4 Lipid and Cell-Wall Analysis in Bacterial Systematics

Description of Pseudomarimonas salicorniae sp. nov., Isolated from Salicornia herbacea L. in the Tidal Flat of the Yellow Sea

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped, designated strain CAU 1642 T, was isolated from a Salicornia herbacea collected from a tidal flat in the Yellow Sea. Strain CAU 1642 T grew optimally at pH 8.0 and 30 °C. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was 97.25%, with Pseudomarinomonas arenosa CAU 1598 T, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain CAU 1642 T belongs to the genus Pseudomarinomonas. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16:0). Ubiquinone-8 was the major respiratory quinone. The draft genome of strain CAU 1642 T was 4.5 Mb, with 68.7 mol% of G + C content. The phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic analysis data reveal strain CAU 1642 T to be of a novel genus in the family Lysobacteraceae, with the proposed name Pseudomarinomonas salicorniae sp. nov. with type strain CAU 1642 T (= KCTC 92084 T = MCCC 1K07085T).

Peteryoungia algae sp. nov. isolated from seaweeds of Gouqi Island, China, and its unique genetic features among Peteryoungia strains

A Gram-stain-negative, light khaki, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, motile via multiple flagella, and catalase- and oxidase-positive bacterium, designated as SSM4.3T, was isolated from the seaweed of Gouqi Island in the East China Sea. The novel isolate grows at 0-5.0% NaCl concentrations (w/v) (optimum 1%), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0), and 15-37 °C (optimum 30 °C). The 16S rRNA gene sequences-based phylogeny indicates that the novel marine isolate belongs to the family Rhizobiaceae and that it shared the greatest sequence similarity (98.9%) with Peteryoungia rhizophila CGMCC 1.15691T. This classification was also supported by phylogenetic analysis using core genes. The predominant fatty acids (≥ 10%) of the strain were identified as C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c. Q-10 was identified as the major isoprenoid quinone, with trace levels of Q-9 present. The major polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The complete genome size of strain SSM4.3T is 4.39 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 61.3%. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, and average amino acid identity values between the genomes of strain SSM4.3T and its closely related representatives were 74.80-86.93%, 20.00-32.30%, and 70.30-91.52%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis, grounded on the core genes, reveals the evolutionary relationship between SSM4.3T and other Peteryoungia strains. Pan-genomics analysis of 8 previously classified Peteryoungia species and SSM4.3T revealed their unique genetic features and functions. Overall, strain SSM4.3T was considered to be a new species of the Peteryoungia genus; the name Peteryoungia algae sp. nov. has been proposed, with type strain SSM4.3T (= LMG 32561 = MCCC 1K07170).

Microbacterium humicola sp. nov., Microbacterium terrisoli sp. nov., Paenibacillus pedocola sp. nov., Paenibacillus silviterrae sp. nov., Flavobacterium terrisoli sp. nov., and Aquabacterium humicola sp. nov., isolated from soil

Four Gram-stain-positive and two Gram-stain-negative bacterial strains, designated as W4T, FW7T, TW48T, UW52T, PT-3T, and RJY3T, were isolated from soil samples collected from the Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strains W4T and FW7T belonged to the genus Microbacterium, strains TW48T and UW52T were affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus, strain PT-3T was related to the genus Flavobacterium, and strain RJY3T was associated with the genus Aquabacterium. The closest phylogenetic taxa to W4T, FW7T, TW48T, UW52T, PT-3T, and RJY3T were Microbacterium bovistercoris NEAU-LLET (97.7 %), Microbacterium protaetiae DFW100M-13T (97.9 %), Paenibacillus auburnensis JJ-7T (99.6 %), Paenibacillus allorhizosphaerae JJ-447T (95.7 %), Flavobacterium buctense T7T (97.1 %), and Aquabacterium terrae S2T (99.5 %), respectively. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between the novel strains and related reference type strains were <95.0 % and <70.0 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acid in strains W4T, FW7T TW48T, and UW52T was antiso-C15 : 0. Similarly, strain PT-3T revealed iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH as its principal fatty acids. On the other hand, RJY3T exhibited summed feature 3 (C16 : 1  ω7c and/or C16 : 1  ω6c), C16 : 0, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω7c and/or C18 : 1  ω6c), and C12 : 0 as its predominant fatty acids. Overall, the polyphasic taxonomic data indicated that strains W4T, FW7T, TW48T, UW52T, PT-3T, and RJY3T represent novel species within the genera Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, Flavobacterium, and Aquabacterium. Accordingly, we propose the names Microbacterium humicola sp. nov., with the type strain W4T (=KCTC 49888T=NBRC 116001T), Microbacterium terrisoli sp. nov., with the type strain FW7T (=KCTC 49859T=NBRC 116000T), Paenibacillus pedocola sp. nov., with the type strain TW48T (=KCTC 43470T=NBRC 116017T), Paenibacillus silviterrae sp. nov., with the type strain UW52T (=KCTC 43477T=NBRC 116018T), Flavobacterium terrisoli sp. nov., with the type strain PT-3T (=KCTC 92106T=NBRC 116012T), and Aquabacterium humicola sp. nov., with the type strain RJY3T (=KCTC 92105T=NBRC 115831T).

A Marine Group A isolate relies on other growing bacteria for cell wall formation

Most of Earth's prokaryotes live under energy limitation, yet the full breadth of strategies that enable survival under such conditions remain poorly understood. Here we report the isolation of a bacterial strain, IA91, belonging to the candidate phylum Marine Group A (SAR406 or 'Candidatus Marinimicrobia') that is unable to synthesize the central cell wall compound peptidoglycan itself. Using cultivation experiments and microscopy, we show that IA91 growth and cell shape depend on other bacteria, deriving peptidoglycan, energy and carbon from exogenous muropeptide cell wall fragments released from growing bacteria. Reliance on exogenous muropeptides is traceable to the phylum's ancestor, with evidence of vertical inheritance across several classes. This dependency may be widespread across bacteria (16 phyla) based on the absence of key peptidoglycan synthesis genes. These results suggest that uptake of exogenous cell wall components could be a relevant and potentially common survival strategy in energy-limited habitats like the deep biosphere.

Agromyces silvae sp. nov., Rathayibacter soli sp. nov., and Nocardioides terrisoli sp. nov., Isolated from Soil

Three Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, and non-motile bacteria, labelled as W11T, SW19T, and YR1T, were isolated from soil, and performed their polyphasic taxonomic investigation. The phylogenetic and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strains W11T, SW19T, and YR1T belonged to the genera Agromyces, Rathayibacter, and Nocardioides, respectively. Strain W11T was closely affiliated with Agromyces cavernae SYSU K20354T (98.1%), strain SW19T showed the closest affiliation with Rathayibacter rubneri ZW T2_19T (97.0%), and strain YR1T was most closely related to Nocardioides marmorisolisilvae KIS18-7T (98.0%). The genome sizes of strains W11T, SW19T, and YR1T were 4,181,720 bp, 4,740,677 bp, and 4,228,226 bp, respectively, with DNA G+C contents of 70.5%, 64.2%, and 69.7%, respectively. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of W11T, SW19T, and YR1T with their respective reference species were <79.6% and <23.6%, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids detected in strain W11T were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and anteiso-C17:0. In strain SW19T, they were summed feature 9 (C16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17:1ω 9c), anteiso-C17:0, and anteiso-C15:0. Strain YR1T exhibited C18:1ω 9c, C18:0 10-methyl, TBSA, and anteiso-C15:0 as its major cellular fatty acids. Overall, the polyphasic taxonomic comparisons indicated that strains W11T, SW19T, and YR1T represent novel species within the genera Agromyces, Rathayibacter, and Nocardioides, respectively. Accordingly, we propose the names Agromyces silvae sp. nov., with the type strain W11T (=KCTC 49818T =NBRC 115999T), Rathayibacter soli sp. nov., with the type strain SW19T (=KCTC 49860T =NBRC 116108T), and Nocardioides terrisoli sp. nov., with the type strain YR1T (=KCTC 49863T =NBRC 116165T).

Description of Streptomyces siderophoricus sp. nov., a promising nocardamine-producing species isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Mangifera indica

An actinomycete, designated strain CH9-7T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Mangifera indica. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties, such as the production of spiral spore chains and the presence of LL-diaminopimelic acid in the peptidoglycan, showed that it belongs to the genus Streptomyces. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis, it was confirmed that strain CH9-7T was a member of the genus Streptomyces and revealed 99.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to its closest relative strains, Streptomyces lydicus NBRC 13058 T and Streptomyces chattanoogensis NBRC 12754 T. Although the strain showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values, however, genome relatedness indexes exhibited that the average nucleotide identity based on the MUMmer (ANIm) algorithm, the average amino acid identity (AAI), and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CH9-7T and its closest phylogenomic relatives were below the threshold values for delineation of a novel species, (ANIm ranging from 87.5 to 88.6, AAI ranging from 80.6 to 84.6, and dDDH ranging from 28.4 to 31.7), respectively. A taxonomic position of strain CH9-7T in the phylogenomic tree showed that the closest relative strain was S. lydicus NBRC 13058 T. The comparative phenotypic studies between strain CH9-7T and its closest relatives revealed that strain CH9-7T could be classified as a novel species of the genus Streptomyces. Thus, the name Streptomyces siderophoricus sp. nov. is proposed for the strain. The type strain is CH9-7T ( = TBRC 17833 T = NBRC 116426 T). The chemical investigation led to the isolation of four known compounds (compounds 1-4). Among these compounds, compound 1 was identified to be nocardamine, a promising bioactive substance.

Photobacterium pectinilyticum sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from surface seawater of Qingdao offshore

A Gram-staining-negative, facultative aerobic, motile strain, designated strain ZSDE20T, was isolated from the surface seawater of Qingdao offshore. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of strain ZSDE20T, affiliated it to the genus Photobacterium. It was closely related to Photobacterium lutimaris DF-42 T (98.92% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Growth occurred at 4-28ºC (optimum 28ºC), pH 1.0-7.0 (optimum 7.0) and in the presence of 1-7% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3%). The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c or/and C16:1 ω6c, 34.23%), summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and C18:1 ω6c, 10.36%) and C16:0 (20.05%). The polar lipids of strain ZSDE20T comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol dimannoside, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and two unknown lipids. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The DNA G + C content of strain ZSDE20T was 45.6 mol%. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between ZSDE20T and its reference species were lower than the threshold for species delineation (95-96%); in silico DNA-DNA hybridization further showed that strain ZSDE20T had less than 70% similarity to its relatives. Based on the polyphasic evidences, strain ZSDE20T is proposed as representing a novel species of the genus Photobacterium, for which the name Photobacterium pectinilyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZSDE20T (= MCCC 1K06283T = KCTC 82885 T).

Comparative genome analysis of the genus Marivirga and proposal of two novel marine species: Marivirga arenosa sp. nov., and Marivirga salinae sp. nov

BACKGROUND

The phylum Bacteroidota represents a significant proportion of heterotrophic bacteria found in marine ecosystems. Members of the phylum Bacteroidota are actively involved in the degradation of biopolymers such as polysaccharides and proteins. Bacteroidota genomes exhibit a significant enrichment of various enzymes, including carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), carboxypeptidases, esterases, isomerases, peptidases, phosphatases, and sulfatases. The genus Marivirga, a member of the family Marivirgaceae within the phylum Bacteroidota, comprises six documented species. During a microbial diversity study, three novel Marivirga strains (BKB1-2 T, ABR2-2, and BDSF4-3 T) were isolated from the West Sea, Republic of Korea.

RESULTS

To explore the taxonomic status and genomic characteristics of the novel isolates, we employed a polyphasic taxonomic approach, which included phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and comprehensive genome analysis. The three isolates were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, moderately halophilic, and had a gliding motility. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values among the two isolates, BKB1-2 T and BDSF4-3 T, and the six reference strains were 70.5-76.5% for ANI and 18.1-25.7% for dDDH. Interestingly, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the strains harbor genes for a comprehensive pathway for dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), as well as other nitrogen pathways for the reduction of nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide. Additionally, the antiSMASH analysis indicated that the strains contained three to eight biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) associated with the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, the strains carried a high number of CAZyme ranging from 53 to 152, which was also demonstrated by an in vitro analysis of degradation of the polysaccharide cellulose, chitin, laminarin, starch, and xylan. Additionally, all the strains carried genes for the metabolism of heavy metals, and exhibited tolerance to heavy metals, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in millimoles (mM) in ranges of Co2+ (3-6), Cu2+ (0.2-0.4), Ni2+ (3-5), Zn2+ (2-4), Mn2+ (20-50), and Hg2+ (0.3).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on polyphasic taxonomic approach, the three isolated strains represent two novel species names Marivirga arenosa sp. nov. (BKB1-2 T = KCTC 82989 T = InaCC B1618T), and Marivirga salinae sp. nov. (BDSF4-3 T = KCTC 82973 T = InaCC B1619T).

Elongatibacter sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from intertidal sediment, and genomic comparison with all genera in the family Wenzhouxiangellaceae

A novel slightly halophilic, aerobic, and Gram-stain-negative strain, designated as CH-27T, was isolated during a bacterial resource investigation of intertidal sediment collected from Xiaoshi Island in Weihai, PR China. Cells of strain CH-27T were rod-shaped with widths of 0.3-0.6 µm and lengths of 2.0-11.0 µm. Strain CH-27T grew optimally at 37 °C, pH 7.0 and with 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Catalase activity was weakly positive and oxidase activity was positive. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CH-27T was most related to Marinihelvus fidelis KCTC 92639T (93.6 %), followed by Wenzhouxiangella marina MCCC 1K00261T (92.0 %). Based on genome comparisons between strain CH-27T and M. fidelis KCTC 92639T, the average amino acid identity was 63.6 % and the percentage of conserved proteins was 48.3 %. The major cellular fatty acid of strain CH-27T (≥10 %) was iso-C15 : 0 and the sole respiratory quinone was quinone-8. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and aminophospholipid. The DNA G+C content was 62.7 mol%. Based on comprehensive analysis of its phylogenetic, physiological, biochemical, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain CH-27T represents a novel species in a novel genus, for which the name Elongatibacter sediminis gen. nov., sp.nov. is proposed. The type strain is CH-27T (=MCCC 1H00480T=KCTC 8011T).

Roseibium algae sp. nov., isolated from a marine alga (Grateloupia sp.)

A novel Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, aerobic, motile bacterium with a single polar or subpolar flagellum, designated strain H3510T, was isolated from marine alga collected on sea shore of Yantai, PR China. The organism grew optimally at 28 °C and pH 7.0 and in presence of 3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain exhibited positive catalase activity but negative oxidase and nitrate reduction activities. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1  ω7c and/or C18 : 1  ω6c, 11-methyl C18 : 1  ω7c, and C16 : 0. Additionally, the major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine; the respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 10 (Q-10). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain H3510T was 54.2%. The novel strain showed the closest relationship with Roseibium polysiphoniae KMM 9699T with 98.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The calculated values for average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridization between strain H3510T and the phylogenetically related Roseibium species were in the range of 71.3-74.9 % and 13.7-19.9 %, respectively. Based on polyphasic analyses, strain H3510T was identified as representing a novel species of the genus Roseibium, for which the name Roseibium algae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H3510T (=KCTC 8206T=MCCC 1K04325T). The heterologously expressed inositol 2-dehydrogenase gene from strain H3510T displayed high oxidation activity on myo-inositol and showed potential in the production of rare stereoisomers of inositol, such as scyllo-inositol.

Pleionea litopenaei sp. nov., isolated from the gastric tract of juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile strain HL-JVS1T, was isolated from the gastric tract of a juvenile Pacific white shrimp. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain HL-JVS1T revealed its affiliation with the genus Pleionea, with close relatives including Pleionea mediterranea MOLA115T (97.5%) and Pleionea sediminis S1-5-21T (96.2%). The complete genome of strain HL-JVS1T consisted of a circular 4.4 Mb chromosome and two circular plasmids (6.6 and 35.0 kb) with a G + C content of 43.1%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain HL-JVS1T and the type strains of described Pleionea species were 69.7-70.4% and 18.3-18.6%, respectively. Strain HL-JVS1T grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C) in the presence of 0.5 - 9.0% (w/v) sea salts (optimum, 2.0 - 2.5%), and at pH range of 5.5 - 10.0 (optimum, pH 6.5). The major fatty acids (> 10%) were summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1 ω9c and/or C16:0 10-methyl) (23.3%), iso-C16:0 (14.5%), iso-C11:0 3-OH (13.8%) and iso-C15:0 (11.0%). The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids, and two unidentified lipids. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The comprehensive phylogenetic, phylogenomic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic results showed that strain HL-JVS1T is distinct from other Pleionea species. Hence, we propose strain HL-JVS1T as a novel species belonging to the genus Pleionea, for which the name Pleionea litopenaei sp. nov. is proposed with HL-JVS1T (= KCCM 90514T = JCM 36490T) as the type strain.

Taxonomic identification, phenol biodegradation and soil remediation of the strain Rhodococcus sacchari sp. nov. Z13T

Phenols are highly toxic chemicals that are extensively used in industry and produce large amounts of emissions. Notably, phenols released into the soil are highly persistent, causing long-term harm to human health and the environment. In this study, a gram-positive, aerobic, and rod-shaped bacterial strain, Z13T, with efficient phenol degradation ability, was isolated from the soil of sugarcane fields. Based on the physiological properties and genomic features, strain Z13T is considered as a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus sacchari sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Z13T (= CCTCC AB 2022327T = JCM 35797T). This strain can use phenol as its sole carbon source. Z13T was able to completely degrade 1200 mg/L phenol within 20 h; the maximum specific growth rate was μmax = 0.93174 h-1, and the maximum specific degradation rate was qmax = 0.47405 h-1. Based on whole-genome sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, strain Z13T contains a series of phenol degradation genes, including dmpP, CatA, dmpB, pcaG, and pcaH, and can metabolize aromatic compounds. Moreover, the potential of strain Z13T for soil remediation was investigated by introducing Z13T into simulated phenol-contaminated soil, and the soil microbial diversity was analyzed. The results showed that 100% of the phenol in the soil was removed within 7.5 d. Furthermore, microbial diversity analysis revealed an increase in the relative species richness of Oceanobacillus, Chungangia, and Bacillus.

Streptomyces mahasarakhamensis sp. nov., an Endophytic Actinobacterium Isolated from Jasmine Rice and its Potential as plant Growth Promoter

Two endophytic actinobacteria, strains MK5T and MK7, were isolated from the surface-sterilized root of Jasmine rice (Oryza sativa KDML 105). These strains were aerobic actinobacteria with a well-developed substrate and aerial mycelia that formed spiral spore chains. The type strains that shared the high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with both strains were Streptomyces naganishii NBRC 12892T (99.4%), "Streptomyces griseicoloratus" TRM S81-3T (99.2%), and Streptomyces spiralis NBRC 14215T (98.9%). Strains MK5T and MK7 are the same species sharing a digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 95.3% and a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 100%. Chemotaxonomic data confirmed the affiliation of strains MK5T and MK7 to the genus Streptomyces. Strains MK5T and MK7 contained MK-9(H4) as a major menaquinone; the whole-cell sugar of both strains was galactose and glucose. The strain MK5T shared 93.4% average nucleotide identity (ANI)-Blast, 95.5% ANI-MUMmer, 93% average amino acid identity, and 61.3% dDDH with S. spiralis NBRC 14215T. The polyphasic approach confirmed that strain MK5T represents a novel species, and the name Streptomyces mahasarakhamensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MK5T (= TBRC 17754 = NRRL B-65683). Genome mining, using an in silico approach and searching biosynthesis gene clusters of strains MK5T and MK7, revealed that the genomes contained genes encoding proteins relating to plant growth promotion, bioactive compounds, and beneficial enzymes. Strains MK5T and MK7 could produce indole acetic acid and solubilize phosphate in vitro.

Roseateles caseinilyticus sp. nov. and Roseateles cellulosilyticus sp. nov., isolated from rice paddy field soil

Two novel Gram-stain-negative strains designated P7T and P8T, were isolated from the soil of a paddy field in Goyang, Republic of Korea, and identified as new species within the genus Roseateles through a polyphasic taxonomic approach. These aerobic, rod-shaped, non-sporulating strains demonstrated optimal growth at 30 °C, pH 7, and in the absence of NaCl (0% w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated close relationships with Roseateles saccharophilus DSM654T (98.7%) and Roseateles puraquae CCUG 52769T (98.96%), respectively. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the isolates with the most closely related strains with publicly available whole genomes were 82.0-85.5% and 25.0-30.2%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids identified were C16:0 and summed feature 3 (composed of C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), with minor amounts of C12:0, C10:0 3-OH and summed feature 8 (composed of C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c; 26.4%). Ubiquinone 8 was the main quinone, and the polar lipid profile included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phosphoaminolipids, one unidentified phosphoglycolipid, three unidentified phospholipids, and one unidentified aminolipid. The draft genome sequences revealed genomic DNA G + C contents of 70.1% for P7T and 68.2% for P8T. Comprehensive physiological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA sequence analyses confirm these isolates as novel species of the genus Roseateles, proposed to be named Roseateles caseinilyticus sp. nov for strain P7T (= KACC 22504T = TBRC 15694T) and Roseateles cellulosilyticus sp. nov. for strain P8T (= KACC 22505T = TBRC 15695T).

Clostridium omnivorum sp. nov., isolated from anoxic soil under the treatment of reductive soil disinfestation

Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD), also known as biological soil disinfestation, is a bioremediation method used to suppress soil-borne plant pathogens by stimulating the activity of indigenous anaerobic bacteria in the soil. An anaerobic bacterial strain (E14T) was isolated from an anoxic soil sample subjected to RSD treatment and then comprehensively characterized. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-positive, curved to sigmoid, and spore-forming rods. Cells were motile with a polar flagellum. Strain E14T grew in peptone-yeast extract broth, indicating that it utilized proteinous compounds. Strain E14T was also saccharolytic and produced acetate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate and gases (H2 and CO2) as fermentation products. The strain did not decompose any of examined polysaccharides except for starch. The major cellular fatty acids of strain E14T were iso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0 DMA. The closest relative to strain E14T, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, was Clostridium thermarum SYSU GA15002T (96.2 %) in the Clostridiaceae. Whole-genome analysis of strain E14T showed that its genome was 4.66 Mb long with a genomic DNA G+C content of 32.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANIb) between strain E14T and C. thermarum SYSU GA15002T was 69.0 %. The presence of the genes encoding glycolysis and butyrate production via the acetyl-CoA pathway was confirmed through genome analysis. Based on the obtained phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic data, we propose that strain E14T should be assigned to the genus Clostridium in the family Clostridiaceae as Clostridium omnivorum sp. nov. The type strain is E14T (=NBRC 115133T=DSM 114974T).

Roseateles subflavus sp. nov. and Roseateles aquae sp. nov., isolated from artificial pond water and Roseateles violae sp. nov., isolated from a Viola mandshurica root

Two novel strains, designated APW6T and APW11T, were isolated from artificial pond water, and one novel strain, designated PFR6T, was isolated from a Viola mandshurica root. These strains were found to be Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile by means of flagella, and oxidase-positive. Growth conditions of the type strains were as follows: APW6T, 15-43 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 6.0-12.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), with no salinity; APW11T, 4-35 °C (optimum, 25 °C), pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 9.0), with 0-1 % NaCl (w/v, optimum 0 %); PFR6T, 10-38 °C (optimum 28 °C), pH 6.0-12.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), with 0-2 % NaCl (w/v; optimum, 0 %). Strains APW6T, APW11T, and PFR6T belonged to the genus Roseateles, having the most 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Roseateles saccharophilus DSM 654T (98.1 %), Roseateles oligotrophus CHU3T (98.7 %), and Roseateles puraquae CCUG 52769T (98.1 %). The estimated genome sizes of APW6T, APW11T, and PFR6T were 50 50 473, 56 70 008, and 52 16 869 bp, respectively and the G+C contents were 69.5, 66, and 68.5 mol%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average amino acid identity, and average nucleotide identity values among the novel strains and related taxa were all lower than 22.4, 74.7, and 78.9 %, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>10 %) of all strains were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1  ω6c and/or C16 : 1  ω7c) and C16 : 0. PFR6T also had summed feature 8 (comprising C18 :  1  ω7c and/or C18 :  1  ω6c) as a major fatty acid. The polar lipid profile of all strains contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphoaminoglycolipid, and phosphoglycolipid. The distinct phylogenetic, physiological, and chemotaxonomic features reported in this study indicate that strains APW6T, APW11T, and PFR6T represent novel species within the genus Roseateles, for which the names Roseateles subflavus sp. nov., with the type strain APW6T (=KACC 22877T=TBRC 16606T), Roseateles aquae sp. nov., with the type strain APW11T (=KACC 22878T=TBRC 16607T), and Roseateles violae sp. nov (=KACC 23257T=TBRC 17653T) are respectively proposed.

Pengzhenrongella frigida sp. nov., isolated from a glacier

A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, designated as HLT2-17T, was isolated from soil sample taken from the Hailuogou glacier in Sichuan province, PR China. Strain HLT2-17T was capable of growing at 4-25°C and in NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 2% (w/v). The highest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was observed with Pengzhenrongella phosphoraccumulans M0-14T (98.3 %) and Pengzhenrongella sicca LRZ-2T (98.2 %). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain HLT2-17T and its closest relatives, P. phosphoraccumulans M0-14T and P. sicca LRZ-2T, were 80.0-84.0 % and 23.3-27.7 %, respectively. Phylogenomic analysis indicated that strain HLT2-17T clustered together with strains P. phosphoraccumulans M0-14T and P. sicca LRZ-2T. Strain HLT2-17T contained C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acids, and MK-9(H4) as the menaquinone. Therefore, based on a polyphasic approach, we propose that strain HLT2-17T (=CGMCC 1.11116T= NBRC 110443T) represents a novel species of the genus Pengzhenrongella and suggest the name Pengzhenrongella frigida sp. nov.

Sphingomonas Immobilis sp. nov., and Sphingomonas natans sp. nov. bacteria isolated from soil

Two novel strains of bacteria, CA1-15T and BIUV-7T, were isolated from soil samples gathered in Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea, and Inje-gun, Republic of Korea, respectively. These bacteria are Gram-negative, aerobic, and non-motile. Phylogenetic evaluations, using the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, showed that strains CA1-15T and BIUV-7T belong to a distinctive clade within the family Sphingomonadaceae (order Sphingomonadales, class Alphaproteobacteria). The strains exhibited the highest similarity in their genetic makeup with representatives of the genus Sphingomonas. Strain CA1-15T was closely related to Sphingomonas echinoides NRRL B-3126T (97.8% similarity in 16S rRNA gene sequence), Sphingomonas oligophenolica JCM 12,082T (97.8%), Sphingomonas glacialis C16yT (97.6%) and Sphingomonas psychrolutea MDB1-AT (97.3%). Strain BIUV-7T was closely related to Sphingomonas nostoxanthinifaciens AK-PDB1-5T (97.0%), Sphingomonas vulcanisoli SN6-13T (96.3%), Sphingomonas naphthae DKC-5-1T (96.2%), and Sphingomonas prati W18RDT (95.7%). The optimal growth conditions for strains CA1-15T and BIUV-7T were determined to be at pH 7.0 and a temperature of 25 °C. Analysis of the cellular fatty acids of strain CA1-15T and BIUV-7T revealed that summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c) (60.4%), summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c) (62.9%) were the major component, respectively. Additionally, both strains exhibited ubiquinone Q-10 as their major respiratory quinone, and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), glycosphingolipid (SGL), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as the major polar lipid. The genome of strain CA1-15T measures 4,133,944 bp, comprising 4,026 coding sequences (CDSs) and 46 tRNA genes. Similarly, the genome of strain BIUV-7T is 4,563,252 bp, characterized by 4,226 CDSs and 44 tRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain CA1-15T and other Sphingomonas species range from 73.2 to 79.9% and 19.4-22.9%, respectively. Comparatively, ANI and dDDH values between strain BIUV-7T and other Sphingomonas species are in the range of 72.9-76.5% and 19.3-20.9%, respectively. Based on the biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses, it is evident that strains CA1-15T and BIUV-7T represent two novel bacterial species within the genus Sphingomonas. Accordingly, the names Sphingomonas immobilis sp. nov. and Sphingomonas natans sp. nov. are proposed. also, CA1-15T(= KCTC 92960T = NBRC 116547T) is the type strain of Sphingomonas immobilis and BIUV-7T(= KCTC 92961T = NBRC 116546T) is the type strain of Sphingomonas natans.

Chryseobacterium gotjawalense sp. nov. Isolated from Soil in the Volcanic Forest Gotjawal, Jeju Island

Strain wdc7T, a rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from soil in the Gotjawal Forest on Jeju Island, South Korea. Strain wdc7T was Gram stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, catalase- and oxidase positive, yellow pigmented, and non-flagellated. It grew at 4-37 °C and pH 5.0-8.0 in 0-3% (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that strain wdc7T belonged to the genus Chryseobacterium and was most closely related to Chryseobacterium salivictor NBC 122T, with a sequence similarity of 98.51%. Menaquinone 6 was the sole respiratory quinone, and C15:0 anteiso, C15:0 iso, and summed feature 9 were the major fatty acids. The genome length was 3.30 Mbp, with a 37% G + C content. Average amino acid identity, average nucleotide identity, and digital DNA-DNA relatedness between strain wdc7T and C. salivictor NBC 122T were 93.52%, 92.80%, and 49.7%, respectively. Digital genomic and polyphasic analyses showed that strain wdc7T likely represented a new species of the genus Chryseobacterium. We proposed the name Chryseobacterium gotjawalense sp. nov., with wdc7T (= KCTC 92440T = JCM 35602T) as the type strain.

Pradimicin U, a promising antimicrobial agent isolated from a newly found Nonomuraea composti sp. nov

Pradimicin U is a new dihydrobenzo[a]naphthacenequinone compound found to be active on a screen designed to investigate compounds with antimicrobial activity, produced by the actinomycete designated strain FMUSA5-5T. The strain was isolated from a bio-fertilizer of Musa spp. collected from Suphanburi province, Thailand. The chemotaxonomic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that strain FMUSA5-5T is a member of the genus Nonomuraea. Low genome-based taxonomic criteria, average nucleotide identity (ANI) (82.8-88.3%), average amino-acid identity (AAI) (79.4-87.3%), and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) (29.5-38.5%) values and several phenotypic differences between strain FMUSA5-5T and its closest type strains of the genus Nonomuraea indicated that strain FMUSA5-5T represents a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea and the name Nonomuraea composti sp. nov. is proposed for the strain. The crude extract from the culture broth of strain FMUSA5-5T displayed promising antimicrobial activity against several pathogens and led to the isolation of a novel secondary metabolite, pradimicin U. Interestingly, this compound displayed a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 (IC50 value = 3.65 µg/mL), anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (MIC value = 25.0 µg/mL), anti-Alternaria brassicicola BCC 42724 (MIC value = 25.0 µg/mL), anti-Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 and anti-Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MIC values = 6.25 and 1.56 µg/mL, respectively). Moreover, the compound possessed strong anti-human small cell lung cancer (NCI-H187) activity with IC50 value of 5.69 µg/mL, while cytotoxicity against human breast cancer (MCF-7) and Vero cells was very weak (IC50 values of 52.49 and 21.84 µg/mL, respectively).

Rhodoferax potami sp. nov. and Rhodoferax mekongensis sp. nov., isolated from the Mekong River in Thailand

Four newly discovered Gram-stain-negative bacteria, designated as BL00010T, BL00058, D8-11T and BL00200, were isolated from water samples collected at three hydrological monitoring stations (namely Chiang Saen, Chiang Khan and Nong Khai) located along the Mekong River in Thailand. An investigation encompassing phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic traits was conducted. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that all four isolates represented members of the genus Rhodoferax. These isolates were closely related to Rhodoferax bucti KCTC 62564T with a similarity of 99.59%. The major fatty acids of the four novel isolates included C16:0 and C16:1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, whereas the major respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-8. In addition, phosphatidylethanolamine was identified as a major polar lipid in these bacteria. The genomes of BL00010T, BL00058, D8-11T and BL00200 were similar in size (3.88-4.01 Mbp) and DNA G+C contents (59.5, 59.3, 59.5 and 59.3 mol%, respectively). In contrast to R. bucti KCTC 62564T and Rhodoferax aquaticus KCTC 32394T, the newly discovered species possessed several genes involved in nitrite and nitrile metabolism, which may be related to their unique adaptation to nitrile-rich environments. From the results of the pairwise analysis of average nucleotide identity of the whole genome and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation, it was evident that BL00010T and D8-11T represented two novel species, for which we propose the nomenclature Rhodoferax potami sp. nov., with the type strain BL00010T (TBRC 17198T = NBRC 116413T), and Rhodoferax mekongensis sp. nov., with the type strain D8-11T (TBRC 17307T = NBRC 116415T).

Parasedimentitalea denitrificans sp. nov., a novel denitrifying bacteria isolated from the Yellow Sea and transfer of Zongyanglinia huanghaiensis and Zongyanglinia marina to the genus Parasedimentitalea as Parasedimentitalea huanghaiensis comb. nov. and Parasedimentitalea maritima nom. nov

A Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CY04T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the Yellow Sea. CY04T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.7 % to Zongyanglinia huanghaiensis CY05T, followed by the similarities of 98.6 %, 98.0 and 98.0 % to Zongyanglinia marina DSW4-44T, Parasedimentitalea marina W43T and Parasedimentitalea psychrophila QS115T respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and phylogenomic analysis based on genome sequences revealed that CY04T formed a robust cluster with Z. huanghaiensis CY05T, Z. marina DSW4-44T, P. marina W43T and P. psychrophila QS115T. Calculated digital DNA-DNA hybridisation and average nucleotide identity values between CY04T and its closely related species were 22.2-23.7 % and 79.0-81.2 % respectively. Cells of CY04T were strictly aerobic, non-motile and positive for catalase, oxidase and denitrification. CY04T harboured a set of genes encoding the enzymes involved in denitrification. Growth occurred at 10-30 °C (optimum, 20 °C), at pH 6.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 1-6 % (w/v) (optimum, 2.5 %,) NaCl. The major component of the fatty acids was summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. Results of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular study indicate that strain CY04T represents a novel species of the genus Parasedimentitalea, for which the name Parasedimentitalea denitrificans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CY04T (=MCCC 1K08635T=KCTC 62199T). It is also proposed that Zongyanglinia huanghaiensis and Zongyanglinia marina should be reclassified as Parasedimentitalea huanghaiensis comb. nov. and Parasedimentitalea maritima nom. nov. An emended description of the genus Parasedimentitalea is also proposed.

Actinomycetospora termitidis sp. nov., an insect-derived actinomycete isolated from termite (Odontotermes formosanus)

Strain Odt1-22T, an insect-derived actinomycete was isolated from a termite (Odontotermes formosanus) that was collected from Chanthaburi province, Thailand. Strain Odt1-22T was aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, and produced bud-like spore chain on the substrate hypha. According to chemotaxonomic analysis, strain Odt1-22T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in peptidoglycan and the whole-cell hydrolysates contained arabinose, galactose, glucose, and ribose. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The diagnostic phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain Odt1-22T was identified to the genus Actinomycetospora and showed high similarity values with A. chiangmaiensis DSM 45062 T (99.24%), A. soli SF1T (99.24%) and A. corticicola 014-5 T (98.17%). The genomic size of strain Odt1-22T was 6.6 Mbp with 73.8% G + C content and 6355 coding sequences (CDSs). The genomic analysis, strain Odt1-22T and closely related species A. chiangmaiensis DSM 45062 T, A. soli SF1T and A. corticicola DSM 45772 T displayed the values of average nucleotide identity-blast (ANIb) at 83.7-84.1% and MUMmer (ANIm) at 86.6-87.0%. Moreover, the results of digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain Odt1-22T and related Actinomycetospora species were 45.8-50.5% that lower than the threshold value of commonly used to delineate separated species level. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic data, strain Odt1-22T represented a novel species within the genus Actinomycetospora, for which the name Actinomycetospora termitidis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is Odt1-22T (= TBRC 16192 T = NBRC 115965 T).

Jeotgalibacillus haloalkalitolerans sp. nov., a novel alkalitolerant and halotolerant bacterium, isolated from the confluence of the Fenhe River and the Yellow River

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, alkalitolerant and halotolerant bacterium, designated HH7-29 T, was isolated from the confluence of the Fenhe River and the Yellow River in Shanxi Province, PR China. Growth occurred at pH 6.0-12.0 (optimum, pH 8.0-8.5) and 15-40℃ (optimum, 32℃) with 0.5-24% NaCl (optimum, 2-9%). The predominant fatty acids (> 10.0%) were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. The major menaquinones were MK-7 and MK-8. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified phospholipids. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain HH7-29 T was a member of the genus Jeotgalibacillus, exhibiting high sequence similarity to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of Jeotgalibacillus alkaliphilus JC303T (98.4%), Jeotgalibacillus salarius ASL-1 T (98.1%) and Jeotgalibacillus alimentarius YKJ-13 T (98.1%). The genomic DNA G + C content was 43.0%. Gene annotation showed that strain HH7-29 T had lower protein isoelectric points (pIs) and possessed genes related to ion transport and organic osmoprotectant uptake, implying its potential tolerance to salt and alkali. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization values, amino acid identity values, and percentage of conserved proteins values between strain HH7-29 T and its related species were 71.1-83.8%, 19.5-27.4%, 66.5-88.4% and 59.8-76.6%, respectively. Based on the analyses of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic features, strain HH7-29 T represents a novel species of the genus Jeotgalibacillus, for which the name Jeotgalibacillus haloalkalitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HH7-29 T (= KCTC 43417 T = MCCC 1K07541T).

Enterovirga aerilata sp. nov. and Knoellia koreensis sp. nov., isolated from an automobile air conditioning system

Two strictly aerobic and rod-shaped bacteria, labelled as DB1703T and DB2414ST, were obtained from an automobile air conditioning system. Strain DB1703T was Gram-stain-negative, while strain DB2414ST was Gram-stain-positive. Both strains were catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Strains DB1703T and DB2414ST were able to grow at 18-42 °C. Strain DB1703T grew within a NaCl range of 0-3 % and a pH range of 6.0-8.0; while strain DB2414ST grew at 0-1 % and pH 6.5-8.5. The phylogenetic and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strains DB1703T and DB2414ST belonged to the genera Enterovirga and Knoellia, respectively. Strain DB1703T showed the closest phylogenetic similarity to Enterovirga rhinocerotis YIM 100770T (94.8 %), whereas strain DB2414ST was most closely related to Knoellia remsis ATCC BAA-1496T (97.7 %). The genome sizes of strains DB1703T and DB2414ST were 4 652 148 and 4 282 418 bp, respectively, with DNA G+C contents of 68.8 and 70.5 mol%, respectively. Chemotaxonomic data showed Q-10 as the sole ubiquinone in DB1703T and ML-8 (H4) in DB2414ST. The predominant cellular fatty acid in DB1703T was summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω7c and/or C18 : 1  ω6c), whereas iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1  ω8c, and iso-C15 : 0 were dominant in DB2414ST. Overall, the polyphasic taxonomic comparisons showed that strains DB1703T and DB2414ST were distinct from their closest taxa and represent novel species within the genera Enterovirga and Knoellia, respectively. Accordingly, we propose the names Enterovirga aerilata sp. nov., with the type strain DB1703T (=KCTC 72724T=NBRC 114759T), and Knoellia koreensis sp. nov., with the type strain DB2414ST (=KCTC 49355T=NBRC 114620T).

Description of Streptomyces naphthomycinicus sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium producing naphthomycin A and its genome insight for discovering bioactive compounds

Endophytic actinobacteria are a group of bacteria living inside plant tissue without harmful effects, and benefit the host plant. Many can inhibit plant pathogens and promote plant growth. This study aimed to identify a strain of Streptomyces as a novel species and study its antibiotics production. An endophytic actinobacterium, strain TML10T was isolated from a surface-sterilized leaf of a Thai medicinal plant (Terminalia mucronata Craib and Hutch). As a result of a polyphasic taxonomy study, strain TML10T was identified as a member of the genus Streptomyces. Strain TML10T was an aerobic actinobacterium with well-developed substrate mycelia with loop spore chains and spiny surface. Chemotaxonomic data, including cell wall components, major menaquinones, and major fatty acids, confirmed the affiliation of strain TML10T to the genus Streptomyces. The results of the phylogenetic analysis, including physiological and biochemical studies in combination with a genome comparison study, allowed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain TML10T and the closest related type strains. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), Average nucleotide identity Blast (ANIb), and ANIMummer (ANIm) values between strain TML10T and the closest type strain, Streptomyces musisoli CH5-8T were 38.8%, 88.5%, and 90.8%, respectively. The name proposed for the new species is Streptomyces naphthomycinicus sp. nov. (TML10T = TBRC 15050T = NRRL B-65638T). Strain TML10T was further studied for liquid and solid-state fermentation of antibiotic production. Solid-state fermentation with cooked rice provided the best conditions for antibiotic production against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The elucidation of the chemical structures from this strain revealed a known antimicrobial agent, naphthomycin A. Mining the genome data of strain TML10T suggested its potential as a producer of antbiotics and other valuable compounds such as ε-Poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) and arginine deiminase. Strain TML10T contains the arcA gene encoding arginine deiminase and could degrade arginine in vitro.

Terrihabitans rhizophilus sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere soil of plant in temperate semi-arid steppe

A bacterial strain PJ23T was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Elymus dahuricus Turcz. sampled from a temperate semi-arid steppe in the northern of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The strain is Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, light-pink, short rod-shaped, and non-spore-forming. Cell growth could be observed at 4-29℃ (optimal at 24℃), pH 6.0-8.6 (optimal at 8.0) and in the presence of 0-5.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimal at 2.5%). The major cellular fatty acids of strain PJ23T were Summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c) (39.42%) and C16:0 (9.60%). The polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified glycolipids, one unidentified aminophospholipid, and two other unidentified polar lipids. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. Phylogeny analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from the genomes showed that, the strain was closely related to the species Terrihabitans soli IZ6T and Flaviflagellibacter deserti SYSU D60017T, with the sequence similarities of 96.79% and 96.15%, respectively. The G + C content was 65.23 mol% calculated on draft genome sequencing. Between the strains PJ23T and Terrihabitans soli IZ6T, the average nucleotide identity (ANI), amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) was 73.39%,71.12% and 15.7%, these values were lower than the proposed and generally accepted species boundaries of ANI, AAI and dDDH, respectively. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic characteristics, strain PJ23T represents a novel species of Terrihabitans, for which the name Terrihabitans rhizophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PJ23T (= KCTC 92977 T = CGMCC 1.61577 T).

Roseihalotalea indica gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic Bacteroidetes from mesopelagic Southwest Indian Ocean with higher carbohydrate metabolic potential

The pink-colored and strictly aerobic bacterium strain, designated as TK19036T, was isolated from mesopelagic layer of the Southwest Indian Ocean. This novel isolate can grow at 10-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and 2-14% NaCl concentrations (w/v) (optimum, 6%). The predominant respiratory quinone was Menaquinone-7. Major polar lipid profiles contained two aminolipids, aminophospholipid, two glycolipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, and three unknown polar lipids. The preponderant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, C16:1 ω5c and iso-C17:0 3-OH. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence uncovered that the strain TK19036T pertained to the family Catalinimonadaceae under phylum Bacteroidota, and formed a distinct lineage with the closed species Tunicatimonas pelagia NBRC 107804T. The up-to-bacteria-core gene phylogenetic trees also demonstrated a deep and novel branch formed by the strain TK19036T within the family Catalinimonadaceae. Based on chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic features presented above, strain TK19036T represents a novel species from a novel genus of the family Catalinimonadaceae, for which the name Roseihalotalea indica gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TK19036T (= CGMCC 1.18940T = NBRC 116371T).

Isolation and Characterization of Paracoccus maritimus sp. nov., from Intertidal Sediment

A novel Paracoccus-related strain, designated YLB-12T, was isolated from a sediment sample from the tidal zone of Shapowei Port, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China. The novel strain is a Gram-stain-negative, short, rod-shaped, nonmotile, catalase- and oxidase-positive strain that grows at 10-37 °C and pH 5.0-9.0 in the presence of 0-12.0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that this strain belongs to the genus Paracoccus and that its highest sequence similarity was to Paracoccus homiensis DD-R11T (98.5%), followed by Paracoccus zeaxanthinifaciens ATCC 21588T (97.4%), Paracoccus rhizosphaerae LMG 26205T (97.2%), Paracoccus beibuensis CGMCC 1.7295T (97.1%) and Paracoccus halotolerans CFH 90064T (97.0%). The DNA‒DNA hybridization values between strain YLB-12T and the five closely related type strains ranged from 20.4 to 22.4%. The genomic G+C content of strain YLB-12T was 63.7%. In addition to diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, the polar lipids of the strain YLB-12T also consisted of an unidentified glycolipid and four unidentified polar lipids. The cells contained summed feature 8 (C18: 1ω6c /C18: 1ω7c, 62.7%) as the major cellular fatty acid and ubiquinone-10 as the predominant menaquinone. On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain YLB-12T represents a novel species within the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccus maritimus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain was YLB-12T (= MCCC 1A17213T = KCTC 82197T).

Rubellicoccus peritrichatus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from crustose coralline algae in a coral aquarium

A Gram-stain-negative, motile, aerobic, non-spore-forming coccus, designated strain CR14T, was isolated from crustose coralline algae. Cells grew at 20-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum, pH 7.6) and with NaCl concentrations of 0.5-9 % (w/v; optimum, 2-4 %). Global alignment based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated strain CR14T is closest to Ruficoccus amylovorans JCM 31066T with an identity of 92 %. The average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity values between CR14T and R. amylovorans JCM 31066T were 68.4 and 59.9 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CR14T forms an independent branch within the family Cerasicoccaeae, which was consistent with the phylogenomic results. The sole isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were C14 : 0, C18 : 1 ω9c, C19 : 0 cyc 9,10 DMA, C16 : 0, and C18 : 2 ω6c. The major cellular polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and two unidentified lipids. The genome DNA G+C content was 48.7 mol%. Based on morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain CR14T is suggested to represent a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Rubellicoccus peritrichatus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CR14T (=MCCC 1K03845T=KCTC 72139T).

Peiella sedimenti gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel taxon within the family Caulobacteraceae isolated from sediment of a river

A Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated XZ-24T, was isolated from sediment of a river in Mianyang city, Sichuan province, PR China. Cells (1.0-2.0 µm long and 0.4-0.5 µm in width) were strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod shaped, prosthecate and motile by means of a polar flagellum. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1.0 % NaCl). The results of phylogenetic analysis based on genomes and 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that XZ-24T formed a distinct phyletic branch within the family Caulobacteraceae and was most closely related to members of the genera Brevundimonas, Caulobacter and Phenylobacterium with 95.3-96.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. The average amino acid identities (AAI) between XZ-24T and species of the family Caulobacteraceae were 47.0-64.5 %, which were below the genus boundary (70 %). The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), the isoprenoid quinone was Q-10, and the major polar lipids were 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl glycerol; 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d glucopyranuronosyl] glycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The genome size of XZ-24T was 2.64 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 68.9 %. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain XZ-24T represents a novel species of a novel genus in the family Caulobacteraceae, for which the name Peiella sedimenti gen. nov., sp. nov. (Type strain XZ-24T=CCTCC AB 20 23 094T=KCTC 8038T) is proposed.

Paucibacter sediminis sp. nov., isolated from sediment in a freshwater pond

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive, weakly catalase-positive, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped bacterium designated as strain S2-9T was isolated from sediment sampled in Wiyang pond, Republic of Korea. Growth of this strain was observed at 10-40 °C (optimum, 35 °C) and pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl in Reasoner's 2A broth. The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain S2-9T were C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (comprising a mixture of C16 : 1  ω7c and/or C16 : 1  ω6c). Ubiquinone-8 was detected as the respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Strain S2-9T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Paucibacter oligotrophus CHU3T (98.7 %), followed by 'Paucibacter aquatile' CR182 (98.4 %), all type strains of Pelomonas species (98.1-98.3 %), Mitsuaria chitosanitabida NBRC 102408T (97.9 %), Kinneretia asaccharophila KIN192T (97.8 %), Mitsuaria chitinivorans HWN-4T (97.4 %), and Paucibacter toxinivorans 2C20T (97.4 %). Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences showed that strain S2-9T formed a tight phylogenetic lineage with Paucibacter species (CHU3T, CR182, and 2C20T). Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain S2-9T and Paucibacter strains were 76.6-79.3% and 19.5-21.5 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain S2-9T was 68.3 mol%. Notably, genes responsible for both sulphur oxidation and reduction and denitrification were found in the genome of strain S2-9T, suggesting that strain S2-9T is involved in the nitrogen and sulphur cycles in pond ecosystems. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic results, strain S2-9T represents a novel species of the genus Paucibacter, for which the name Paucibacter sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S2-9T (= KACC 22267T= JCM 34541T).

Marinobacter qingdaonensis sp. nov., a moderately halotolerant bacterium isolated from intertidal sediment

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and halotolerant bacterium, designated as strain ASW11-75T, was isolated from intertidal sediments in Qingdao, PR China, and identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Growth of strain ASW11-75T occurred at 10-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and 0.5-18.0 % NaCl concentrations (optimum, 2.5 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 1179 single-copy orthologous clusters indicated that strain ASW11-75T is affiliated with the genus Marinobacter. Strain ASW11-75T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to 'Marinobacter arenosus' CAU 1620T (98.5 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain ASW11-75T and its closely related strains (Marinobacter salarius R9SW1T, Marinobacter similis A3d10T, 'Marinobacter arenosus' CAU 1620T, Marinobacter sediminum R65T, Marinobacter salinus Hb8T, Marinobacter alexandrii LZ-8T and Marinobacter nauticus ATCC 49840T) were 19.8-24.5 % and 76.6-80.7 %, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1  ω9c and C16 : 0 N alcohol. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminophospholipid and two unidentified lipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-9. The genomic DNA G+C content was 62.2 mol%. Based on genomic and gene function analysis, strain ASW11-75T had lower protein isoelectric points with higher ratios of acidic residues to basic residues and possessed genes related to ion transport and organic osmoprotectant uptake, implying its potential tolerance to salt. The results of polyphasic characterization indicated strain ASW11-75T represents a novel Marinobacter species, for which the name Marinobacter qingdaonensis sp. nov. with the type strain ASW11-75T is proposed. The type strain is ASW11-75T (=KCTC 82497T=MCCC 1K05587T).

Brooklawnia propionicigenes sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic, propionate-producing bacterium isolated from a methanogenic reactor treating waste from cattle farms

Facultatively anaerobic bacterial strains were isolated from samples of a methanogenic reactor and, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, found to be affiliated with the family Propionibacteriaceae in the phylum Actinomycetota. Four strains with almost-identical 16S rRNA gene sequences were comprehensively characterized. The most closely related species to the strains was Brooklawnia cerclae BL-34T (96.4 % sequence similarity). Although most of the phenotypic characteristics of the four strains were identical, distinct differences in some cellular and physiological properties were also detected. Cells of the strains were Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, pleomorphic rods. The strains utilized carbohydrates and organic acids. The strains produced acetate, propionate and lactate from glucose, but the molar ratios of the products were variable depending on the strains. The strains grew at 10-40 °C (optimum at 35 °C) and pH 5.3-8.8 (optimum at pH 6.8-7.5.) The major cellular fatty acids of the strains were anteiso-C15 : 0, C15 : 0 and C15 : 0 dimethylacetal (as a summed feature). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-9(H4) and the diagnostic diamino acid in the peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The genome size of the type strain (SH051T) was 3.21 Mb and the genome DNA G+C content was 65.7 mol%. Genes responsible for propionate production through the Wood-Werkman pathway were detected in the genome of strain SH051T. Based on the results of phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic analyses of the novel strains, the name Brooklawnia propionicigenes sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate the four strains. The type strain of the novel species is SH051T (=NBRC 116195T=DSM 116141T).

Saxibacter everestensis gen. nov., sp. nov., A Novel Member of the Family Brevibacteriaceae, Isolated from the North Slope of Mount Everest

We isolated and analyzed a novel, Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile actinobacterium, designated as strain ZFBP1038T, from rock sampled on the north slope of Mount Everest. The growth requirements of this strain were 10-37 °C, pH 4-10, and 0-6% (w/v) NaCl. The sole respiratory quinone was MK-9, and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0. Peptidoglycan containing meso-diaminopimelic acid, ribose, and glucose were the major cell wall sugars, while polar lipids included diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl glycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, and an unidentified glycolipid. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ZFBP1038T has the highest similarity with Spelaeicoccus albus DSM 26341 T (96.02%). ZFBP1038T formed a distinct monophyletic clade within the family Brevibacteriaceae and was distantly related to the genus Spelaeicoccus. The G + C content of strain ZFBP1038T was 63.65 mol% and the genome size was 4.05 Mb. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity, and average amino acid identity values between the genomes of strain ZFBP1038T and representative reference strains were 19.3-25.2, 68.0-71.0, and 52.8-60.1%, respectively. Phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics as well as comparative genome analyses suggested that strain ZFBP1038T represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Saxibacter gen. nov., sp. nov. was assigned with the type strain Saxibacter everestensis ZFBP1038T (= EE 014 T = GDMCC 1.3024 T = JCM 35335 T).

Isoptericola luteus sp. nov., a novel yellow bacterium isolated from soil

An aerobic, non-motile, Gram-stain-positive bacterium, designated strain NEAU-Y5T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang province. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-Y5T belonged to the genus and showed high 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Isoptericola variabilis (98.9 %), Isoptericola nanjingensis (98.9 %), Isoptericola cucumis (98.5 %), Isoptericola hypogeus (98.5 %), Isoptericola dokdonensis (98.5 %), Isoptericola jiangsuensis (98.3 %), and Isoptericola halalbus (98.1 %), followed by other members of the genus Isoptericola (<98 %), and phylogenetically clustered with I. dokdonensis and I. jiangsuensis. Strain NEAU-Y5T was found to grow at 4-40 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 6.0-12.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and tolerated 0-6 % NaCl (w/v). The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was l-Lys-d-Asp. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained glucose, galactose, and ribose. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, and glucosamine unknown phospholipid. Major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4). The DNA G+C content was 73.4 mol%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain NEAU-Y5T and the type strains of the genus Isoptericola ranged from 18.6 to 23.5 % and from 77.3 to 81.6 %, respectively. Based on morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic data, as well as digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values, the novel strain NEAU-Y5T could be differentiated from its closest relatives. Therefore, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Isoptericola, for which the name Isoptericola luteus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-Y5T (=CCTCC AA 2019087T=DSM 110637T).

Qipengyuania benthica sp. nov. and Qipengyuania profundimaris sp. nov., two novel Erythrobacteraceae members isolated from deep-sea environments

Two Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile strains, designated as DY56-A-20T and G39T, were isolated from deep-sea sediment of the Pacific Ocean and deep-sea seawater of the Indian Ocean, respectively. Strain DY56-A-20T was found to grow at 15-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 6.5-7.0) and in 0.5-6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0-2.0 %), while strain G39T was found to grow at 10-42 °C (optimum, 35-40 °C), at pH 5.5-10.0 (optimum, pH 6.5-7.0) and in 0-12.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0-2.0 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence identity analysis indicated that strain DY56-A-20T had the highest sequence identity with Qipengyuania marisflavi KEM-5T (97.6 %), while strain G39T displayed the highest sequence identity with Qipengyuania citrea H150T (98.8 %). The phylogenomic reconstruction indicated that both strains formed independent clades within the genus Qipengyuania. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strains DY56-A-20T/G39T and Qipengyuania/Erythrobacter type strains were 17.8-23.8 % and 70.7-81.1 %, respectively, which are below species delineation thresholds. The genome DNA G+C contents were 65.0 and 63.5 mol% for strains DY56-A-20T and G39T, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>10 %) of strain DY56-A-20T were C17 : 1  ω6c, summed feature 8 and summed feature 3, and the major cellular fatty acids of strain G39T were C17 : 1  ω6c and summed feature 8. The major polar lipids in both strains were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipid and an unidentified polar lipid. The only respiratory quinone present in both strains was ubiquinone-10. Based on those genotypic and phenotypic results, the two strains represent two novel species belonging to the genus Qipengyuania, for which the names Qipengyuania benthica sp. nov. and Qipengyuania profundimaris sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain of Q. benthica is DY56-A-20T (=MCCC M27941T=KCTC 92309T), and the type strain of Q. profundimaris is G39T (=MCCC M30353T=KCTC 8208T).

Sphingomonas flavescens sp. nov., isolated from soil

An aerobic bacterium, designated as PT-12T, was isolated from soil collected from agriculture field, and its taxonomic position was validated through a comprehensive polyphasic methodology. The strain was identified as Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. The yellow-colored colonies showed growth ability at temperature range of 18-37 °C, NaCl content of 0-1.0% (w/v), and at a pH of 6.0-8.0. The 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis showed that strain PT-12T affiliated with the genus Sphingomonas in the family Sphingomonadaceae, and displayed the highest 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence similarity with Sphingomonas limnosediminicola 03SUJ6T (98.4%). The genome size of strain PT-12T was 2,656,862 bp and the DNA G + C content estimated from genome was 63.5%. The highest values of average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) were observed between strain PT-12T and Sphingomonas segetis YJ09T, accounting to 76.2% and 20.2%, respectively. In addition, both ANI and dDDH values between strain PT-12T and other phylogenetically related neighbors ranged between 69.6% and 76.2% and 18.4% and 20.2%, respectively. Chemotaxonomic features exhibited Q-10 as the only ubiquinone; homospermidine as the major polyamine; summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c), C16:0, and 10-methyl C18:0 as the notable fatty acids; and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingoglycolipid as dominating polar lipids. Overall, the comprehensive polyphasic data supported that strain PT-12T represents a novel bacterial species within the genus Sphingomonas. Accordingly, we propose the name Sphingomonas flavescens sp. nov. The type strain is PT-12T (= KCTC 92114T = NBRC 115717T).

Nesterenkonia marinintestina sp. nov., isolated from the fish intestine

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, irregular short rod, nonspore-forming actinobacterial strain, designated GX14115T, was isolated from fish intestine in Beihai City, Guangxi, China and subjected to a taxonomic polyphasic investigation. Colonies were yellow‒green, circular, smooth, central bulge, convex, opaque and 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter after growth on 2216E medium at 30 °C for 72 h. Growth occurred at 4-45 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 4.5-10.0 (optimum pH 7.5) and in the presence of 0-12% NaCl (w/v) (optimum 3.5%). Chemotaxonomic analysis showed that the main menaquinone of strain GX14115T was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 (44.8%), anteiso-C17:0 (20.5%), and iso-C15:0 (16%). The whole-cell sugars were galactose and xylose. The peptidoglycan type was L-Lys-Gly-D-Asp, and the polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), one unknown phospholipid (UP), and one unknown glycolipid (UG). The DNA G + C content of the type of strain was 69.5 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain GX14115T is affiliated with the genus Nesterenkonia and is closely related to Nesterenkonia sandarakina YIM 70009T (96.5%) and Nesterenkonia lutea YIM 70081T (96.8%). The calculated results indicated that the average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of GX14115T were 74.49-74.78%, to the two aforementioned type strains, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were 20.1-20.7%. Strain GX14115T was proposed as a novel species of the genus Nesterenkonia by the physiological, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic data, for whose the name is Nesterenkonia marinintestina sp. nov. The type of strain is GX14115T (= MCCC 1K06658T = KCTC 49495T).

Pseudidiomarina fusca sp. nov., Isolated from the Surface Seawater of the Western Pacific Ocean

The Gram-negative marine bacterium GXY010T, which has been isolated from the surface seawater of the western Pacific Ocean, is aerobic, non-motile and non-flagellated. Strain GXY010T exhibits growth across a temperature range of 10-42 °C (optimal at 37 °C), pH tolerance from 7.0 to 11.0 (optimal at 7.5) and a NaCl concentration ranging from 1.0 to 15.0% (w/v, optimal at 5.0%). Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the predominant isoprenoid quinone in strain GXY010T. The dominant fatty acids (>10%) of strain GXY010T were iso-C15:0 (14.65%), summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16:0) (12.41%), iso-C17:0 (10.85%) and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c) (10.41%). Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), unidentifiable glycolipid (GL) and four non-identifiable aminolipids (AL1-AL4) were the predominant polar lipids of strain GXY010T. The genomic DNA G+C content was identified as a result of 48.0% for strain GXY010T. The strain GXY010T genome consisted of 2,766,857 bp, with 2664 Open Reading Frames (ORFs), including 2586 Coding sequences (CDSs) and 78 RNAs. Strain GXY010T showed Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) values of 73.4% and 70.6% and DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values of 19.2% and 14.5% with reference species Pseudidiomarina tainanensis MCCC 1A02633T (=PIN1T) and Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis MCCC 1A00163T (=PIT1T). From the results of the polyphasic analysis, a newly named species, Pseudidiomarina fusca sp. nov. within the genus Pseudidiomarina, was proposed. The type strain of Pseudidiomarina fusca is GXY010T (=JCM 35760T = MCCC M28199T = KCTC 92693T).

In-Depth Genome Characterization and Pan-Genome Analysis of Strain KMM 296, a Producer of Highly Active Alkaline Phosphatase; Proposal for the Reclassification of Cobetia litoralis and Cobetia pacifica as the Later Heterotypic Synonyms of Cobetia amphilecti and Cobetia marina, and Emended Description of the Species Cobetia amphilecti and Cobetia marina

A strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, and motile bacterium, designated strain KMM 296, isolated from the coelomic fluid of the mussel Crenomytilus grayanus, was investigated in detail due to its ability to produce a highly active alkaline phosphatase CmAP of the structural family PhoA. A previous taxonomic study allocated the strain to the species Cobetia marina, a member of the family Halomonadaceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria. However, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed KMM 296's relatedness to Cobetia amphilecti NRIC 0815T. The isolate grew with 0.5-19% NaCl at 4-42 °C and hydrolyzed Tweens 20 and 40 and L-tyrosine. The DNA G+C content was 62.5 mol%. The prevalent fatty acids were C18:1 ω7c, C12:0 3-OH, C18:1 ω7c, C12:0, and C17:0 cyclo. The polar lipid profile was characterized by the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and also an unidentified aminolipid, phospholipid, and a few unidentified lipids. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. According to phylogenomic and chemotaxonomic evidence, and the nearest neighbors, the strain KMM 296 represents a member of the species C. amphilecti. The genome-based analysis of C. amphilecti NRIC 0815T and C. litoralis NRIC 0814T showed their belonging to a single species. In addition, the high similarity between the C. pacifica NRIC 0813T and C. marina LMG 2217T genomes suggests their affiliation to one species. Based on the rules of priority, C. litoralis should be reclassified as a later heterotypic synonym of C. amphilecti, and C. pacifica is a later heterotypic synonym of C. marina. The emended descriptions of the species C. amphilecti and C. marina are also proposed.

Paenibacillus glufosinatiresistens sp. nov., a glufosinate-resistant bacterium isolated from sludge

A Gram-stain-positive bacterium capable of resisting 5.0 mM glufosinate, designated strain YX-27T, was isolated from a sludge sample collected from a factory in Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China. Cells were rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming, and motile by peritrichous flagella. Growth was observed at 15-42 °C (optimum at 30 °C), pH 4.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0-7.5) and with 0-2.5% NaCl (w/v; optimum, 0.5 %). Strain YX-27T could tolerate up to 6.0 mM glufosinate. Strain YX-27T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Paenibacillus tianjinensis TB2019T (96.17 %), followed by Paenibacillus odorifer DSM 1539T (96.15 %), Paenibacillus sophorae S27T (96.04 %), Paenibacillus apii 7124T (96.02 %) and Paenibacillus stellifer DSM 14472T (95.87 %). The phylogenetic tree based on genome and 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YX-27T was clustered in the genus Paenibacillus but formed a separate clade. The genome size of YX-27T was 5.22 Mb with a G+C content of 57.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between the genomes of strain YX-27T and 12 closely related type strains ranged from 70.8 to 74.8% and 19.8 to 23.0 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were one diphosphatidylglycerol, one phosphatidylethanolamine, one phosphatidylglycerol, one phospholipid, four aminophospholipids and four unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. Based on phylogenetic, genomic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain YX-27T was considered to represent a novel species for which the name Paenibacillus glufosinatiresistens sp. nov. is proposed, with YX-27T (=MCCC 1K08803T= KCTC 43611T) as the type strain.

Phocaeicola acetigenes sp. nov., producing acetic acid and iso-butyric acid, isolated faeces from a healthy human

An obligately anaerobic, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative, and rod-shaped strain KGMB11183T was isolated from the feces of healthy Koreans. The growth of strain KGMB11183T occurred at 30-45 °C (optimum 37 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum pH 7), and in the presence of 0-0.5% NaCl (optimum 0%). Strain KGMB11183T showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.4% and 94.2% to the closest recognized species, Phocaeicola plebeius M12T, and Phocaeicola faecicola AGMB03916T. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain KGMB11183T is a member of the genus Phocaeiocla. The major end products of fermentation are acetic acid and isobutyric acid. The major cellular fatty acids (> 10%) of this isolate were C18:1 cis 9, anteiso-C15:0, and summed feature 11 (iso-C17:0 3-OH and/or C18:2 DMA). The assembled draft genome sequences of strain KGMB11183T consisted of 3,215,271 bp with a DNA G + C content of 41.4%. According to genomic analysis, strain KGMB11183T has a number of genes that produce acetic acid. The genome of strain KGMB11183T encoded the starch utilization system (Sus) operon, SusCDEF suggesting that strain uses many complex polysaccharides that cannot be digested by humans. Based on the physiological, chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, and phylogenetic data, strain KGMB11183T is regarded a novel species of the genus Phocaeicola. The type strain is KGMB11183T (= KCTC 25284T = JCM 35696T).

Paenibacillus baimaensis sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from mountain soil in the habitat of Rhinopithecus bieti

A novel Gram-positive strain WQ 127069T that was isolated from the soil of Baima Snow Mountain, a habitat of highly endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti), was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate belongs to the genus Paenibacillus, showing 98.4 and 96.08 % sequence similarity to the type strains Paenibacillus periandrae PM10T and Paenibacillus foliorum LMG 31456T, respectively. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain WQ127069T was 45.6 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7, and meso-diaminopimelic acid was present in peptidoglycan. The major cellular fatty acids were antiiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine. The whole genome average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain WQ 127069T and strain PM10T were 93.2 and 52.5 %, respectively. Growth occurred at 5-40 °C (optimally at 20-35 °C), pH 6-8 (optimally at pH7.0) and with 0.5-2 % (w/v) NaCl (optimally at 0.5 %). On the basis of the taxonomic evidence, a novel species, Paenibacillus baimaensis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is WQ 127069T (=KCTC 43480T=CCTCC AB 2022381T).

Streptomyces herbicida sp. nov., a novel actinomycete with antibacterial and herbicidal activity isolated from soil

A novel actinobacterial strain (NEAU-HV9T) showing antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum and herbicidal activity against Amaranthus retroflexus L. was isolated from soil sampled in Bama yao Autonomous County, Hechi City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The strain is aerobic and Gram-positive. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain NEAU-HV9T belonged to the genus Streptomyces and showed high 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Streptomyces panaciradicis 1MR-8T (98.90 %), Streptomyces sasae JR-39T (98.89 %) and Streptomyces barringtoniae JA03T (98.69 %) and less than 98.5 % similarity to other members of the genus Streptomyces. The cell wall of strain NEAU-HV9T contained ll-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell hydrolysates were galactose, mannose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were composed of MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H8). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C17 : 1  ω8c. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NEAU-HV9T was 70.6 mol%. Furthermore, the strain could be clearly distinguished from its closely related type strains by the combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics. Meanwhile, strain NEAU-HV9T displayed herbicidal activity. Therefore, strain NEAU-HV9T represents a novel species within the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces herbicida sp. nov. is proposed, with strain NEAU-HV9T (=CCTCC AA 2019088T=DSM 113364T) as the type strain.

Alteromonas arenosi sp. nov., a novel bioflocculant-producing bacterium, isolated from intertidal sand

A novel Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic and bioflocculant-producing bacterium, designated as ASW11-36T, was isolated from an intertidal sand collected from coastal areas of Qingdao, PR China. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5) and with 1.5-7.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.5-3.0%). In the whole-cell fatty acid pattern prevailed C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c). The major isoprenoid quinone was determined to be Q-8 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), one unidentified aminolipid (AL), one unidentified glycolipid (GL), and two lipids (L1, L2). Based on the phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences and 618 single-copy orthologous clusters, strain ASW11-36T could represent a novel member of the genus Alteromonas and was closely related to Alteromonas flava P0211T (98.4%) and Alteromonas facilis P0213T (98.3%). The pairwise average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of the ASW11-36T genome assembly against the closely related species genomes were 71.8% and 21.7%, respectively, that clearly lower than the proposed thresholds for species. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain ASW11-36T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Alteromonas, for which the name Alteromonas arenosi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ASW11-36T (= KCTC 82496T = MCCC 1K05585T). In addition, the strain yielded 65% of flocculating efficiency in kaolin suspension with CaCl2 addition. The draft genome of ASW11-36T shared abundant putative CAZy family related genes, especially involved in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides, implying its potential environmental and biological applications.

Devosia aquimaris sp. nov., isolated from seawater of the Changjiang River estuary of China

A gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium strain CJK-A8-3T was isolated from a polyamine-enriched seawater sample collected from the Changjiang River estuary of China. The colonies were white and circular. Strain CJK-A8-3T grew optimally at 35 °C, pH 7.0 and 1.5% NaCl. Its polar lipids contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, unidentified glycolipids, and a combination of phospholipids and glycolipids. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10, and its main fatty acids were C16:0, 11-methyl C18:1ω7c and Summed Feature 8 (including C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c). The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA genes placed strain CJK-A8-3T in a new linage within the genus Devosia. 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CJK-A8-3T showed identities of 98.50% with Devosia beringensis S02T, 98.15% with D. oryziradicis, and 98.01% with D. submarina JCM 18935T. The genome size of strain CJK-A8-3T was 3.81 Mb with the DNA G + C content 63.9%, higher than those of the reference strains (60.4-63.8%). The genome contained genes functional in the metabolism of terrigenous aromatic compounds, alkylphosphonate and organic nitrogen, potentially beneficial for nutrient acquirement and environmental remediation. It also harbored genes functional in antibiotics resistance and balance of osmotic pressure, enhancing their adaptation to estuarine environments. Both genomic investigation and experimental verification showed that strain CJK-A8-3T could be versatile and efficient to use diverse organic nitrogen compounds as carbon and nitrogen sources. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic characteristics, strain CJK-A8-3T was identified as a novel Devosia species, named as Devosia aquimaris sp. nov. The type strain is CJK-A8-3T (= MCCC 1K06953T = KCTC 92162T).

Pelagibacterium flavum sp. nov., Isolated from Soil Sample

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow, moist and circular, aerobic, motile, and rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM 151497T, was isolated from soil sample collected from Blue-Bridge, Weizhou Island, Guangxi province, China. Classification using a polyphasic approach suggested that strain YIM 151497T belonged to the genus Pelagibacterium, and was closely relevant to Pelagibacterium nitratireducens JLT2005T (98.8%), Pelagibacterium halotolerans CGMCC 1.7692T (98.7%), Pelagibacterium lixinzhangensis H64T (98.1%), and Pelagibacterium luteolum CGMCC 1.10267T (97.1%). The growth ranges of temperature, pH, and NaCl were 4-40 ℃, pH 4.0-10.0, and 0-7% NaCl, respectively. It was positive for catalase and oxidase. The primary respiratory quinone was Q-10. The elemental fatty acids were Summed Feature 8 (constituting C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c), C19:0 cyclo ω8c, C16:0, and C18:1ω7c 11-methyl. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and three unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content based on the complete genome sequence was 60.7 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) between strain YIM 151497T and species of Pelagibacterium were in the ranges of 73.9-86.3% and 19.7-31.3%, respectively. The Average Amino Acid Identity (AAI) between strain YIM 151497T and species of Pelagibacterium were in the ranges of 68.8-88.8%. On the basis of these data, strain YIM 151497T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pelagibacterium with the name of Pelagibacterium flavum sp. nov. Type strain is strain YIM 151497T (= KCTC 49826T = CGMCC 1.61521T = MCCC 1K08053T).

Description of Mycolicibacterium arenosum sp. nov. Isolated from Coastal Sand on the Yellow Sea Coast

A Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium was isolated from coastal sand samples from Incheon in the Republic of Korea and designated as strain CAU 1645T. The optimum conditions for growth were observed at 30 °C in growth media containing 1% (w/v) NaCl at pH 9.0. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-9 and the major fatty acids were C16:0, C17:1 w7c, and summed feature 7. Similarly, the 16S rRNA gene sequence exhibited the highest similarity with Mycolicibacterium bacteremicum DSM 45578T and Mycolicibacterium neoaurum JCM 6365T, both of which exhibited similarity rates of 97.2%. The genomic DNA G+C content was 68.2%. The whole genome of strain CAU 1645T was obtained and annotated with annotation using RAST server. The pan-genome analysis was determined using Prokka, Roary, and Phandango. In the pan-genome analysis, the strain CAU 1645T shared 40 core genes with closely related Mycolicibacterium species, including the AcpM gene, the meromycolate extension acyl carrier protein involved in forming impermeable cell walls in mycobacteria. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Mycolicibacterium, for which we propose the name Mycolicibacterium arenosum sp. nov. The type strain is CAU 1645T (= KCTC 49724T = MCCC 1K07087T).

A novel plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Rhizosphaericola mali gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from healthy apple tree soil

The rhizosphere microbial community is closely associated with plant disease by regulating plant growth, agricultural production, nutrient availability, plant hormone and adaptation to environmental changes. Therefore, it is very important to identify the rhizosphere microbes around plant roots and understand their functions. While studying the differences between the rhizosphere microbiota of healthy and diseased apple trees to find the cause of apple tree disease, we isolated a novel strain, designated as B3-10T, from the rhizosphere soil of a healthy apple tree. The genome relatedness indices between strain B3-10T and other type species of family Chitinophagaceae were in the ranges of 62.4-67.0% for ANI, 18.6-32.1% for dDDH, and 39.0-56.6% for AAI, which were significantly below the cut‑off values for the species delineation, indicating that strain B3-10T could be considered to represent a novel genus in family Chitinophagaceae. Interestingly, the complete genome of strain B3-10T contained a number of genes encoding ACC-deaminase, siderophore production, and acetoin production contributing to plant-beneficial functions. Furthermore, strain B3-10T was found to significantly promote the growth of shoots and roots of the Nicotiana benthamiana, which is widely used as a good model for plant biology, demonstrating that strain B3-10T, a rhizosphere microbe of healthy apple trees, has the potential to promote growth and reduce disease. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic, genomic, and physiological properties of this plant growth-promoting (rhizo)bacterium, strain B3-10T supported the proposal of a novel genus in the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Rhizosphaericola mali gen. nov., sp. nov. (= KCTC 72123T = NBRC 114178T).