, Alqahtani A, Moin A. Characterization, Optimization, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Simvastatin Proliposomes, as a Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:129. [PMID: 32405982 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin a cholesterol-lowering agent used to treat hypercholesterolemia, coronary heart disease, and dyslipidemia. However, simvastatin (SV) has shown low oral bioavailability in GIT. The main purpose of the work was to develop proliposomal formulations to increase the oral bioavailability of SV. Film deposition on the carrier method has been used to prepare the proliposomes. The proliposomes were assessed for morphology, particulate size, entrapment efficacy, drug-polymer compatibility, in vitro and in vivo studies. FTIR and DSC results revealed no drug-polymer interaction. SEM and XRD analysis conform; proliposomes are spherical, amorphous in nature, so that it enhances the solubility of SV between 15.01 ± 0.026 and 57.80 ± 0.015 μg/mL in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. The optimised formulation (PL6) shows drug release up to 12 h (99.78 ± 0.067%). The pharmacokinetics of pure SV and SV proliposomes (SVP) in rats were Tmax 2 ± 0.5 and 4 ± 0.7 h, Cmax 10.4 ± 2.921 and 21.18 ± 12.321 μg/mL, AUC0-∞ 67.124 ± 0.23 and 179.75 ± 1.541 μg/mL h, respectively. Optimised SVP shows a significant improvement in the rate and absorption of SV. The optimised formulation showed enhanced oral bioavailability of SV in Albino Wister rats and offers a new technique to improve the poor water-soluble drug absorption in the gastrointestinal system.
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Jeong HR, Kim JY, Kim SN, Park JH. Local dermal delivery of cyclosporin A, a hydrophobic and high molecular weight drug, using dissolving microneedles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:237-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Ong SGM, Ming LC, Lee KS, Yuen KH. Influence of the Encapsulation Efficiency and Size of Liposome on the Oral Bioavailability of Griseofulvin-Loaded Liposomes. Pharmaceutics 2016; 8:E25. [PMID: 27571096 PMCID: PMC5039444 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of the encapsulation efficiency and size of liposome on the oral bioavailability of griseofulvin-loaded liposomes. Griseofulvin-loaded liposomes with desired characteristics were prepared from pro-liposome using various techniques. To study the effect of encapsulation efficiency, three preparations of griseofulvin, namely, griseofulvin aqueous suspension and two griseofulvin-loaded liposomes with different amounts of griseofulvin encapsulated [i.e., F1 (32%) and F2(98%)], were administered to rats. On the other hand, to study the effect of liposome size, the rats were given three different griseofulvin-loaded liposomes of various sizes, generated via different mechanical dispersion techniques [i.e., FTS (142 nm), MS (357 nm) and NS (813 nm)], but with essentially similar encapsulation efficiencies (about 93%). Results indicated that the extent of bioavailability of griseofulvin was improved 1.7-2.0 times when given in the form of liposomes (F1) compared to griseofulvin suspension. Besides that, there was an approximately two-fold enhancement of the extent of bioavailability following administration of griseofulvin-loaded liposomes with higher encapsulation efficiency (F2), compared to those of F1. Also, the results showed that the extent of bioavailability of liposomal formulations with smaller sizes were higher by approximately three times compared to liposomal formulation of a larger size. Nevertheless, a further size reduction of griseofulvin-loaded liposome (≤400 nm) did not promote the uptake or bioavailability of griseofulvin. In conclusion, high drug encapsulation efficiency and small liposome size could enhance the oral bioavailability of griseofulvin-loaded liposomes and therefore these two parameters deserve careful consideration during formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Gim Ming Ong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti of Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Unit for Medication Outcomes Research and Education (UMORE), Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, 7001 Hobart, Australia.
- Vector‑borne Diseases Research Group (VERDI), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam, 42300 Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kah Seng Lee
- Unit for Medication Outcomes Research and Education (UMORE), Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, 7001 Hobart, Australia.
| | - Kah Hay Yuen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti of Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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Norton JE, Gonzalez Espinosa Y, Watson RL, Spyropoulos F, Norton IT. Functional food microstructures for macronutrient release and delivery. Food Funct 2016; 6:663-78. [PMID: 25553863 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00965g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to understand the role of fat, protein and carbohydrate in human health, and also how foods containing and/or structured using these macronutrients can be designed so that they can have a positive impact on health. This may include a reduction in fat, salt or sugar, the protection and targeted release of micronutrients or active ingredients from/to particular parts of the digestive system, improvement of gastrointestinal health or satiety enhancing properties. Such foods can be designed with various macro- and microstructures that will impact on macronutrient release and delivery. These include simple and double emulsions, the use of Pickering particles and shells, nanoparticles, liposomes, gelled networks, fluid gels and gel particles, foams, self-assembled structures, and encapsulated systems. In order to design foods that deliver these benefits understanding of how these structures behave in the gastrointestinal tract is also required, which should involve utilising both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review aims to draw together research in these areas, by focusing on the current state of the art, but also exciting possibilities for future research and food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Norton
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
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Carmona-Ribeiro AM, de Melo Carrasco LD. Novel formulations for antimicrobial peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18040-83. [PMID: 25302615 PMCID: PMC4227203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides in general hold much promise as a major ingredient in novel supramolecular assemblies. They may become essential in vaccine design, antimicrobial chemotherapy, cancer immunotherapy, food preservation, organs transplants, design of novel materials for dentistry, formulations against diabetes and other important strategical applications. This review discusses how novel formulations may improve the therapeutic index of antimicrobial peptides by protecting their activity and improving their bioavailability. The diversity of novel formulations using lipids, liposomes, nanoparticles, polymers, micelles, etc., within the limits of nanotechnology may also provide novel applications going beyond antimicrobial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro
- Biocolloids Laboratory, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Dias de Melo Carrasco
- Biocolloids Laboratory, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Velpula A, Jukanti R, Janga KY, Sunkavalli S, Bandari S, Kandadi P, Veerareddy PR. Proliposome powders for enhanced intestinal absorption and bioavailability of raloxifene hydrochloride: effect of surface charge. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 39:1895-906. [PMID: 22458264 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.670641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of the present study was to investigate the combined prospective of proliposomes and surface charge for the improved oral delivery of raloxifene hydrochloride (RXH). Keeping this objective, the present systematic study was focused to formulate proliposomes by varying the ratio of hydrogenated soyphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Furthermore, to assess the role of surface charge on improved absorption of RXH, anionic and cationic vesicles were prepared using dicetyl phosphate and stearylamine, respectively. The formulations were characterized for size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. The improved dissolution characteristics assessed from dissolution efficiency, mean dissolution rate were higher for proliposome formulations. The solid state characterization studies indicate the transformation of native crystalline form of the drug to amorphous and/or molecular state. The higher effective permeability coefficient and fraction absorbed in humans extrapolated from in situ single-pass intestinal absorption study data in rats provide an insight on the potential of proliposomes and cationic surface charge for augment in absorption across gastro intestinal barrier. To draw the conclusions, in vivo pharmacokinetic study carried out in rats indicate a threefold enhancement in the rate and extent of absorption of RXH from cationic proliposome formulation which unfurl the potential of proliposomes and role of cationic charge for improved oral delivery of RXH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Velpula
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. Peter's Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Warangal , India
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8
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Frezza TF, Gremião MPD, Zanotti-Magalhães EM, Magalhães LA, de Souza ALR, Allegretti SM. Liposomal-praziquantel: efficacy against Schistosoma mansoni in a preclinical assay. Acta Trop 2013; 128:70-5. [PMID: 23811113 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently, schistosomiasis mansoni is treated clinically with praziquantel (PZQ). Nevertheless, cases of tolerance and resistance to this drug have been reported, creating the need to develop new drugs or to improve existing drugs. Considering the small number of new drugs against Schistosoma mansoni, the design of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems is an important strategy in combating this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of PZQ containing liposome (lip.PZQ) on S. mansoni, BH strain. Mice were treated orally with different concentrations of PZQ and lip.PZQ 30 and 45 days following infection. The number of worms, recovered by perfusion of the hepatic portal system, and the number of eggs found in the intestine and liver were analysed. Parasite egg counts were also performed. The most active formulation for all parameters was 300mg/kg of lip.PZQ, since as it decreased the total number of worms by 68.8%, the number of eggs in the intestine by 79%, and the number of hepatic granulomas by 98.4% compared to untreated controls. In addition, this concentration decreased egg counts by 55.5%. The improved efficacy of the treatment with lip.PZQ, especially when administered 45 days following infection, compared with the positive-control group (untreated) and the groups that received free PZQ, can be explained by greater bioavailability in the host organism; the preferred target of lip.PZQ is the liver, and lip.PZQ is better absorbed by the tegument of S. mansoni, which has an affinity for phospholipids.
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Veerareddy PR, Bobbala SKR. Enhanced oral bioavailability of isradipine via proniosomal systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:909-17. [PMID: 22998221 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.717945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present research was to develop a proniosomal formulation of isradipine and to evaluate the influence of proniosomal systems on the oral bioavailability of the drug in albino Wistar rats. Proniosomes were prepared by film deposition on carrier's method using various molar ratios of nonionic surfactants such as span20, span40, span60, and span80 with cholesterol as membrane stabilizing agent and dicetylphosphate as a charge inducer. The formation of niosomes and surface morphology of proniosome formulations were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The prepared proniosomes have shown higher dissolution of isradipine compared with pure drug powder. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffractometry studies were performed to understand the solid state properties of the drug. Ex vivo permeation enhancement assessed from flux, permeability coefficient, and enhancement ratio were significantly higher for proniosomes compared with control. The pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated in male albino Wistar rats and a significant enhancement in the bioavailability (2.3-fold) was observed from optimized proniosome formulation compared with control (oral suspension). The stability study reveals that the proniosome formulations are stable when stored at 4°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Reddy Veerareddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chaitanya Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kishanpura, Hanamkonda, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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10
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Bobbala SKR, Veerareddy PR. Formulation, evaluation, and pharmacokinetics of isradipine proliposomes for oral delivery. J Liposome Res 2012; 22:285-94. [PMID: 22762199 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2012.697067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Proliposomes loaded with isradipine were prepared successfully to enhance the oral bioavailability of isradipine. In this study, proliposomes were prepared by film deposition by the carrier method with varying ratios of hydrogenated soy phosphatidyl choline (HSPC) and cholesterol using spray-dried mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200) as the carrier. The formulation containing an equimolar ratio of HSPC and cholesterol showed smaller vesicle size, high surface charge, and entrapment efficiency. The formation of liposomes and surface morphology of optimized proliposome formulation was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffractometry studies were performed to assess the solid-state characteristics of the formulation. Ex vivo permeation enhancement assessed from flux, permeability coefficient, and enhancement ratio were significantly higher for proliposomes, compared to control. The pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated in male albino Wistar rats, and a significant improvement in bioavailability (2.4-fold) was observed from the optimized proliposome formulation, compared to control (oral suspension). The stability study revealed that the formulations are stable when stored at 4°C.
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Janga KY, Jukanti R, Velpula A, Sunkavalli S, Bandari S, Kandadi P, Veerareddy PR. Bioavailability enhancement of zaleplon via proliposomes: Role of surface charge. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:347-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Tiwari R, Pathak K. Nanostructured lipid carrier versus solid lipid nanoparticles of simvastatin: Comparative analysis of characteristics, pharmacokinetics and tissue uptake. Int J Pharm 2011; 415:232-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mfuh AM, Mahindaratne MPD, Quintero MV, Lakner FJ, Bao A, Goins BA, Phillips WT, Negrete GR. Novel asparagine-derived lipid enhances distearoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer resistance to acidic conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4447-55. [PMID: 21413760 PMCID: PMC3539164 DOI: 10.1021/la105085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel asparagine-derived lipid analogue (ALA(11,17)) bearing a tetrahydropyrimidinone headgroup and two fatty chains (11 and 17 indicate the lengths of linear alkyl groups) was synthesized in high yield and purity. The thin film hydration of formulations containing 5 mol % or greater ALA(11,17) in distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) generated multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) that remained unaggregated according to optical microscopy, while those formed from DSPC only were highly clustered. The MLVs were processed into unilamellar liposomes via extrusion and were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, turbidity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Results show that the presence of ALA(11,17) in DSPC liposomes significantly alters the morphology, colloidal stability, and retention of encapsulated materials in both acidic and neutral conditions. The ability of ALA(11,17)-hybrid liposomes to encapsulate and retain inclusions under neutral and acidic conditions (pH < 2) was demonstrated by calcein dequenching experiments. DLS and SEM confirmed that ALA(11,17)/DSPC liposomes remained intact under these conditions. The bilayer integrity observed under neutral and acidic conditions and the likely biocompatibility of these fatty amino acid analogues suggest that ALA(11,17) is a promising additive for modulating phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelphe M. Mfuh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-1644, USA
| | - Mathew P. D. Mahindaratne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-1644, USA
| | - Maritza V. Quintero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-1644, USA
| | | | - Ande Bao
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
- Department of Radiology and Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
| | - Beth A. Goins
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
| | - William T. Phillips
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
| | - George R. Negrete
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-1644, USA
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Shukla D, Chakraborty S, Singh S, Mishra B. Lipid-based oral multiparticulate formulations – advantages, technological advances and industrial applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:207-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.547469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Zhang Y, Li X, Zhou Y, Fan Y, Wang X, Huang Y, Liu Y. Cyclosporin A-loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactic acid) micelles: preparation, in vitro and in vivo characterization and transport mechanism across the intestinal barrier. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1169-82. [PMID: 20540526 DOI: 10.1021/mp100033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble cyclosporin A (CyA), polymeric micelles based on monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactic acid) (mPEG-PLA) were prepared. In vitro release test showed that the cumulative release percentage, about 85%, of CyA from polymeric micelles within 24 h was comparable to that from Sandimmun Neoral, the currently available oral formulation of CyA. A relative oral bioavailability of 137% in rats compared with Sandimmun Neoral was demonstrated for CyA-loaded polymeric micelles. The other aim of the current work was to study the transport mechanism of mPEG-PLA micelles across the intestinal barrier. It was found that polymeric micelles could significantly increase the permeability of CyA across Caco-2 monolayers without significantly affecting transepithelial electrical resistance values, and the apparent permeation coefficient (P(app)) of CyA was significantly higher in the AP-BL direction compared to that in the BL-AP direction, suggesting that polymeric micelles might undergo an active AP to BL transport that probably involved endocytosis which was confirmed by confocal microscope observation. The permeation of CyA through Caco-2 monolayers showed that the P(app) was significantly increased when CyA was formulated with the copolymer below its critical association concentration (CAC) and no significant difference was found above its CAC, implying that mPEG-PLA monomers affected the intestinal P-gp efflux pumps. Therefore, the mPEG-PLA micelles seemed to be a good candidate for oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Teaching Experiment Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Preparation and characterization of vinpocetine loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for improved oral bioavailability. Int J Pharm 2010; 394:179-85. [PMID: 20471464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop an optimized nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) formulation for vinpocetine (VIN), and to estimate the potential of NLC as oral delivery system for poorly water-soluble drug. In this work, VIN-loaded NLC (VIN-NLC) was prepared by a high pressure homogenization method. The VIN-NLC showed spherical morphology with smooth surface under transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. The average encapsulation efficiency was 94.9+/-0.4%. The crystallization of drug in NLC was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The drug was in an amorphous state in the NLC matrix. In the in vitro release study, VIN-NLC showed a sustained release profile of VIN and no obviously burst release was observed. The oral bioavailability study of VIN was carried out using Wistar rats. The relative bioavailability of VIN-NLC was 322% compared with VIN suspension. In conclusion, the NLC formulation remarkably improved the oral bioavailability of VIN and demonstrated a promising perspective for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Xu H, He L, Nie S, Guan J, Zhang X, Yang X, Pan W. Optimized preparation of vinpocetine proliposomes by a novel method and in vivo evaluation of its pharmacokinetics in New Zealand rabbits. J Control Release 2009; 140:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lipid vesicle size of an oral influenza vaccine delivery vehicle influences the Th1/Th2 bias in the immune response and protection against infection. Vaccine 2009; 27:3643-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Takahashi M, Shimada H, Kitamoto D, Takara K, Wada K. Effect of Liposome-Encapsulated Chlorella Extract on Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.56.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Malaekeh-Nikouei B, Jaafari MR, Tabassi SAS, Samiei A. The enhancement of immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine A on human T-cells using fusogenic liposomes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 67:238-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Mozafari MR, Khosravi-Darani K, Borazan GG, Cui J, Pardakhty A, Yurdugul S. Encapsulation of Food Ingredients Using Nanoliposome Technology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910701648115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Reza Mozafari
- a Riddet Centre, Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- b Department of Food Technology Research , National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University , Tehran, Iran
| | - G. Gokce Borazan
- c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology , Bolu, Turkey
| | - Jian Cui
- a Riddet Centre, Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- d Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Center, Kerman Medical University , Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyhun Yurdugul
- c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology , Bolu, Turkey
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22
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Oral cyclosporine A--the current picture of its liposomal and other delivery systems. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2008; 14:139-52. [PMID: 19005620 PMCID: PMC6275704 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-008-0041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cyclosporine A was a milestone in organ transplantation and the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, developing an efficient oral delivery system for this drug is complicated by its poor biopharmaceutical characteristics (low solubility and permeability) and the need to carefully monitor its levels in the blood. Current research is exploring various approaches, including those based on emulsions, microspheres, nanoparticles, and liposomes. Although progress has been made, none of the formulations is flawless. This review is a brief description of the main pharmaceutical systems and devices that have been described for the oral delivery of cyclosporine A in the context of the physicochemical properties of the drug and the character of its interactions with lipid membranes.
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Ling SSN, Magosso E, Khan NAK, Yuen KH, Barker SA. Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and Intestinal Lymphatic Transport of a Hydrophilic Drug Using Liposomes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:335-45. [PMID: 16556538 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500519102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A liposome system was evaluated for oral delivery of a poorly bioavailable hydrophilic drug. The system was prepared from proliposome, which consisted of negatively charged phosphatidylcholine, whereas cefotaxime was chosen as the model drug. An in vivo study was carried out on nine rats according to a three-way crossover design to compare the oral bioavailability of cefotaxime from the liposomal formulation with that of an aqueous drug solution and a physical mixture of cefotaxime with blank liposomes. The results indicated that the extent of bioavailability of cefotaxime was increased approximately 2.7 and 2.3 times compared with that of the aqueous solution and the physical mixture, respectively. In a separate study, simultaneous determination of cefotaxime in intestinal lymph (collected from the mesenteric lymph duct) and in plasma (collected from the tail vein) revealed that its concentration was consistently higher in the lymph than in the plasma when administered via the liposomal formulation, whereas the reverse was observed with the aqueous solution. Thus, the results indicated that the liposomes system has the potential of increasing the oral bioavailability of poorly bioavailable hydrophilic drugs and also promote their lymphatic transport in the intestinal lymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Sheue Nee Ling
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science, Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Characterization and bioavailability of liposomes containing a ukon extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:1199-205. [PMID: 18460803 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to use liposomes as an efficient carrier of functional food materials, liposomes encapsulating a ukon extract (LUE) were prepared by the mechanochemical method under different conditions, and were physico-chemically and biochemically characterized. After a homogenization treatment, the size of LUE decreased with decreasing concentration of the extract from 10 to 2.5 wt %, but did not decrease below 570 nm. LUE were thus subjected to microfluidization. The LUE solutions obtained from less than 5 wt % of the extract remained well dispersed for at least 14 d, whereas those from 10 wt % showed phase separation. With 5 wt % of the extract, the size of LUE obtained at an inlet pressure of 100 MPa was smaller than that obtained at 20 MPa, and reached below 180 nm. Under optimal conditions, resulting LUE was confirmed to be small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) with a diameter of approximately 100 nm by freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM). When used for treating simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, LUE obtained by microfluidization showed a 2-fold higher residual rate of curcumin than the uncapsuled extract itself. The bioactivity of LUE was further examined for its suppressive effect on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver injury by using mice. Orally administrated LUE at a dose of 10 mg/kg as the extract had a much higher suppressive effect on the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, compared to the uncapsuled extract at a dose of 33 mg/kg.
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25
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Takahashi M, Inafuku KI, Miyagi T, Oku H, Wada K, Imura T, Kitamoto D. Efficient preparation of liposomes encapsulating food materials using lecithins by a mechanochemical method. J Oleo Sci 2007; 56:35-42. [PMID: 17693697 DOI: 10.5650/jos.56.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate to the feasibility of using lecithins for nanocapsules including functional food materials, liposomes were prepared from different commercially available lecithins (SLP-WHITE, SLP-PC70 and PL30S) by the Bangham method, and their physicochemical properties were examined by using a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the measurements of trapping efficiency. There was little difference in the trapping efficiency among the three types of liposomes. In all cases, the trapping efficiency clearly increased with an increase of the lecithin concentration up to 10 wt % , and the maximum efficiency reached at approximately 15%. CLSM observation showed the particle size of liposomes prepared from SLP-WHITE is significantly smaller than that prepared from other lecithins. In addition, liposomal solution prepared from SLP-WHITE remained well dispersed for at least 30 days, while two other liposomal solutions showed a phase separation due to aggregation and/or fusion of liposomes. These results indicated that SLP-WHITE is the most appropriate for the preparation of stable liposomes with well dispersed among the lecithins tested. SLP-WHITE liposomes were then prepared by the mechanochemical method using a homogenizer and microfluidizer, aiming at improving the preparation efficiency and liposome stability. The particle size of the prepared SLP-WHITE liposomes decreased with increasing inlet pressure and the number of processed cycles, and reached between 73 and 123 nm based on the measurement using dynamic light scattering. Moreover, freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy revealed that the prepared liposomes are small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) with a diameter of approximately 100 nm. The extract of Curcuma longa Linn. (Ukon), which contains curcumins as a functional food material, was then subjected to the mechanochemical method with SLP-WHITE to give liposomes including the functional materials. Interestingly, the trapping efficiency of the liposomes for curcumins was found to reach over 85%. From these results, the present mechanochemical method is very likely to allow us to efficiently prepare stable and functional liposomes from the low-cost lecithin. The method may thus have a potential for manufacturing practical nanocapsules, which serves as a novel carrier of functional food materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takahashi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, JAPAN
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26
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Malaekeh-Nikouei B, Nassirli H, Davies N. Enhancement of cyclosporine aqueous solubility using α- and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin mixtures. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-007-9321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Francis MF, Cristea M, Yang Y, Winnik FM. Engineering polysaccharide-based polymeric micelles to enhance permeability of cyclosporin A across Caco-2 cells. Pharm Res 2005; 22:209-19. [PMID: 15783068 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-004-1188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess and compare the effectiveness of two types of polysaccharide-based micelles as delivery vehicles for poorly water soluble drugs by monitoring their permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. METHODS Dextran (DEX) and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) were hydrophobically modified (HM) by grafting polyoxyethylene cetyl ether (POE-C16, 15 mol% and 5.4 mol%, respectively). The onset of micellization and mean diameter of polymeric micelles formed by HM-DEX and HM-HPC were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering, respectively. Cyclosporin A (CsA)-loaded polymeric micelles were prepared by a dialysis procedure, and the amount of incorporated CsA was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The stability of micelles in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids was studied as a function of contact time, and their cytotoxicity toward Caco-2 cells was evaluated using the MTT colorimetric assay. The bidirectional transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers of CsA entrapped in HM-DEX and HM-HPC micelles and of the polymers themselves was evaluated in the presence and absence of P-glycoprotein inhibitor. RESULTS The amount of CsA incorporated in HM-HPC and HM-DEX micelles reached 5.5 and 8.5% w/w, respectively (entrapment efficiency of 22% or more). The polymeric micelles exhibited high stability in gastric and intestinal fluids and no significant cytotoxicity toward Caco-2 cells. The apical to basal permeability of CsA across Caco-2 cells increased significantly when loaded in polymeric micelles compared to free CsA. CONCLUSIONS Polysaccharide-based polymeric micelles are promising carriers for the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs. In vitro tests indicate that, overall, HM-HPC micelles are more effective compared to HM-DEX micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira F Francis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Clogston J, Craciun G, Hart DJ, Caffrey M. Controlling release from the lipidic cubic phase by selective alkylation. J Control Release 2005; 102:441-61. [PMID: 15653163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lipidic cubic phase can be viewed as a molecular sponge consisting of interpenetrating nanochannels filled with water and coated by lipid bilayers. It has been used as a delivery matrix for low-molecular-weight drugs. For those that are water-soluble, release is fast and unregulated. This study seeks to exploit the lipid bilayer compartment as a location within the cubic phase in which to 'hydrophobically' anchor the water-soluble drug. This was accomplished by controlling partitioning into, and thus release from, the aqueous compartment of the cubic phase. Tryptophan was used as a surrogate water-soluble drug and alkylation was implemented to regulate release. By adjusting alkyl chain length, exquisite control was realized. Without alkylation, 20% of the tryptophan was released under standard conditions (infinite sink with a 30-mg cubic phase source at pH 7 and 20 degrees C) over a period of 30 min (t(20)). In the case of derivatives with alkyl chains two and eight carbon atoms long, t(20) values of 3 and 13 days, respectively, were observed. Eliminating the charge on tryptophan completely by alkylation produced a derivative that became irreversibly lodged in the lipid bilayer. The release behavior of the short-chain derivatives was mathematically modeled and parameters describing transport have been obtained. Cubic phase partition coefficients for tryptophan and its derivatives were measured to facilitate modeling. The implications of these findings with regard to the cubic phase and related delivery systems, and to vaccine efficacy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Clogston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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29
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Francis MF, Lavoie L, Winnik FM, Leroux JC. Solubilization of cyclosporin A in dextran-g-polyethyleneglycolalkyl ether polymeric micelles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 56:337-46. [PMID: 14602175 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solubilization of the poorly water-soluble drug, Cyclosporin A (CsA), in aqueous dispersions of dextran-grafted-polyethyleneglycolalkyl ether (DEX-g-PEG-Cn) polymeric micelles was examined as a function of copolymer structure. In aqueous solution, DEX-g-PEG-Cn form polymeric micelles of low critical association concentrations (CAC) and small micelle sizes as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Copolymers with longer polysaccharide chain showed larger CAC and mean diameter. The percentage of CsA loading into micelles was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. It was significantly larger in polymeric micelles compared to unmodified dextrans. It increased with increasing number of PEG-Cn units grafted per dextran chain and decreasing dextran molecular weight. The cytotoxicity of DEX-g-PEG-C(16) polymeric micelles towards Caco-2 cells, tested by MTT cytotoxicity assay, was significantly lower than that of free PEG-C(16) molecules. It can be concluded that the length of the hydrophilic part as well as the content and chemical nature of the hydrophobic substituents have an important effect on the ability of polymeric micelles to solubilize poorly-water soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira F Francis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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30
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Um JY, Chung H, Kim KS, Kwon IC, Jeong SY. In vitro cellular interaction and absorption of dispersed cubic particles. Int J Pharm 2003; 253:71-80. [PMID: 12593938 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A precursor type oily liquid formulation comprising monoolein, Pluronic F-127 and ethanol has been prepared as a carrier for lipophilic drugs. When dispersed in water, the liquid precursor formulation produces sub-micron (200-500 nm) sized lipid particles, named 'nanocubicles'. The interaction between nanocubicles and Caco-2 cell was studied, and the absorption of nanocubicles by cells was observed by various microscopic techniques. Lipid droplets were observed in cytosol after incubation with nanocubicles with time. The degree of pyrene absorption encapsulated in nanocubicles was dependent on particle size and incubation time. The amount of pyrene absorbed by Caco-2 cells was ca. 20% of total at 37 degrees C after an 8-h incubation. When nanocubicles with a bigger average particle size (ca. 600 nm) were applied, the uptake rate was reduced to 10% under identical experimental conditions. The nanocubicles were easily solubilized by bile salts to produce mixed micelles. As bile salt concentration increased, pyrene absorption into the jejunum of rat everted sac in vitro increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoon Um
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolkok-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
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Kim SJ, Choi HK, Suh SP, Lee YB. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of cyclosporin A O/W-emulsion and microsphere formulations in rabbits. Eur J Pharm Sci 2002; 15:497-502. [PMID: 12036726 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
O/W-emulsion and microspheres containing cyclosporin A (CSA) were prepared to investigate the feasibility of developing new formulations. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of these preparations were evaluated in rabbits and compared to two commercial products, Sandimmun Neoral for oral administration and CIPOL Inj. for intravenous administration. After oral or intravenous administration (10 mg/kg) to male rabbits, CSA concentration and lymphocyte population in whole blood were measured by TDxFLx and Coulter STKS, respectively. Total clearance (CL(t)) was increased after intravenous administration of CSA O/W-emulsion compared with intravenous administration of CIPOL Inj. In case of oral administration, AUC and bioavailability of CSA microspheres and O/W-emulsion were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of Sandimmun Neoral, however, MRT and T(max) of CSA microspheres and O/W-emulsion were significantly increased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the area between the baseline and effect curves (ABEC) among these formulations (P>0.05), but the pharmacodynamic availability (F(PD)) of CSA O/W-emulsion was 5.51-fold higher than that of CIPOL Inj. and was significantly greater than that of Sandimmun Neoral (P<0.05). These results suggest that CSA microspheres and O/W-emulsion have sustained release characteristics and may be used as such formulations for oral or intravenous administration of CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Kwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Johnston A, Holt DW. Therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressant drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 47:339-50. [PMID: 10233195 PMCID: PMC2014241 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/1998] [Accepted: 11/16/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Johnston
- The Analytical Unit, Cardiological Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 ORE, UK
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