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Marty MS, Sauer UG, Charlton A, Ghaffari R, Guignard D, Hallmark N, Hannas BR, Jacobi S, Marxfeld HA, Melching-Kollmuss S, Sheets LP, Urbisch D, Botham PA, van Ravenzwaay B. Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny-part III: how is substance-mediated thyroid hormone imbalance in pregnant/lactating rats or their progeny related to neurodevelopmental effects? Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:546-617. [PMID: 36519295 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2130166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review investigated which patterns of thyroid- and brain-related effects are seen in rats upon gestational/lactational exposure to 14 substances causing thyroid hormone imbalance by four different modes-of-action (inhibition of thyroid peroxidase, sodium-iodide symporter and deiodinase activities, enhancement of thyroid hormone clearance) or to dietary iodine deficiency. Brain-related parameters included motor activity, cognitive function, acoustic startle response, hearing function, periventricular heterotopia, electrophysiology and brain gene expression. Specific modes-of-action were not related to specific patterns of brain-related effects. Based upon the rat data reviewed, maternal serum thyroid hormone levels do not show a causal relationship with statistically significant neurodevelopmental effects. Offspring serum thyroxine together with offspring serum triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone appear relevant to predict the likelihood for neurodevelopmental effects. Based upon the collated database, thresholds of ≥60%/≥50% offspring serum thyroxine reduction and ≥20% and statistically significant offspring serum triiodothyronine reduction indicate an increased likelihood for statistically significant neurodevelopmental effects; accuracies: 83% and 67% when excluding electrophysiology (and gene expression). Measurements of brain thyroid hormone levels are likely relevant, too. The extent of substance-mediated thyroid hormone imbalance appears more important than substance mode-of-action to predict neurodevelopmental impairment in rats. Pertinent research needs were identified, e.g. to determine whether the phenomenological offspring thyroid hormone thresholds are relevant for regulatory toxicity testing. The insight from this review shall be used to suggest a tiered testing strategy to determine whether gestational/lactational substance exposure may elicit thyroid hormone imbalance and potentially also neurodevelopmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
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Nair S, Szaflarski JP. Neuroimaging of memory in frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 103:106857. [PMID: 31937510 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a large percentage of epilepsies, seizures have focal onset. These epilepsies are associated with a wide range of behavioral and cognitive deficits sometimes limited to the functions encompassed within the ictal onset zone but, more frequently, expanding beyond it. The presence of impairments associated with neuroanatomical areas outside of the ictal onset zone suggests distal propagation of epileptic activity via brain networks and interconnected whole-brain neural circuitry. In patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify deficits in working, semantic, and episodic memory may provide a lens through which to understand typical and atypical network organization. A network approach to focal epilepsy is relevant in these patients because of the frequently noted early age of seizure onset. Early seizure-related disruption in healthy brain development may result in a significant brain reorganization, development of compensation-related mechanisms of dealing with function abnormalities and disruptions, and the propagation of epileptic activity from the focus to widespread brain areas (functional deficit zones). Benefits of a network approach in the study of focal epilepsy are discussed along with considerations for future neuroimaging studies of patients with FLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Nair
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Jerzy P Szaflarski
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Hippocampal Protein Kinase C Gamma Signaling Mediates the Impairment of Spatial Learning and Memory in Prenatally Stressed Offspring Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 414:186-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Endesfelder S, Weichelt U, Schiller C, Winter K, von Haefen C, Bührer C. Caffeine Protects Against Anticonvulsant-Induced Impaired Neurogenesis in the Developing Rat Brain. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:173-187. [PMID: 29417440 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In preterm infants, phenobarbital is the first-line antiepileptic drug for neonatal seizures while caffeine is used for the treatment of apnea. Data from experimental animals suggest that phenobarbital and other anticonvulsants are toxic for the developing brain, while neuroprotective effects have been reported for caffeine both in newborn rodents and preterm human infants. To characterize the interaction of phenobarbital and caffeine in the hippocampus of the developing rodent brain, we examined the effects of both drugs given separately or together on postnatal neurogenesis after administration to neonatal rats throughout postnatal day (P) 4 to P6. Phenobarbital treatment (50 mg/kg) resulted in a significant decrease of proliferative capacity in the dentate gyrus. Phenobarbital also reduced expression of neuronal markers (doublecortin (DCX), calretinin, NeuN), neuronal transcription factors (Pax6, Sox2, Tbr1/2, Prox1), and neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3) up to 24 h after the last administration. The phenobarbital-mediated impairment of neurogenesis was largely ameliorated by preconditioning with caffeine (10 mg/kg). In contrast, caffeine alone reduced proliferative capacity and expression of the neuronal markers DCX and NeuN at 6 h, but increased expression of neurotrophins and neuronal transcription factors at 6 and 12 h. These results indicate that administration of phenobarbital during the vulnerable phase of brain development negatively interferes with neuronal development, which can be prevented in part by co-administration of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Endesfelder
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Weichelt
- Endowed Professorship of Immunotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Campus Golm, Karl-Liebknechtstraße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam - Golm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Schiller
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Winter
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clarissa von Haefen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Bührer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Soysal H, Doğan Z, Kamışlı Ö. Effects of phenytoin and lamotrigine treatment on serum BDNF levels in offsprings of epileptic rats. Neuropeptides 2016; 56:1-8. [PMID: 26706181 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is to promote and modulate neuronal responses across neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Therefore, abnormal BDNF signaling may be associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Low BDNF levels have been reported in brains and serums of patients with psychotic disorders. In the present study, we investigated the effects of antiepileptic drugs on BDNF in developing rats. Pregnant rats were treated with phenytoin (PHT), lamotrigine (LTG) and folic acid for long-term, all through their gestational periods. Experimental epilepsy (EE) model was applied in pregnant rats. Epileptic seizures were determined with electroencephalography. After birth, serum BDNF levels were measured in 136 newborn rats on postnatal day (PND) 21 and postnatal day 38. In postnatal day 21, serum BDNF levels of experimental epilepsy group were significantly lower compared with PHT group. This decrease is statistically significant. Serum BDNF levels increased in the group LTG. This increase compared with LTG+EE group was statistically significant. In the folic acid (FA) group, levels of serum BDNF decreased statistically significantly compared to the PHT group. On postnatal day 38, no significant differences were found among the groups for serum BDNF levels. We concluded that, the passed seizures during pregnancy adversely affect fetal brain development, lowering of serum BDNF levels. PHT use during pregnancy prevents seizure-induced injury by increasing the levels of BDNF. About the increase level of BDNF, LTG is much less effective than PHT, the positive effect of folic acid on serum BDNF levels was not observed. LTG increase in BDNF is much less effective than PHT, folic acid did not show a positive effect on serum BDNF levels. Epilepsy affects fetal brain development during gestation in pregnant rats, therefore anti-epileptic therapy should be continued during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Soysal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Zümrüt Doğan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Özden Kamışlı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nörology, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
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Cao WS, Livesey JC, Halliwell RF. An evaluation of a human stem cell line to identify risk of developmental neurotoxicity with antiepileptic drugs. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:592-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Morelli E, Ghiglieri V, Pendolino V, Bagetta V, Pignataro A, Fejtova A, Costa C, Ammassari-Teule M, Gundelfinger ED, Picconi B, Calabresi P. Environmental enrichment restores CA1 hippocampal LTP and reduces severity of seizures in epileptic mice. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:320-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tordjman S, Somogyi E, Coulon N, Kermarrec S, Cohen D, Bronsard G, Bonnot O, Weismann-Arcache C, Botbol M, Lauth B, Ginchat V, Roubertoux P, Barburoth M, Kovess V, Geoffray MM, Xavier J. Gene × Environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders: role of epigenetic mechanisms. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:53. [PMID: 25136320 PMCID: PMC4120683 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies support currently the hypothesis that autism etiology is based on a polygenic and epistatic model. However, despite advances in epidemiological, molecular and clinical genetics, the genetic risk factors remain difficult to identify, with the exception of a few chromosomal disorders and several single gene disorders associated with an increased risk for autism. Furthermore, several studies suggest a role of environmental factors in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). First, arguments for a genetic contribution to autism, based on updated family and twin studies, are examined. Second, a review of possible prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal environmental risk factors for ASD are presented. Then, the hypotheses are discussed concerning the underlying mechanisms related to a role of environmental factors in the development of ASD in association with genetic factors. In particular, epigenetics as a candidate biological mechanism for gene × environment interactions is considered and the possible role of epigenetic mechanisms reported in genetic disorders associated with ASD is discussed. Furthermore, the example of in utero exposure to valproate provides a good illustration of epigenetic mechanisms involved in ASD and innovative therapeutic strategies. Epigenetic remodeling by environmental factors opens new perspectives for a better understanding, prevention, and early therapeutic intervention of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Tordjman
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Université de Rennes 1, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - Eszter Somogyi
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Coulon
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
| | - Solenn Kermarrec
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Université de Rennes 1, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - David Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpétrière, CNRS FRE 2987, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Bronsard
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique (EA3279), School of Medicine of La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Bonnot
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Weismann-Arcache
- Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurosciences de la Cognition et de l’Affectivité, Université de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Michel Botbol
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Bertrand Lauth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vincent Ginchat
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpétrière, CNRS FRE 2987, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Roubertoux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Génomique Fonctionnelle, INSERM U 910, Université d’Aix-Marseille 2, Marseille, France
| | - Marianne Barburoth
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
| | - Viviane Kovess
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EHESP School for Public Health, EA 4057 University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Maude Geoffray
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Jean Xavier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpétrière, CNRS FRE 2987, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
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9
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Sgobio C, Ghiglieri V, Costa C, Bagetta V, Siliquini S, Barone I, Di Filippo M, Gardoni F, Gundelfinger ED, Di Luca M, Picconi B, Calabresi P. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, memory, and epilepsy: effects of long-term valproic acid treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:567-74. [PMID: 20074705 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory impairment is commonly associated with epilepsy, and the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) causes additional neuropsychologic deficits that are of particular concern in learning-age children and elderly patients. The aim of this study was to investigate hippocampal synaptic plasticity and morphology as well as hippocampal-dependent memory in physiologic conditions and in a genetic model of epilepsy following chronic treatment with the widely used AED valproic acid (VPA). METHODS Mice lacking the presynaptic scaffolding protein Bassoon were used as a model of epilepsy. Electrophysiologic recordings were used to analyze basal glutamatergic synaptic transmission, paired-pulse facilitation, and activity-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area. Dendritic morphology and spine density were analyzed, and glutamate-related signaling was investigated by Western blot analysis. Social transmission of food preference test was used to investigate nonspatial hippocampal memory. RESULTS VPA treatment significantly reduced seizures frequency and mortality in epileptic mice. Long-term potentiation was absent at CA1 synapses of untreated epileptic mutant mice that also showed significant dendritic abnormalities. Treatment with VPA rescued physiologic LTP but did not reverse morphological abnormalities and deficits in nonspatial hippocampal memory observed in mutant epileptic mice. Moreover, VPA was found to induce per se dendritic abnormalities and memory dysfunction in normal animals. CONCLUSIONS The impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in epileptic mice, rescued by VPA treatment, might represent the mechanism underlying epilepsy-induced memory deficits. Moreover, the demonstration that VPA induces morphologic alterations and impairment in specific hippocampal-dependent memory task might explain the detrimental effects of antiepileptic treatment on cognition in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Sgobio
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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Shi XY, Wang JW, Cui H, Li BM, Lei GF, Sun RP. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on mRNA levels of BDNF and NT-3 and cell neogenesis in the developing rat brain. Brain Dev 2010; 32:229-35. [PMID: 19394173 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that occurs more frequently in childhood than in adulthood. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) which are used to treat seizures in pregnant women, infants, and young children may cause cognitive impairment or other uncertain injury. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for adverse effects of AEDs in the developing brain are still not clear. In the present study, we investigate the effects of AEDs on mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), cell neogenesis and mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) in the developing rat brain. Long-term treatment with Phenobarbital (40mg/kg), valproate (100mg/kg) and topiramate (40mg/kg) reduces BDNF and NT-3 mRNA expression in the developing brain, while lamotrigine reduces mRNA expression only at high dose level (80mg/kg). Cell neogenesis only increases in the rats treated with valproate and lamotrigine. And no differences are observed between the control group and the AEDs-treated groups in the Timm scores of the CA3 region and supragranular region. Our findings present some possible mechanisms to explain why different AEDs cause different cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yu Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
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Wu P, Jiang L, Chen H. Sodium valproate at the therapeutic concentration inhibits the induction but not the maintenance phase of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal CA1 area. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 391:582-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Basselin M, Chang L, Chen M, Bell JM, Rapoport SI. Chronic administration of valproic acid reduces brain NMDA signaling via arachidonic acid in unanesthetized rats. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:2229-40. [PMID: 18461450 PMCID: PMC2564799 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that brain glutamatergic activity is pathologically elevated in bipolar disorder suggests that mood stabilizers are therapeutic in the disease in part by downregulating glutamatergic activity. Such activity can involve the second messenger, arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n - 6). We tested this hypothesis with regard to valproic acid (VPA), when stimulating glutamatergic N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA) receptors in rat brain and measuring AA and related responses. An acute subconvulsant dose of NMDA (25 mg/kg i.p.) or saline was administered to unanesthetized rats that had been treated i.p. daily with VPA (200 mg/kg) or vehicle for 30 days. Quantitative autoradiography following intravenous [1-(14)C]AA infusion was used to image regional brain AA incorporation coefficients k*, markers of AA signaling. In chronic vehicle-pretreated rats, NMDA compared with saline significantly increased k* in 41 of 82 examined brain regions, many of which have high NMDA receptor densities, and also increased brain concentrations of the AA metabolites, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)). VPA pretreatment reduced baseline concentrations of PGE(2) and TXB(2), and blocked the NMDA induced increases in k* and in eicosanoid concentrations. These results, taken with evidence that carbamazepine and lithium also block k* responses to NMDA in rat brain, suggest that mood stabilizers act in bipolar disorder in part by downregulating glutamatergic signaling involving AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Basselin
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 9, Room 1S126, MSC 0947, 9 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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13
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Effects of gestational iron deficiency on fear conditioning in juvenile and adult rats. Brain Res 2008; 1237:195-203. [PMID: 18789313 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is especially sensitive to the effects of gestational and neonatal iron deficiency, even after iron repletion. This study compared the effects of iron deficiency, maintained from gestational day 2 to postnatal day (P)7, on "delay" and "trace" fear conditioning. Only the latter paradigm is critically dependent on the dorsal hippocampus. In different groups of rats, fear conditioning commenced either prior to puberty (P28 or P35) or after puberty (P56). Fear conditioning was measured using fear-potentiated startle. Both delay and trace fear conditioning were diminished by iron deficiency at P28 and P35. Hippocampal expression of the plasticity-related protein PKC-gamma was increased through trace fear conditioning, but reduced at P35 in the iron-deficient group. Trace fear conditioning was enhanced by prior iron deficiency in the P56 group. This unanticipated finding in iron-repleted adults is consistent with the effects of developmental iron deficiency on inhibitory avoidance learning, but contrasts with the persistent deleterious long-term effects of a more severe iron-deficiency protocol, suggesting that degree and duration of iron deficiency affects the possibility of recovery from its deleterious effects.
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14
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Hamed SA. Neuronal plasticity: implications in epilepsy progression and management. Drug Dev Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wagner GC, Reuhl KR, Cheh M, McRae P, Halladay AK. A new neurobehavioral model of autism in mice: pre- and postnatal exposure to sodium valproate. J Autism Dev Disord 2007; 36:779-93. [PMID: 16609825 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Autism symptoms, including impairments in language development, social interactions, and motor skills, have been difficult to model in rodents. Since children exposed in utero to sodium valproate (VPA) demonstrate behavioral and neuroanatomical abnormalities similar to those seen in autism, the neurodevelopmental effects of this antiepileptic agent were examined in mice following its pre- or postnatal administration. Exposed pups were evaluated in a battery of neurodevelopmental procedures designed to assess VPA-induced retardation (wherein a behavior fails to mature on schedule), regression (wherein a behavior does mature on time but then deteriorates), or intrusions (wherein normal behaviors are overshadowed by stereotypic or self-injurious behaviors). The resulting observations were interpreted in the context of this new strategy to model autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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16
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Raol YH, Zhang G, Budreck EC, Brooks-Kayal AR. Long-term effects of diazepam and phenobarbital treatment during development on GABA receptors, transporters and glutamic acid decarboxylase. Neuroscience 2005; 132:399-407. [PMID: 15802192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diazepam (DZ) and phenobarbital (PH) are commonly used to treat early-life seizures and act on GABAA receptors (GABAR). The developing GABAergic system is highly plastic, and the long-term effects of postnatal treatment with these drugs on the GABAergic system has not been extensively examined. In the present study, we investigated the effects of prolonged DZ and PH treatment during postnatal development and then discontinuation on expression of a variety of genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission during adulthood. Rat pups were treated with DZ, PH or vehicle from postnatal day (P) 10-P40 and then the dose was tapered for 2 weeks and terminated at P55. Expression of GABAR subunits, GABAB receptor subunits, GABA transporters (GAT) and GABA synthesizing enzymes (glutamic acid decarboxylase: GAD) mRNAs in hippocampal dentate granule neurons (DGNs) were analyzed using antisense RNA amplification at P90. Protein levels for the alpha1 subunit of GABAR, GAD67, GAT1 and 3 were also assessed using Western blotting. At P90, mRNA expression for GAT-1, 3, 4, GABAR subunits alpha4, alpha6, beta3, delta and theta and GABAB receptor subunit R1 was increased and mRNA expression for GAD65, GAD67 and GABAR subunits alpha1 and alpha3 were decreased in DGNs of rats treated with DZ and PH. The current data suggest that prolonged DZ and PH treatment during postnatal development causes permanent alterations in the expression of hippocampal GABA receptor subunits, GATs and GAD long after therapy has ended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Raol
- Division of Neurology, Pediatric Regional Epilepsy Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Jokeit H, Krämer G, Ebner A. Do antiepileptic drugs accelerate forgetting? Epilepsy Behav 2005; 6:430-2. [PMID: 15820354 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of patients with epilepsy become seizure-free with antiepileptic drug therapy. However, seizures in approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy are difficult to treat with antiepileptic drugs and require high doses or polytherapy. High dosages increase the risk of cognitive side effects. We retrospectively investigated 162 patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy to determine whether the antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin affect the acquisition and retention of verbal and visual information. We found that patients with high serum levels of these antiepileptic drugs were selectively impaired in the retention but not acquisition of new information. Intelligence, age, duration of epilepsy, and seizure frequency were controlled for and were not factors in the observed results. There were no differences in favor of a certain drug with respect to memory functioning. Our results suggest that patients with refractory epilepsy with high serum levels of the antiepileptic drugs studied are at higher risk of accelerated forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennric Jokeit
- Swiss Epilepsy Center, Bleulerstrasse 60, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Zhang MM, Xiao C, Yu K, Ruan DY. Effects of sodium valproate on synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:1617-23. [PMID: 12963015 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sodium valproate (VPA) is currently one of the major anticonvulsant drug in clinical use and has a wide spectrum of antiepileptic activity. Previous studies have reported that VPA impairs long-term potentiation (LTP). In the present study, we used two forms of synaptic plasticity, LTP and long-term depression (LTD) of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) to investigate the effects of VPA on synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampal slices. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) and field EPSP were recorded in the CA1 area of hippocampal slices exposed to VPA. The results showed that: (1) three different concentrations of VPA (0.6, 1 and 5 mM) all induced a significant impairment of PPF at 20-150 ms inter-pulse intervals (IPI) (P<0.05). (2) acute VPA exposure (0.6 mM) inhibited the induction of LTP (Control: 171 +/- 20%, n=8; VPA-exposed: 117 +/- 16%, n=9, P<0.01) and LTD (Control: 86 +/- 13%, n=8; VPA-exposed: 98 +/- 8%, n=10, P<0.01); and (3) GABA(A) receptor antagonist picrotoxin (PTX) (10 microM) reversed VPA-induced deficits of LTP (VPA-exposed: 117 +/- 16%, n=9; VPA-exposed+PTX: 153 +/- 20%, n=8, P<0.01). However, PTX had no significant effect on impairment of LTD (VPA-exposed: 98 +/- 8%, n=10; VPA-exposed+PTX: 97 +/- 3%, n=8, P>0.05). These results suggested that VPA impaired LTP and LTD. Furthermore, VPA-induced impairment of LTP could be correlated with the enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Min Zhang
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China
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Zhang MM, Yu K, Xiao C, Ruan DY. The influence of developmental periods of sodium valproate exposure on synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2003; 351:165-8. [PMID: 14623132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chronic sodium valproate (VPA) exposure during different developmental periods on synaptic plasticity were studied in the hippocampal CA1 area. Rats were exposed to VPA (300 mg/kg per day, intraperitoneal) over different developmental intervals: (1). prenatal exposure (PR group); (2). from parturition to weaning (PW group); (3). from pregnancy day 1 to weaning (PRW group). At postnatal day 22-28, field excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded in the CA1 area of hippocampal slices. We found that VPA exposure in the PR and PRW groups significantly impaired long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD) and paired-pulse facilitation (PPF). However, exposure during lactation (PW group) only impaired LTP and had no significant effect on LTD and PPF. These results suggested that VPA exposure during lactation had the least deficits on synaptic plasticity, while VPA exposure in the PR and PRW groups seriously impaired synaptic plasticity and should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Min Zhang
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China
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Shahak H, Slotkin TA, Yanai J. Alterations in PKCgamma in the mouse hippocampus after prenatal exposure to heroin: a link from cell signaling to behavioral outcome. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 140:117-25. [PMID: 12524182 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(02)00607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Administration of heroin to pregnant mice evokes neurochemical and behavioral deficits consequent to disruption of septohippocampal cholinergic innervation, notably involving desensitization of the ability of cholinergic receptors to activate PKC activity. The present study further evaluates whether desensitization occurs specifically for the PKCgamma isoform, the behaviorally relevant subtype, as compared to PKCalpha. Mice were exposed transplacentally to heroin on gestational days (GD) 9-18 via s.c. maternal injections (10 mg/kg per day). In young adulthood (50 days old), control offspring showed an increase in hippocampal cell membrane PKCgamma after incubation with the muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist, carbachol, indicative of translocation from the cytosol. Prenatal exposure to heroin eliminated this response, whereas basal PKCgamma levels were unchanged. In contrast, PKCalpha, which is not related to heroin-induced behavioral deficits, did not show a loss of response. The present findings strongly point to abnormalities in the responsiveness of PKCgamma as a mechanism underlying the neurobehavioral teratogenicity of heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halit Shahak
- The Ross Laboratory for Studies in Neural Birth Defects, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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