AAS and spectrophotometric determination of propranolol HCl and metoprolol tartrate

A Novel Voltametric Measurements of Beta Blocker Drug Propranolol on Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Carbon Black Nanoparticles

A new voltametric method for highly sensitive propranolol (PROP) determination was developed. A glassy carbon electrode modified with a hybrid material made of carbon black (CB) and Nafion was used as the working electrode. The preconcentration potential and time were optimized (550 mV and 15 s), as well as the supporting electrolyte (0.1 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄). For 15 s preconcentration time, linearity was achieved in the range 0.5–3.5 μmol L⁻¹ and for 120 s in 0.02–0.14 μmol L⁻¹. Based on the conducted calibration (120 s preconcentration time) limit of detection (LOD) was calculated and was equal to 7 nmol L⁻¹. To verify the usefulness of the developed method, propranolol determination was carried out in real samples (tablets and freeze-dried urine). Recoveries were calculated and were in the range 92–102%, suggesting that the method might be considered as accurate. The repeatability of the signal expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was equal to 1.5% (n = 9, PROP concentration 2.5 µmol L⁻¹). The obtained results proved that the developed method for propranolol determination might be successfully applied in routine laboratory practice.

A new electrochemical sensing platform based on HgS/graphene composite deposited on the glassy carbon electrode for selective and sensitive determination of propranolol

Fabrication of selective, sensitive and reliable sensing platform for detection of propranolol (PRO) is still a great challenge. In this study, a new sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the electrochemical determination of PRO using HgS/graphene composite. The incorporation of HgS microstructures on graphene sheets was done via a facile one-step method, where the simultaneous reduction of GO and the in-situ generation of HgS happened. Owing to the large surface area, excellent electronic conductivity and more electro-active sites provided by graphene, the HgS/graphene composite exhibited better electrochemical ability through the detection of PRO compared to the bare HgS. The HgS/graphene sensor revealed superb selectivity, good repeatability and superior stability of about 96.0 % of its original response after five weeks. Moreover, the sensor displayed excellent analytical parameters such as linear range of 0.5-50.0 μM with low detection limit of 0.05 μM (S/N = 3) and good sensitivity (0.1851 μA/μM). Furthermore, the constructed sensor was applied for detection of PRO in real and pharmaceutical samples, with good recoveries, ranging from 96.0 to 102.0%. The HgS/graphene composite provided here displayed satisfactory electrochemical features may hold great potential to the improvement of electrochemical sensors and electronic devices.

Propranolol

Propranolol is a noncardioselective β-blocker. It is reported to have membrane-stabilizing properties, but it does not own intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Propranolol hydrochloride is used to control hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It is also used to control symptoms of sympathetic overactivity in the management of hyperthyroidism, anxiety disorders, and tremor. Other indications cover the prophylaxis of migraine and of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension. This study provides a detailed, comprehensive profile of propranolol, including formulas, elemental analysis, and the appearance of the drug. In addition, the synthesis of the drug is described. The chapter covers the physicochemical properties, including X-ray powder diffraction, pK, solubility, melting point, and procedures of analysis (spectroscopic, electrochemical, and chromatographic). In-depth pharmacology is also presented (pharmacological actions, therapeutic dosing, uses, Interactions, and adverse effects and precautions). More than 60 references are given as a proof of the abovementioned studies.

Determination of propranolol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations using near infrared spectrometry with fiber optic probe and multivariate calibration methods

A method for determination of propranolol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparation using near infrared spectrometry with fiber optic probe (FTNIR/PROBE) and combined with chemometric methods was developed. Calibration models were developed using two variable selection models: interval partial least squares (iPLS) and synergy interval partial least squares (siPLS). The treatments based on the mean centered data and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) were selected for models construction. A root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 8.2 mg g(-1) was achieved using siPLS (s2i20PLS) algorithm with spectra divided into 20 intervals and combination of 2 intervals (8501 to 8801 and 5201 to 5501 cm(-1)). Results obtained by the proposed method were compared with those using the pharmacopoeia reference method and significant difference was not observed. Therefore, proposed method allowed a fast, precise, and accurate determination of propranolol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations. Furthermore, it is possible to carry out on-line analysis of this active principle in pharmaceutical formulations with use of fiber optic probe.

Conductometric determination of propranolol hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals

In this paper the conductometric titration of propranolol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations using silver nitrate as titrant is proposed. The method was based on the formation of an insoluble salt (AgCl(s)) between the chloride of propranolol hydrochloride molecule and Ag(I) ions of the titrant AgNO3. The effect of the PROP-AgNO3 concentrations and the interval of time between the successive additions of the titrant on the shape of the titration curve were studied. The obtained recoveries for four samples ranged from 96.8 to 105%. The proposed method was successfully applied in the determination of propranolol hydrochloride in several pharmaceutical formulations, with results in close agreement at a 95 % confidence level with those obtained using official spectrophotometric method.

On-line coupling of sequential injection extraction with restricted-access materials and post-column derivatization for sample clean-up and determination of propranolol in human plasma

The presented paper deals with a new methodology for direct determination of propranolol in human plasma. The methodology described is based on sequential injection analysis technique (SIA) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) column based on restricted access materials (RAM). Special RAM column containing 30 microm polymeric material-N-vinylacetamide copolymer was integrated into the sequential injection manifold. SIA-RAM system was used for selective retention of propranolol, while the plasma matrix components were eluted with two weak organic solutions to waste. Due to the acid-basic and polarity properties of propranolol molecule and principles of reversed-phase chromatography, it was possible to retain propranolol on the N-vinylacetamide copolymer sorbent (Shodex MSpak PK-2A 30 microm (2 mm x 10 mm)). Centrifuged plasma samples were aspirated into the system and loaded onto the column using acetonitrile-water (5:95, v/v), pH 11.00, adjusted by triethylamine. The analyte was retained on the column while proteins contained in the sample were removed to waste. Interfering endogenous substances complicating detection were washed out by acetonitrile-water (15:85), pH 11.00 in the next step. The extracted analyte was eluted by means of tetrahydrofuran-water (25:75), pH 11.00 to the fluorescence detector (emission filter 385 nm). The whole procedure comprising sample pre-treatment, analyte detection and column reconditioning took about 15 min. The recoveries of propranolol from undiluted plasma were in the range 96.2-97.8% for three concentration levels of analyte. The proposed SIA-RAM method has been applied for direct determination of propranolol in human plasma.

Chemiluminometric determination of propranolol in an automated multicommutated flow system

In this work, a fully automated analytical methodology for the chemiluminometric determination of propranolol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations is proposed. The developed procedure was based on the oxidation of propranolol by potassium permanganate in acidic medium and was implemented in a multicommutated flow system. The combined automated actuation of syringe pumps and two-way solenoid valves, under computer control, assured a high versatility in terms of sample and reagent manipulation and an effective run-time control of all analytical parameters, including a time-based insertion that enabled a significant solutions saving and the exploitation of different strategies for sample/reagent mixing. The calibration graph was linear over the range 20-150 mg l(-1) of propranolol hydrochloride with a relative standard deviation lower than 1.6% (n = 7). The results were in agreement with those obtained by the reference procedure with a relative deviation between -3.8 and 3.7% and a sampling rate of about 27 samples h(-1).

Validated Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Metoprolol Tartrate in Pharmaceutical Formulations

A kinetic spectrophotometric method has been described for the determination of metoprolol tartrate in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on reaction of the drug with alkaline potassium permanganate at 25+/-1 degrees C. The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the change in absorbance at 610 nm as a function of time. The initial rate and fixed time (at 15.0 min) methods are utilized for constructing the calibration graphs to determine the concentration of the drug. Both the calibration graphs are linear in the concentration range of 1.46 x 10(-6)-8.76 x 10(-6) M (10.0-60.0 microg per 10 ml). The calibration data resulted in the linear regression equations of log (rate)=3.634+0.999 log C and A=6.300 x 10(-4)+6.491 x 10(-2) C for initial-rate and fixed time methods, respectively. The limits of quantitation for initial rate and fixed time methods are 0.04 and 0.10 microg ml(-1), respectively. The activation parameters such as E(a), DeltaH(double dagger), DeltaS(double dagger) and DeltaG(double dagger) are also evaluated for the reaction and found to be 90.73 kJ mol(-1), 88.20 kJ mol(-1), 84.54 J K(-1) mol(-1) and 63.01 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The results are validated statistically and through recovery studies. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of metoprolol tartrate in pharmaceutical formulations. Statistical comparison of the results with the reference method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision.

Spectrophotometric determination of propranolol in formulations via oxidative coupling with 3-methylbenzothiazoline-2-one hydrazone

A simple spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of propranolol hydrochloride in pure as well as in dosage forms. The method is based on the oxidative coupling reaction with 3-methylbenzothiazoline-2-one hydrazone. A mixture of an acidic solution of the chromogenic agent and the drug upon treatment with ceric ammonium sulfate produces an orange color peaking at 496 nm. The absorbance-calibration plot was linear over the range 1-10 microg/ml with minimum detectability (S/N=2) of 0.1 microg/ml (3.38x10(-7) M). The molar absorbitivity was 3.195x10(3) l/M/cm with correlation coefficient (n=10) of 0.9999. The different experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the color were carefully studied and optimized. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of propranolol in its dosage forms. A proposal of the reaction pathway was presented.

A sensitive fluorescence optosensor for analysing propranolol in pharmaceutical preparations and a test for its control in urine in sport

We describe a simple and selective method for analysing propranolol and a sensitive test for its control in urine. A flow-through fluorescence optosensor based on on-line immobilization in a non-ionic-exchanger (Amberlite XAD-7) solid support in a continuous flow was used in both cases. Determination was made in 5 mM H(2)PO(4)(-)/HPO(4)(2-) buffer solution at pH 6 at a working temperature of 20 degrees C. Fluorescence intensities were measured at lambda(ex/em) = 300/338 nm with a response time of 80 s, thus obtaining a linear concentration range of between 0 and 250.0 ng ml(-1) with a detection limit of 1.3 ng ml(-1), an analytical sensitivity of 6.0 ng ml(-1) and a standard deviation of 2.40% at a 150 ng ml(-1) concentration level for propranolol. We also propose a test to detect propranolol in urine with a linear concentration range between 0 and 100.0 ng ml(-1), a detection limit of 0.2 ng ml(-1), an analytical sensitivity of 1.0 ng ml(-1), and a standard deviation of 0.84% at a 75 ng ml(-1) concentration level. The effect of proteins presents in urine samples were evaluated. The two proposed methods were satisfactorily applied to commercial formulations and urine samples respectively.