Comparison of several methods used for the determination of cephalosporins. Analysis of cephalexin in pharmaceutical samples

Influence of cephalexin on cadmium adsorption onto microplastic particles in water: Human health risk evaluation

This paper explores the impact of environmental factors on the adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and cephalexin (CEX) onto polyethylene (PE) microplastics. The study focused on Cd adsorption behavior on microplastics (MPs) of various sizes, revealing that particles sized 30-63 μm exhibited the highest adsorption capacity compared to other sizes. Cd sorption was significantly influenced by initial pH and salinity levels. Experimental data closely matched both the Langmuir (R2 > 0.91) and Freundlich (R2 > 0.92) isotherms. Cd adsorption onto PE particles was greater than CEX adsorption, with the maximum Cd uptake capacity measured at 1.8 mg/g. FTIR analysis indicated that Cd and CEX adsorption onto MPs was likely governed by physical interactions, as no new functional groups were detected post-uptake. The desorption rates of Cd and CEX from PE microplastics were evaluated in various liquids, including aqueous solution, tap water, seawater, and synthetic gastric juice. The health risks associated with Cd, in combination with MPs and CEX, for both children and adults were assessed in groundwater and aqueous solutions. This study offers scientific insights and guidelines for examining the environmental behavior, migration, and transformation of microplastics and their related ecological risks in scenarios of combined pollution.

Development and Validation of a Simple Procedure for the Kinetic Spectrophotometric Quantitative Determination of Ceftriaxone Using Potassium Caroate

A simple procedure for the quantitative determination of the Ceftriaxone pure substance by the spectrophotometric method in its kinetic modification using Caro’s acid has been developed and validated. The scheme of the chemical transformation of Ceftriaxone with the reaction of potassium caroate has been proposed. The appearance of a new wave gives the possibility of developing a new procedure for the quantitative determination of Ceftriaxone. The obtained results of accuracy and precision are as follows: RSD = 1.63-2.25 %, δ = 0.33-0.96 %. LOD = 0.1 µg/mL, LOQ = 0.33 µg/mL.

Fast and sensitive HPLC/UV method for cefazolin quantification in plasma and subcutaneous tissue microdialysate of humans and rodents applied to pharmacokinetic studies in obese individuals

Antimicrobial prophylactic dosing of morbidly obese patients may differ from normal weighted individuals owing to alterations in drug tissue distribution. Drug subcutaneous tissue distribution can be investigated by microdialysis patients and animals. The need for cefazolin prophylactic dose adjustment in obese patients remains under discussion. The paper describes the validation of an HPLC-UV method for cefazolin quantification in plasma and microdialysate samples from clinical and pre-clinical studies. A C₁₈ column with an isocratic mobile phase was used for drug separation, with detection at 272 nm. Total and unbound cefazolin lower limit of quantitation was 5 μg/mL in human plasma, 2 μg/mL in rat plasma, and 0.5 and 0.025 μg/mL in human and rat microdialysate samples, respectively. The maximum intra- and inter-day imprecisions were 10.7 and 8.1%, respectively. The inaccuracy was <9.7%. The limit of quantitation imprecision and inaccuracy were < 15%. Cefazolin stability in the experimental conditions was confirmed. Cefazolin plasma concentrations and subcutaneous tissue penetration were determined by microdialysis in morbidly obese patients (2 g i.v. bolus) and diet-induced obese rats (30 mg/kg i.v. bolus) using the method. This method has the main advantages of easy plasma clean-up and practicability and has proven to be useful in cefazolin clinical and pre-clinical pharmacokinetic investigations.

Relationship between the color stability and impurity profile of cefotaxime sodium

The color grade, mainly introduced in the processes of semisynthesis and storage, is an important index used to evaluate the quality of cefotaxime sodium. Because the drug itself is prone to degradation under susceptible conditions, including those involving moisture, heat, ultraviolet light, acids, alkalis, and oxidants, and a series of degradation products as impurities are generated. In this study, the factors affecting color grade stability and the degradation mechanisms of cefotaxime sodium were investigated by designing different accelerated stability tests under the aforementioned conditions. The degradation extent was studied by using analytical methods, such as a solution color comparison method, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and HPLC. The relationship between the color grade stability of cefotaxime sodium and its impurity profile has been explored, and a reasonable degradation mechanism has been proposed. The manufacturing conditions of inspection have been optimized, and a scientific basis for drug packaging, storage, and transportation conditions has been established. The results show that the color grade stability of cefotaxime sodium is related to the impurity profile to some degree, and the difference between the actual color and the standard color can reflect the levels of impurities to some extent.

Quality of Ceftriaxone Sodium in Lyophilized Powder for Injection Evaluated by Clean, Fast, and Efficient Spectrophotometric Method

Ceftriaxone sodium, an antimicrobial agent that plays an important role in clinical practice, is successfully used to treat infections caused by most Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Since there are few rapid analytical methods for ceftriaxone analysis to use in the pharmaceutical routine, the aim of this research was to develop a new method able to quantify this cephalosporin. Therefore, a sensitive, rapid, simple UV spectrophotometric method for the determination and quantification of ceftriaxone sodium was proposed. The UV detector was set at 241 nm. Beer's law obeyed the concentration range of 10-20 µg mL-1. Statistical comparison of the results with a well-established reported method showed excellent agreement and proved that there is no significant difference in the accuracy and precision. Intra- and interday variability for the method were less than 2% relative standard deviation. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the examined drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and the results demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise, and reproducible as the official methods.

Development and validation of a successful microbiological agar assay for determination of ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution

Ceftriaxone sodium is a cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and belongs to the third generation of cephalosporins. Regarding the quality control of medicines, a validated microbiological assay for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution has not been reported yet. This paper reports the development and validation of a simple, accurate and reproducible agar diffusion method to quantify ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of ceftriaxone sodium on the strain of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9371 IAL 1027 used as test microorganism. The results were treated statistically by analysis of variance and were found to be linear (r = 0.999) in the selected range of 15.0-60.0 μg/mL, precise with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeatability intraday = 1.40%, accurate (100.46%) and robust with a RSD lower than 1.28%. The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed bioassay, which allows reliable ceftriaxone sodium quantitation in pharmaceutical samples and therefore can be used as a useful alternative methodology for the routine quality control of this medicine.

Cephalosporins determination with a novel microbial biosensor based on permeabilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa whole cells

A new potentiometric microbial biosensor based on Pseudomonas aeruginosa was developed in this study for detecting the cephalosporin group of antibiotics. Preliminary results with the biosensor indicated that P. aeruginosa cells, when treated with lysozyme, showed more efficiency in detecting cephalosporin C in a wide concentration range of 0.1-11 mM with high sensitivity compared to the normal cells. Optimization of the three important biosensor design parameters permeabilized cell contents, quantities of gelatin, and glutaraldehyde resulted in high performance of the biosensor. The optimized values of the above parameters were cell contents 2.5 mg/cm(2), gelatin 8.5 mg/cm(2), and 0.25% glutaraldehyde. The assay conditions, namely phosphate buffer pH, ionic strength, and temperature, were optimized for best performance of the biosensor. The specificity test of the biosensor towards detecting different beta-lactam antibiotics showed good response only for the cephalosporins. The operational and storage stability in detecting cephalosporin C indicated very good potential of the biosensor in detecting cephalosporins with high accuracy.

Analysis of cephalosporin antibiotics

A comprehensive review with 276 references for the analysis of members of an important class of drugs, cephalosporin antibiotics, is presented. The review covers most of the methods described for the analysis of these drugs in pure forms, in different pharmaceutical dosage forms and in biological fluids.

Analysis of cephalosporins in bronchial secretions by capillary electrophoresis after simple pretreatment

The applicability of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for analysis of cephalosporin antibiotics has been studied in bronchial secretion as highly viscous, thick and non-homogeneous samples. The lyophilization was found to be a simple but effective pretreatment of these samples to bring them into a form which is suitable for injection to CE capillary. The obtained good recovery data prove that the lyophilization/dissolution of bronchial secretion samples can be reproducibly performed.

Characterization of Caco-2 cell monolayer drug transport properties by cassette dosing using UV/fluorescence HPLC

Cassette dosing is commonly used in pharmacokinetic studies to decrease time, labor and expenditures. Cassette dosing (having several compounds in a mixture) has been used to screen in vitro permeabilities in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The cassette dosing method has accelerated both transport experiments and sample analyses, which are both part of Caco-2 permeability screening. In this study, a cassette dosing method was used for a mixture of heterogeneous test drugs, which are transported by various mechanisms across the Caco-2 cell monolayer. To characterize the Caco-2 cell monolayer absorption properties, we developed a new UV/fluorescence HPLC method for nine heterogeneous drugs. This new analytical method is fast and specific for high throughput analysis. Fluorescence detection was used to analyze the low concentration of drugs while UV detection was suitable for higher concentrations. The permeability results of single drugs and the mixture of drugs showed a high degree of similarity for each individual compound. All drugs can be applied to the Caco-2 cell culture as a mixture, and the cassette dosing method is suitable for permeability studies.

Applications of the ninhydrin reaction for analysis of amino acids, peptides, and proteins to agricultural and biomedical sciences

The reaction of ninhydrin with primary amino groups to form the purple dye now called Ruhemann's purple (RP) was discovered by Siegfried Ruhemann in 1910. In addition, imines such as pipecolic acid and proline, the guanidino group of arginine, the amide groups of asparagine, the indole ring of tryptophan, the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, amino groups of cytosine and guanine, and cyanide ions also react with ninhydrin to form various chromophores of analytical interest. Since its discovery, extensive efforts have been made to apply manual and automated ninhydrin reactions as well as ninhydrin spray reagents to the detection, isolation, and analysis of numerous compounds of interest across a broad spectrum of disciplines. These include agricultural, biochemical, clinical, environmental, food, forensic, histochemical, microbiological, medical, nutritional, plant, and protein sciences. This reaction is unique among chromogenic reactions in that at pH 5.5 it results in the formation of the same soluble chromophore by all primary amines which react, be they amines, amino acids, peptides, proteins, and even ammonia. Because the chromophore is not chemically bound to the protein or other insoluble material, it is not lost when the insoluble substrate is removed by centrifugation or filtration after the reaction is completed. The visible color of the chromophore is distinctive and is generally not affected by the yellow colors present in many food, plant, and tissue extracts. Adaptations of the classical ninhydrin reaction to specialized needs in analytical chemistry and biochemistry include the use of acid, alkaline, and fluorogenic ninhydrin reagents. To cross-fertilize information among several disciplines wherein an interest in the ninhydrin reaction has developed, and to enhance its utility, this review attempts to integrate and correlate the widely scattered literature on ninhydrin reactions of a variety of structurally different compounds. Specifically covered are the following aspects: historical perspective, chemistry and mechanisms, applications, and research needs. A better understanding of these multifaceted ninhydrin reactions provide a scientific basis for further improvements of this important analytical technique.