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Inderbinen SG, Kley M, Zogg M, Sellner M, Fischer A, Kędzierski J, Boudon S, Jetten AM, Smieško M, Odermatt A. Activation of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ(t) by parabens and benzophenone UV-filters. Toxicology 2022; 471:153159. [PMID: 35337918 PMCID: PMC11046913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) regulates immune responses and its impaired function contributes to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and may promote skin cancer. Synthetic inverse RORγt agonists block the production of Th17-associated cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-22 and are under investigation for treatment of such pathologies. Unintentional RORγt activation in skin, following exposure to environmental chemicals, may promote inflammatory skin disease. Parabens and UV-filters, frequently used as additives in cosmetics and body care products, are intensively inspected for endocrine disrupting properties. This study assessed whether such compounds can interfere with RORγ activity using a previously established tetracycline-inducible reporter gene assay in CHO cells. These transactivation experiments revealed hexylparaben, benzylparaben and benzophenone-10 as RORγ agonists (EC50 values: 144 ± 97 nM, 3.39 ± 1.74 µM and 1.67 ± 1.04 µM, respectively), and they could restore RORγ activity after suppression by an inverse agonist. Furthermore, they enhanced RORγt-dependent transcription of the pro-inflammatory IL-17A and/or IL-22 genes in the murine T-cell model EL4. Virtual screening of a cosmetics database for structurally similar chemicals and in vitro testing of the most promising hits revealed benzylbenzoate, benzylsalicylate and 4-methylphenylbenzoate as RORγ agonists (low micromolar EC50 values). Moreover, an analysis of mixtures of the newly identified RORγ agonists suggested additive effects. This study presents novel RORγ(t) agonistic structural scaffolds. By activating RORγ(t) the identified parabens and UV-filters may potentially aggravate pathophysiological conditions, especially skin diseases where highest exposure of such chemicals can be expected. Follow-up studies should assess whether such compounds, either alone or as mixtures, can reach relevant concentrations in tissues and target cells to activate RORγ(t) in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G Inderbinen
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kley
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zogg
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Sellner
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Fischer
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Kędzierski
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Boudon
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111. T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Martin Smieško
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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El-Yazbi AF, Khalil HA, Belal TS, El-Kimary EI. Inexpensive bioluminescent genosensor for sensitive determination of DNA damage induced by some commonly used sunscreens. Anal Biochem 2022; 651:114700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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3
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Couteau C, Paparis E, Coiffard L. What level of photoprotection can be obtained using facial mask? Determining effectiveness using an in vitro method. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e14837. [PMID: 33527577 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has become a general practice worldwide to wear a face mask serving as a barrier against the transmission of pathogens. This has prompted us to investigate whether masks could also protect our skin from UV radiation. We have studied eight masks, four surgical and four "homemade" using an in vitro method. The study demonstrated that they all offered protection against both UVB and UVA radiation. As with clothing, fabric masks offer the highest level of protection against UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Couteau
- University of Nantes-Laboratory of Industrial Pharmacy and Cosmetology, MMS, EEA 2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nantes, France
| | - Eva Paparis
- University of Nantes-Laboratory of Industrial Pharmacy and Cosmetology, MMS, EEA 2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Coiffard
- University of Nantes-Laboratory of Industrial Pharmacy and Cosmetology, MMS, EEA 2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nantes, France
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Matouskova K, Jerry DJ, Vandenberg LN. Exposure to low doses of oxybenzone during perinatal development alters mammary gland morphology in male and female mice. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 92:66-77. [PMID: 31408669 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) is an ultraviolet radiation filter commonly used in personal care products including sunscreens, textiles and inks, and food and beverage containers, among others. Due to its widespread use, human exposures to oxybenzone are widespread. Oxybenzone is considered an endocrine disrupting chemical due to its antiestrogenic and antiandrogenic properties. We evaluated the effects of oral exposures to oxybenzone on the growth and morphology of the mammary gland, body weight and anogenital distance in BALB/c mice exposed to 30, 212 or 3000 μg/kg/day in utero and during lactation. Developmental exposures to oxybenzone reduced the size and growth of mammary gland in males prior to and during puberty. In exposed females, oxybenzone reduced mammary cell proliferation, decreased the number of cells expressing estrogen receptor α, and altered mammary gland morphology in adulthood. These results suggest that even low doses of oxybenzone can disrupt hormone sensitive organs during critical windows of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Matouskova
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, USA.
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5
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Alonso C, Martí M, Barba C, Carrer V, Rubio L, Coderch L. Skin permeation and antioxidant efficacy of topically applied resveratrol. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 309:423-431. [PMID: 28389713 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The permeation of resveratrol was assessed by in vitro and in vivo experiments 24 h after topical administration. The in vitro profile of resveratrol was assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Human skin permeation was analysed in vivo by the tape stripping method with the progressive removal of the stratum corneum layers using adhesive tape strips. Moreover, the free radical scavenging activity of resveratrol after its topical application was determined using the DPPH assay. The Raman spectra indicated that the topically applied resveratrol penetrates deep into the skin. The results showed high amounts of resveratrol in the different stratum corneum layers close to the surface and a constant lower amount in the upper layers of the viable epidermis. The concentration of resveratrol present in the outermost stratum corneum layers was obtained by tape stripping after in vivo application. The results demonstrated that resveratrol mainly remained in the human stratum corneum layers. After topical application, resveratrol maintained its antiradical activity. The antioxidant efficacy of the compound was higher in the inner layers of the stratum corneum. As these results have demonstrated, topically applied resveratrol reinforces the antioxidant system of the stratum corneum and provides an efficient means of increasing the tissue levels of antioxidants in the human epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alonso
- Department of Chemicals and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Martí
- Department of Chemicals and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Barba
- Department of Chemicals and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Carrer
- Department of Chemicals and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Rubio
- Department of Chemicals and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Coderch
- Department of Chemicals and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Assessing the Impact of Mechanical Damage on Full-Thickness Porcine and Human Skin Using an In Vitro Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:434623. [PMID: 26247021 PMCID: PMC4515495 DOI: 10.1155/2015/434623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For most xenobiotics, the rates of percutaneous absorption are limited by diffusion through the horny layer of skin. However, percutaneous absorption of chemicals may seriously increase when the skin is damaged. The aim of this work was to develop an in vitro representative model of mechanically damaged skins. The epidermal barrier was examined following exposure to a razor, a rotating brush, and a microneedle system in comparison to tape-stripping which acted as a reference. Excised full-thickness skins were mounted on a diffusion chamber in order to evaluate the effect of injuries and to mimic physiological conditions. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was greatly increased when the barrier function was compromised. Measurements were made for all the damaged biopsies and observed histologically by microscopy. On human and porcine skins, the tape-stripping application (0 to 40 times) showed a proportional increase in TEWL which highlights the destruction of the stratum corneum. Similar results were obtained for all cosmetic instruments. This is reflected in our study by the nonsignificant difference of the mean TEWL scores between 30 strips and mechanical damage. For a specific appreciation, damaged skins were then selected to qualitatively evaluate the absorption of a chlorogenic acid solution using fluorescence microscopy.
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8
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Pot LM, Scheitza SM, Coenraads PJ, Blömeke B. Penetration and haptenation of p-phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 68:193-207. [PMID: 23510340 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although p-phenylenediamine (PPD) has been recognized as an extreme sensitizer for many years, the exact mechanism of sensitization has not been elucidated yet. Penetration and the ability to bind to proteins are the first two hurdles that an allergen has to overcome to be able to sensitize. This review is an overview of studies regarding PPD penetration through skin (analogues) and studies on the amino acids that are targeted by PPD. To complete this review, the auto-oxidation and N-acetylation steps involved in PPD metabolism are described. In summary, under normal hair dyeing exposure conditions, <1% of the applied PPD dose penetrates the skin. The majority (>80%) of PPD that penetrates will be converted into the detoxification products monoacetyl-PPD and diacetyl-PPD by the N-acetyltransferase enzymes. The small amount of PPD that does not become N-acetylated is susceptible to auto-oxidation reactions, yielding protein-reactive PPD derivatives. These derivatives may bind to specific amino acids, and some of the formed adducts might be the complexes responsible for sensitization. However, true in vivo evidence is lacking, and further research to unravel the definite mechanism of sensitization is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Pot
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ceresole R, Han YK, Simionato LD, Segall AI. STABILITY INDICATING HPLC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BENZOPHENONE-3 AND AVOBENZONE IN COSMETIC FORMULATIONS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.731667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ceresole
- a Cátedra de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Yong K. Han
- a Cátedra de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Laura D. Simionato
- a Cátedra de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Adriana I. Segall
- a Cátedra de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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10
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Vilela FMP, Fonseca YM, Jabor JR, Vicentini FTMC, Fonseca MJV. Effect of ultraviolet filters on skin superoxide dismutase activity in hairless mice after a single dose of ultraviolet radiation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 80:387-92. [PMID: 22036989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Organic sunscreens may decrease their protective capability and also behave as photo-oxidants upon ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. The present study investigated the effect of a cream gel formulation containing the UV filters benzophenone-3, octyl methoxycinnamate, and octyl salicylate on skin superoxide dismutase (SOD) after a single dose of UVR (2.87 J/cm(2)). The retention of these UV filters was first evaluated in vivo using hairless mice to guarantee the presence of the filters in the skin layers at the moment of irradiation. The in vivo effect of the UV filters on skin SOD was then assayed spectrophotometrically via the reduction of cytochrome c. The cream gel formulation promoted the penetration of the three UV filters into the epidermis and the dermis at one hour post-application. A significant decrease in SOD activity was observed in irradiated animals treated with sunscreen formulation. However, no effect on SOD activity in skin was observed by the isolated presence of the sunscreens, the formulation components, or the exposure to UVR. The sunscreens may have formed degradation products under UVR that may have either inhibited the enzyme or generated reactive species in the skin.
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11
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Siqueira N, Contri R, Paese K, Beck R, Pohlmann A, Guterres S. Innovative Sunscreen Formulation Based on Benzophenone-3-Loaded Chitosan-Coated Polymeric Nanocapsules. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24:166-74. [DOI: 10.1159/000323273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Bioequivalence for Topical Products—An Update. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2590-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Scalia S, Coppi G, Iannuccelli V. Microencapsulation of a cyclodextrin complex of the UV filter, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane: in vivo skin penetration studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:345-50. [PMID: 20934293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid microparticles loaded with the complex between hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and the sunscreen agent, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) were evaluated for their effect on the UV filter percutaneous penetration. The microparticles were prepared by the melt emulsification technique using tristearin as lipidic material and hydrogenate phosphatidylcholine as the surfactant. Human skin penetration was investigated in vivo by the tape stripping technique, a minimal invasive procedure based on the progressive removal of the upper cutaneous layers (stratum corneum) with adhesive tape strips. The amount of sunscreen fixed to each strip was determined by HPLC after solvent extraction. The recovery of the UV filter from spiked adhesive tapes was >94.4% and the precision of the method was better than 7.6% relative standard deviation. Non-encapsulated BMDBM, its complex with HP-β-CD, the lipid microparticles loaded with the sunscreen alone or the BMDBM/HP-β-CD complex were introduced into oil-in-water emulsions and applied to human volunteers. Compared to the cream with the non-encapsulated sunscreen agent (percentage of the applied dose penetrated, 9.7%±2.5), the amount of BMDBM diffusing into the stratum corneum was increased by the formulations containing the BMDBM/HP-β-CD complex (17.1%±3.2 of the applied dose) or the microparticles loaded with BMDBM only (15.1%±2.7 of the applied dose). On the contrary, a significant decrease in the level of UV filter penetrated into the stratum corneum was achieved by the cream containing the microencapsulated BMDBM/HP-β-CD complex (percentage of the applied dose penetrated, 6.0%±1.5). The reduced BMDBM percutaneous penetration attained by the latter system should enhance the UV filter efficacy and limit potential toxicological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Scalia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Gao F, Xie T, Cheng Z, Hu N, Yang L, Gong Y, Zhang S, Li H. Synthesis, Crystal, Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Nitro-Stilbene Derivatives with Benzophenones. J Fluoresc 2008; 18:787-99. [PMID: 18546062 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-008-0391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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15
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Klinubol P, Asawanonda P, Wanichwecharungruang SP. Transdermal Penetration of UV Filters. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 21:23-9. [PMID: 17912021 DOI: 10.1159/000109085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A penetration study of 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), 4-methyl benzylidenecamphor (MBC), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMBM), 2-ethylhexyl-2,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (EHTMC) and di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,4,5-trimethoxybenzalmalonate (TMB) through baby mouse skin (Mus musculus Linn.) was carried out using a vertical Franz diffusion cell. At 4.4 mg/cm(2) coverage of UV filter on the skin, 2.98 +/- 0.38, 1.15 +/- 0.14 and 0.80 +/- 0.28% of the applied EHMC, MBC and BMBM were detected in the receptor fluid at 24 h after application. Penetrations of UV filter in an ethanolic solution and lotion forms were comparable. EHTMC and TMB showed insignificant penetration across the baby mouse skins. Baby mouse skins kept at 4, -20 and -80 degrees C gave similar EHMC penetration results. Penetrations of EHMC, BMBM, EHTMC and TMB across human epidermis were carried out upon 5 volunteers using the suction blister technique. The results also confirmed the significant penetrations of EHMC and BMBM and the insignificant penetrations of EHTMC and TMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klinubol
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Herkenne C, Alberti I, Naik A, Kalia YN, Mathy FX, Préat V, Guy RH. In vivo methods for the assessment of topical drug bioavailability. Pharm Res 2008; 25:87-103. [PMID: 17985216 PMCID: PMC2217624 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews some current methods for the in vivo assessment of local cutaneous bioavailability in humans after topical drug application. After an introduction discussing the importance of local drug bioavailability assessment and the limitations of model-based predictions, the focus turns to the relevance of experimental studies. The available techniques are then reviewed in detail, with particular emphasis on the tape stripping and microdialysis methodologies. Other less developed techniques, including the skin biopsy, suction blister, follicle removal and confocal Raman spectroscopy techniques are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Herkenne
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Debio Recherche Pharmaceutique S.A., Route du Levant 146, CH-1920 Martigny, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Alberti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Antares Pharma AG, Gewerbestrasse 18, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Aarti Naik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - François-Xavier Mathy
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de pharmacie galénique, industrielle et officinale, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- UCB SA, Chemin du Foriest 1, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de pharmacie galénique, industrielle et officinale, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard H. Guy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY Allschwil, UK
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18
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Scalia S, Tursilli R, Iannuccelli V. Complexation of the sunscreen agent, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor with cyclodextrins: effect on photostability and human stratum corneum penetration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:29-34. [PMID: 17291707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the sunscreen agent, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and hydrophilic alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin derivatives was investigated in water by phase-solubility analysis. Among the studied cyclodextrins, random methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (RM-beta-CD) had the greatest solubilizing activity. The complexation of the sunscreen agent with RM-beta-CD was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffractometry. The light-induced decomposition of 4-MBC in emulsion vehicles was markedly decreased by complexation with RM-beta-CD (the extent of degradation, determined by HPLC, was 7.1% for the complex compared to 21.1% for free 4-MBC). The influence of RM-beta-CD on the human skin penetration of the sunscreen was investigated in vivo using the tape stripping method, a useful procedure for selectively removing the outermost cutaneous layers. Considerable quantities (21.2-25.1% of the applied dose) of 4-MBC permeated in the stratum corneum. However, no significant differences in the amounts of UV filter in the 10 first strips of the horny layer were observed between the formulations containing 4-MBC free or complexed with RM-beta-CD. Therefore, RM-beta-CD complexation did not alter the retention of 4-MBC in the superficial layers of the stratum corneum, where its action is more desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Scalia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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19
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Schlecht C, Klammer H, Wuttke W, Jarry H. A dose-response study on the estrogenic activity of benzophenone-2 on various endpoints in the serum, pituitary and uterus of female rats. Arch Toxicol 2006; 80:656-61. [PMID: 16586070 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The tetrahydroxylated biphenyl-ketone 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP2), one of twelve benzophenone-derived UV-filters, is used in cosmetic products and in packaging materials to protect these products from light induced damage. Recently published studies showed that BP2 exerts estrogenic activity; thus, it is an endocrine active chemical. We present data from a pharmacodynamic dose-response experiment with five dosages of BP2 applied per gavage to adult ovariectomized (ovx) rats for 5 days. Estradiol-valerate (E2) served as a control compound. The uterotrophic assay, proposed by the OECD, was modified to have a broader view on endocrine activity outside the urogenital tract to prevent that undesirable actions in other organs regulated by estrogens are missed. The gene expression levels of marker genes of estrogenic action were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Metabolic parameters were assessed by determination of the serum concentrations of leptin, cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides in the serum. Administration of BP2 at dosages of 10-1,000 mg/kg bodyweight led to changes of these parameters comparable to the changes in the E2 group with 0.6 mg/kg bodyweight. For the observed estrogenic activities of BP2, the "no observed adverse effect levels" were determined. Additionally, the data were further analyzed using the benchmark approach. If BP2 is transcutaneously absorbed in the human, the obtained threshold values would suggest refraining from the further use of BP2 as UV-filter in cosmetic products although additional toxicological studies should be conducted to clarify possible adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schlecht
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099 Goettingen, Germany
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Balaguer A, Salvador A, Chisvert A, Meliá M, Herráez M, Díez O. A liquid chromatography–fluorimetric method for the in vitro estimation of the skin penetration of disodium phenyldibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate from sunscreen formulations through human skin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:1225-32. [PMID: 16550422 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Disodium phenyldibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate (PDT) is a new organic UV filter with hydrophilic properties used in modern sunscreen spray formulations. The aim of this work was to develop and validate an analytical method that can be used to study skin absorption of PDT from sunscreens. Results obtained in vitro for human skin showed a low level of absorption. The proposed in vitro method employs a diffusion cell. Sunscreen lotion was applied onto pretreated human skin, which was then placed in the cell. PDT was collected in a receptor liquid, the surface of which was in contact with the skin. The solutions obtained were diluted appropriately and analyzed by liquid chromatography without any interference. The analytical features of chromatographic determination with fluorimetic detection were suited to this analytical problem, since this method gave a limit of detection of 1 ng ml(-1). Phenol red (PR) was used as a marker to check the skin integrity, and a sensitive method based on sequential injection on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with spectrophotometric detection was developed for determining this marker in the receptor liquid in order to screen the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balaguer
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner St. 50-Burjassot, 46100, València, Spain
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21
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Heneweer M, Muusse M, van den Berg M, Sanderson JT. Additive estrogenic effects of mixtures of frequently used UV filters on pS2-gene transcription in MCF-7 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 208:170-7. [PMID: 16183391 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to protect consumers from ultraviolet (UV) radiation and enhance light stability of the product, three to eight UV filters are usually added to consumer sunscreen products. High lipophilicity of the UV filters has been shown to cause bioaccumulation in fish and humans, leading to environmental levels of UV filters that are similar to those of PCBs and DDT. In this paper, estrogen-regulated pS2 gene transcription in the human mammary tumor cell line MCF-7 was used as a measure of estrogenicity of four individual UV filters. Since humans are exposed to more than one UV filter at a time, an equipotent binary mixture of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone (BP-3) and its metabolite 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone (BP-1), as well as an equipotent multi-component mixture of BP-1, BP-3, octyl methoxy cinnamate (OMC) and 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor (4-MBC), were also evaluated for their ability to induce pS2 gene transcription in order to examine additivity. An estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism of action was expected for all UV filters. Therefore, our null-hypothesis was that combined estrogenic responses, measured as increased pS2 gene transcription in MCF-7 cells after exposure to mixtures of UV filters, are additive, according to a concentration-addition model. Not all UV filters produced a full concentration-response curve within the concentration range tested (100 nM-1 microM). Therefore, instead of using EC50 values for comparison, the concentration at which each compound caused a 50% increase of basal pS2 gene transcription was defined as the C50 value for that compound and used to calculate relative potencies. For comparison, the EC50 value of a compound is the concentration at which the compound elicits an effect that is 50% of its maximal effect. Individual UV filters increased pS2 gene transcription concentration-dependently with C50 values of 0.12 microM, 0.5 microM, 1.9 microM, and 1.0 microM for BP-1, BP-3, 4-MBC and OMC, respectively. Estradiol (E2) had a C50 value of 4.8 pM. Experiments with equipotent mixtures all supported our null hypothesis that mixtures of UV filters act additively to activate the estrogen receptor (ER). In view of our results and observed plasma levels it cannot be excluded that daily exposure to sunscreen formulations may have estrogenic effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjoke Heneweer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Simeoni S, Scalia S, Tursilli R, Benson H. Influence of Cyclodextrin Complexation on the in vitro Human Skin Penetration and Retention of the Sunscreen Agent, Oxybenzone. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-005-9002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Choi MJ, Zhai H, Löffler H, Dreher F, Maibach HI. Effect of Tape Stripping on Percutaneous Penetration and Topical Vaccination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1159/000078695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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