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Limpikirati PK, Mongkoltipparat S, Denchaipradit T, Siwasophonpong N, Pornnopparat W, Ramanandana P, Pianpaktr P, Tongchusak S, Tian MT, Pisitkun T. Basic regulatory science behind drug substance and drug product specifications of monoclonal antibodies and other protein therapeutics. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100916. [PMID: 39035218 PMCID: PMC11259812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on providing basics and examples for each component of the protein therapeutic specifications to interested pharmacists and biopharmaceutical scientists with a goal to strengthen understanding in regulatory science and compliance. Pharmaceutical specifications comprise a list of important quality attributes for testing, references to use for test procedures, and appropriate acceptance criteria for the tests, and they are set up to ensure that when a drug product is administered to a patient, its intended therapeutic benefits and safety can be rendered appropriately. Conformance of drug substance or drug product to the specifications is achieved by testing an article according to the listed tests and analytical methods and obtaining test results that meet the acceptance criteria. Quality attributes are chosen to be tested based on their quality risk, and consideration should be given to the merit of the analytical methods which are associated with the acceptance criteria of the specifications. Acceptance criteria are set forth primarily based on efficacy and safety profiles, with an increasing attention noted for patient-centric specifications. Discussed in this work are related guidelines that support the biopharmaceutical specification setting, how to set the acceptance criteria, and examples of the quality attributes and the analytical methods from 60 articles and 23 pharmacopeial monographs. Outlooks are also explored on process analytical technologies and other orthogonal tools which are on-trend in biopharmaceutical characterization and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patanachai K. Limpikirati
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (PST) Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sorrayut Mongkoltipparat
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thinnaphat Denchaipradit
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nathathai Siwasophonpong
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wudthipong Pornnopparat
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parawan Ramanandana
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (PST) Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540, Thailand
| | - Phumrapee Pianpaktr
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (PST) Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Songsak Tongchusak
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Maoxin Tim Tian
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Division of Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Tank P, Vora S, Tripathi S, D'Souza F. Qualification of a LC-HRMS platform method for biosimilar development using NISTmab as a model. Anal Biochem 2024; 688:115475. [PMID: 38336012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Biosimilars are a cost-effective alternative to biopharmaceuticals, necessitating rigorous analytical methods for consistency and compliance. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is a versatile tool for assessing key attributes, encompassing molecular mass, primary structure, and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Adhering to ICH Q2R1, we validated an LC-HRMS based peptide mapping method using NISTmab as a reference. The method validation parameters, covering system suitability, specificity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and carryover, were comprehensively assessed. The method effectively differentiated the NISTmab from similar counterparts as well as from artificially introduced spiked conditions. Notably, the accuracy of mass error for NISTmab specific complementarity determining region peptides was within a maximum of 2.42 parts per million (ppm) from theoretical and the highest percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) observed for precision was 0.000219 %. It demonstrates precision in sequence coverage and PTM detection, with a visual inspection of total ion chromatogram approach for variability assessment. The method maintains robustness when subjected to diverse storage conditions, encompassing variations in column temperature and mobile phase composition. Negligible carryover was noted during the carryover analysis. In summary, this method serves as a versatile platform for multiple biosimilar development by effectively characterizing and identifying monoclonal antibodies, ultimately ensuring product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Tank
- Analytical Chemistry Division of Zelle Biotechnology Research and Analytical Services, Zelle Biotechnology Pvt. Ltd., A-7 M.I.D.C., Mira Industrial Area, Western Express Highway, Mira Road, Thane, 401 104, India.
| | - Shruti Vora
- Analytical Chemistry Division of Zelle Biotechnology Research and Analytical Services, Zelle Biotechnology Pvt. Ltd., A-7 M.I.D.C., Mira Industrial Area, Western Express Highway, Mira Road, Thane, 401 104, India.
| | - Sarita Tripathi
- Analytical Chemistry Division of Zelle Biotechnology Research and Analytical Services, Zelle Biotechnology Pvt. Ltd., A-7 M.I.D.C., Mira Industrial Area, Western Express Highway, Mira Road, Thane, 401 104, India.
| | - Fatima D'Souza
- Analytical Chemistry Division of Zelle Biotechnology Research and Analytical Services, Zelle Biotechnology Pvt. Ltd., A-7 M.I.D.C., Mira Industrial Area, Western Express Highway, Mira Road, Thane, 401 104, India.
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Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Wei B, Lantz C, Loo RRO, Campuzano IDG, Loo JA. Internal Fragments Enhance Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry Structural Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2491-2499. [PMID: 38294207 PMCID: PMC11001303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are important large biotherapeutics (∼150 kDa) and high structural complexity that require extensive sequence and structure characterization. Middle-down mass spectrometry (MD-MS) is an emerging technique that sequences and maps subunits larger than those released by trypsinolysis. It avoids potentially introducing artifactual modifications that may occur in bottom-up MS while achieving higher sequence coverage compared to top-down MS. However, returning complete sequence information by MD-MS is still challenging. Here, we show that assigning internal fragments in direct infusion MD-MS of a mAb and an ADC substantially improves their structural characterization. For MD-MS of the reduced NIST mAb, including internal fragments recovers nearly 100% of the sequence by accessing the middle sequence region that is inaccessible by terminal fragments. The identification of important glycosylations can also be improved after the inclusion of internal fragments. For the reduced lysine-linked IgG1-DM1 ADC, we show that considering internal fragments increases the DM1 conjugation sites coverage to 80%, comparable to the reported 83% coverage achieved by peptide mapping on the same ADC (Luo et al. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 695-702). This study expands our work on the application of internal fragment assignments in top-down MS of mAbs and ADCs and can be extended to other heterogeneous therapeutic molecules such as multispecifics and fusion proteins for more widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benqian Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carter Lantz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel R. Ogorzalek Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Iain D. G. Campuzano
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Molecular Analytics, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Poltash ML, Srzentić K, Beil E, Gorre E, Damoc E, Mahan AD, Nanda H, Chowdhury P. Elucidating the Mechanism of Multispecific Antibody Aggregation through Subunit Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2654-2661. [PMID: 37922506 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Multispecific antibody constructs are quickly becoming more common constructs in biopharmaceuticals to improve specificity and efficacy. While the advent of this technology has led to improved therapeutics, its development has challenged the analytical tools through which these therapeutics are characterized. Moreover, new critical quality attributes, such as aggregation, have challenged the approaches to characterization even further. Herein, we describe a novel native subunit analysis using IdeS and IgdE analyzed by native size exclusion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to interrogate the mechanism of aggregation in a multispecific antibody. Digestion by IdeS and IdgE allows for the retention and detection of noncovalent interactions thereafter. Aggregation was localized to single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) wherein a domain swapping mechanism between VH1/VL2 and VH2/VL1 occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Poltash
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | | | - Eric Beil
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Elsa Gorre
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eugen Damoc
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andrew D Mahan
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Partha Chowdhury
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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Castel J, Delaux S, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. Recent advances in structural mass spectrometry methods in the context of biosimilarity assessment: from sequence heterogeneities to higher order structures. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115696. [PMID: 37713983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics and their biosimilar versions have been flourishing in the biopharmaceutical market for several years. Structural and functional characterization is needed to achieve analytical biosimilarity through the assessment of critical quality attributes as required by regulatory authorities. The role of analytical strategies, particularly mass spectrometry-based methods, is pivotal to gathering valuable information for the in-depth characterization of biotherapeutics and biosimilarity assessment. Structural mass spectrometry methods (native MS, HDX-MS, top-down MS, etc.) provide information ranging from primary sequence assessment to higher order structure evaluation. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in structural mass spectrometry for biotherapeutic and biosimilar characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Castel
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Delaux
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France.
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7
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Wei B, Lantz C, Liu W, Viner R, Loo RRO, Campuzano IDG, Loo JA. Added Value of Internal Fragments for Top-Down Mass Spectrometry of Intact Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2023; 95:9347-9356. [PMID: 37278738 PMCID: PMC10954349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are two of the most important therapeutic drug classes that require extensive characterization, whereas their large size and structural complexity make them challenging to characterize and demand the use of advanced analytical methods. Top-down mass spectrometry (TD-MS) is an emerging technique that minimizes sample preparation and preserves endogenous post-translational modifications (PTMs); however, TD-MS of large proteins suffers from low fragmentation efficiency, limiting the sequence and structure information that can be obtained. Here, we show that including the assignment of internal fragments in native TD-MS of an intact mAb and an ADC can improve their molecular characterization. For the NIST mAb, internal fragments can access the sequence region constrained by disulfide bonds to increase the TD-MS sequence coverage to over 75%. Important PTM information, including intrachain disulfide connectivity and N-glycosylation sites, can be revealed after including internal fragments. For a heterogeneous lysine-linked ADC, we show that assigning internal fragments improves the identification of drug conjugation sites to achieve a coverage of 58% of all putative conjugation sites. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the potential value of including internal fragments in native TD-MS of intact mAbs and ADCs, and this analytical strategy can be extended to bottom-up and middle-down MS approaches to achieve even more comprehensive characterization of important therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benqian Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Carter Lantz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Weijing Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134 USA
| | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134 USA
| | - Rachel R. Ogorzalek Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Iain D. G. Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Center for Research Acceleration and Digital Innovation, Molecular Analytics, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320 USA
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
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Nie S, O'Brien Johnson R, Livson Y, Greer T, Zheng X, Li N. Maximizing hydrophobic peptide recovery in proteomics and antibody development using a mass spectrometry compatible surfactant. Anal Biochem 2022; 658:114924. [PMID: 36162445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Peptide loss due to surface absorption can happen at any step in a protein analysis workflow and is sometimes especially deleterious for hydrophobic peptides. In this study, we found the LC-MS compatible surfactant, n-Dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM), can maximize hydrophobic peptide recovery in various samples including single cell digests, mAb clinical PK samples, and mAb peptide mapping samples. In HeLa single cell proteomics analysis, more than half of all unique peptides identified were found only in DDM prepared samples, most of which had significantly higher hydrophobicities compared to peptides in control samples. In clinical PK studies, DDM enhanced hydrophobic complementarity-determining region (CDR) peptide signals significantly. The fold change of CDR peptides' intensity enhancement in DDM added samples compared to controls correlate with peptide retention time and hydrophobicity, providing guidance for surrogate peptide selection and peptide standard handling in PK studies. For peptide mapping analysis of mAbs, DDM can improve hydrophobic peptide signal and solution stability over 48 h in an autosampler at 4 °C, which can aid method qualification and transfer during drug development. Lastly, maximizing hydrophobic peptide recovery from samples dried in vacuo was achieved by DDM reconstitution, which provided higher signal for later eluting peaks and higher proteome coverage overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Nie
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States.
| | - Reid O'Brien Johnson
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States
| | - Yuliya Livson
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States
| | - Tyler Greer
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, United States
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Hui JO, Flick T, Loo JA, Campuzano IDG. Unequivocal Identification of Aspartic Acid and isoAspartic Acid by MALDI-TOF/TOF: From Peptide Standards to a Therapeutic Antibody. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1901-1909. [PMID: 33390012 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aspartic acid (Asp) to isoaspartic acid (isoAsp) isomerization in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other biotherapeutics is a critical quality attribute (CQA) that requires careful control and monitoring during the drug discovery and production processes. The unwanted formation of isoAsp within biotherapeutics and resultant structural changes in the peptide backbone may negatively impact the efficacy, potency, and safety of the molecule or become immunogenic, especially if the isomerization occurs within the mAb complementarity determining region (CDR). Herein we describe a MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry method that affords unequivocal identification of the presence and the exact position of the isoAsp residue(s) in peptide standards ranging in size from a tripeptide to a docosapeptide (22 residues). In general, the peptide bond immediately N-terminal to the isoAsp residue is more susceptible to MALDI-TOF/TOF fragmentation than its unmodified counterpart. In some of the peptides evaluated in this study, fragmentation of the peptide bond C-terminal to the isoAsp residue (the aspartate effect) is also enhanced when compared to the control. Relative quantification by MALDI-TOF/TOF of this chemical modification is dependent upon a successful reversed-phase HPLC (rpHPLC) separation of the control and modified peptides. This method has also been validated on a therapeutic mAb that contains a well-documented isoAsp residue in the heavy chain CDR3 after forced degradation. Moreover, we also demonstrate that higher energy C-trap dissociation of only the singly charged species, and not the multiply charged form, of the isoAsp containing peptide, separated by rpHPLC, results in LC-MS/MS fragmentation that is highly consistent to that of MALDI-TOF/TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Hui
- Amgen Research, Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tawnya Flick
- Attribute Sciences, Pivotal, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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10
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Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies by Capillary Electrophoresis: Sample Preparation, Separation, and Detection. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are dominating the biopharmaceutical field due to the fact of their high specificity in the treatment of diverse diseases. Nevertheless, mAbs are very complex glycoproteins exhibiting several macro- and microheterogeneities that may affect their safety, quality, and efficacy. This complexity is very challenging for mAbs development, formulation, and quality control. To tackle the quality issue, a combination of multiple analytical approaches is necessary. In this perspective, capillary electrophoresis has gained considerable interest over the last decade due to the fact of its complementary features to chromatographic approaches. This review provides an overview of the strategies of mAbs and derivatives analysis by capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to ultraviolet, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry detection. The main sample preparation approaches used for mAb analytical characterization (i.e., intact, middle-up/down, and bottom-up) are detailed. The different electrophoretic modes used as well as integrated analysis approaches (sample preparation and separation) are critically discussed.
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11
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D’Ippolito RA, Panepinto MC, Mahoney KE, Bai DL, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF. Sequencing a Bispecific Antibody by Controlling Chain Concentration Effects When Using an Immobilized Nonspecific Protease. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10470-10477. [PMID: 32597636 PMCID: PMC8106826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complete sequence coverage of monospecific antibodies was previously achieved using immobilized aspergillopepsin I in a single LC-MS/MS analysis. Bispecific antibodies are asymmetrical compared to their monospecific antibody counterparts, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of individual subunits. Four standard proteins were used to characterize the effect of a decrease in concentration when using this immobilized enzyme reactor. Low concentration samples resulted in the elimination of large peptide products due to a greater number of enzymatic cleavages. A competitive inhibitor rich in arginine residues reduced the number of enzymatic cleavages to the protein and retained large molecular weight products. The digestion of a bispecific antibody with competitive inhibition of aspergillopepsin I maintained large peptide products better suited for sequence reconstruction, resulting in complete sequence coverage from a single LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. D’Ippolito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Maria C. Panepinto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Keira E. Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Dina L. Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Donald F. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Le Guyader G, Vieillard V, Mouraud S, Do B, Marabelle A, Paul M. Stability of nivolumab in its original vials after opening and handing in normal saline bag for intravenous infusion. Eur J Cancer 2020; 135:192-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Nonspecific cleavages arising from reconstitution of trypsin under mildly acidic conditions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236740. [PMID: 32722706 PMCID: PMC7386593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptic digestion of proteins followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis is an extensively used approach in proteomics research and biopharmaceutical product characterization, owing to the high level of cleavage fidelity produced with this technique. However, nonspecific trypsin cleavages have been frequently reported and shown to be related to a number of digestion conditions and predigestion sample treatments. In this work, we reveal that, for a number of commercial trypsins, reconstitution and storage conditions can have a significant impact on the occurrence of trypsin nonspecific cleavages. We analyzed the tryptic digestion of a variety of biotherapeutics, using trypsins reconstituted under different conditions. The results indicate that, for many commercial trypsins, commonly recommended reconstitution/storage conditions (mildly acidic, e.g., 50 mM acetic acid, 1 mM HCl) can actually promote nonspecific trypsin activities, which are time dependent and can be as high as 20% in total relative abundance. In contrast, using water for reconstitution and storage can effectively limit nonspecific cleavages to 1%. Interestingly, the performances of different commercial trypsins were found to be quite distinct in their levels of nonspecific cleavages and responses to the two reconstitution conditions. Our findings demonstrate the importance of choosing the appropriate trypsin for tryptic digestion and the necessity of assessing the impact of trypsin reconstitution and storage on nonspecific cleavages. We advocate for manufacturers of commercial trypsins to reevaluate manufacturing processes and reconstitution/storage conditions to provide good cleavage specificity.
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14
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Inter-laboratory study of an optimised peptide mapping workflow using automated trypsin digestion for monitoring monoclonal antibody product quality attributes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6833-6848. [PMID: 32710279 PMCID: PMC7496030 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mapping analysis is a regulatory expectation to verify the primary structure of a recombinant product sequence and to monitor post-translational modifications (PTMs). Although proteolytic digestion has been used for decades, it remains a labour-intensive procedure that can be challenging to accurately reproduce. Here, we describe a fast and reproducible protocol for protease digestion that is automated using immobilised trypsin on magnetic beads, which has been incorporated into an optimised peptide mapping workflow to show method transferability across laboratories. The complete workflow has the potential for use within a multi-attribute method (MAM) approach in drug development, production and QC laboratories. The sample preparation workflow is simple, ideally suited to inexperienced operators and has been extensively studied to show global applicability and robustness for mAbs by performing sample digestion and LC-MS analysis at four independent sites in Europe. LC-MS/MS along with database searching was used to characterise the protein and determine relevant product quality attributes (PQAs) for further testing. A list of relevant critical quality attributes (CQAs) was then established by creating a peptide workbook containing the specific mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios of the modified and unmodified peptides of the selected CQAs, to be monitored in a subsequent test using LC-MS analysis. Data is provided that shows robust digestion efficiency and low levels of protocol induced PTMs. Graphical abstract ![]()
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15
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Bauer LG, Hoelterhoff S, Graf T, Bell C, Bathke A. Monitoring modifications in biopharmaceuticals: Toolbox for a generic and robust high-throughput quantification method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1148:122134. [PMID: 32422530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) constitute one of the most important and fastest growing sector within the pharmaceutical industry. The variety of different formats and the large molecule sizes of the mAbs result in an inherent complexity. In addition, the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that can occur during production, formulation and storage pose a major analytical challenge for their characterization. These PTMs may affect the safety, efficacy and/or pharmacokinetic profile of the medicinal product. Therefore, strict quality and stability monitoring, in particular of (potentially) critical quality attributes (CQAs), is mandatory. Focusing on these needs, a toolbox for different approaches of peptide mapping in the routine quality control (QC) environment was developed. This toolbox includes an automated sample preparation with an optimized buffer system in combination with a Single Quad LC-MS system, which provides the flexibility to handle a high-throughput workflow. Our results demonstrate that a Single Quad LC-MS system is suitable for a routine work environment to monitor modifications by using a user-friendly system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Hoelterhoff
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Graf
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Bell
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Bathke
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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16
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Susceptibility of protein therapeutics to spontaneous chemical modifications by oxidation, cyclization, and elimination reactions. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1409-1431. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeptides and proteins are preponderantly emerging in the drug market, as shown by the increasing number of biopharmaceutics already approved or under development. Biomolecules like recombinant monoclonal antibodies have high therapeutic efficacy and offer a valuable alternative to small-molecule drugs. However, due to their complex three-dimensional structure and the presence of many functional groups, the occurrence of spontaneous conformational and chemical changes is much higher for peptides and proteins than for small molecules. The characterization of biotherapeutics with modern and sophisticated analytical methods has revealed the presence of contaminants that mainly arise from oxidation- and elimination-prone amino-acid side chains. This review focuses on protein chemical modifications that may take place during storage due to (1) oxidation (methionine, cysteine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine), (2) intra- and inter-residue cyclization (aspartic and glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, N-terminal dipeptidyl motifs), and (3) β-elimination (serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine) reactions. It also includes some examples of the impact of such modifications on protein structure and function.
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17
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Zhou K, Cao X, Bautista J, Chen Z, Hershey N, Ludwig R, Tao L, Zeng M, Das TK. Structure-Function Assessment and High-Throughput Quantification of Site-Specific Aspartate Isomerization in Monoclonal Antibody Using a Novel Analytical Tool Kit. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:422-428. [PMID: 31469998 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isomerization of surface-exposed aspartic acid (Asp) in the complementarity-determining regions of therapeutic proteins could potentially impact their target binding affinity because of the sensitive location, and often requires complex analytical tactics to understand its effect on structure-function and stability. Inaccurate quantitation of Asp-isomerized variants, especially the succinimide intermediate, presents major challenge in understanding Asp degradation kinetics, its stability, and consequently establishing a robust control strategy. As a practical solution to this problem, a comprehensive analytical tool kit has been developed, which provides a solution to fully characterize and accurately quantify the Asp-related product variants. The toolkit offers a combination of 2 steps, an ion-exchange chromatography method to separate and enrich the isomerized variants in the folded structure for structure-function evaluation and a novel focused peptide mapping method to quantify the individual complementarity-determining region isomerization components including the unmodified Asp, succinimide, and isoaspartate. This novel procedure allowed an accurate quantification of each Asp-related variant and a comprehensive assessment of the functional impact of Asp isomerization, which ultimately helped to establish an appropriate control strategy for this critical quality attribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimeng Zhou
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Xiang Cao
- Analytical Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Pkwy, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
| | - James Bautista
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Zhi Chen
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Neil Hershey
- Analytical Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Pkwy, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
| | - Richard Ludwig
- Biophysical and Chemical Characterization Center of Excellence, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Rd, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
| | - Li Tao
- Biophysical and Chemical Characterization Center of Excellence, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Rd, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
| | - Ming Zeng
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901.
| | - Tapan K Das
- Biophysical and Chemical Characterization Center of Excellence, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Rd, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
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18
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Wang S, Xing T, Liu AP, He Z, Yan Y, Daly TJ, Li N. Simple Approach for Improved LC-MS Analysis of Protein Biopharmaceuticals via Modification of Desolvation Gas. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3156-3162. [PMID: 30682238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
LC-MS based analysis of protein biopharmaceuticals could benefit from improved data quality, which can subsequently lead to improved drug characterization with higher confidence and less ambiguity. In this study, we created a simple device to modify the desolvation gas on a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer and to demonstrate the utility in improving both peptide mapping analysis and intact mass analysis, the two most routinely and widely applied LC-MS techniques in protein biopharmaceutical characterization. By modifying the desolvation gas with acid vapor from propionic acid (PA) and isopropanol (IPA), the ion suppression effects from trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in a typical peptide mapping method can be effectively mitigated, thus leading to improved MS sensitivity. By modifying the desolvation gas with base vapor from triethylamine (TEA), the charge reduction effect can be achieved and utilized to improve the spectral quality from intact mass analysis of protein biopharmaceuticals. The approach and device described in this work suggests a low-cost and practical solution to improve the LC-MS characterization of protein biopharmaceuticals, which has the potential to be widely implemented in biopharmaceutical analytical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Tao Xing
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Anita P Liu
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Zehong He
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Thomas J Daly
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
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Regl C, Wohlschlager T, Esser-Skala W, Wagner I, Samonig M, Holzmann J, Huber CG. Dilute-and-shoot analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibody variants in fermentation broth: a method capability study. MAbs 2019; 11:569-582. [PMID: 30668249 PMCID: PMC6512939 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1563034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are widely applied as highly specific and efficient therapeutic agents for various medical conditions, including cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. As protein production in cellular systems inherently generates a multitude of molecular variants, manufacturing of mAbs requires stringent control in order to ensure safety and efficacy of the drugs. Moreover, monitoring of mAb variants in the course of the fermentation process may allow instant tuning of process parameters to maintain optimal cell culture conditions. Here, we describe a fast and robust workflow for the characterization of mAb variants in fermentation broth. Sample preparation is minimal in that the fermentation broth is shortly centrifuged before dilution and HPLC-MS analysis in a short 15-min gradient run. In a single analysis, N-glycosylation and truncation variants of the expressed mAb are identified at the intact protein level. Simultaneously, absolute quantification of mAb content in fermentation broth is achieved. The whole workflow features excellent robustness as well as retention time and peak area stability. Additional enzymatic removal of N-glycans enables determination of mAb glycation levels, which are subsequently considered in relative N-glycoform quantification to correct for isobaric galactosylation. Several molecular attributes of the expressed therapeutic protein may thus be continuously monitored to ensure the desired product profile. Application of the described workflow in an industrial environment may therefore substantially enhance in-process control in mAb production, as well as targeted biosimilar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Regl
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Therese Wohlschlager
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Wolfgang Esser-Skala
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Iris Wagner
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Martin Samonig
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,c Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH , Germering , Germany
| | - Johann Holzmann
- b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,d Technical Development Biosimilars , Global Drug Development, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH , Kundl , Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
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20
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Zhen J, Kim J, Zhou Y, Gaidamauskas E, Subramanian S, Feng P. Antibody characterization using novel ERLIC-MS/MS-based peptide mapping. MAbs 2018; 10:951-959. [PMID: 30130443 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1505179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is a technique that is increasingly being used as a trapping/enrichment tool for glycopeptides/phosphorylated peptides or sample fractionation in proteomics research. Here, we describe a novel ERLIC-MS/MS-based peptide mapping method that was successfully used for the characterization of denosumab, in particular the analysis of sequence coverage, terminal peptides, methionine oxidation, asparagine deamidation and glycopeptides. Compared to reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)-MS/MS methods, ERLIC demonstrated unique advantages in the retention of small peptides, resulting in 100% sequence coverage for both the light and heavy chains. It also demonstrated superior performance in the separation and characterization of asparagine deamidated peptides, which is known to be challenging by RPLC-MS/MS. The developed method can be used alone for peptide mapping-based characterization of monoclonal antibodies, or as an orthogonal method to complement the RPLC-MS/MS method. This study extends the applications of ERLIC from that of a trapping/fractioning column to biologic therapeutics characterization. The ERLIC-MS/MS method can enhance biologic therapeutics analysis with more reliability and confidence for bottom-up peptide mapping-based characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhen
- a Department of Analytical Sciences and Operations , Biologics CMC, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries , West Chester , PA , USA
| | - John Kim
- a Department of Analytical Sciences and Operations , Biologics CMC, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries , West Chester , PA , USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- a Department of Analytical Sciences and Operations , Biologics CMC, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries , West Chester , PA , USA
| | - Ervinas Gaidamauskas
- a Department of Analytical Sciences and Operations , Biologics CMC, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries , West Chester , PA , USA
| | - Shyamsundar Subramanian
- b Department of Upstream Development and Operations , Biologics CMC, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries , West Chester , PA , USA
| | - Ping Feng
- a Department of Analytical Sciences and Operations , Biologics CMC, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries , West Chester , PA , USA
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21
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Háda V, Bagdi A, Bihari Z, Timári SB, Fizil Á, Szántay C. Recent advancements, challenges, and practical considerations in the mass spectrometry-based analytics of protein biotherapeutics: A viewpoint from the biosimilar industry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:214-238. [PMID: 30205300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The extensive analytical characterization of protein biotherapeutics, especially of biosimilars, is a critical part of the product development and registration. High-resolution mass spectrometry became the primary analytical tool used for the structural characterization of biotherapeutics. Its high instrumental sensitivity and methodological versatility made it possible to use this technique to characterize both the primary and higher-order structure of these proteins. However, even by using high-end instrumentation, analysts face several challenges with regard to how to cope with industrial and regulatory requirements, that is, how to obtain accurate and reliable analytical data in a time- and cost-efficient way. New sample preparation approaches, measurement techniques and data evaluation strategies are available to meet those requirements. The practical considerations of these methods are discussed in the present review article focusing on hot topics, such as reliable and efficient sequencing strategies, minimization of artefact formation during sample preparation, quantitative peptide mapping, the potential of multi-attribute methodology, the increasing role of mass spectrometry in higher-order structure characterization and the challenges of MS-based identification of host cell proteins. On the basis of the opportunities in new instrumental techniques, methodological advancements and software-driven data evaluation approaches, for the future one can envision an even wider application area for mass spectrometry in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Háda
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bagdi
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bihari
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | | | - Ádám Fizil
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
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22
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Nshanian M, Lakshmanan R, Chen H, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Loo JA. Enhancing Sensitivity of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Peptides and Proteins Using Supercharging Agents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 427:157-164. [PMID: 29750076 PMCID: PMC5937529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is often used as a mobile phase modifier to enhance reversed phase chromatographic performance. TFA adjusts solution pH and is an ion-pairing agent, but it is not typically suitable for electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and liquid chromatography/MS (LC/MS) because of its significant signal suppression. Supercharging agents elevate peptide and protein charge states in ESI, increasing tandem MS (MS/MS) efficiency. Here, LC/MS protein supercharging was effected by adding agents to LC mobile phase solvents. Significantly, the ionization suppression generally observed with TFA was, for the most part, rescued by supercharging agents, with improved separation efficiency (higher number of theoretical plates) and lowered detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nshanian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rajeswari Lakshmanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701
| | - Rachel R. Ogorzalek Loo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Molecular Biology Institute, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Molecular Biology Institute, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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23
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Rogers RS, Abernathy M, Richardson DD, Rouse JC, Sperry JB, Swann P, Wypych J, Yu C, Zang L, Deshpande R. A View on the Importance of “Multi-Attribute Method” for Measuring Purity of Biopharmaceuticals and Improving Overall Control Strategy. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:7. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Rogstad S, Faustino A, Ruth A, Keire D, Boyne M, Park J. A Retrospective Evaluation of the Use of Mass Spectrometry in FDA Biologics License Applications. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:786-794. [PMID: 27873217 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The characterization sections of biologics license applications (BLAs) approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2000 and 2015 were investigated to examine the extent of the use of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry was found to be integral to the characterization of these biotherapeutics. Of the 80 electronically submitted monoclonal antibody and protein biotherapeutic BLAs included in this study, 79 were found to use mass spectrometric workflows for protein or impurity characterization. To further examine how MS is being used in successful BLAs, the applications were filtered based on the type and number of quality attributes characterized, the mass spectrometric workflows used (peptide mapping, intact mass analysis, and cleaved glycan analysis), the methods used to introduce the proteins into the gas phase (ESI, MALDI, or LC-ESI), and the specific types of instrumentation used. Analyses were conducted over a time course based on the FDA BLA approval to determine if any trends in utilization could be observed over time. Additionally, the different classes of protein-based biotherapeutics among the approved BLAs were clustered to determine if any trends could be attributed to the specific type of biotherapeutic. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rogstad
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Anneliese Faustino
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Ashley Ruth
- Biotechlogic, Inc., Glenview, IL, 60025, USA
| | - David Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | - Jun Park
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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25
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Furuki K, Toyo’oka T, Ban K. Highly sensitive glycosylamine labelling of O-glycans using non-reductive β-elimination. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2269-2283. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Parr MK, Montacir O, Montacir H. Physicochemical characterization of biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:366-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Kang P, Mezhebovsky T, Chen W, McCardle JA, Zhang S, Sullivan EP, Sass PM, Routhier E. Use of a stable-isotope-labeled reporter peptide and antioxidants for reliable quantification of methionine oxidation in a monoclonal antibody by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1734-1742. [PMID: 28328036 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accurate quantification of methionine oxidation in therapeutic proteins by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is challenging due to the potential artifacts introduced during sample preparation and analysis in the peptide mapping workflow. In this study, a systematic approach for optimization of the peptide mapping procedure to achieve reliable quantification of endogenous methionine oxidation in monoclonal antibodies was developed. METHODS The approach is based on usage of a stable-isotope-labeled reporter peptide, identical in sequence to the tryptic peptide of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody containing the methionine residue most prone to oxidation. This approach was applied to evaluating various desalting procedures, and tested on nanoLC/MS, microLC/MS and UPLC/MS for the peptide mapping analysis of a model monoclonal antibody IgG1 sensitive to oxidation. RESULTS Several steps in the peptide mapping procedure with LC/MS detection at which protein oxidation occurred were identified and optimized using the reference stable-isotope-labeled peptide. Thus, reliable quantification of methionine oxidation in the target monoclonal antibody was validated. CONCLUSIONS The methodology which utilizes the reference stable-isotope-labeled reporter peptide is applicable to monoclonal antibody oxidation analysis and could be extended to other biotherapeutics once oxidation-prone methionine(s) in the protein sequence are identified. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilsoo Kang
- Analytical Science and Technology Department, Global Manufacturing Science and Technology, Sanofi, 45 New York Ave., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Tanya Mezhebovsky
- BioFormulations Development Department, Biotherapeutics Development, Sanofi, 1 The Mountain Rd., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Cornell University, 139 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - James A McCardle
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Cornell University, 139 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Cornell University, 139 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eric P Sullivan
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology - Exton, Eisai Inc., 210 Welsh Pool Road, Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Philip M Sass
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology - Exton, Eisai Inc., 210 Welsh Pool Road, Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Eric Routhier
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology - Exton, Eisai Inc., 210 Welsh Pool Road, Exton, PA, 19341, USA
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Kochling J, Wu W, Hua Y, Guan Q, Castaneda-Merced J. A platform analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach for multiple UHPLC-UV and UHPLC–MS methods development for protein analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Limited proteolysis and peptide mapping for comparability of biopharmaceuticals: An evaluation of repeatability, intra-assay precision and capability to detect structural change. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 123:162-72. [PMID: 26918895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of limited proteolysis followed by peptide mapping for the comparability of the higher-order structure of biopharmaceuticals was investigated. In this approach the proteolysis is performed under non-reducing and non-denaturing conditions, and the resulting peptide map is determined by the samples primary and higher order structures. This allows comparability of biopharmaceuticals to be made in terms of their higher order structure, using a method that is relatively simple to implement. The digestion of a monoclonal antibody under non-denaturing conditions was analyzed using peptide mapping, circular dichroism (CD) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). This allowed an optimal digestion time to be chosen. This method was then assessed for its ability to detect structural change using a monoclonal antibody, which had been subjected to a range of stresses; deglycosylation, mild denaturation and a batch that had failed specifications due to in-process reduction. The repeatability and inter-assay precision were assessed. It was demonstrated that the limited proteolysis peptide maps of the three stressed samples were significantly different to control samples and that the differences observed were consistent between the occasions when the assays were run. A combination of limited proteolysis and CD or SDS-PAGE analysis was shown to enhance the capacity of these techniques to detect structural change, which otherwise would not have been observed.
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31
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The present state of the art in expression, production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies. Mol Divers 2015; 20:255-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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32
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Bioanalytical approaches for characterizing catabolism of antibody–drug conjugates. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1583-604. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo stability and catabolism of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) directly impact their PK, efficacy and safety, and metabolites of the cytotoxic or small molecule drug component of an ADC can further complicate these factors. This perspective highlights the importance of understanding ADC catabolism and the associated bioanalytical challenges. We evaluated different bioanalytical approaches to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize ADC catabolites. Here we review and discuss the rationale and experimental strategies used to design bioanalytical assays for characterization of ADC catabolism and supporting ADME studies during ADC clinical development. This review covers both large and small molecule approaches, and uses examples from Kadcyla® (T-DM1) and a THIOMAB™ antibody–drug conjugate to illustrate the process.
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33
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Wang D, Wynne C, Gu F, Becker C, Zhao J, Mueller HM, Li H, Shameem M, Liu YH. Characterization of Drug-Product-Related Impurities and Variants of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody by Higher Energy C-Trap Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:914-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyun Wang
- Eurofins-Lancaster Laboratories Inc., 2425
New Holland Pike, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17601, United States
| | - Colin Wynne
- Eurofins-Lancaster Laboratories Inc., 2425
New Holland Pike, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17601, United States
| | - Flora Gu
- Protein
Mass Spectrometry, Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Bioprocess
Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Chris Becker
- Protein Metrics Inc., 1622 San
Carlos Avenue, Suite C, San Carlos, California 94070, United States
| | - Jia Zhao
- Protein
Mass Spectrometry, Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Bioprocess
Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hans-Martin Mueller
- Protein
Mass Spectrometry, Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Bioprocess
Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Huijuan Li
- Protein
Mass Spectrometry, Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Bioprocess
Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Protein
Mass Spectrometry, Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Bioprocess
Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Protein
Mass Spectrometry, Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Bioprocess
Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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34
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Borisov OV, Alvarez M, Carroll JA, Brown PW. Sequence Variants and Sequence Variant Analysis in Biotherapeutic Proteins. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1201.ch002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Borisov
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Roche Group Member, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Melissa Alvarez
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Roche Group Member, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - James A. Carroll
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Roche Group Member, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Paul W. Brown
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Roche Group Member, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
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Characterization of asparagine 330 deamidation in an Fc-fragment of IgG1 using cation exchange chromatography and peptide mapping. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 965:65-71. [PMID: 24999246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deamidation is one of the most common degradation pathways for proteins and frequently occurs at "hot spots" with Asn-Gly, Asn-Ser or Asn-Thr sequences. Occasionally, deamidation may occur at other motifs if the local protein structure can participate or assist in the formation of the succinimide intermediate. Here we report the use of a chymotryptic peptide mapping method to identify and characterize a deamidated form of an IgG1 which was observed as an acidic peak in the cation exchange chromatography (CEX). The antibody was formulated in sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.3 and this deamidated form was observed mainly under thermal stress conditions. It was found that the IgG1 molecule with deamidation in the Fc region at asparagine residue 330 (in a Val-Ser-Asn-Lys motif) is the predominant form in this CEX peak, and was missed by tryptic mapping because the peptides are hydrophilic and elute near the void volume. In addition, a domain-based CEX method using papain digestion was developed to monitor the Asn 330 deamidation. These methods revealed that the Fc deamidation occurs mainly at Asn 330 in the VSNK motif at pH 5.3, whereas at pH 7.5, deamidation occurs predominantly at Asn 389 and Asn 394 in the NGQPENNYK motif.
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36
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Chu KO, Liu DTL, Chan KP, Yang YP, Yam GHF, Rogers MS, Pang CP. Quantification and Structure Elucidation of in Vivo Bevacizumab Modification in Rabbit Vitreous Humor after Intravitreal Injection. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3422-33. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3005403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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Bongers J, Devincentis J, Fu J, Huang P, Kirkley DH, Leister K, Liu P, Ludwig R, Rumney K, Tao L, Wu W, Russell RJ. Characterization of glycosylation sites for a recombinant IgG1 monoclonal antibody and a CTLA4-Ig fusion protein by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry peptide mapping. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8140-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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38
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Gandhi S, Ren D, Xiao G, Bondarenko P, Sloey C, Ricci MS, Krishnan S. Elucidation of Degradants in Acidic Peak of Cation Exchange Chromatography in an IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody Formed on Long-Term Storage in a Liquid Formulation. Pharm Res 2011; 29:209-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Dreisbach A, van der Kooi-Pol MM, Otto A, Gronau K, Bonarius HPJ, Westra H, Groen H, Becher D, Hecker M, van Dijl JM. Surface shaving as a versatile tool to profile global interactions between human serum proteins and the Staphylococcus aureus cell surface. Proteomics 2011; 11:2921-30. [PMID: 21674804 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human commensal bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is renowned as a causative agent of severe invasive diseases. Upon entering the bloodstream, S. aureus can infect almost every tissue and organ system in the human body. To withstand insults from the immune system upon invasion, several immune-evasive mechanisms have evolved in S. aureus, such as complement inhibition by secreted proteins and IgG-binding by surface-exposed protein A. While it is generally accepted that S. aureus cells bind a range of host factors for various purposes, no global analyses to profile staphylococcal host factor binding have so far been performed. Therefore, we explored the possibility to profile the binding of human serum proteins to S. aureus cells by "surface shaving" with trypsin and subsequent MS analysis of liberated peptides. This resulted in the identification of several components of the complement system, the platelet factor 4 and the isoform 1 of the inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 on the staphylococcal cell surface. We conclude that surface shaving is a versatile tool to profile global interactions between human serum proteins and the S. aureus cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Dreisbach
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Amano M, Hasegawa J, Kobayashi N, Kishi N, Nakazawa T, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Specific Racemization of Heavy-Chain Cysteine-220 in the Hinge Region of Immunoglobulin Gamma 1 as a Possible Cause of Degradation during Storage. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3857-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200321v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Amano
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Jun Hasegawa
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kishi
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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41
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Richardson J, Shah B, Xiao G, Bondarenko PV, Zhang Z. Automated in-solution protein digestion using a commonly available high-performance liquid chromatography autosampler. Anal Biochem 2011; 411:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Reid CQ, Tait A, Baldascini H, Mohindra A, Racher A, Bilsborough S, Smales CM, Hoare M. Rapid whole monoclonal antibody analysis by mass spectrometry: An ultra scale-down study of the effect of harvesting by centrifugation on the post-translational modification profile. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:85-95. [PMID: 20506289 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
With the trend towards the generation and production of increasing numbers of complex biopharmaceutical (protein based) products, there is an increased need and requirement to characterize both the product and production process in terms of robustness and reproducibility. This is of particular importance for products from mammalian cell culture which have large molecular structures and more often than not complex post-translational modifications (PTMs) that can impact the efficacy, stability and ultimately the safety of the final product. It is therefore vital to understand how the operating conditions of a bioprocess affect the distribution and make up of these PTMs to ensure a consistent quality and activity in the final product. Here we have characterized a typical bioprocess and determined (a) how the time of harvest from a mammalian cell culture and, (b) through the use of an ultra scale-down mimic how the nature of the primary recovery stages, affect the distribution and make up of the PTMs observed on a recombinant IgG(4) monoclonal antibody. In particular we describe the use of rapid whole antibody analysis by mass spectrometry to analyze simultaneously the changes that occur to the cleavage of heavy chain C-terminal lysine residues and the glycosylation pattern, as well as the presence of HL dimers. The time of harvest was found to have a large impact upon the range of glycosylation patterns observed, but not upon C-terminal lysine cleavage. The culture age had a profound impact on the ratio of different glycan moieties found on antibody molecules. The proportion of short glycans increased (e.g., (G0F)(2) 20-35%), with an associated decrease in the proportion of long glycans with culture age (e.g., (G2F)(2) 7-4%, and G1F/G2F from 15.2% to 7.8%). Ultra scale-down mimics showed that subsequent processing of these cultures did not change the post-translational modifications investigated, but did increase the proportion of half antibodies present in the process stream. The combination of ultra scale-down methodology and whole antibody analysis by mass spectrometry has demonstrated that the effects of processing on the detailed molecular structure of a monoclonal antibody can be rapidly determined early in the development process. In this study we have demonstrated this analysis to be applicable to critical process design decisions (e.g., time of harvest) in terms of achieving a desired molecular structure, but this approach could also be applied as a selection criterion as to the suitability of a platform process for the preparation of a new drug candidate. Also the methodology provides means for bioprocess engineers to predict at the discovery phase how a bioprocess will impact upon the quality of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Q Reid
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, UK
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43
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Khor HK, Jacoby ME, Squier TC, Chu GC, Chelius D. Identification of methionine sulfoxide diastereomers in immunoglobulin gamma antibodies using methionine sulfoxide reductase enzymes. MAbs 2010; 2:299-308. [PMID: 20404551 PMCID: PMC2881256 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.3.11755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced formation of singlet oxygen selectively oxidizes methionines in the heavy chain of IgG2 antibodies. Peptide mapping has indicated the following sensitivities to oxidation: M252 > M428 > M397. Irrespective of the light source, formulating proteins with the free amino acid methionine limits oxidative damage. Conventional peptide mapping cannot distinguish between the S- and R-diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide (Met[O]) formed in the photo-oxidized protein because of their identical polarities and masses. We have developed a method for identification and quantification of these diastereomers by taking advantage of the complementary stereospecificities of the methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) enzymes MsrA and MsrB, which promote the selective reduction of S- and R-diastereomers of Met(O), respectively. In addition, an MsrBA fusion protein that contains both Msr enzyme activities permitted the quantitative reduction of all Met(O) diastereomers. Using these Msr enzymes in combination with peptide mapping, we were able to detect and differentiate diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide within the highly conserved heavy chain of an IgG2 that had been photo-oxidized, as well as those in an IgG1 oxidized with peroxide. The rapid identification of the stereospecificity of methionine oxidation by Msr enzymes not only definitively differentiates Met(O) diastereomers, which previously has been indistinguishable using traditional techniques, but also provides an important tool that may contribute to understanding of the mechanisms of protein oxidation and development of new formulation strategies to stabilize protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui K Khor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen, Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive; Thousand Oaks, CA USA
| | - Michael E Jacoby
- Division of Biological Sciences; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland, WA USA
| | - Thomas C Squier
- Division of Biological Sciences; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland, WA USA
| | - Grace C Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen, Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive; Thousand Oaks, CA USA
| | - Dirk Chelius
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen, Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive; Thousand Oaks, CA USA
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44
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Ren D, Pipes GD, Liu D, Shih LY, Nichols AC, Treuheit MJ, Brems DN, Bondarenko PV. An improved trypsin digestion method minimizes digestion-induced modifications on proteins. Anal Biochem 2009; 392:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Bondarenko PV, Second TP, Zabrouskov V, Makarov AA, Zhang Z. Mass measurement and top-down HPLC/MS analysis of intact monoclonal antibodies on a hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1415-1424. [PMID: 19409810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mass and top-down analyses of 150-kDa monoclonal immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) antibodies were performed on an Orbitrap analyzer. Three different sample delivery methods were tested including (1) infusion of an off-line desalted IgG sample using nano-electrospray; (2) on-line desalting followed by a step elution with a high percentage of organic solvent; and (3) reversed-phase HPLC separation and on-line mass and top-down analyses of disulfide isoforms of an IgG2 antibody. The accuracy of mass measurements of intact antibody was within +/-2 Da (15 ppm). The glycoforms of intact IgG antibodies separated by 162 Da were baseline resolved. In-source fragmentation of the intact antibodies produced mainly 115 residue fragments including N-terminal variable domains of heavy and light chains. The sequence coverage (the number of cleavages) was greatly increased after reduction of disulfide bonds and HPLC/MS/MS analysis of light and heavy chains using collision-induced dissociation in the ion trap of the LTQ-Orbitrap. This is an attractive alternative to peptide mapping for characterization and monitoring of post-translational modifications attributed to minimal sample preparation, high speed of the mass/top-down analysis, and relatively minor method-induced sample modifications.
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46
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Nordborg A, Zhang B, He XZ, Hilder EF, Haddad PR. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies using polymeric cation exchange monoliths in combination with salt and pH gradients. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2668-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Xie H, Gilar M, Gebler JC. Characterization of Protein Impurities and Site-Specific Modifications Using Peptide Mapping with Liquid Chromatography and Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5699-708. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900468j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Xie
- Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Massachusetts 01757
| | - Martin Gilar
- Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Massachusetts 01757
| | - John C. Gebler
- Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Massachusetts 01757
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48
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49
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Top-down N-terminal sequencing of Immunoglobulin subunits with electrospray ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2009; 384:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Dick LW, Mahon D, Qiu D, Cheng KC. Peptide mapping of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: Improvements for increased speed and fewer artifacts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:230-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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