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Li X, Jusko WJ. Utility of Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Assessing Fractional Distribution, Oral Absorption, and Series-Compartment Models of Hepatic Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1403-1418. [PMID: 37460222 PMCID: PMC10506700 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) models are physiologically relevant, require less information than full PBPK models, and offer flexibility in pharmacokinetics (PK). The well-stirred hepatic model (WSM) is commonly used in PBPK, whereas the more plausible dispersion model (DM) poses computational complexities. The series-compartment model (SCM) mimics the DM but is easier to operate. This work implements the SCM and mPBPK models for assessing fractional tissue distribution, oral absorption, and hepatic clearance using literature-reported blood and liver concentration-time data in rats for compounds mainly cleared by the liver. Further handled were various complexities, including nonlinear hepatic binding and metabolism, differing absorption kinetics, and sites of administration. The SCM containing one to five (n) liver subcompartments yields similar fittings and provides comparable estimates for hepatic extraction ratio (ER), prehepatic availability (Fg ), and first-order absorption rate constants (ka ). However, they produce decreased intrinsic clearances (CLint ) and liver-to-plasma partition coefficients (Kph ) with increasing n as expected. Model simulations demonstrated changes in intravenous and oral PK profiles with alterations in Kph and ka and with hepatic metabolic zonation. The permeability (PAMPA P) of the various compounds well explained the fitted fractional distribution (fd ) parameters. The SCM and mPBPK models offer advantages in distinguishing systemic, extrahepatic, and hepatic clearances. The SCM allows for incorporation of liver zonation and is useful in assessing changes in internal concentration gradients potentially masked by similar blood PK profiles. Improved assessment of intraorgan drug concentrations may offer insights into active moieties driving metabolism, biliary excretion, pharmacodynamics, and hepatic toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and the series-compartment model are useful in assessing oral absorption and hepatic clearance. They add flexibility in accounting for various drug- or system-specific complexities, including fractional distribution, nonlinear binding and saturable hepatic metabolism, and hepatic zonation. These models can offer improved insights into the intraorgan concentrations that reflect physiologically active moieties often driving disposition, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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2
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Lin IH, Yang L, Dalley JW, Tsai TH. Trans-placental transfer of nicotine: Modulation by organic cation transporters. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112489. [PMID: 34915670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is a highly addictive substance and harmful to the developing foetus. However, few studies have investigated the transporter mechanism responsible for regulating the transfer of nicotine across the blood-placental interface. A multiple in-vivo microdialysis system coupled to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed to monitor simultaneously nicotine and cotinine in the blood, placenta, foetus, and amniotic fluid of pregnant rats. The pharmacological mechanism of nicotine transfer across the placenta was investigated by co-administering corticosterone, an inhibitor of organic cation transporters (OCTs) that partly mediate the exchange of nicotine across the placenta. The results revealed that intravenously administered nicotine (1 mg/kg) was rapidly metabolised to cotinine with a transformation ratio (AUCcotinine/AUCnicotine) of 0.67 ± 0.08, 0.21 ± 0.05, 0.25 ± 0.12, 0.31 ± 0.05 in maternal blood, placenta, amniotic fluid, and foetus, respectively. The tissue transformation ratios (AUCtissue/AUCblood) were 0.83 ± 0.16, 0.65 ± 0.17, 0.57 ± 0.13 for nicotine, and 0.25 ± 0.06, 0.24 ± 0.12, 0.26 ± 0.04 for cotinine at placenta, amniotic fluid and foetus, respectively. Following the co-administration of corticosterone (2 mg/kg), the tissue transformation ratio of nicotine was significantly reduced in the placenta but was significantly increased in the foetus. Levels of cotinine were not significantly altered by the administration of corticosterone. These findings implicate OCT in mediating the transfer of nicotine across the blood-placenta barrier. Understanding the mechanism of nicotine transfer through the placenta may inform therapeutic strategies to lessen the exposure of the developing foetus to nicotine in the maternal bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsin Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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3
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Mizrak S, Göksel Ülker S, Ercan G, Sönmez B. The effect of long term nicotine exposure on endothelial function in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1522-1527. [PMID: 33172288 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1845714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is one of the main chemicals in the cigarettes responsible for addiction formation. Many researches investigating the effects of nicotine on coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis have been published. The robustness of endothelial cells is very important in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of nicotine exposure on the indicators of endothelial function either by examining the vascular reactivity of aorta taken from rats exposed to nicotine during prenatal (starting by the mating period) and postnatal periods (6 weeks after delivery), or by determining the protein expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, NADPH oxidase (Nox) and nitrotyrosine. Chronic nicotine exposure at 6 mg/L in drinking water produced a significant decrease in phenylephrine contractility of thoracic aortic rings compared to control and low dose exposure group (0.4 mg/L, p < 0.001). Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine increased dose-dependently while no changes were observed in endothelium-independent relaxations to sodium nitroprusside and protein expressions in rat thoracic aorta. It has been concluded that long term nicotine exposure does not have serious effects on endothelial vasodilator response directly and does not change protein expression of NOS or Nox enzymes. However, more studies should be done for the exact mechanisms responsible for the effect of nicotine on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soycan Mizrak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
| | - Sibel Göksel Ülker
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulinnaz Ercan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Birol Sönmez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Muğla Provincial Health Directorate, Muğla, Turkey
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4
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Malińska D, Więckowski MR, Michalska B, Drabik K, Prill M, Patalas-Krawczyk P, Walczak J, Szymański J, Mathis C, Van der Toorn M, Luettich K, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Duszyński J, Szczepanowska J. Mitochondria as a possible target for nicotine action. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:259-276. [PMID: 31197632 PMCID: PMC6679833 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-019-09800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional and dynamic organelles deeply integrated into cellular physiology and metabolism. Disturbances in mitochondrial function are involved in several disorders such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and also in the aging process. Nicotine is a natural alkaloid present in the tobacco plant which has been well studied as a constituent of cigarette smoke. It has also been reported to influence mitochondrial function both in vitro and in vivo. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge of nicotine action on mitochondrial function. Observed effects of nicotine exposure on the mitochondrial respiratory chain, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, and mitophagy are discussed, considering the context of the experimental design. The potential action of nicotine on cellular adaptation and cell survival is also examined through its interaction with mitochondria. Although a large number of studies have demonstrated the impact of nicotine on various mitochondrial activities, elucidating its mechanism of action requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Malińska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz R Więckowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Michalska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Drabik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Prill
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Patalas-Krawczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Walczak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Szymański
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carole Mathis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Van der Toorn
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jerzy Duszyński
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szczepanowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Guo X, Wang H, Wu X, Chen X, Chen Y, Guo J, Li X, Lian Q, Ge RS. Nicotine affects rat Leydig cell function in vivo and vitro via down-regulating some key steroidogenic enzyme expressions. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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6
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Keating JE, Minges JT, Randell SH, Glish GL. Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry for High-Throughput Quantification of Nicotine and Cotinine. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 10:46-50. [PMID: 29568335 PMCID: PMC5858713 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay02204b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The rapid release of new tobacco products requires high-throughput quantitative methods to support tobacco research. Sample preparation for LC-MS and GC-MS is time consuming and limits throughput. Paper spray tandem mass spectrometry (PS-MS/MS) is proposed and validated as a simple and rapid method for quantification of nicotine and cotinine in complex matrices to support tobacco-related research. Air liquid interface (ALI) human tracheobronchial epithelial cell (HTBEC) cultures were exposed to tobacco smoke using a Vitrocell VC-10 smoking machine. Apical culture washes (phosphate buffered saline, PBS) and basolateral media were analyzed with the PS-MS/MS method. GC-MS/MS was used as a comparative quantitative technique. The PS-MS/MS approach allowed for direct spotting of samples on the paper substrate, whereas the GC-MS/MS method required additional sample preparation in the form of solvent-solvent extraction. Limits of quantitation (LOQs) were higher with the PS-MS/MS approach than GC-MS/MS, but still below the relevant concentrations found in HTBEC smoke exposure experiments as well as most clinical applications. PS-MS/MS is readily achieved on mass spectrometers that include atmospheric pressure inlets, and allows for convenient quantification from complex matrices that would otherwise require additional sample preparation and chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - John T Minges
- Marsico Lung Inst. Cyst. Fibrosis Res. Ctr., The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Inst. Cyst. Fibrosis Res. Ctr., The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
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7
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Lin YH, Feng CH, Wang SW, Ko PY, Lee MH, Chen YL. Determination of Nicotine in Tobacco by Chemometric Optimization and Cation-Selective Exhaustive Injection in Combination with Sweeping-Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:869719. [PMID: 26101695 PMCID: PMC4460933 DOI: 10.1155/2015/869719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a potent chemical that excites the central nervous system and refreshes people. It is also physically addictive and causes dependence. To reduce the harm of tobacco products for smokers, a law was introduced that requires tobacco product containers to be marked with the amount of nicotine as well as tar. In this paper, an online stacking capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with cation-selective exhaustive injection sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-sweeping-MEKC) is proposed for the optimized analysis of nicotine in tobacco. A higher conductivity buffer (160 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3)) zone was injected into the capillary, allowing for the analytes to be electrokinetically injected at a voltage of 15 kV for 15 min. Using 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 25% methanol in the sweeping buffer, nicotine was detected with high sensitivity. Thus, optimized conditions adapted from a chemometric approach provided a 6000-fold increase in the nicotine detection sensitivity using the CSEI-sweeping-MEKC method in comparison to normal CZE. The limits of detection were 0.5 nM for nicotine. The stacking method in combination with direct injection which matrix components would not interfere with assay performance was successfully applied to the detection of nicotine in tobacco samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsien Feng
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei 252, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yun Ko
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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8
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Goodwin AK, Lantz-McPeak SM, Robinson BL, Law CD, Ali SF, Ferguson SA. Effects of adolescent treatment with nicotine, harmane, or norharmane in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 47:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Stočes M, Švancara I. Electrochemical Behavior of Nicotine at Unmodified Carbon Paste Electrode and Its Determination in a Set of Refilling Liquids for Electronic Cigarettes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Liu X, Liang S, Pan J, Guo Y, Luo H, Zhao Q, Guan S. High-Throughput Determination of Nicotine in Plasma by Ultrasonication Enhanced Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction Prior to Gas Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:553-8. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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11
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Vieira-Brock PL, Miller EI, Nielsen SM, Fleckenstein AE, Wilkins DG. Simultaneous quantification of nicotine and metabolites in rat brain by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3465-74. [PMID: 21963483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous quantification of nicotine (NIC), cotinine (COT), nornicotine (NNIC), norcotinine (NCOT), nicotine-N-β-D-glucuronide (NIC GLUC), cotinine-N-β-D-glucuronide (COT GLUC), nicotine-1'-oxide (NNO), cotinine-N-oxide (CNO), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3-HC), anabasine (AB) and anatabine (AT) was modified and validated for quantification of these selected analytes in rat brain tissue. This analytical method provides support for preclinical NIC pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies after controlled dosing protocols. After brain homogenization and solid-phase extraction, target analytes and corresponding deuterated internal standards were chromatographically separated on a Discovery(®) HS F5 HPLC column with gradient elution and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) data acquisition. Method linearity was assessed and calibration curves were determined over the following ranges: 0.1-7.5 ng/mg for NIC, COT GLUC and AB; and 0.025-7.5 ng/mg for COT, NNIC, NCOT, NIC GLUC, NNO, CNO, 3-HC and AT (R(2)≥0.99 for all analytes). Extraction recoveries ranged from 64% to 115%, LC-MS/MS matrix effects were ≤21%, and overall process efficiency ranged from 57% to 93% at low and high quality control concentrations. Intra- and inter-assay imprecisions and accuracy for all analytes were ≤12.9% and ≥86%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to quantification of NIC and metabolites in the brain of post-natal day 90 rats that were sacrificed 2-h after a single 0.8 mg/kg s.c. administration of (-)NIC. In these tissues, striatal concentrations were 204.8±49.4, 138.2±14.2 and 36.1±6.1 pg/mg of NIC, COT and NNIC, respectively. Concentrations of NIC, COT and NNIC in the remaining whole brain (RWhB) were 183.3±68.0, 130.0±14.1 and 46.7±10.3 pg/mg, respectively. Quantification of these same analytes in plasma was also performed by a previously validated method. NIC, COT, NNIC, NCOT, NNO and CNO were detected in plasma with concentrations comparable to those reported in previous studies. However, and in contrast to brain tissues, COT concentrations in plasma were significantly higher than were those of NIC (194.6±18.6 ng/mL versus 52.7±12.9 ng/mL). Taken together, these results demonstrate that a sensitive and selective method has been developed for the determination of NIC biomarkers in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Vieira-Brock
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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12
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Onoue S, Yamamoto N, Seto Y, Yamada S. Pharmacokinetic study of nicotine and its metabolite cotinine to clarify possible association between smoking and voiding dysfunction in rats using UPLC/ESI-MS. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:416-22. [PMID: 21566343 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to clarify the possible association between nicotine intake/cigarette smoking and detrusor instability. For pharmacokinetic characterization of nicotine and cotinine (a major and pharmacologically less active metabolite of nicotine), a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-MS) method was developed that requires only a small amount of sample and simple pretreatment. The UPLC/ESI-MS method was validated with a focus on specificity, sensitivity (limit of detection, 2.5 ng/mL; limit of quantification, 5 ng/mL), linearity (r > 0.998), accuracy (97.2-102.8%), precision (relative standard deviation <8%) and robustness in accordance with ICH guidelines (Q2B Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology). The developed method was successfully applied to determine nicotine and cotinine levels in rat biological samples such as plasma, urine and several tissues. After subcutaneous administration of nicotine ditartrate (2 mg/kg of body weight) in rats, the absorbed nicotine was rapidly and extensively metabolized into cotinine. However, nicotine was found to be predominant in cortex and bladder, where nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were expressed for neuronal control of voiding function. Repeated administration of nicotine led to a ca. 3-fold higher accumulation of nicotine than that of cotinine in rat urine. The results of the pharmacokinetic study using the UPLC/ESI-MS method further support the possible involvement of nicotine in increased risk of urinary dysfunction in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Onoue
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.
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13
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Fast and selective extraction of nicotine from human plasma based on magnetic strong cation exchange resin followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:517-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Kim KY, Lee YJ, Chung BC, Hong J, Jung BH. Relations between toxicity and altered tissue distribution and urinary excretion of nicotine, cotinine, and hydroxycotinine after chronic oral administration of nicotine in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 33:166-72. [DOI: 10.3109/01480540903196832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Tammimäki A, Chistyakov V, Patkina N, Skippari J, Ahtee L, Zvartau E, Männistö PT. Effect of forced chronic oral nicotine exposure on intravenous self-administration and rewarding properties of acute nicotine. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 591:164-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Chazeron ID, Daval S, Ughetto S, Richard D, Nicolay A, Lemery D, Llorca PM, Coudoré F. GC-MS determined cotinine in an epidemiological study on smoking status at delivery. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007; 21:485-8. [PMID: 18086544 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the plasma cotinine levels in pregnant women and their newborns using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method in an epidemiological-delivered population with a wide range of tobacco intakes. Nearly 1000 pregnant women from regional maternity wards (n=1007) were selected for the study. Each patient kept a tobacco diary and underwent a blood test to assess cotinine levels and at the same time that the newborns' cordonal plasma was taken. These values were then cross-checked. Cotinine was estimated using a selected-ion monitoring mode with a 1.5 ng/ml quantification limit. The cotinine levels in mothers and newborns were highly correlated, whatever the mother's smoking status, with a calculated cut-off for cotinine levels in active smokers of 21.5 ng/ml. Finally, the cotinine determined through this GC-MS method offered a sensitive and accurate measure of tobacco exposition of the pregnant women and their babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid de Chazeron
- Department of Psychiatry B, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rue Montalembert BP 69, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
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17
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Hoofnagle AN, Laha TJ, Rainey PM, Sadrzadeh SMH. Specific detection of anabasine, nicotine, and nicotine metabolites in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126:880-7. [PMID: 17074683 DOI: 10.1309/lq8u3ul956et324x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitive and specific detection of nicotine, its metabolites, and the tobacco alkaloid, anabasine, is useful in evaluating the success of smoking cessation treatments and detecting tobacco use, passive exposure, and nontobacco nicotine exposure in potential transplant recipients, insurance clients, and elective surgical patients. Rapid sample preparation and extended high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of tobacco alkaloids and metabolites was interfaced with tandem mass spectrometry. By using deuterated internal standards and appropriate confirmatory ion mass transitions, direct injection of centrifugally clarified urine was possible. The method had excellent precision, limit of quantitation, and linearity. The rigorous separation method revealed an interferent of nicotine that had coeluted with anabasine in more rapid chromatography and that may result in tobacco use misclassification. The method provides more specific detection of tobacco exposure and illustrates the potential of centrifugal clarification for sample preparation in the detection of multiple analytes in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Chang YL, Tsai PL, Chou YC, Tien JH, Tsai TH. Simultaneous determination of nicotine and its metabolite, cotinine, in rat blood and brain tissue using microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography: Pharmacokinetic application. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1088:152-7. [PMID: 16130745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the disposition of nicotine in the brain is important because the neuropharmacological effects from nicotine exposure are centrally predominated. The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid and simple method for the simultaneous determination of unbound nicotine and its main metabolite, cotinine, in rat blood and brain tissue. We coupled a multiple sites microdialysis sampling technique with HPLC-UV system to characterize the pharmacokinetics of both nicotine and cotinine. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the jugular vein/right atrium and brain striatum of Sprague-Dawley rats, and nicotine (2 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered via the femoral vein. Dialysates were collected every 10 min and injected directly into a HPLC system. Both nicotine and cotinine were separated by a phenyl-hexyl column (150 mm x 4.6 mm) from dialysates within 12 min. The mobile phase consisted of an acetonitrile-methanol-20 mM monosodium phosphate buffer (55:45:900, v/v/v, pH adjusted to 5.1) with a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. The wavelength of the UV detector was set at 260 nm. The limit of quantification for nicotine and cotinine were 0.25 microg/ml and 0.05 microg/ml, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy of both measurements fell well within the predefined limits of acceptability. The blood and brain concentration-time profile of nicotine and cotinine suggests that nicotine is easily to get into the central nervous system and cotinine exhibits a long retention time and accumulates in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Lih Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Davis JA, Brown AT, Chen H, Wang Y, Poirier LA, Eidt JF, Cruz CP, Moursi MM. Cigarette smoke increases intimal hyperplasia and homocysteine in a rat carotid endarterectomy. J Surg Res 2004; 121:69-75. [PMID: 15313378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine and smoking are independent risks for CVD; however their importance in post-CEA intimal hyperplasia is unclear. We performed a CEA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke with the hypothesis that smoking would increase intimal hyperplasia that may be associated with an elevated serum homocysteine. Folic acid (FA) and the homocysteine metabolic enzymes MTHFR and CBS were used to test for the significance of homocysteine elevation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats underwent an open CEA. N = 13 rats received smoke exposure 2 weeks prior, and 2 weeks post-CEA and N = 12 received no smoke. Each group was divided into either control or an FA-added diet resulting in four groups. Rats were sacrificed at 2 weeks post-CEA; liver, urine, blood, and carotid arteries samples were obtained. RESULTS Smoked rats had increased urinary peak and trough cotinine levels versus non-smoke rats, which decreased with FA. Smoke exposure increased intimal hyperplasia versus non-smoke controls by nearly 120% (57.8 +/- 6.2 versus 26.8 +/- 5.4% luminal stenosis, P = 0.005). Smoke-exposed rats had an increased serum homocysteine versus non-smoke controls (8.3 +/- 0.8 versus 5.7 +/- 0.8 microm, P = 0.014). Smoked rats given FA had decreased serum homocysteine compared to the smoke group. Along with reductions in homocysteine, FA eliminated the increase in intimal hyperplasia seen with smoke exposure (33.5 +/- 6.1 versus 57.8 +/- 6.2% luminal stenosis, P = 0.03). CBS activity decreased in smoked rats by nearly 20% versus non-smoke rats. FA supplementation in smoked rats both (1) increased CBS activity and (2) decreased MTHFR compared to control non-smoke-exposure levels. CONCLUSION Smoking increases plasma homocysteine and post-CEA intimal hyperplasia. This suggests homocysteine has an etiological role in the intimal hyperplasia increase observed with smoking, since both were negated with FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Davis
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Central Arkansas Veterans HealthCare System, 4300 West 7th Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Stolker ALAM, Niesing W, Hogendoorn EA, Bisoen Rambali A, Vleeming W. Determination of nicotine and cotinine in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1020:35-43. [PMID: 14661755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the efficient determination of nicotine and cotinine in rat plasma samples originating from nicotine exposure studies. Nicotine and cotinine were extracted from plasma samples with dichloromethane and concentrated to minimum volume with nitrogen stream. The volatility of nicotine was prevented by the addition of hydrochloric acid to the organic solvent during evaporation. The samples were analysed using liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. For quantification, the deuterated internal standards were added and the most intensive MS-MS ion of the analyte and internal standards were monitored. For confirmatory analysis, two specific MS-MS ions, viz. m/z 132 and 106 for nicotine and m/z 80 and 98 for cotinine, were monitored and the ratios between the ions were calculated and compared with those of standards. The ratios have to be within the tolerances of the EU criteria. The limit of identification of the developed method was 1 microg/l. The repeatability ranged from 5 to 12% (R.S.D.) for nicotine and from 3 to 5% for cotinine at the concentration level of 1-60 microg/l (n = 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Linda A M Stolker
- Laboratory for Organic-Analytical Chemistry, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Nogueira-Filho GR, Fróes Neto EB, Casati MZ, Reis SRA, Tunes RS, Tunes UR, Sallum EA, Nociti FH, Sallum AW. Nicotine Effects on Alveolar Bone Changes Induced by Occlusal Trauma: A Histometric Study in Rats. J Periodontol 2004; 75:348-52. [PMID: 15088871 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.3.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to verify nicotine effects on alveolar bone changes induced by occlusal trauma during a periodontitis experimental model in rats. METHODS Thirty adult male rats were used. The animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups receiving daily intraperitoneal injections: A, nicotine solution (0.44 mg/ml) and occlusal overload; B, saline solution and occlusal overload; or C, saline solution. Rats from groups A and B underwent bilateral amputation of the second and third molar cusps to simulate an occlusal overload. The first molars were then randomly assigned to receive a cotton ligature in the sulcular area, while the contralateral tooth was left unligated. The animals were sacrificed 30 days later. The resected mandibles were processed, and histomorphometric measurements were performed in the alveolar bone adjacent to the furcation area of the first molars. RESULTS Nicotine enhanced the bone loss induced by occlusal trauma (P<0.001) on the ligated teeth of group A (12.27 +/- 4.4 mm2), when compared to groups B (8.43 +/- 3.51 mm2) and C (4.43 +/- 2.17 mm2). Alveolar bone loss (P<0.01) was also observed in the contralateral teeth of groups A (nicotine + trauma) and B (saline + trauma), when compared to group C (saline only). CONCLUSION Within the limits of the study, it is concluded that nicotine may influence the alveolar bone changes induced by occlusal trauma by enhancing bone loss.
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Stefani CM, Nogueira F, Sallum EA, de TS, Sallum AW, Nociti FH. Influence of nicotine administration on different implant surfaces: a histometric study in rabbits. J Periodontol 2002; 73:206-12. [PMID: 11895287 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2002.73.2.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the influence of implant surface on osseointegration around titanium implants inserted in the tibiae of rabbits administered with nicotine. METHODS Thirty-two (32) New Zealand rabbits were included in the study. After anesthesia, the tibia surface was exposed and 2 screw-shaped commercially available pure titanium implants 7.0 mm in length and 3.75 mm in diameter were placed bilaterally. A total of 128 implants were inserted: 64 blasted with Al2O3 particles (Group 1) and 64 with a machined surface finish (Group 2). The animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment subgroups, and daily subcutaneous injections of nicotine were administered: A) saline solution; B) 0.37 mg/kg; C) 0.57 mg/kg; and D) 0.93 mg/kg. In order to label regenerated bone, a 2% calcein green solution was administered by intramuscular injection at 0, 7, and 15 days after implant insertion. After 42 days, the animals were sacrificed and undecalcified sections were prepared. The degree of bone contact with the implant surface, the bone area, and the intensity of bone labeling were measured into the limits of the implant threads. RESULTS Statistical analysis (2-way ANOVA) revealed no significant difference regarding the effect of nicotine on bone healing around the implants (P>0.05). However, a significant influence of the implant surface on the degree of bone-to-implant contact was detected in groups C (30.13 +/- 4.97 and 37.85 +/- 8.85, for machined and Al2O3-blasted surfaces, respectively) and D (27.79 +/- 3.93 and 33.13 +/- 8.87, for machined and Al2O3-blasted surfaces, respectively) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although nicotine administration may not statistically influence bone healing around titanium implants, implant surface design may enhance osseointegration after nicotine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine M Stefani
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, School of Dentistry at Piracicaba, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hwa Jung B, Chul Chung B, Chung SJ, Shim CK. Different pharmacokinetics of nicotine following intravenous administration of nicotine base and nicotine hydrogen tartarate in rats. J Control Release 2001; 77:183-90. [PMID: 11733086 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of nicotine was studied in rats following intravenous (i.v.) administration of nicotine base (NB) and nicotine hydrogen tartarate salt (NS) at a nicotine dose of 1 mg/kg. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), systemic clearance (CL), distribution volume at steady state (V(ss)) and terminal plasma half-life (T(1/2,beta)) of nicotine were compared between NB and NS. Compared to NS, NB exhibited higher and sustained plasma nicotine levels, thereby yielding significantly (P<0.05) larger AUC (66.3 vs. 27.7 microg ml/min), MRT (165.7 vs. 58.3 min), T(1/2,beta) (144.2 vs. 51.4 min) and a lower CL (18.3 vs. 46.3 ml/min per kg). The V(ss) was comparable between the two compounds. The metabolic conversion to cotinine from NS was threefold larger than that from NB. The plasma protein binding and distribution to blood cells were comparable between the compounds. The apparent partition coefficient (APC) of NS decreased as a function of its concentration, while that of NB remained nearly constant. Particles of different mean sizes were observed for the 1% (w/v) aqueous solutions of NS (388.6 nm) and NB (123.8 nm). Different metabolism and/or elimination between NB and NS appear to be mainly responsible for their different pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hwa Jung
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, 151-742, Seoul, South Korea
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Nakajima M, Yamamoto T, Kuroiwa Y, Yokoi T. Improved highly sensitive method for determination of nicotine and cotinine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 742:211-5. [PMID: 10892601 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and reliable method for the determination of nicotine and its metabolite cotinine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. Nicotine and cotinine were extracted from alkalinized plasma with dichloromethane and the volatility of nicotine was prevented by the addition of conc. HCl to the organic solvent during evaporation. The sensitivity of quantification at 260 nm absorption was improved by using a noise-base clean Uni-3 to 0.2 ng/ml nicotine and 1.0 ng/ml cotinine. The method was validated over linear ranges of 0.2-25.0 ng/ml for nicotine and 1.0-80.0 ng/ml for cotinine. The intra-day precision and accuracy were < or = 15.9% relative standard variation (RSD) and 89.9-103.5% for nicotine and < or = 8.0% RSD and 98.7-103.0% for cotinine. The inter-day precision and accuracy were < or = 17.0% RSD and 94.2-100.9% for nicotine and < or = 8.2% RSD and 98.0-105.1% for cotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakajima
- Division of Drug Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
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Jung BH, Chung BC, Chung SJ, Lee MH, Shim CK. Prolonged delivery of nicotine in rats via nasal administration of proliposomes. J Control Release 2000; 66:73-9. [PMID: 10708880 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to achieve a prolonged delivery of nicotine to the systemic circulation, proliposomes containing nicotine base (NB-proliposomes) or nicotine hydrogen tartarate salt (NS-proliposomes) and a mixture of powdered nicotine hydrogen tartarate salt and sorbitol (1:9 mixture, MP) were administered intranasally to rats at a nicotine dose of 1 mg/kg. Proliposomes, lipid-sorbitol mixtures that form liposomes upon contact with water, were prepared according to previously established methods, and the mixture (MP) was prepared by mixing NS powder with sorbitol particles (105-350 micrometer in size). Nasal absorption of nicotine from these formulations was very rapid (i.e. less than 10 min was required to reach plasma peaks) and showed substantially sustained plasma nicotine levels compared to saline solutions of NB and NS, and previously reported nasal nicotine sprays. The AUC values from the proliposomes and MP were comparable to those from the saline solutions of NB and NS. However, the mean residence time (MRT) and plasma half-life (T(1/2beta)) of nicotine in the present study were much larger than those from the saline solutions. Thus, a prolonged delivery of nicotine to systemic circulation via the application of proliposomes or MP intranasally appears feasible. NB-proliposomes exhibited the best characteristics in terms of the area under the plasma concentration (AUC), MRT and T(1/2beta) of nicotine, which was followed by NS-proliposomes and MP. Retarded conversion of proliposomes and MP to liposomal emulsions and solution in the nasal cavity seems responsible, in part, for the sustained plasma nicotine concentrations, since the emulsions and solution yielded very short MRT and T(1/2beta) of nicotine. In addition, reduced metabolism to cotinine from the proliposomes and MP was apparently responsible for the sustained plasma nicotine levels. These dosage forms of nicotine appear to circumvent some of the shortcomings of transdermal patches (i.e. long T(max)) and nasal sprays (i.e. short T(1/2beta) and physicochemical instability).
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Jung
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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