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Rajasekar A, Zhao C, Wu S, Murava RT, Wilkinson S. Synergistic biocementation: harnessing Comamonas and Bacillus ureolytic bacteria for enhanced sand stabilization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:229. [PMID: 38825655 PMCID: PMC11144680 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Biocementation, driven by ureolytic bacteria and their biochemical activities, has evolved as a powerful technology for soil stabilization, crack repair, and bioremediation. Ureolytic bacteria play a crucial role in calcium carbonate precipitation through their enzymatic activity, hydrolyzing urea to produce carbonate ions and elevate pH, thus creating favorable conditions for the precipitation of calcium carbonate. While extensive research has explored the ability of ureolytic bacteria isolated from natural environments or culture conditions, bacterial synergy is often unexplored or under-reported. In this study, we isolated bacterial strains from the local eutrophic river canal and evaluated their suitability for precipitating calcium carbonate polymorphs. We identified two distinct bacterial isolates with superior urea degradation ability (conductivity method) using partial 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Molecular identification revealed that they belong to the Comamonas and Bacillus genera. Urea degradation analysis was performed under diverse pH (6,7 and 8) and temperature (15 °C,20 °C,25 °C and 30 °C) ranges, indicating that their ideal pH is 7 and temperature is 30 °C since 95% of the urea was degraded within 96 h. In addition, we investigated these strains individually and in combination, assessing their microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) in silicate fine sand under low (14 ± 0.6 °C) and ideal temperature 30 °C conditions, aiming to optimize bio-mediated soil enhancement. Results indicated that 30 °C was the ideal temperature, and combining bacteria resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.001) superior carbonate precipitation (14-16%) and permeability (> 10- 6 m/s) in comparison to the average range of individual strains. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of combining ureolytic bacteria for future MICP research on field applications including soil erosion mitigation, soil stabilization, ground improvement, and heavy metal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adharsh Rajasekar
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Cailin Zhao
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Suowei Wu
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Raphinos Tackmore Murava
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Stephen Wilkinson
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong in Dubai, Dubai, UAE
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2
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White-Pettigrew M, Shaw S, Hughes L, Boothman C, Graham J, Abrahamsen-Mills L, Morris K, Lloyd JR. Enhanced Strontium Removal through Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation by Indigenous Ureolytic Bacteria. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:483-498. [PMID: 38533191 PMCID: PMC10961847 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Microbial ureolysis offers the potential to remove metals including Sr2+ as carbonate minerals via the generation of alkalinity coupled to NH4+ and HCO3- production. Here, we investigated the potential for bacteria, indigenous to sediments representative of the U.K. Sellafield nuclear site where 90Sr is present as a groundwater contaminant, to utilize urea in order to target Sr2+-associated (Ca)CO3 formation in sediment microcosm studies. Strontium removal was enhanced in most sediments in the presence of urea only, coinciding with a significant pH increase. Adding the biostimulation agents acetate/lactate, Fe(III), and yeast extract to further enhance microbial metabolism, including ureolysis, enhanced ureolysis and increased Sr and Ca removal. Environmental scanning electron microscopy analyses suggested that coprecipitation of Ca and Sr occurred, with evidence of Sr associated with calcium carbonate polymorphs. Sr K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis was conducted on authentic Sellafield sediments stimulated with Fe(III) and quarry outcrop sediments amended with yeast extract. Spectra from the treated Sellafield and quarry sediments showed Sr2+ local coordination environments indicative of incorporation into calcite and vaterite crystal structures, respectively. 16S rRNA gene analysis identified ureolytic bacteria of the genus Sporosarcina in these incubations, suggesting they have a key role in enhancing strontium removal. The onset of ureolysis also appeared to enhance the microbial reduction of Fe(III), potentially via a tight coupling between Fe(III) and NH4+ as an electron donor for metal reduction. This suggests ureolysis may support the immobilization of 90Sr via coprecipitation with insoluble calcium carbonate and cofacilitate reductive precipitation of certain redox active radionuclides, e.g., uranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew White-Pettigrew
- Research
Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular
Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Nuclear Laboratory, Warrington, Cheshire WA3 6AE, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Shaw
- Research
Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular
Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Hughes
- Research
Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular
Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Boothman
- Research
Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular
Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - James Graham
- National
Nuclear Laboratory, Warrington, Cheshire WA3 6AE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine Morris
- Research
Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular
Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Lloyd
- Research
Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular
Environmental Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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3
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Tsotsou GE. Extraction-free analysis in cosmetics by digital image colorimetry, illustrated by the quantification of urea. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25503. [PMID: 38333856 PMCID: PMC10850965 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
An extraction-free methodology is proposed for quantifying urea in cosmetics, which relies on urea-mediated decrease of methyl red decoloration by sodium hypochlorite. The method is applied directly to the cosmetic formulation and the resulting color intensity is captured by a smartphone camera. We demonstrate a linear relationship between color intensity and urea concentration in O/W emulsions and a shampoo. This quantification methodology is fully validated by determining its technical characteristics in an O/W cosmetic emulsion: The standard curve is linear over 2.5-30.0 % w/w urea (R2 ≥ 0.985). The coefficient of variation (CV %) on all quality control levels is ≤ 12.54 % for intermediate precision, indicating acceptable precision. Bias is up to ±4.93 % in the emulsion, indicating acceptable accuracy and a countable matrix effect. The proposed analysis setup in combination with a standard addition methodology is applied to verify urea content in purpose-made emulsions: bias is ≤±10.9 %, even in the presence of interfering ammonia. We finally demonstrate that the camera-captured color intensity of an O/W emulsion is proportional to different colorant concentrations in the formulation. This opens the route for further applications of the proposed setup to other ingredients capable of generating a colored product upon suitable reaction inside the formulation matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Eleni Tsotsou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo, 122 43, Greece
- R&D Department, COSMETIC, Ioannou Metaxa 56, Karellas, Koropi, 19400, Greece
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4
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Tonhela MA, Almeida MEV, Granato Malpass AC, Motheo ADJ, Malpass GRP. Electrodegradation of cyclophosphamide in artificial urine by combined methods. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1782-1797. [PMID: 34842066 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.2012270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of the chemotherapeutic drug cyclophosphamide in artificial urine was evaluated by Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOP). The system consisted of an electrochemical flow reactor with a commercial DSA® electrode (nominal composition Ti / Ru0,3Ti0,7O2) and Ti-mesh cathode. In order to assess the best parameters, the effect of current density, time and flow rate were analyzed using an initial 23 factorial design. The chosen response variable was the energy efficiency to produce free chlorine species (HClO/ClO-). After obtaining the most significant factors, the Central Composite Design (CCD) was performed, where the optimum conditions were determined for the current density range (11.714 mA cm-2 and 66.57 mA cm-2), flow rate (31.33 mL min-1) and time range (19 and 37 min). Under an optimized condition, the efficiency of other combined methods (photo-assisted electrochemical, photochemical, sonoelectrochemical and photo-assisted sonoelectrochemical) was evaluated. The efficiency of degradation processes was determined by removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), creatinine and urea. Analysis by HPLC demonstrates that the cyclophosphamide was substantially removed during the treatment process of ∼77%. Based on these results, it can be observed that the coupling between electrochemical and photochemical processes is a promising alternative for the treatment of this effluent, as a marked reduction of organic matter is observed (63, 94% of creatinine, 29.62% of urea, 39.1% of TOC) and a low treatment cost ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquele Amorim Tonhela
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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5
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Pellá MCG, Simão AR, Valderrama P, Rubira AF. A conventional and chemometric analytical approach to solving urea determination with accuracy and precision. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:2016-2029. [PMID: 37060118 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Urea is an essential molecule usually detected using spectroscopy, particularly ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). However, its detection represents a not always fully acknowledged issue. Its concentration dependency has raised questions about the reliability of the UV-vis results. Derivatization reactions, common alternatives to achieve accuracy and precision with UV-vis measurements, still represent an additional step in the measurement process. Besides the problems mentioned earlier, urea forms complex mixtures in aqueous mediums. Therefore, this work proposes to investigate the accuracy and precision of urea determination by UV-vis spectroscopy in the pure form and derivatized with para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. The results show that UV-vis spectroscopy could not quantify urea in both forms with precision and accuracy. On the other hand, when applying multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to the UV-vis data, the pure urea analytical signal is mathematically separated. Then, those parameters of merit were successfully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andressa Renatta Simão
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Valderrama
- Federal Technological University of Paraná - Campus Campo Mourão, Via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, Campo Mourão, 87301-899, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adley Forti Rubira
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
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6
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Zhang P, Liu XQ, Yang LY, Sheng HZY, Qian AQ, Fan T. Immobilization of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ by biomineralization of the carbonate mineralized bacterial consortium JZ1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:22471-22482. [PMID: 36301386 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been proven to effectively immobilize Cd2+ and Pb2+ using a single bacterium. However, there is an urgent need for studies of Cd2+ and Pb2+ immobilized by a bacterial consortium. In this study, a stable consortium designated JZ1 was isolated from soil that was contaminated with cadmium and lead, and the dominant genus Sporosarcina (99.1%) was found to have carbonate mineralization function. The results showed that 91.52% and 99.38% of Cd2+ and Pb2+ were mineralized by the consortium JZ1 with 5 g/L CaCl2 at an initial concentration of 5 mg/L Cd2+ and 150 mg/L Pb2+, respectively. The bioprecipitates were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Moreover, the kinetic studies indicated that the urea hydrolysis reaction fit well with the Michaelis-Menten equation, and the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were estimated to be 38.69 mM and 58.98 mM/h, respectively. When the concentration of urea increased from 0.1 to 0.3 M, the mineralization rate increased by 1.58-fold. This study can provide a novel microbial resource for the biomineralization of Cd and Pb in soil and water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Li-Yuan Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Ze-Yu Sheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - An-Qi Qian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Fan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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7
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Vadhel A, Kumar A, Bashir S, Malik T, Mohan A. Synergistic and non-synergistic impact of HAP-based nano fertilizer and PGPR for improved nutrient utilization and metabolite variation in hemp crops. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: NANO 2023; 10:3101-3110. [DOI: 10.1039/d3en00380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanofertilizer prepared with urea-hydroxyapatite amalgamation along with PGPR promotes urea availability over longer period of plant growth and reduces wasteful urea expense in soil, curtailing environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agrataben Vadhel
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Sabreen Bashir
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| | - Anand Mohan
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
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8
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Bellmann T, Luber R, Kischio L, Karl B, Pötzinger Y, Beekmann U, Kralisch D, Wiegand C, Fischer D. Bacterial nanocellulose patches as a carrier for hydrating formulations to improve the topical treatment of nail diseases. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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9
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Mineralogy, morphology, and reaction kinetics of ureolytic bio-cementation in the presence of seawater ions and varying soil materials. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17100. [PMID: 36224231 PMCID: PMC9556692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbially-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a bio-cementation process that can improve the engineering properties of granular soils through the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals on soil particle surfaces and contacts. The technology has advanced rapidly as an environmentally conscious soil improvement method, however, our understanding of the effect of changes in field-representative environmental conditions on the physical and chemical properties of resulting precipitates has remained limited. An improved understanding of the effect of subsurface geochemical and soil conditions on process reaction kinetics and the morphology and mineralogy of bio-cementation may be critical towards enabling successful field-scale deployment of the technology and improving our understanding of the long-term chemical permanence of bio-cemented soils in different environments. In this study, thirty-five batch experiments were performed to specifically investigate the influence of seawater ions and varying soil materials on the mineralogy, morphology, and reaction kinetics of ureolytic bio-cementation. During experiments, differences in reaction kinetics were quantified to identify conditions inhibiting CaCO3 precipitation and ureolysis. Following experiments, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and chemical composition analyses were employed to quantify differences in mineralogical compositions and material morphology. Ions present in seawater and variations in soil materials were shown to significantly influence ureolytic activity and precipitate mineralogy and morphology, however, calcite remained the predominant CaCO3 polymorph in all experiments with relative percentages exceeding 80% by mass in all precipitates.
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10
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Comadran-Casas C, Schaschke CJ, Akunna JC, Jorat ME. Cow urine as a source of nutrients for Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation in sandy soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114307. [PMID: 34942547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) via biostimulation of urea hydrolysis is a biogeochemical process in which soil indigenous ureolytic microorganisms catalyse the decomposition of urea into ammonium and carbonate ions which, in the presence of calcium, precipitate as calcium carbonate minerals. The environmental conditions created by urine in soil resemble those induced by MICP via urea hydrolysis. Thus, this study assesses the suitability of a waste product, cow urine, as a source of nutrients for MICP. Urea stability in fresh and sterilised urine were monitored for a month to cover the length of a potential MICP intervention. An experimental soil column set up was used to compare the soil response to the repeated application of fresh and sterilised cow urine, within pH of 7 and 9, and the chemical-based solution. Urea hydrolysis and the carbonate content in solution were monitored to assess the suitability of the proposed alternative. In addition, the nitrification process was monitored. Key findings indicated i) urea concentration and stability in fresh and sterilised cow urine are suitable for MICP application; ii) the soil response to treatments of cow urine within pH of 7 and 9 are similar to the chemical-based solution; and iii) increasing solution pH results in a faster activation of ureolytic microorganisms and higher carbonate content in solution. These results demonstrate that cow urine is a suitable substitute of the chemical-based MICP application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl J Schaschke
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph C Akunna
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - M Ehsan Jorat
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
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11
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Graddy CMR, Gomez MG, DeJong JT, Nelson DC. Native Bacterial Community Convergence in Augmented and Stimulated Ureolytic MICP Biocementation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10784-10793. [PMID: 34279077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbially induced calcite precipitation is a biomineralization process with numerous civil engineering and ground improvement applications. In replicate soil columns, the efficacy and microbial composition of soil bioaugmented with the ureolytic bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii were compared to a biostimulation method that enriches native ureolytic soil bacteria in situ under conditions analogous to field implementation. The selective enrichment resulting from sequential stimulation treatments strongly selected for Firmicutes (>97%), with Sporosarcina and Lysinibacillus comprising 60 to 94% of high-throughput 16S rDNA sequences in each suspended community sample. Seven species of the former and two of the latter were present in greater than 10% abundance at different times, demonstrating unexpected within-genus diversity and robustness in the suspended phase of this highly selective environment. Based on longer 16S sequences, it was inferred that augmented S. pasteurii competed poorly with natural bacteria, decreasing to below detection after nine treatments, while the native microbial community was enriched to approximately that present in the stimulated columns. These analyses were corroborated by the observed convergence in bulk ureolytic rates and calcite contents between techniques. However, a 10-fold discrepancy between the observed cell density and an activity-based estimate indicates the attached community, uncharacterized despite efforts, substantially contributes to bulk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M R Graddy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis 95616, California, United States
| | - Michael G Gomez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-2700, Washington, United States
| | - Jason T DeJong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616, California, United States
| | - Douglas C Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis 95616, California, United States
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12
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Synthesis and characterization of double-network hydrogels based on sodium alginate and halloysite for slow release fertilizers. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:557-565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Casas CC, Graf A, Brüggemann N, Schaschke CJ, Jorat ME. Dolerite Fines Used as a Calcium Source for Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation Reduce the Environmental Carbon Cost in Sandy Soil. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:557119. [PMID: 33013787 PMCID: PMC7505998 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.557119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) stimulates soil microbiota to induce a cementation of the soil matrix. Urea, calcium and simple carbon nutrients are supplied to produce carbonates via urea hydrolysis and induce the precipitation of the mineral calcite. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is typically used as a source for calcium, but basic silicate rocks and other materials have been investigated as alternatives. Weathering of calcium-rich silicate rocks (e.g., basalt and dolerite) releases calcium, magnesium and iron; this process is associated with sequestration of atmospheric CO2 and formation of pedogenic carbonates. We investigated atmospheric carbon fluxes of a MICP treated sandy soil using CaCl2 and dolerite fines applied on the soil surface as sources for calcium. Soil-atmosphere carbon fluxes were monitored over 2 months and determined with an infrared gas analyser connected to a soil chamber. Soil inorganic carbon content and isotopic composition were determined with isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. In addition, soil-atmosphere CO2 fluxes during chemical weathering of dolerite fines were investigated in incubation experiments with gas chromatography. Larger CO2 emissions resulted from the application of dolerite fines (116 g CO2-C m–2) compared to CaCl2 (79 g CO2-C m–2) but larger inorganic carbon precipitation also occurred (172.8 and 76.9 g C m–2, respectively). Normalising to the emitted carbon to precipitated carbon, the environmental carbon cost was reduced with dolerite fines (0.67) compared to the traditional MICP treatment (1.01). The carbon isotopic signature indicated pedogenic carbonates (δ13Cav = −8.2 ± 5.0‰) formed when dolerite was applied and carbon originating from urea (δ13Cav = −46.4 ± 1.0‰) precipitated when CaCl2 was used. Dolerite fines had a large but short-lived (<2 d) carbon sequestration potential, and results indicated peak CO2 emissions during MICP could be balanced optimising the application of dolerite fines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C Casas
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Graf
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-3: Agrosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-3: Agrosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Carl J Schaschke
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - M Ehsan Jorat
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
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14
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Biostimulation in Desert Soils for Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a soil amelioration technique aiming to mitigate different environmental and engineering concerns, including desertification, soil erosion, and soil liquefaction, among others. The hydrolysis of urea, catalyzed by the microbial enzyme urease, is considered the most efficient microbial pathway for MICP. Biostimulated MICP relies on the enhancement of indigenous urea-hydrolyzing bacteria by providing an appropriate enrichment and precipitation medium, as opposed to bioaugmentation, which requires introducing large volumes of exogenous bacterial cultures into the treated soil along with a growth and precipitation medium. Biostimulated MICP in desert soils is challenging as the total carbon content and the bacterial abundance are considerably low. In this study, we examined the biostimulation potential in soils from the Negev Desert, Israel, for the purpose of mitigation of topsoil erosion in arid environments. Incubating soil samples in urea and enrichment media demonstrated effective urea hydrolysis leading to pH increase, which is necessary for calcite precipitation. Biostimulation rates were found to increase with concentrations of energy (carbon) source in the stimulation media, reaching its maximal levels within 3 to 6 days. Following stimulation, calcium carbonate precipitation was induced by spiking stimulated bacteria in precipitation (CaCl2 enriched) media. The results of our research demonstrate that biostimulated MICP is feasible in the low-carbon, mineral soils of the northern Negev Desert in Israel.
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15
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Wang Y, Guo H, Wang X, Ma Z, Li X, Li R, Li Q, Wang R, Jia X. Spout Fluidized Bed Assisted Preparation of Poly(tannic acid)-Coated Urea Fertilizer. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1127-1133. [PMID: 31984269 PMCID: PMC6977027 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) have been widely used to reduce environment pollution derived from excessive nutrients. Coated fertilizers have been designed and prepared using various materials. However, development of new green coating materials and simple process is still a huge challenge. In this study, tannic acid (TA), a natural polyphenol, was used to prepare poly(tannic acid) (PTA)-coated fertilizers with urea prills as the core, and the technology of the coating process in a spout fluidized bed was developed. PTA coating could be formed rapidly by the fast oxidation of TA by an oxidation solution containing CuSO4 and H2O2. The coated urea release behavior was systematically studied in water and soil. In both water and soil, the release rate of nitrogen from coated urea is much slower than that from raw urea. Raw urea was completely dissolved within 30 min, while 27% of urea was released from coated urea. The pot experiments indicated that coated urea has a positive effect on the plant growth as well. Our results provide an effective method to prepare environment-friendly SRFs, indicating a promising application in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing
of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering
Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heling Guo
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing
of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering
Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing
of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering
Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- State
Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xie Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing
of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering
Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing
of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering
Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing
of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering
Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongjie Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing
of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering
Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Jia
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing
of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering
Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Investigating Ammonium By-product Removal for Ureolytic Bio-cementation Using Meter-scale Experiments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18313. [PMID: 31797962 PMCID: PMC6892930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP), or bio-cementation, is a promising bio-mediated technology that can improve the engineering properties of soils through the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Despite significant advances in the technology, concerns regarding the fate of produced NH4+ by-products have remained largely unaddressed. In this study, five 3.7-meter long soil columns each containing one of three different soils were improved using ureolytic bio-cementation, and post-treatment NH4+ by-product removal was investigated during the application of 525 L of a high pH and high ionic strength rinse solution. During rinsing, reductions in aqueous NH4+ were observed in all columns from initial concentrations between ≈100 mM to 500 mM to final values between ≈0.3 mM and 20 mM with higher NH4+ concentrations observed at distances furthest from the injection well. In addition, soil Vs measurements completed during rinse injections suggested that no significant changes in cementation integrity occurred during NH4+ removal. After rinsing and a 12 hour stop flow period, all column solutions achieved cumulative NH4+ removals exceeding 97.9%. Soil samples collected following rinsing, however, contained significant sorbed NH4+ masses that appeared to have a near linear relationship with surrounding aqueous NH4+ concentrations. While these results suggest that NH4+ can be successfully removed from bio-cemented soils, acceptable limits for NH4+ aqueous concentrations and sorbed NH4+ masses will likely be governed by site-specific requirements and may require further investigation and refinement of the developed techniques.
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17
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Pungrasmi W, Intarasoontron J, Jongvivatsakul P, Likitlersuang S. Evaluation of Microencapsulation Techniques for MICP Bacterial Spores Applied in Self-Healing Concrete. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12484. [PMID: 31462752 PMCID: PMC6713760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Concrete cracks must be repaired promptly in order to prevent structural damage and to prolong the structural life of the building (or other such construction). Biological self-healing concrete is a recent alternative technology involving the biochemical reaction of microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). This study determined the most appropriate technique to encapsulate spores of Bacillus sphaericus LMG 22257 with sodium alginate so as to protect the bacterial spores during the concrete mixing and hardening period. Three techniques (extrusion, spray drying and freeze drying) to encapsulate the bacterial spores with sodium alginate were evaluated. The freeze-drying process provided the highest bacterial spore survival rate (100%), while the extruded and spray-dried processes had a lower spore survival rate of 93.8% and 79.9%, respectively. To investigate the viability of microencapsulated spores after being mixed with mortar, the decomposed urea analysis was conducted. The results revealed that the freeze-dried spores also showed the highest level of urea decomposition (metabolic activity assay used as a surrogate marker of spore germination and vegetative cell viability). Thus, the self-healing performance of concrete mixed with freeze-dried spores was evaluated. The results showed that the crack healing ratio observed from the mortar specimens with freeze-dried microencapsulated spores were significantly higher than those without bacteria. This study revealed that freeze drying has a high potential as a microencapsulation technique for application to self-healing concrete technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiboonluk Pungrasmi
- Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Research Network of NANOTEC-CU on Environmental, Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jirapa Intarasoontron
- Master student, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pitcha Jongvivatsakul
- Assistant Professor, Innovative Construction Materials Research Unit, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Suched Likitlersuang
- Professor, Centre of Excellence in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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18
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Gomez MG, Graddy CMR, DeJong JT, Nelson DC. Biogeochemical Changes During Bio-cementation Mediated by Stimulated and Augmented Ureolytic Microorganisms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11517. [PMID: 31395919 PMCID: PMC6687734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) is a bio-mediated cementation process that can improve the engineering properties of granular soils through the precipitation of calcite. The process is made possible by soil microorganisms containing urease enzymes, which hydrolyze urea and enable carbonate ions to become available for precipitation. While most researchers have injected non-native ureolytic bacteria to complete bio-cementation, enrichment of native ureolytic microorganisms may enable reductions in process treatment costs and environmental impacts. In this study, a large-scale bio-cementation experiment involving two 1.7-meter diameter tanks and a complementary soil column experiment were performed to investigate biogeochemical differences between bio-cementation mediated by either native or augmented (Sporosarcina pasteurii) ureolytic microorganisms. Although post-treatment distributions of calcite and engineering properties were similar between approaches, the results of this study suggest that significant differences in ureolysis rates and related precipitation rates between native and augmented microbial communities may influence the temporal progression and spatial distribution of bio-cementation, solution biogeochemical changes, and precipitate microstructure. The role of urea hydrolysis in enabling calcite precipitation through sustained super-saturation following treatment injections is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Gomez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Charles M R Graddy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jason T DeJong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Douglas C Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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19
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Skin Permeation of Urea Under Finite Dose Condition. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:987-995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Controlled-release urea encapsulated by ethyl cellulose/butyl acrylate/vinyl acetate hybrid latex. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2018-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fertilizer encapsulation through polymer membranes can reduce fertilizer losses and minimize environmental pollution. In this paper, an emulsion of ethyl cellulose (EC)/vinyl acetate (VAc)/butyl acrylate (BA) was successfully prepared by pre-emulsified semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerization. EC/BA/VAc films showed biodegradability. The influence of the EC content on the properties of EC/BA/VAc films was also investigated by DSC, a water absorbency analysis, etc. Controlled-release urea encapsulated by EC/BA/VAc latex was prepared in a film coating machine and conformed to the standards for slow-release fertilizers of the Committee of European Normalization. The release of urea from controlled-release urea encapsulated by EC/BA/VAc latex containing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% EC was 75.1%, 65.8%, 70.1% and 84.1%, respectively, after 42 days, and controlled-release urea encapsulated by EC/BA/VAc latex (5% EC) had the best controlled-release ability. Therefore, controlled-release urea encapsulated by EC/BA/VAc latex has many potential applications in agricultural industry.
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21
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Graddy CMR, Gomez MG, Kline LM, Morrill SR, DeJong JT, Nelson DC. Diversity of Sporosarcina-like Bacterial Strains Obtained from Meter-Scale Augmented and Stimulated Biocementation Experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3997-4005. [PMID: 29505251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) is a biomediated soil cementation process that offers an environmentally conscious alternative to conventional geotechnical soil improvement technologies. This study provides the first comparison of ureolytic bacteria isolated from sand cemented in parallel, meter-scale, MICP experiments using either biostimulation or bioaugmentation approaches, wherein colonies resembling the augmented strain ( Sporosarcina pasteurii ATCC 11859) were interrogated. Over the 13 day experiment, 47 of the 57 isolates collected were strains of Sporosarcina and the diversity of these strains was high, with 20 distinct strains belonging to 5 species identified. Although the S. pasteurii inoculant used for augmentation was recovered immediately after introduction in the augmented specimen, the strain was not recovered after 8 days in either augmented or stimulated soils, suggesting that it competes poorly with indigenous bacteria. Past studies on the physiological properties of S. pasteurii ATCC 11859 suggest that close relatives may have selective advantages under the biogeochemical conditions employed during MICP; however, the extent to which these properties apply to isolates of the current study is unknown. Whole cell urease kinetic properties were investigated for representative isolates and suggest up to 100-fold higher rates of carbonate production when compared to other biomediated processes proposed for MICP.
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22
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Toledo PRAB, Toci AT, Pezza HR, Pezza L. Green Determination of Urea in Moisturizers by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1255223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Theodoro Toci
- Latin American Institute of Science of Life and Nature, Federal University of Latin American Integration – UNILA, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Pezza
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Li X, Gao M, Xin K, Zhang L, Ding D, Kong D, Wang Z, Shi Y, Kiessling F, Lammers T, Cheng J, Zhao Y. Singlet oxygen-responsive micelles for enhanced photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2017; 260:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Dhami NK, Alsubhi WR, Watkin E, Mukherjee A. Bacterial Community Dynamics and Biocement Formation during Stimulation and Augmentation: Implications for Soil Consolidation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1267. [PMID: 28744265 PMCID: PMC5504299 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbially-induced CaCO3 precipitation (MICP) is a naturally occurring process wherein durable carbonates are formed as a result of microbial metabolic activities. In recent years, MICP technology has been widely harnessed for applications in civil engineering wherein synthesis of calcium carbonate crystals occurs at ambient temperature paving way for low energy biocement. MICP using pure urease (UA) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) producing bacteria has been promising in laboratory conditions. In the current study we enriched ureolytic and carbonic anhydrase communities in calcareous soil under biostimulation and bioaugmentation conditions and investigated the effect of microbial dynamics on carbonate precipitation, calcium carbonate polymorph selection and consolidation of biological sand column under nutrient limited and rich conditions. All treatments for stimulation and augmentation led to significant changes in the composition of indigenous bacterial population. Biostimulation as well as augmentation through the UA route was found to be faster and more effective compared to the CA route in terms of extracellular enzyme production and carbonate precipitation. Synergistic role of augmented cultures along with indigenous communities was recorded via both the routes of UA and CA as more effective calcification was seen in case of augmentation compared to stimulation. The survival of supplemented isolates in presence of indigenous bacterial communities was confirmed through sequencing of total diversity and it was seen that both UA and CA isolate had the potential to survive along with native communities under high nutrient conditions. Nutrient conditions played significant role in determining calcium carbonate polymorph fate as calcitic crystals dominated under high carbon supplementation. Finally, the consolidation of sand columns via stimulation and augmentation was successfully achieved through both UA and CA route under high nutrient conditions but higher consolidation in short time period was noticed in UA route. The study reports that based upon the organic carbon content in native soils, stimulation can be favored at sites with high organic carbon content while augmentation with repeated injections of nutrients can be applied on poor nutrient soils via different enrichment routes of microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep K Dhami
- Biologically Activated Materials Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin UniversityPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Walaa R Alsubhi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute-Biosciences, Curtin UniversityPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Watkin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute-Biosciences, Curtin UniversityPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- Biologically Activated Materials Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin UniversityPerth, WA, Australia
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25
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Goto N, Morita Y, Terada K. Deposits from Creams Containing 20% (w/w) Urea and Suppression of Crystallization (Part 2): Novel Analytical Methods of Urea Accumulated in the Stratum Corneum by Tape stripping and Colorimetry. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:1092-8. [PMID: 27477646 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of urea from a urea formulation to the stratum corneum varies with the formulation base and form, and impacts the formulation's therapeutic effect. Consequently, determining the amount of urea transferred is essential for developing efficient formulations. This study assessed a simple method for measuring the amount of urea accumulated in the stratum corneum. Conventional methods rely on labeling urea used in the formulation with radiocarbon ((14)C) or other radioactive isotopes (RIs), retrieving the transferred urea from the stratum corneum by tape stripping, then quantitating the urea. The handling and use of RIs, however, is subject to legal regulation and can only be performed in sanctioned facilities, so methods employing RIs are neither simple nor convenient. We therefore developed a non-radiolabel method "tape stripping-colorimetry (T-C)" that combines tape stripping with colorimetry (urease-glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)) for the quantitative measurement of urea. Urea in the stratum corneum is collected by tape stripping and measured using urease-GLDH, which is commonly used to measure urea nitrogen in blood tests. The results indicate that accurate urea measurement by the T-C method requires the application of 1400 mg (on hairless rats) of a 20% urea solution on a 50 cm(2) (5×10 cm) area. Further, we determined the amount of urea accumulated in the stratum corneum using formulations with different urea concentrations, and the time course of urea accumulation from formulations differing in the rate of urea crystallization. We demonstrate that the T-C method is simple and convenient, with no need for (14)C or other RIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Goto
- Honjo Reserch Section Drug Development Technology Center, Customer Joy Department Eisai Japan, Eisai Co., Ltd
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26
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Chen W, Laiho S, Vaittinen O, Halonen L, Ortiz F, Forsblom C, Groop PH, Lehto M, Metsälä M. Biochemical pathways of breath ammonia (NH
3
) generation in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis. J Breath Res 2016; 10:036011. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/036011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Wu D, Li X, Lu J, Chen J, Xie G, Zhang L. The overexpression ofDUR1,2and deletion ofCAR1in an industrialSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrain and effects on nitrogen catabolite repression in Chinese rice wine production. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University in Suqian; Suqian China
| | - Jian Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfa Xie
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University in Suqian; Suqian China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Chinese Rice Wine; China Shaoxing Rice Wine Group Co. Ltd; Shaoxing People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
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28
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Shan L, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Yu W, Yang Y, Shen S, Zhang S, Zhu L, Xu L, Tian B, Yun J. Fabrication and Use of Alginate-Based Cryogel Delivery Beads Loaded with Urea and Phosphates as Potential Carriers for Bioremediation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lishen Shan
- State
Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology,
College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yunling Gao
- State
Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology,
College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanchang Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology,
College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wubin Yu
- State
Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology,
College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yujun Yang
- Institute
of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Shaochuan Shen
- State
Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology,
College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Songhong Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology,
College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Lingyu Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology,
College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Linhong Xu
- Faculty of Mechanical & Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Key
Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of
Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Junxian Yun
- State
Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology,
College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310032, China
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29
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Wang YQ, Wang SS, Zhu J, Wang L, Jiang BH, Zhao WJ. Determination of urea content in urea cream by centrifugal partition chromatography. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:399-405. [PMID: 28911595 PMCID: PMC9339563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to establish a centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) method for determination of the urea ingredient in urea cream. The mechanism of this method is that urea is determined by UV detector at 430 nm after being extracted from the cream and derivatized on line via Ehrlich reaction in rotor of CPC, where the reaction products dissolve in the mobile phase and the cream matrix retains in the stationary phase. The mixed solvent consisting of n-hexane, methanol, hydrochloric acid and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde with a ratio of 1000 mL:1000 mL:18 mL:2.0 g is used for solvent system of CPC. The CPC method proposed offers good precision and convenience without complex sample pretreatment processes.
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30
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Gat D, Ronen Z, Tsesarsky M. Soil Bacteria Population Dynamics Following Stimulation for Ureolytic Microbial-Induced CaCO3 Precipitation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:616-624. [PMID: 26689904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial-induced CaCO3 precipitation (MICP) via urea-hydrolysis (ureolysis) is an emerging soil improvement technique for various civil engineering and environmental applications. In-situ application of MICP in soils is performed either by augmenting the site with ureolytic bacteria or by stimulating indigenous ureolytic bacteria. Both of these approaches may lead to changes in the indigenous bacterial population composition and to the accumulation of large quantities of ammonium. In this batch study, effective ureolysis was stimulated in coastal sand from a semiarid environment, with low initial ureolytic bacteria abundance. Two different carbon sources were used: yeast-extract and molasses. No ureolysis was observed in their absence. Ureolysis was achieved using both carbon sources, with a higher rate in the yeast-extract enrichment resulting from increased bacterial growth. The changes to the indigenous bacterial population following biostimulation of ureolysis were significant: Bacilli class abundancy increased from 5% in the native sand up to 99% in the yeast-extract treatment. The sand was also enriched with ammonium-chloride, where ammonia-oxidation was observed after 27 days, but was not reflected in the bacterial population composition. These results suggest that biostimulation of ureolytic bacteria can be applied even in a semiarid and nutrient-poor environment using a simple carbon source, that is, molasses. The significant changes to bacterial population composition following ureolysis stimulation could result in a decrease in trophic activity and diversity in the treated site, thus they require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Gat
- The Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Zeev Ronen
- The Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede-Boqer Campus 8499000, Israel
| | - Michael Tsesarsky
- The Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Department of Structural Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Feng G, Ping W, Qin XX, Liu J, Zhu X. Ionic-Liquid-Loaded β-Cyclodextrin-Cross-Linked Polymer Solid-Phase Extraction for the Separation/Analysis of Linuron in Fruit and Vegetable Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
It is known that the oral cavity is a production site for mouth-exhaled NH3. However, the mechanism of NH3 production in the oral cavity has been unclear. Since bacterial urease in the oral cavity has been found to produce ammonia from oral fluid urea, we hypothesize that oral fluid urea is the origin of mouth-exhaled NH3. Our results show that under certain conditions a strong correlation exists between oral fluid urea and oral fluid ammonia (NH4(+)+NH3) (rs = 0.77, p < 0.001). We also observe a strong correlation between oral fluid NH3 and mouth-exhaled NH3 (rs = 0.81, p < 0.001). We conclude that three main factors affect the mouth-exhaled NH3 concentration: urea concentration, urease activity and oral fluid pH. Bacterial urease catalyses the hydrolysis of oral fluid urea to ammonia (NH4(+)+NH3). Oral fluid ammonia (NH4(+)+NH3) and pH determine the concentration of oral fluid NH3, which evaporates from oral fluid into gas phase and turns to mouth-exhaled NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Metabolic engineering of the regulators in nitrogen catabolite repression to reduce the production of ethyl carbamate in a model rice wine system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:392-8. [PMID: 24185848 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03055-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice wine has been one of the most popular traditional alcoholic drinks in China. However, the presence of potentially carcinogenic ethyl carbamate (EC) in rice wine has raised a series of food safety issues. During rice wine production, the key reason for EC formation is urea accumulation, which occurs because of nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. NCR represses urea utilization by retaining Gln3p in the cytoplasm when preferred nitrogen sources are present. In order to increase the nuclear localization of Gln3p, some possible phosphorylation sites on the nuclear localization signal were mutated and the nuclear localization regulation signal was truncated, and the disruption of URE2 provided an additional method of reducing urea accumulation. By combining these strategies, the genes involved in urea utilization (DUR1,2 and DUR3) could be significantly activated in the presence of glutamine. During shake flask fermentations of the genetically modified strains, very little urea accumulated in the medium. Furthermore, the concentrations of urea and EC were reduced by 63% and 72%, respectively, in a model rice wine system. Examination of the normal nutrients in rice wine indicated that there were few differences in fermentation characteristics between the wild-type strain and the genetically modified strain. These results show that metabolic engineering of the NCR regulators has great potential as a method for eliminating EC during rice wine production.
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Zhao X, Zou H, Fu J, Chen J, Zhou J, Du G. Nitrogen regulation involved in the accumulation of urea in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2013; 30:437-47. [PMID: 23996237 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice wine is a popular traditional alcoholic drink with a long history in China. However, the presence of the potential carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC) raises a series of food safety concerns. Although the metabolic pathway of urea (the major precusor of EC) has been characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the regulation of urea accumulation remains unclear, making the efficient elimination of urea difficult. To demonstrate the regulatory mechanisms governing urea accumulation, three key nitrogen sources that can inhibit urea utilization for a commercial S. cerevisiae strain were identified. In addition, regulators of nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR) and target of rapamycin (TOR) pathways were identified as being involved in urea accumulation by real-time quantitative PCR. Based on these results, preferred nitrogen sources were found to repress urea utilization by converting them to glutamine or glutamate. Moreover, the results indicated that the manner of urea metabolism regulation was different for two positive regulators involved in NCR; Gln3p can be retained in the cytoplasm by glutamine, while Gat1p can be retained by glutamine and glutamate. Furthermore, this was confirmed by fluorescence location detection. These new findings provide new targets for eliminating EC and other harmful nitrogen-containing compounds in fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Mortensen B, Haber M, DeJong J, Caslake L, Nelson D. Effects of environmental factors on microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:338-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nguyen TH, Hanley T, Porter CJH, Larson I, Boyd BJ. Phytantriol and glyceryl monooleate cubic liquid crystalline phases as sustained-release oral drug delivery systems for poorly water soluble drugs I. Phase behaviour in physiologically-relevant media. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 62:844-55. [PMID: 20636872 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.06.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The potential utility of liquid crystalline lipid-based formulations in oral drug delivery is expected to depend critically on their structure formation and stability in gastrointestinal fluids. The phase behaviour of lipid-based liquid crystals formed by phytantriol and glyceryl monooleate, known to form a bicontinuous cubic phase in excess water, was therefore assessed in physiologically-relevant simulated gastrointestinal media. METHODS Fixed composition phase studies, crossed polarised light microscopy (CPLM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to determine the phase structures formed in phosphate-buffered saline, simulated gastric and intestinal fluids in the presence of model poorly water soluble drugs cinnarizine, diazepam and vitamin E acetate. KEY FINDINGS The phase behaviour of phytantriol in phosphate-buffered saline was very similar to that in water. Increasing concentrations of bile components (bile salts and phospholipids) caused an increase in the lattice parameter of the cubic phase structure for both lipids. Incorporation of cinnarizine and diazepam did not influence the phase behaviour of the phytantriol- or glyceryl monooleate-based systems at physiological temperatures; however, an inverse hexagonal phase formed on incorporation of vitamin E acetate. CONCLUSIONS Phytantriol and glyceryl monooleate have the potential to form stable cubic phase liquid crystalline delivery systems in the gastrointestinal tract. In-vivo studies to assess their sustained-release behaviour are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri-Hung Nguyen
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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A novel and sensitive resonance scattering assay for detection of urea in serum coupled urease catalytic reaction and NH4 + associated particle reaction. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 34:639-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rozin R, Almog J. Colorimetric detection of urea nitrate: the missing link. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 208:25-8. [PMID: 21087830 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traces of the improvised explosive urea nitrate can be characterized by a sensitive colorimetric reaction with p-dimethylaminocinnamalaldehyde (p-DMAC, UN-1 reagent). As recently shown, the dark red product has a structure of a protonated Schiff base. The unprotonated free base, previously postulated in the literature to be the colored product, was now prepared and fully characterized. It shows totally different spectroscopic properties from the dark red compound. Similarly, the analogous free base of the reaction between urea nitrate and the one-vinyl shorter reagent, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, was synthesized and characterized. Similar differences between the free and protonated forms were observed. The protonated Schiff base spontaneously decomposes to the free base over time. This study provides the missing link in the elucidation of the colorimetric reaction between urea nitrate and UN-1. Both colored products show characteristics of typical acid-base indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Rozin
- Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Haddadi A, Farboud ES, Erfan M, Aboofazeli R. Preparation and characterization of biodegradable urea-loaded microparticles as an approach for transdermal delivery. J Microencapsul 2008; 23:698-712. [PMID: 17118885 DOI: 10.1080/02652040600789328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the formulation and characterization of urea-loaded microspheres prepared using various polymers such as ethyl cellulose (EC), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) and poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), along with the utilization of a solvent evaporation technique. The effect of various formulation parameters (i.e. polymer type and concentration, vehicle type, polymer solution/vehicle volume ratio, drug/polymer ratio, homogenizer and stirrer speed, sonication time and speed, type of washing solution, drying and separation method) on the characteristics of microspheres was also evaluated. Results obtained indicated that, in the presence of urea, highest rate of EC microsphere production could be obtained at a drug/polymer ratio of 1:2 and a polymer solution/vehicle volume ratio of 1:50. In some cases, crystallization of urea was observed during the encapsulation process using cellulose derivative polymers. CAP microparticles showed a rough and tortuous surface while EC microparticles had a wider range of particle size. However, with the PLGA polymer, much better desired microparticles with a smaller size range of 1-3 microm were obtained. In general, PLGA microspheres were spherical in shape and possessed smooth surfaces with less pores in comparison with those obtained by the other polymers. The yield of particle production and the extent of urea encapsulation in PLGA particles were measured to be 68.87% +/- 5.3 and 40.5% +/- 3.4, respectively. The release study from PLGA microspheres revealed that up to 70% of the drug was released within a few days, through a four-stage release pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Haddadi
- School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
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Fujita Y, Taylor JL, Gresham TLT, Delwiche ME, Colwell FS, Mcling TL, Petzke LM, Smith RW. Stimulation of microbial urea hydrolysis in groundwater to enhance calcite precipitation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:3025-3032. [PMID: 18497161 DOI: 10.1021/es702643g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Addition of molasses and urea was tested as a means of stimulating microbial urea hydrolysis in the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer in Idaho. Ureolysis is an integral component of a novel remediation approach for divalent trace metal and radionuclide contaminants in groundwater and associated geomedia, where the contaminants are immobilized by coprecipitation in calcite. Generation of carbonate alkalinity from ureolysis promotes calcite precipitation. In calcite-saturated aquifers, this represents a potential long-term contaminant sequestration mechanism. In a single-well experiment, dilute molasses was injected three times over two weeks to promote overall microbial growth, followed by one urea injection. With molasses addition, total cell numbers in the groundwater increased 1-2 orders of magnitude. Estimated ureolysis rates in recovered groundwater samples increased from < 0.1 to > 25 nmol L(-1) hr(-1). A quantitative PCR assay for the bacterial ureC gene indicated that urease gene numbers increased up to 170 times above pre-injection levels. Following urea injection, calcite precipitates were recovered. Estimated values for an in situ first order ureolysis rate constant ranged from 0.016 to 0.057 d(-1). Although collateral impacts such as reduced permeability were observed, overall results indicated the viability of manipulating biogeochemical processes to promote contaminant sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Fujita
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, USA.
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Lemberger N, Almog J. Structure Elucidation of Dyes That Are Formed in the Colorimetric Detection of the Improvised Explosive Urea Nitrate. J Forensic Sci 2007; 52:1107-10. [PMID: 17645742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urea nitrate (uronium nitrate, UN) is a powerful, improvised explosive that can be easily made from urea and nitric acid. It is considered the most frequently used, illegal explosive in the Israeli arena, which is responsible for the loss of more than a hundred lives in terrorist incidents. Urea nitrate is a colorless, crystalline substance that looks very much like sugar. A sensitive color test for UN was developed recently. It is based on the formation of a red dye in the reaction between p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde and UN under neutral conditions. A similar reaction with p-dimethylaminobezaldehyde produces a yellow dye. The two dyes have been synthesized, and their structures determined by X-ray crystallography. Both dyes are protonated Schiff bases, prevailing in the crystal in a quinoid form. They are identical to the compounds, which are obtained in the colorimetric detection of urea with the same reagents, under strong acidic conditions, whose structures have been postulated in the literature, but never fully proved experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitay Lemberger
- Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Otte X, Eurard B, Oelattre L, Thunus L. Development and validation of a new Fourier transform infrared spectrometric method for the quantification of urea in creams and ointments. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dallet P, Labat L, Kummer E, Dubost JP. Determination of urea, allantoin and lysine pyroglutamate in cosmetic samples by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 742:447-52. [PMID: 10901151 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A new HPLC method using a Polyhydroxyethyl A column involving hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is described for the simultaneous determination of urea, allantoin and lysine pyroglutamate in a cosmetic cream. Validation of the method was accomplished with respect to linearity, repeatability and limits of detection/quantification. Compound recoveries approach 100% with acceptable RSD values. The method is very simple since no derivatisation is necessary. Furthermore, it allows the rapid and direct chromatographic analysis of urea and hence could provide an alternative to other methods used to determine this compound in biological or cosmetic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dallet
- Laboratoire de Chimie analytique, UFR Pharmacie, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042
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