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Chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461383. [PMID: 32797856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography to achieve enantiomeric separations is reviewed in this article. The separation principles and the most frequently employed separation strategies to achieve chiral separations by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography are described. The use of chiral micellar systems alone or combined with other micellar systems or chiral selectors, as well as of mixtures of achiral micellar systems with chiral selectors is discussed together with the effect of different additives present in the separation medium. Indirect methods based on the derivatization of analytes with chiral derivatizing reagents and the use of achiral micelles are also considered. Preconcentration techniques employed to improve sensitivity and the main approaches developed to facilitate the coupling with Mass Spectrometry are included. The most recent and relevant methodologies developed by chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and their applications in different fields are presented.
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Hou M, Zhang M, Chen L, Gong K, Pan C, Wang Y. Amplification of lysozyme signal detected in capillary electrophoresis using mixed polymer brushes coating with switchable properties. Talanta 2019; 202:426-435. [PMID: 31171204 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a mixed polymer brushes based on poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMOXA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) coated capillary with switchable protein adsorption/desorption properties was developed and applied for on-line extraction and preconcentration of lysozyme. The study of electroosmotic flow (EOF) and fluorescence microscope showed that the inner surface charge of PMOXA/PAA mixed brush coated capillary displayed the switchable behavior toward the change of pH value and ionic strength (I), and PMOXA/PAA mixed brushes coated capillary could adsorb high amounts of lysozyme at pH 7 (I = 10-5 M), and the most of adsorbed lysozyme could then be desorbed at pH 3 (I = 10-1 M). Subsequently, this coated capillary with switchable lysozyme adsorption/desorption ability was applied for on-line extraction and preconcentration of lysozyme during capillary electrophoresis (CE) performance. Under the process of on-line preconcentration, the detection signal (peak area) of lysozyme obtained in PMOXA/PAA coated capillary was 26 times that obtained in bare capillary under normal CE while the contour chain length of PAA was 1.56 times that of PMOXA. Moreover, the value of low detection limit (LOD) of lysozyme using above coated capillary under on-line preconcentration method reached to 4.5 × 10-9 mg/mL, and 1 × 105-fold sensitivity enhancement was realized for lysozyme as compared with the bare capillary under normal CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China; Colllege of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Luan, 237012, PR China
| | - Kai Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Chao Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
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Cao X, Hogan A, Moore E. Rapid Separation of Organophosphate Pesticides using Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and Short‐end Injection,. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:1213-1220. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cao
- Sensing & Separation Group School of Chemistry University College Cork College Road Cork, Ireland T12 K8AF
- Life Science Interface Group Tyndall National Institute Lee Maltings Complex Dyke Parade, Cork Ireland, T12 R5CP
| | - Anna Hogan
- Sensing & Separation Group School of Chemistry University College Cork College Road Cork, Ireland T12 K8AF
- Life Science Interface Group Tyndall National Institute Lee Maltings Complex Dyke Parade, Cork Ireland, T12 R5CP
| | - Eric Moore
- Sensing & Separation Group School of Chemistry University College Cork College Road Cork, Ireland T12 K8AF
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Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Plenis A, Miękus N, Grabow N, Eickner T, Bączek T. Simultaneous electrokinetic and hydrodynamic injection and sequential stacking featuring sweeping for signal amplification following MEKC during the analysis of rapamycin (sirolimus) in serum samples. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2590-2597. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Olędzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Natalia Miękus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology; Faculty of Biology; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Niels Grabow
- University Medical Center Rostock; Institute for Biomedical Engineering; Rostock Germany
| | - Thomas Eickner
- University Medical Center Rostock; Institute for Biomedical Engineering; Rostock Germany
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
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Bol’shakova DS, Amelin VG. Determination of pesticides in environmental materials and food products by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Aturki Z, Rocco A, Rocchi S, Fanali S. Current applications of miniaturized chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques in drug analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:194-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus capsule biosynthesis pathway in vitro: Characterization of the UDP-GlcNAc C6 dehydratases CapD and CapE and identification of enzyme inhibitors. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:958-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Fang R, Yi LX, Shao YX, Zhang L, Chen GH. ON-LINE PRECONCENTRATION IN CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS FOR ANALYSIS OF AGROCHEMICAL RESIDUES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.794740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rou Fang
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Ling-Xiao Yi
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Yu-Xiu Shao
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Li Zhang
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Guan-Hua Chen
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
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Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Recent applications of on-line sample preconcentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lee SY, Müller CE. Large-volume sample stacking with polarity switching for monitoring of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) reactions by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:855-63. [PMID: 24431193 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) is a membrane glycoprotein involved in the hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides. Its main substrate is ATP yielding AMP and pyrophosphate. NPP1 has been proposed as a novel drug target, for diabetes type 2 and the treatment of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease leading to inflammatory arthritis. The monitoring of NPP1 reactions is difficult because its velocity is very slow requiring highly sensitive analytical procedures. In this study, a method of large-volume sample stacking with polarity switching was developed, and separations were optimized. Large sample volumes were loaded by hydrodynamic injection (5 psi, 13 s) followed by removal of a large plug of sample matrix from the capillary using polarity switching (-10 kV). The stacked analytes were subsequently separated in phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 9.2) at 20 kV. The validated method was found to be linear (R(2) = 0.9927) in the concentration range of 0.05-50 μM of AMP, with high accuracy and precision. The determined LOD and LOQ of AMP were 18 nM and 60 nM, respectively. Compared to a previously reported CE procedure using sweeping technique, a fivefold improvement of sensitivity was achieved. Moreover, the new technique was faster, and reproducibility of migration times was improved (RSD value = 1.2%). Importantly, adenine nucleotide analogs and derivatives tested as NPP1 inhibitors could be completely separated from the substrate ATP and the enzymatic product AMP. The method was applied to NPP1 inhibition assays investigating nucleotide-derived inhibitors in the presence of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Lee
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Rang Y, Zhang W, Chen Z. Determination of Kynurenine and Tryptophan in Human Plasma by Stacking-Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.803246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Charge-selective gate of arrayed MWCNTs for ultra high-efficient biomolecule enrichment by nano-electrostatic sieving (NES). Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 43:453-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Michalska K, Cielecka-Piontek J, Pajchel G, Tyski S. Determination of biapenem in a medicinal product by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with sweeping in an enhanced electric field. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1282:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Abromeit H, Schaible AM, Werz O, Scriba GK. Chemometrics-guided development of a cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography method with head-column field amplified sample stacking for the analysis of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Determination of organophosphorus pesticides using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with reversed electrode polarity stacking mode-micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Talanta 2012; 98:62-8. [PMID: 22939129 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method using two preconcentration techniques, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by reversed electrode polarity stacking mode (REPSM) was developed for the analysis of five organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Parameters that affect the efficiency of the extraction in DLLME and preconcentration by REPSM, such as the kind and volume of the extraction and disperser solvents, salt addition, sample matrix and injection time were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors were obtained in the range from 477 to 635. The linearity of the method for parathion, azinphos and fenitrithion was in the range of 20-1000 ng mL(-1), and for malathion and diazinon in the range of 50-1000 ng mL(-1), with correlation coefficients (r(2)) ranging from 0.9931 to 0.9992. The limits of detecton (LODs) at a signal-to-noice ratio of 3 ranged from 3 to 15 ng mL(-1). The relative recoveries of five OPPs from water samples at spiking levels of 20 and 200 ng mL(-1) for parathion, azinphos and fenitrithion, and 50 and 500 ng mL(-1) for malathion and diazinon, were 69.5-103%. The proposed method provided high enrichment factors, good precision and accuracy with a short analysis time.
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Review of recent developments of on-line sample stacking techniques and their application in capillary electrophoresis. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) has become one of the most useful tools in separation science because of its high separation efficiency, low cost, versatility, ease of sample preparation and automation. However, some limitations of CE, such as poor concentration sensitivity due to its lower sample loading and shorter optical path length, limits its further applications in separation science. In order to solve this problem, various on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as transient isotachophoresis preconcentration, field-enhanced sample stacking, micelle to solvent stacking, micelle collapse, dynamic pH junction, sweeping, solid phase extraction, single drop microextraction and liquid phase microextraction have been combined with CE. Recent developments, applications and some variants together with different combinations of these techniques integrating in CE are reviewed here and our discussions will be confined to the past three years (2008–2011).
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Cheng C, Tsai HR. Application of simple on-line sweeping sample concentration technique coupled micellar electrokinetic chromatography for simultaneous analysis of estrogen and androgen epimer. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:728-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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High-sensitivity capillary electrophoresis method for monitoring purine nucleoside phosphorylase and adenosine deaminase reactions by a reversed electrode polarity switching mode. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4764-71. [PMID: 21664618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple, efficient, and highly sensitive in-line CE method was developed for the characterization and for inhibition studies of the nucleoside-metabolizing enzymes purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) present in membrane preparations of human 1539 melanoma cells. After filling the running buffer (50 mM borate buffer, 100 mM SDS, pH 9.10) into a fused-silica capillary (50 cm effective length × 75 μm), a large sample volume was loaded by hydrodynamic injection (5 psi, 36 s), followed by the removal of the large plug of sample matrix from the capillary using polarity switching (-20 kV). The current was monitored and the polarity was reversed when 95% of the current had been recovered. The separation of the neutral analytes (nucleosides and nucleobases) was performed by applying a voltage of 15 kV. An about 10-fold improvement of sensitivity for the five investigated analytes (adenosine, inosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine) was achieved by large-volume stacking with polarity switching when compared with CE without stacking. For inosine and adenine detection limits as low as 60 nM were achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the highest sensitivity for nucleoside and nucleobase analysis using CE with UV detection reported so far. The Michaelis-Menten constants (K(m)) for PNP and ADA and the inhibition constants (K(i)) for standard inhibitors determined with the new method were consistent with literature data.
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MEKC Determination of Nilutamide in Human Serum Using Sweeping in High Salt Sample Matrix. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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El Deeb S, Iriban MA, Gust R. MEKC as a powerful growing analytical technique. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:166-83. [PMID: 21171121 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the principle and the developments in MEKC in terms of separation power, sensitivity, and detection approaches more than 25 years after its appearance. Newly used surfactants are mentioned. Classical and new sample concentration techniques in MEKC are described. The different detection approaches in MEKC with advantages, limitations, and future prospects are also discussed. This review highlights the wider application of MEKC in different analytical fields. Various recent selected applications of this technique in different analytical fields are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wu CS, Liu FK, Ko FH. Potential role of gold nanoparticles for improved analytical methods: an introduction to characterizations and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:103-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kumar A, Malik AK, Picó Y. Sample preparation methods for the determination of pesticides in foods using CE-UV/MS. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2115-25. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gallart-Ayala H, Núñez O, Moyano E, Galceran MT. Field-amplified sample injection-micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for the analysis of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and their diglycidyl ethers and derivatives in canned soft drinks. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1550-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Foteeva LS, Huang Z, Timerbaev AR, Hirokawa T. Focusing of anionic micelles using sample-induced transient isotachophoresis: Computer simulation and experimental verification in MEKC. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:637-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mikus P, Maráková K. Advanced CE for chiral analysis of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in biological samples. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:2773-802. [PMID: 19653234 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of recent trends indicates that CE can show real advantages over chromatographic methods in ultratrace enantioselective determination of biologically active compounds in complex biological matrices. It is due to high separation efficiency and many applicable in-capillary electromigration effects in CE (countercurrent migration, stacking effects) enhancing significantly (enantio)separability and enabling effective sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, analyte derivatization). Other possible on-line combinations of CE, such as column coupled CE-CE techniques and implementation of nonelectrophoretic techniques (extraction, membrane filtration, flow injection) into CE, offer additional approaches for highly effective sample preparation and separation. CE matured to a highly flexible and compatible technique enabling its hyphenation with powerful detection systems allowing extremely sensitive detection (e.g. LIF) and/or structural characterization of analytes (e.g. MS). Within the last decade, more as well as less conventional analytical on-line approaches have been effectively utilized in this field and their practical potentialities are demonstrated on many new application examples in this article. Here, three basic areas of (enantioselective) drug bioanalysis are highlighted and supported by a brief theoretical description of each individual approach in a compact review structure (to create integrated view on the topic), including (i) progressive enantioseparation approaches and new enantioselective agents, (ii) in-capillary sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, derivatization), and (iii) detection possibilities related to enhanced sensitivity and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Wan Ibrahim WA, Hermawan D, Sanagi MM, Aboul-Enein HY. Stacking and Sweeping in Cyclodextrin-Modified MEKC for Chiral Separation of Hexaconazole, Penconazole and Myclobutanil. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Liu FK. Analysis and applications of nanoparticles in the separation sciences: A case of gold nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:9034-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Souza CF, da Cunha ALMC, Aucélio RQ. Determination of Picoxystrobin and Pyraclostrobin by MEKC with On-Line Analyte Concentration. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Su HL, Lan MT, Hsieh YZ. Using the cationic surfactants N-cetyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bromide and 1-cetyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide for sweeping–micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5313-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Rodríguez‐Gonzalo E, Ruano‐Miguel L, Carabias‐Martínez R. In‐capillary microextraction using monolithic polymers: Application to preconcentration of carbamate pesticides prior to their separation by MEKC. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1913-22. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lee WH, Her GR. The development of a two-leveled two cross interface for on-line coupling solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1675-83. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Deñola NL, Quiming NS, Saito Y, Catabay AP, Jinno K. Sensitive Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatographic Determination of Salbutamol, Guaifenesin, and Dyphylline in Oral Formulations. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902900814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerissa L. Deñola
- a School of Materials Science , Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi, Japan
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila , Manila, Philippines
| | - Noel S. Quiming
- c Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics , College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila , Manila, Philippines
| | - Yoshihiro Saito
- a School of Materials Science , Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi, Japan
| | | | - Kiyokatsu Jinno
- a School of Materials Science , Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi, Japan
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33
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Different sample stacking strategies for the determination of ertapenem and its impurities by micellar electrokinetic chromatography in pharmaceutical formulation. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2934-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Using micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the highly efficient preconcentration and separation of gold nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2554-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Wan Ibrahim WA, Hermawan D, Sanagi MM, Aboul-Enein HY. Cyclodextrin-modified MEKC for enantioseparation of hexaconazole, penconazole, and myclobutanil. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:466-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Terabe S. Capillary separation: micellar electrokinetic chromatography. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:99-120. [PMID: 20636055 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), a separation mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE), has enabled the separation of electrically neutral analytes. MEKC can be performed by adding an ionic micelle to the running solution of CE without modifying the instrument. Its separation principle is based on the differential migration of the ionic micelles and the bulk running buffer under electrophoresis conditions and on the interaction between the analyte and the micelle. Hence, MEKC's separation principle is similar to that of chromatography. MEKC is a useful technique particularly for the separation of small molecules, both neutral and charged, and yields high-efficiency separation in a short time with minimum amounts of sample and reagents. To improve the concentration sensitivity of detection, several on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as sweeping have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Terabe
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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37
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Breadmore MC, Thabano JRE, Dawod M, Kazarian AA, Quirino JP, Guijt RM. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2006-2008). Electrophoresis 2009; 30:230-48. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Ravelo-Pérez LM, Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Solid-phase microextraction and sample stacking micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the analysis of pesticide residues in red wines. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Preconcentration and separation of neutral steroid analytes using a combination of sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography and a Au nanoparticle-coated solid phase extraction sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1215:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Low-temperature bath/high-conductivity zone/stacking micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the analysis of phenolic acids in coffee drink. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1212:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE–MS): CE performing functions beyond separation. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:3-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Determination of linezolid and its achiral impurities using sweeping preconcentration by micellar capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:321-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Newman CID, Giordano BC, Copper CL, Collins GE. Microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography separation of alkaloids with UV-absorbance spectral detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:803-10. [PMID: 18203247 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A microchip device is demonstrated for the electrophoretic separation and UV-absorbance spectral detection of four toxic alkaloids: colchicine, aconitine, strychnine, and nicotine. A fused-silica (quartz) microchip containing a simple cross geometry is utilized to perform the separations, and a miniature, fiber-optic CCD spectrometer is coupled to the microchip for detection. Sensitive UV-absorbance detection is achieved via the application of online preconcentration techniques in combination with the quartz microchip substrate which contains an etched bubble-cell for increased pathlength. The miniature CCD spectrometer is configured to detect light between 190 and 645 nm and LabView programming written in-house enables absorbance spectra as well as separations to be monitored from 210 to 400 nm. Consequently, the configuration of this microchip device facilitates qualitative and quantitative separations via simultaneous spatial and spectral resolution of solutes. UV-absorbance limits of quantification for colchicine, 20 microM (8 mg/L); strychnine, 50 microM (17 mg/L); aconitine, 50 microM (32 mg/L); and nicotine, 100 microM (16 mg/L) are demonstrated on the microchip. With the exception of aconitine, these concentrations are > or =20-times more sensitive than lethal dose monitoring requirements. Finally, this device is demonstrated to successfully detect each toxin in water, skim milk, and apple juice samples spiked at sublethal dose concentrations after a simple, SPE procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl I D Newman
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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44
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Zhu J, Qi S, Zhang H, Chen X, Hu Z. Sample stacking and sweeping in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography under pH-suppressed electroosmotic flow. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1192:319-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Puig P, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Sorbent preconcentration procedures coupled to capillary electrophoresis for environmental and biological applications. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 616:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Simpson SL, Quirino JP, Terabe S. On-line sample preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:504-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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47
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Ravelo-Pérez LM, Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. Multiple pesticide analysis in wine by MEKC combined with solid-phase microextraction and sample stacking. Electrophoresis 2008; 28:4072-81. [PMID: 17957661 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new method for the determination in white wines of 12 pesticides widely used in vine cultivars (namely, carbendazim, pirimicarb, metalaxyl, pyrimethanil, procymidone, nuarimol, azoxystrobin, tebufenozide, fenarimol, benalaxyl, penconazole, and tetradifon) using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and MEKC with diode-array detection (DAD) was developed. The MEKC buffer consisted of 100 mM sodium tetraborate and 30 mM SDS at pH 8.5 with 6% v/v 1-propanol. Reversed-electrode polarity stacking mode (REPSM) was applied as on-line preconcentration strategy. In order to carry out an effective and sensitive determination of these pesticides in wine samples, an off-line SPME procedure was optimized by means of an experimental design. After studying the extraction performance of different SPME coatings, PDMS/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fibers were found the most appropriate for the extraction of most of these pesticides. Carbendazim and metalaxyl could not be extracted from wine samples. Calibration curves for extracted standards and fortified white wines were studied in order to determine the presence of a matrix effect. The combination of both preconcentration procedures (SPME and REPSM) allowed the determination of ten of these pesticides in white wines at concentrations between 0.054 and 0.113 mg/L. (i.e., levels well below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed for these compounds in wine grapes). Ten homemade wines were they analyzed with the optimized method demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia M Ravelo-Pérez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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48
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Fang H, Yang F, Sun J, Zeng Z, Xu Y. Pressure-assisted field-amplified sample injection with reverse migrating micelles for analyzing trace steroids in MEKC. Electrophoresis 2008; 28:3697-704. [PMID: 17899536 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel method that applies pressure-assisted field-amplified sample injection with reverse migrating micelles (PA-FASI-RMM) for the online concentration of neutral analytes in MEKC with a low-pH BGE. After injection of a plug of water into the separation capillary, negative voltage and positive pressure were simultaneously applied to initialize PA-FASI-RMM injection. The hydrodynamic flow generated by the positive pressure compensated the reverse EOF in the water plug and allowed the water plug to remain in the capillary during FASI with reverse migrating micelles (FASI-RMM) to obtain a much longer injection time than usual, which improved stacking efficiency greatly. Equations describing this injection mode were introduced and were supported by experimental results. For a 450-s online PA-FASI-RMM injection, three orders of magnitude sample enhancement in terms of peak area could be observed for the steroids and an achievement of detection limits was between 1 and 10 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaifang Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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49
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Urban PL, García-Ruiz C, García MA, Marina ML. Separation and online preconcentration by multistep stacking with large-volume injection of anabolic steroids by capillary electrokinetic chromatography using charged cyclodextrins and UV-absorption detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 28:2200-9. [PMID: 16318218 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The separation of three common anabolic steroids (methyltestosterone, methandrostenolone and testosterone) was performed for the first time by capillary EKC. Different charged CD derivatives and bile salts were tested as dispersed phases in order to achieve the separation. A mixture of 10 mmol/L succinylated-beta-CD with 1 mmol/L beta-CD in a 50 mmol/L borate buffer (pH 9) enabled the separation of the three anabolic steroids in less than 9 min. Concentration LODs, obtained for these compounds with low absorption of UV light, were approximately 5 x 10(-5) mol/L. The use of online reverse migrating sample stacking with large-volume injection (the effective length of the capillary) enabled to improve the detection sensitivity. Sensitivity enhancement factors (SEFs) ranging from 95 (for testosterone) to 149 (for methyltestosterone) were achieved by single stacking preconcentration. Then, the possibilities of multistep stacking to improve the sensitivity for these analytes were investigated. SEFs obtained by double stacking preconcentration ranged from 138 to 185, enabling concentration LODs of 2.79 x 10(-7) mol/L (for methyltestosterone), 3.47 x 10(-7) mol/L (for testosterone) and 3.56 x 10(-7) mol/L (for methandrostenolone). Although online triple stacking preconcentration was achieved, its repeatability was very poor and SEFs for the studied analytes were not calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel L Urban
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Jiménez-Díaz I, Ballesteros O, Vílchez JL, Navalón A. Determination of sulfophenyl carboxylic acids in agricultural groundwater samples by CE with ultraviolet absorption detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:516-25. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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