1
|
Haugan I, Husby MG, Skjøtskift B, Aamnes Mostue D, Brun A, Olsen LC, Simpson MR, Lange H, Afset JE. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in mid-Norway: A prospective, case control study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301625. [PMID: 38635516 PMCID: PMC11025732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of molecular methods has led to increased detection of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in faecal samples. Studies have yielded conflicting results regarding the clinical relevance of this finding. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of EAEC in faecal samples from patients with diarrhoea and healthy controls and describe characteristics of EAEC positive persons. METHODS From March 1st, 2017 to February 28th, 2019, we investigated all consecutive faecal samples from patients with diarrhoea received at the laboratory and collected faecal samples from randomly invited healthy controls from mid-Norway. Real-time multiplex PCR was used for detection of bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. We registered sex, age, urban versus non-urban residency, and travel history for all participants. Statistical analyses were performed with Pearson chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS We identified EAEC in 440 of 9487 (4.6%) patients with diarrhoea and 8 of 375 (2.2%) healthy controls. The EAEC prevalence was 19.1% among those with diarrhoea and recent foreign travel and 2.2% in those without travel history independent of diarrhoea. Concomitant pathogens were detected in 64.3% of EAEC-positive patients with diarrhoea. The median age was 28.5 in those with EAEC-positive diarrhoea and 38 in those with EAEC-negative diarrhoea (p <0.01). In patients with diarrhoea, travel was reported in 72% of those with EAEC and concomitant pathogens, and 54% and 12% in those with only EAEC and no EAEC, respectively (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS EAEC was a common detection, particularly in patients with diarrhoea and recent international travel, and was found together with other intestinal pathogens in the majority of cases. Our results suggest that domestically acquired EAEC is not associated with diarrhoea. Patients with EAEC-positive diarrhoea and concomitant pathogens were young and often reported recent travel history compared to other patients with diarrhoea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Haugan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Gudrun Husby
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørg Skjøtskift
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dorothea Aamnes Mostue
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Brun
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lene Christin Olsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Melanie Rae Simpson
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinical Research Unit Central Norway, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Heidi Lange
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Egil Afset
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hespanha ACV, Minto BW, Cardozo MV, Menezes MPD, Tasso JB, Moraes PC. Contamination by antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteria isolated from cell phones and hands in a veterinary hospital. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:216-222. [PMID: 34546965 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hospital infections are of great relevance in human and animal health, and fomites are important in the spread of pathogens in hospital units. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of enterobacteria in the operating room of a veterinary hospital, the potential cross-contamination of samples, and to characterise the susceptibility profile of the isolates to antimicrobials. Sixty-five samples were collected from five different surgical procedures. These samples came from the hands and cell phones of the surgical team and pet owners, operating tables, and patients. Species detection was performed through polymerase chain reaction, genetic diversity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and susceptibility to antimicrobials through an antibiogram. Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis isolates were obtained from eight samples, from the hands of the anaesthesiologist, the pet owner, and the surgeon; the surgeon's, the nurse's and the anaesthesiologist's cell phones, and two surgical tables. Furthermore, PFGE showed high genetic diversity among the isolates, which showed multidrug resistance. The identification of multidrug-resistant E. coli and P. mirabilis on cell phones of the surgical team is a major concern and, although no direct correlation was found, the isolation of these bacteria inside the clean area of the operating room shows the possibility of nosocomial transmission from cell phones to susceptible patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Valentim Hespanha
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Watanabe Minto
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marita Vedovelli Cardozo
- 2 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mareliza Possa De Menezes
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Júlia Banhareli Tasso
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Paola Castro Moraes
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
CARDOZO MV, NESPOLO N, DELFINO TC, ALMEIDA CCD, PIZAURO LJL, VALMORBIDA MK, PEREIRA N, ÁVILA FAD. Raw milk cheese as a potential infection source of pathogenic and toxigenic food born pathogens. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.37919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
ALMEIDA CCD, FINANCI TP, CARDOZO MV, PIZAURO LJL, PEREIRA N, VALMORBIDA MK, BORZI MM, WEISS B, ÁVILA FAD. Enterobacteriaceae in calves, cows and milking environment may act as reservoirs of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.37819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
5
|
Freitas Ribeiro L, Akira Sato R, de Souza Pollo A, Marques Rossi GA, do Amaral LA. Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus spp. on Brazilian Dairy Farms that Produce Unpasteurized Cheese. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120779. [PMID: 33302353 PMCID: PMC7762534 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS) have been identified in several foods, including dairy products. Studies are needed about their occurrence and genetic diversity in the dairy production chain in order to gain a better understanding of their epidemiology and control. This study therefore focuses on isolating and characterizing MRS strains detected in milk used in the production of Brazilian artisanal unpasteurized cheeses. To this end, samples were collected from bovine feces, the hands of milkmen, milking buckets, sieves, unpasteurized milk, whey, water, artisanal unpasteurized cheeses, cheese processing surfaces, cheese handlers, cheese trays, cheese molds, and skimmers at five dairy farms located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Colonies suggestive of Staphylococcus spp. were subjected to multiplex PCR to confirm the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and to detect the mecA gene. Sixteen isolates containing mecA gene were detected in samples from unpasteurized cheese and from cheese handlers. None of these isolates were positive to enterotoxin genes. These 16 isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests, which revealed they were resistant to oxacillin, penicillin, and cefepime. Using gene sequencing, the MRS isolates were identified as S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, and S. epidermidis. Furthermore, isolates from cheese handlers’ hands and artisanal unpasteurized cheese presented high genetic similarity by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) analysis, which indicates cross contamination during cheese production. Thus, we found that people directly involved in milking and cheese processing activities at small dairy farms are a potential source of contamination of MRS strains in unpasteurized milk and cheese, representing a risk to public health.
Collapse
|
6
|
Boarini-Ferroni L, Cardozo MV, Casagrande MF, Nascimento KA, Almeida HMDS, Mechler-Dreibi ML, de Oliveira LG, Schocken-Iturrino RP. Experimental inoculation and nose-to-nose transmission of Clostridioides difficile between weaned piglets. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108754. [PMID: 32768208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In piglets, Clostridioides (C.) difficile infection presents mostly subclinical manifestation. As this agent became important in veterinary medicine due to a hypothesis of zoonosis, the objective of this study was to evaluate the transmission of C. difficile by nose-to-nose contact in young piglets. Six 20-day-old piglets were separated into three groups (infected, sentinel and control), and distributed in different isolation cabinets which allowed nose-to-nose contact only between infected and sentinel groups. The challenged group received an inoculum 106 CFU/mL of C. difficile 096 by oropharyngeal route. Rectal swab samples were daily collected for microbiological and molecular analysis. Euthanasia of all piglets was performed 18 days after challenge to evaluate anatomical, histological and microbiological lesions of the organs of these animals. The challenged and sentinel groups showed clinical signs of infection and genes encoding TcdB were detected by conventional PCR in both groups, confirming the transmission of the pathogen from the challenged to the sentinel piglets. At necropsy, tonsil, liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, ileocolic lymph nodes, jejunum, ileum, proximal colon, distal colon and cecum were collected for microbiological analysis; lesions were observed varying in degree and intensity. This study demonstrated a novel route of transmission of C. difficile between young piglets, which was proven to occur by nose-to-nose contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Boarini-Ferroni
- Sao Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marita Vedovelli Cardozo
- Sao Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Mariana Froner Casagrande
- Sao Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Karla Alvarenga Nascimento
- Sao Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- Sao Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ribeiro LF, Barbosa MMC, Pinto FR, Lavezzo LF, Rossi GAM, Almeida HMS, Amaral LA. DIARRHEAGENIC Escherichia coli IN RAW MILK, WATER, AND CATTLE FECES IN NON-TECHNIFIED DAIRY FARMS. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v20e-47449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study focused on detecting diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC or STEC:EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) in raw milk, water, and cattle feces sampled from non-technified dairy farms located in the northeastern São Paulo State, Brazil. Thirty-six water samples were collected at different points, namely, water wells (8 samples), water intended for human consumption (8 samples), water from milking parlor (8 samples), and water intended for animal consumption (7 samples), headwaters (1 sample), rivers (3 samples), and reservoirs (1 sample). Three raw milk samples were taken directly from bulk tanks in each farm, totalizing 24 samples. Feces samples were collected using rectal swabs from 160 bovines (20 animals per farm). E. coli was detected in 128 feces samples (80%), 16 raw milk samples (66.67%), and 20 water samples (55.56%). STEC (26 samples, 16.25%), EPEC (10 samples, 6.25%), STEC: EPEC (5 samples, 3.13%), and STEC: ETEC (1 sample, 0.63%) were the most prevalent strains detected in samples from cattle feces. EPEC, STEC, and STEC: EPEC strains were detected in 4.17% (1 sample), 16.67% (4 samples), and 4.17% (1 sample) of raw milk samples, respectively. STEC strains were detected in water used in the milking parlor, while no EAEC strain was detected. As a conclusion, cattle feces are important contamination sources of pathogenic E. coli in non-technified dairy farms and, consequently, cross-contamination among feces, water, and/or raw milk can occur. The use of quality water and hygienic practices during milking are recommended to avoid contamination since pathogens can be transmitted to humans via raw milk or raw milk cheese ingestion.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ferreira M, Stella A, Freitas-Filho E, Silva T, Nascimento K, Pinto J, Dias M, Moreira C. Distribution of the stx1 and stx2 genes in Escherichia coli isolated from milk cattle according to season, age, and production scale in southwestern region of Goiás, Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study determined the distribution of stx1 and stx2 genes in Escherichia coli isolated from dairy herds with regard to animal age, season, and farm production-scale, and analyzed the phylogenetic distribution of the groups A, B1, B2, and D of 276 isolates of bovine feces Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The stx1 profile was the most common, detected in 20.4% (202/990) of the isolates, followed by stx2 (4.54%, 45/990) and stx1+stx2 (2.92%, 29/990). The stx1 gene was detected more frequently in calves than in adult animals. In the dry season (winter), the presence of stx1+stx2 profile in cattle feces was higher than in the rainy season (summer), while no significant changes were observed between seasons for the stx1 and stx2 profiles. The most predominant phylogenetic groups in adult animals were B1, A, and D, while groups A and B1 prevailed in calves. Our data highlight the importance of identifying STEC reservoirs, since 7.5% of the tested isolates were positive for stx2, the main profile responsible for the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Moreover, these microorganisms are adapted to survive even in hostile environments and can contaminate the food production chain, posing a significant risk to consumers of animal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.R.A. Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - E.G. Freitas-Filho
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - K.A. Nascimento
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brazil
| | | | - M. Dias
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Johura FT, Parveen R, Islam A, Sadique A, Rahim MN, Monira S, Khan AR, Ahsan S, Ohnishi M, Watanabe H, Chakraborty S, George CM, Cravioto A, Navarro A, Hasan B, Alam M. Occurrence of Hybrid Escherichia coli Strains Carrying Shiga Toxin and Heat-Stable Toxin in Livestock of Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2017; 4:287. [PMID: 28119905 PMCID: PMC5221120 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are important causes of diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Although ruminant animals are the main source of STEC, diarrhea due to this pathotype is very low in Bangladesh where ETEC remains the predominant group associated with childhood diarrhea. In the present study, E. coli strains (n = 35) isolated from Bangladesh livestock (goats, sheep, and cattle) and poultry (chicken and ducks) were analyzed for the presence of major virulence factors, such as Shiga toxins (STX-1 and STX-2), heat-labile toxin, and heat-stable toxins (STa and STb). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction results revealed 23 (66%) E. coli strains to be virulent possessing either sta (n = 5), stx (stx1, n = 8; stx2, n = 2), or both (n = 8) genes in varying combinations. Thirty-four percent (8/23) of strains from livestock were hybrid type that carried both stx (either stx1 or stx2) and ETEC-specific enterotoxin gene sta. Serotyping results revealed that the ETEC strains belonged to five serotypes, namely O36:H5, O174:H-, O152:H8, O109:H51, and O8:H21, while the STEC-producing strains belonged to serotypes O76:H19 (n = 3), O43:H2 (n = 2), O87:H16 (n = 2), OR:H2 (n = 1), O110:H16 (n = 1), and O152:H8 (n = 1). The STEC-ETEC hybrid strains belonged to serotypes O76:H19 (n = 3), O43:H2 (n = 2), O87:H16, OR:H2, and O152:H8. Forty percent (2/5) of the ETEC and 20% (2/10) of the STEC strains were multidrug resistant with the highest drug resistance (50%) being found in the hybrid strains. Molecular fingerprinting determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and cluster analyses by dendrogram revealed that, genetically, STEC-ETEC hybrid strains were highly heterogeneous. Multidrug-resistant E. coli STEC-ETEC hybrid strains in domesticated animals pose a public health threat for humans in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatema-Tuz Johura
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rozina Parveen
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqul Islam
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Sadique
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Niaz Rahim
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shirajum Monira
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anisur R. Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sunjukta Ahsan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | - Alejandro Cravioto
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Armando Navarro
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Badrul Hasan
- Infectious Disease, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Munirul Alam
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trung NV, Nhung HN, Carrique-Mas JJ, Mai HH, Tuyen HT, Campbell J, Nhung NT, Van Minh P, Wagenaar JA, Mai NTN, Hieu TQ, Schultsz C, Hoa NT. Colonization of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in chickens and humans in southern Vietnam. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:208. [PMID: 27612880 PMCID: PMC5017054 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteroaggregative (EAEC) and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a major cause of diarrhea worldwide. E. coli carrying both virulence factors characteristic for EAEC and STEC and producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase caused severe and protracted disease during an outbreak of E. coli O104:H4 in Europe in 2011. We assessed the opportunities for E. coli carrying the aggR and stx genes to emerge in ‘backyard’ farms in south-east Asia. Results Faecal samples collected from 204 chicken farms; 204 farmers and 306 age- and gender-matched individuals not exposed to poultry farming were plated on MacConkey agar plates with and without antimicrobials being supplemented. Sweep samples obtained from MacConkey agar plates without supplemented antimicrobials were screened by multiplex PCR for the detection of the stx1, stx2 and aggR genes. One chicken farm sample each (0.5 %) contained the stx1 and the aggR gene. Eleven (2.4 %) human faecal samples contained the stx1 gene, 2 samples (0.4 %) contained stx2 gene, and 31 (6.8 %) contained the aggR gene. From 46 PCR-positive samples, 205 E. coli isolates were tested for the presence of stx1, stx2, aggR, wzxO104 and fliCH4 genes. None of the isolates simultaneously contained the four genetic markers associated with E. coli O104:H4 epidemic strain (aggR, stx2, wzxO104 and fliCH4). Of 34 EAEC, 64.7 % were resistant to 3rd-generation cephalosporins. Conclusion These results indicate that in southern Vietnam, the human population is a more likely reservoir of aggR and stx gene carrying E. coli than the chicken population. However, conditions for transmission of isolates and/or genes between human and animal reservoirs resulting in the emergence of highly virulent E. coli strains are still favorable, given the nature of‘backyard’ farms in Vietnam. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0827-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Vinh Trung
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Hoang Ngoc Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juan J Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ho Huynh Mai
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, My Tho, Tien Giang, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thanh Tuyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Minh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thai Quoc Hieu
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, My Tho, Tien Giang, Vietnam
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bozçal E, Yiğittürk G, Uzel A, Aydemir SŞ. Investigation of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome in İzmir Province, Turkey. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:733-41. [PMID: 27513249 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1501-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains originating from diarrheagenic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 102 patients with diarrhea between October 2012 and January 2013 were enrolled in this study. Multiplex and standard polymerase chain reactions were performed to detect and distinguish STEC and EPEC strains. O serotyping of EPEC was carried out by monovalent antisera. The O and H serotyping of STEC strains was performed at the Refik Saydam Institute, Ankara. RESULTS A total of 5 (3.42%) strains were identified as STEC, and 3 strains (2.05%) were atypical EPEC. One of the STEC serotypes was O157:H7 carrying VT1, Stx1A, and escv genes. The other STEC strain was identified as O174:H21, which is associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome and consists of VT2 and Stx2A genes. One of the EPEC and three of the STEC serotypes were nontypeable. The serotypes of the atypical EPEC strains were identified as O114 and O26. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of O174:H21 from the İzmir region that was shown to be a Shiga toxin-producing non-O157 serotype of STEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Bozçal
- Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Yiğittürk
- Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ataç Uzel
- Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sabire Şöhret Aydemir
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barbosa L, Ribeiro L, Lavezzo L, Barbosa M, Rossi G, do Amaral L. Detection of pathogenic Escherichia coli
and microbiological quality of chilled shrimp sold in street markets. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 62:372-8. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.J. Barbosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV); UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - L.F. Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV); UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - L.F. Lavezzo
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV); UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - M.M.C. Barbosa
- Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE) - Avenida José de Freitas Queiroz; Quixadá Ceará Brazil
| | - G.A.M. Rossi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV); UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - L.A. do Amaral
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV); UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prospective study of pathogens in asymptomatic travellers and those with diarrhoea: aetiological agents revisited. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:535-41. [PMID: 26970046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Travellers' diarrhoea (TD) remains the most frequent health problem encountered by visitors to the (sub)tropics. Traditional stool culture identifies the pathogen in only 15% of cases. Exploiting PCR-based methods, we investigated TD pathogens with a focus on asymptomatic travellers and severity of symptoms. Pre- and post-travel stools of 382 travellers with no history of antibiotic use during travel were analysed with a multiplex quantitative PCR for Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae and five diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli: enteroaggregative (EAEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) and enteroinvasive (EIEC). The participants were categorized by presence/absence of TD during travel and on return, and by severity of symptoms. A pathogen was indentified in 61% of the asymptomatic travellers, 83% of those with resolved TD, and 83% of those with ongoing TD; 25%, 43% and 53% had multiple pathogens, respectively. EPEC, EAEC, ETEC and Campylobacter associated especially with ongoing TD symptoms. EAEC and EPEC proved more common than ETEC. To conclude, modern methodology challenges our perception of stool pathogens: all pathogens were common both in asymptomatic and symptomatic travellers. TD has a multibacterial nature, but diarrhoeal symptoms mostly associate with EAEC, EPEC, ETEC and Campylobacter.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ribeiro L, Barbosa M, de Rezende Pinto F, Guariz C, Maluta R, Rossi J, Rossi G, Lemos M, do Amaral L. Shiga toxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
in water and fish from pay-to-fish ponds. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 62:216-20. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.F. Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV); UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - M.M.C. Barbosa
- Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE) - Avenida José de Freitas Queiroz; Quixadá Ceará Brazil
| | - F. de Rezende Pinto
- Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL) - Campus Universitário Capão do Leão; Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - C.S.L. Guariz
- Campus Experimental de Dracena; UNESP; Dracena São Paulo Brazil
| | - R.P. Maluta
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - J.R. Rossi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV); UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - G.A.M. Rossi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV); UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - M.V.F. Lemos
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV); UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - L.A. do Amaral
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV); UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are commonly found in the intestine of ruminant species of wild and domestic animals. Excretion of STEC with animal feces results in a broad contamination of food and the environment. Humans get infected with STEC through ingestion of contaminated food, by contact with the environment, and from STEC-excreting animals and humans. STEC strains can behave as human pathogens, and some of them, called enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), may cause hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Because of the diversity of STEC types, detection strategies for STEC and EHEC are based on the identification of Shiga toxins or the underlying genes. Cultural enrichment of STEC from test samples is needed for identification, and different protocols were developed for this purpose. Multiplex real-time PCR protocols (ISO/CEN TS13136 and USDA/FSIS MLG5B.01) have been developed to specifically identify EHEC by targeting the LEE (locus of enterocyte effacement)-encoded eae gene and genes for EHEC-associated O groups. The employment of more genetic markers (nle and CRISPR) is a future challenge for better identification of EHEC from any kinds of samples. The isolation of STEC or EHEC from a sample is required for confirmation, and different cultivation protocols and media for this purpose have been developed. Most STEC strains present in food, animals, and the environment are eae negative, but some of these strains can cause HC and HUS in humans as well. Phenotypic assays and molecular tools for typing EHEC and STEC strains are used to detect and characterize human pathogenic strains among members of the STEC group.
Collapse
|
16
|
Salmani H, Azarnezhad A, Fayazi MR, Hosseini A. Pathotypic and Phylogenetic Study of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Uropathogenic E. coli Using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e28331. [PMID: 27127586 PMCID: PMC4841981 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.28331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrheal disease and urinary tract infection are leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) has been identified as a major etiologic agent of diarrhea worldwide, and urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is one of the most common bacterial infections among human beings. Quick and precise detection of these bacteria help provide more effective intervention and management of infection. OBJECTIVES In this study we present a precise and sensitive typing and phylogenetic study of UPEC and DEC using multiplex PCR in order to simplify and improve the intervention and management of diarrheal and UT infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 100 urinary tract infection samples (UTI) and 200 specimens from children with diarrhea, which had been diagnosed with E. coli as the underlying agent by differential diagnosis using MacConkey's agar and biochemical study, were submitted for molecular detection. Pathotyping of E. coli pathotypes causing urinary tract infection and diarrhea were examined using a two set multiplex PCR, targeting six specific genes. Phylogenetic typing was done by targeting three genes, including ChuA, YjaA and TspE4C2. RESULTS Overall, 88% of DEC and 54% of UTI isolates were positive for one or more of the six genes encoding virulence factors. Prevalence of the genes encoding virulence factors for DEC were 62%, 25%, 24%, 13%, 7% and 5% for ST (ETEC), LT (ETEC), aggR (EAggEC), daaD (DAEC), invE (EIEC) and eae (EPEC), respectively; whereas, the prevalence rates for the UTI samples were 23%, 14%, 6%, 6% and 4% for aggR (EAggEC), LT (ETEC), daaD (DAEC), invE (EIEC) and ST (ETEC), respectively. No coding virulence factors were detected for eae (EPEC). Group B2 was the most prevalent phylogroup and ST was the most frequently detected pathotype in all phylogroups. CONCLUSIONS ETEC and EAggEC were the most detected E. coli among stool and UTI samples, emphasizing the need to dedicate more health care attention to this group. In addition, our phylogenetic study may be helpful in figuring out the infection origin and for epidemiological studies. Nonetheless, more research studies with larger sample sizes are suggested for confirming our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Salmani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Asaad Azarnezhad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fayazi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Arshad Hosseini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Arshad Hosseini, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-02186704604, Fax: +98-02186552633, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stella AE, Oliveira MCD, Fontana VLDDS, Maluta RP, Borges CA, Ávila FAD. Characterization and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from feces of healthy broiler chickens. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000392014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains are isolated from lesions of poultry presenting colibacillosis, which is a disease that causes either systemic or localized clinical signs. Such strains share many characteristics with E. coli strains that cause extra-intestinal illness in humans. There is not a consensus on how to define the APEC pathotype with regard to the presence of virulence traits. On the other hand, in the past few years, five minimal predictors for APEC detection were proposed. The E. coli isolates in this work were tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the five proposed minimal predictors and cva C. The strains presenting them were categorized as potential APEC. The APEC and non-APEC categories showed high resistance (> 50%) to cephalotin, erythromycin, streptomycin, sulphametoxazol/trimethoprim, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. Potential APEC strains were significantly more resistant to cephalotin (p < 0.05) and neomcycin (p < 0.01) than non-APEC. These latter were significantly more resistant to tetracycline (p < 0.01) than the potential APEC strains. These results demonstrate that feces of poultry present E. coli strains with resistant features, showing or not the potential of causing colibacillosis in poultry. Because APEC and extra-intestinal illness in humans may be similar, these resistant strains are of interest to public health.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ferreira MR, Silva TDS, Stella AE, Conceição FR, Reis EFD, Moreira CN. Detection of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns in shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from sheep. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2015000900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: In order to detect virulence factors in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates and investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile, rectal swabs were collected from healthy sheep of the races Santa Inês and Dorper. Of the 115 E. coli isolates obtained, 78.3% (90/115) were characterized as STEC, of which 52.2% (47/90) carried stx1 gene, 33.3% (30/90) stx2 and 14.5% (13/90) both genes. In search of virulence factors, 47.7% and 32.2% of the isolates carried the genes saa and cnf1. According to the analysis of the antimicrobial resistance profile, 83.3% (75/90) were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested. In phylogenetic classification grouped 24.4% (22/90) in group D (pathogenic), 32.2% (29/90) in group B1 (commensal) and 43.3% (39/90) in group A (commensal). The presence of several virulence factors as well as the high number of multiresistant isolates found in this study support the statement that sheep are potential carriers of pathogens threatening public health.
Collapse
|
19
|
ASSUMPÇÃO GLH, CARDOZO MV, BERALDO LG, MALUTA RP, SILVA JT, AVILA FAD, McINTOSH D, RIGOBELO EC. Antimicrobials resistance patterns and the presence of stx1, stx2 and eae in Escherichia coli. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402015000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate whether antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or the presence of resistance genes was associated with the occurrence of the virulence genes, stx1, stx2 andeae. Three virulence genes and 11 AMR phenotypes were examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. From 800 samples collected in this study, 561 samples were isolatesE. coli strains , being: 90 (16.0%) carriers ofstx1, 97 (17.3%) of stx2 and 45 (8.0%) ofeae genes singly. Thirty seven (6.6%) isolates were carriers of stx1 and stx2, 110 (19.6%) were carriers of stx1 and eae and 67 (11.9%) were carriers of stx2 and eae. The most common virulence gene detected was stx1followed bystx2. The findings showed no relationship between presence of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance. Also was not found relationship between serogroup and virulence factors.
Collapse
|
20
|
Marin J, Maluta R, Borges C, Beraldo L, Maesta S, Lemos M, Ruiz U, Ávila F, Rigobelo E. Fate of non O157 Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli in ovine manure composting. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-6001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock manure may contain pathogenic microorganisms which pose a risk to the health of animal or humans if the manure is not adequately treated or disposed of. To determine the fate of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) non O157 in composted manure from naturally colonized sheep, fresh manure was obtained from animals carrying bacterial cells with stx1/ stx2 genes. Two composting systems were used, aerated and non-aerated, and the experiments were done in Dracena city, São Paulo State. Every week, for seven weeks, one manure sample from six different points in both systems was collected and cultured to determine the presence of E. coli, the presence of the virulence genes in the cells, and also the susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial drugs. The temperature was verified at each sampling. STEC non-O157 survived for 49 days in both composting systems. E. coli non-STEC showing a high degree of antibiotic resistance was recovered all long the composting period. No relationship was established between the presence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance. The presence of virulence genes and multiple antibiotic resistances in E. coli implicates a potential risk for these genes spread in the human food chain, which is a reason for concern.
Collapse
|
21
|
Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from the Uteri Horn, Mouth, and Rectum of Bitches Suffering from Pyometra: Virulence Factors, Antimicrobial Susceptibilities, and Clonal Relationships among Strains. Int J Microbiol 2014; 2014:979584. [PMID: 24734047 PMCID: PMC3966421 DOI: 10.1155/2014/979584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyometra is recognized as one of the main causes of disease and death in the bitch, and Escherichia coli is the major pathogen associated with this disease. In this study, 70 E. coli isolates from the uteri horn, mouth, and rectum of bitches suffering from the disease and 43 E. coli isolates from the rectum of clinically healthy bitches were examined for the presence of uropathogenic virulence genes and susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. DNA profiles of isolates from uteri horn and mouth in bitches with pyometra were compared by REP, ERIC, and BOX-PCR. Virulence gene frequencies detected in isolates from canine pyometra were as follows: 95.7% fim, 27.1% iss, 25.7% hly, 18.5% iuc, and 17.1% usp. Predominant resistance was determined for cephalothin, ampicillin, and nalidixic acid among the isolates from all sites examined. Multidrug resistance was found on ∼50% pyometra isolates. Using the genotypic methods some isolates from uteri, pus, and saliva of the same bitch proved to have identical DNA profiles which is a reason for concern due to the close relationship between household pets and humans.
Collapse
|
22
|
Freitas Filho EG, Ferreira MRA, Pinto JFN, Conceição FR, Moreira CN. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 from healthy dairy cattle in Mid-West Brazil: occurrence and molecular characterization. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 represents the major Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strain related to large outbreaks and severe diseases such as hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and the potentially lethal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The aim of this study was to report the occurrence and molecular characterization of O157:H7 isolates obtained by rectal swab from 52 healthy dairy cattle belonging to 21 farms in Mid-West of Brazil. Detection of 16SrRNA, stx1, stx2, rfbO157, fliCh7, eae, ehxA, saa, cnf1, chuA, yjaA and TSPE4.C2 genes was performed by PCR. The isolates were further characterized by serotyping. Two hundred and sixty E. coli isolates were obtained, of which 126 were characterized as STEC. Two isolates from the same cow were identified as serotype O157:H7. Both isolates presented the stx2, eae, ehxA, saa and cnf1 virulence factor genes and the chuA gene in the phylogenetic classification (virulent group D), suggesting that they were clones. The prevalence of O157:H7 was found to be 1.92% (1/52 animals), demonstrating that healthy dairy cattle from farms in the Mid-West of Brazil are an important reservoir for highly pathogenic E. coli O157:H7.
Collapse
|
23
|
Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi S, Habibi E, Jaafari F, Zali MR. Molecular epidemiology ofEscherichia colidiarrhoea in children in Tehran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:35-9. [PMID: 15814047 DOI: 10.1179/146532805x23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
From July to December 2003, four categories of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli were investigated in Tehranian children with acute diarrhoea. Stool specimens of children under 5 years of age with diarrhoea (n=200) and matched controls (n=200) without diarrhoea were studied for the presence of entero-aggregative (EAEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC) and Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) E. coli by PCR identification of six different genes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli. STEC isolates were typed by O157 and H7 antisera. EAEC was the most prevalent category and was found in 24% of patients with diarrhoea and 8% of controls (p<0.0001). ETEC was isolated in 15.5% of patients with diarrhoea but not in any controls ( p<0.0001), STEC in 15% of patients and 2% of controls (p<0.0001) and EPEC in 6% of patients and 5% of controls. Of 30 STEC isolates from patients with diarrhoea, seven were O157:H7 and 23 were non-O157:H7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siavosh Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi
- Department of Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases, Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
STELLA AE, MALUTA RP, RIGOBELO EC, MARIN JM, DEÁVILA FA. Virulence Genes in Isolates of Escherichia coli from Samples of Milk and Feces from Dairy Cattle. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1698-700. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine if Escherichia coli isolates carrying the virulence genes eae and eltB and exhibiting the Ehly phenotype are present in feces and milk samples from healthy dairy cattle on farms. Isolates from calves showed a statistically higher prevalence of eae and eltB compared with isolates from older animals. The other factors tested (stx1, stx2, and Ehly) were not statistically different between the two groups. Two isolates originating from calf feces were identified as serotype O157:H7; one of these isolates carried stx1 and eae, the other stx2 and eae. E. coli isolated from milk contained stx1, stx2, and eltB. The results show that feces or milk from healthy dairy cattle may contain E. coli pathotypes that express virulence genes, indicating that these materials have zoonotic potential. The results also reinforce the idea that host age can influence the dynamics of virulence genes in E. coli from cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. STELLA
- 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV-UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. P. MALUTA
- 2Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (IB-UNICAMP), CEP 13083-875, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E. C. RIGOBELO
- 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV-UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J. M. MARIN
- 3Departamento de Morfologia, Estomatologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FORP-USP), 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F. A. DEÁVILA
- 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV-UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tokuda K, Nishi J, Imuta N, Fujiyama R, Kamenosono A, Manago K, Kawano Y. Characterization of typical and atypical enteroaggregative escherichia coli in Kagoshima, Japan: biofilm formation and acid resistance. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:320-9. [PMID: 20536730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
EAEC is increasingly recognized as an emerging enteric pathogen. Typical EAEC expressing the AggR regulon have been proven to be an important cause of childhood diarrhea in industrialized countries as well as in the developing world, while atypical EAEC without this regulon have not been thoroughly investigated. To investigate the bacteriological characteristics of EAEC, including both typical and atypical strains in Kagoshima, Japan, 2417 E. coli strains from Japanese children with diarrhea were screened by a quantitative biofilm assay to detect possible EAEC strains, resulting in the identification of 102 (4.2%) of these strains by the HEp-2 cell adherence test. Virulence gene patterns, PFGE analysis and O-serogrouping demonstrated the heterogeneity of the EAEC. The EAEC strains were classified into two groups: typical EAEC with aggR (74.5%, 76/102) and atypical EAEC without aggR (25.5%, 26/102). There was no significant difference between the typical EAEC strains (median OD(570)= 0.73) and the atypical strains (median OD(570)= 0.61) in biofilm formation (P= 0.17). Incidences of resistance against ampicillin, cefotaxime and tetracycline were significantly higher in the typical EAEC strains than the atypical EAEC strains (84.2% vs. 53.8%, 36.8% vs. 7.7% and 93.4% vs. 73.1%, respectively, P < 0.05). The typical EAEC strains showed significantly higher resistance ratios against HCl and lactate than the atypical strains (94.7% vs. 61.5% and 92.1% vs. 57.7%, respectively, P < 0.001). To investigate the pathogenicity of not only typical but also atypical EAEC, further bacteriological and epidemiologic studies including atypical EAEC are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Tokuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Etiology of childhood diarrhea in the northeast of Brazil: significant emergent diarrheal pathogens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 66:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
27
|
Diagnosis and prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in children less than 5 years of age with acute diarrhea in Tehran children's hospitals. J Infect 2009; 58:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
28
|
Hall G, Yohannes K, Raupach J, Becker N, Kirk M. Estimating community incidence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1601-9. [PMID: 18826825 PMCID: PMC2609882 DOI: 10.3201/eid1410.071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimated multipliers that linked surveillance of foodborne diseases with community incidence showed a high prevalence of these diseases. To estimate multipliers linking surveillance of salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, and Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections to community incidence, we used data from a gastroenteritis survey and other sources. Multipliers for severe (bloody stool/long duration) and milder cases were estimated from the component probabilities of doctor visit, stool test, sensitivity of laboratory test, and reporting to surveillance system. Pathogens were classified by the same severity criteria and appropriate multipliers applied. Precision of estimates was quantified by using simulation techniques to construct 95% credible intervals (CrIs). The multiplier for salmonellosis was estimated at 7 (95% CrI 4–16), for campylobacteriosis at 10 (95% CrI 7–22), and for STEC at 8 (95% CrI 3–75). Australian annual community incidence rates per 100,000 population were estimated as 262 (95% CrI 150–624), 1,184 (95% CrI 756–2,670), and 23 (95% CrI 13–54), respectively. Estimation of multipliers allows assessment of the true effects of these diseases and better understanding of public health surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Hall
- Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bielaszewska M, Middendorf B, Köck R, Friedrich AW, Fruth A, Karch H, Schmidt MA, Mellmann A. Shiga toxin-negative attaching and effacing Escherichia coli: distinct clinical associations with bacterial phylogeny and virulence traits and inferred in-host pathogen evolution. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:208-17. [PMID: 18564929 DOI: 10.1086/589245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) that lack Shiga toxin genes (stx) and the enteropathogenic E. coli adherence factor (EAF) plasmid (stx-/EAF-) are classified as atypical enteropathogenic E. coli and cause diarrhea worldwide. However, it is unknown whether there are bacterial lineage-specific human disease phenotypes. We compared stx-/EAF- AEEC recovered from patients (mostly children) with bloody and nonbloody diarrhea. METHODS stx-/EAF- AEEC were isolated using eae colony blot hybridization and were serotyped, tested (by polymerase chain reaction) for putative virulence genes, and analyzed for phylogenetic relationships by use of multilocus sequence typing. RESULTS During the period 1995-2007, stx-/EAF- AEEC were isolated as the only bacterial pathogens from stool specimens obtained from 18 (15.3%) of 118 patients with bloody diarrhea and from 141 (1.3%) of 10,550 patients with nonbloody diarrhea (P<.001). All but 1 of 18 strains recovered from patients with bloody diarrhea resembled enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) on the basis of serotypes, non-stx virulence profiles, and multilocus sequence types. In contrast, most (75.9%) of 141 stx-/EAF- AEEC recovered from patients with nonbloody diarrhea belonged to other serotypes and differed from the former strains phylogenetically and with regard to virulence genes. Three of 18 patients with bloody diarrhea and none of 141 patients with nonbloody diarrhea who shedded stx-/EAF- AEEC developed hemolytic uremic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Most stx-/EAF- AEEC associated with bloody diarrhea are plausibly EHEC that lost Shiga toxin during infection (EHEC-LST). To prevent serious complications of such infections, Shiga toxin-independent diagnostic strategies to accurately and rapidly identify such patients should be developed and applied. Multilocus sequence typing has potential to distinguish EHEC-LST from less pathogenic stx-/EAF- AEEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bielaszewska
- Institute for Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, University of Münster, Wernigerode, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jensen C, Ethelberg S, Olesen B, Schiellerup P, Olsen KEP, Scheutz F, Nielsen EM, Neimann J, Høgh B, Gerner-Smidt P, Mølbak K, Krogfelt KA. Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli isolates from Danish children: clinical significance and microbiological characteristics. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:863-72. [PMID: 17686138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the prevalence, clinical manifestations and microbiological characteristics of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli isolates, i.e., enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) belonging to the classical EPEC serotypes, non-EPEC attaching and effacing E. coli (A/EEC) and verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), isolated in a case-control study of Danish children aged <5 years. Among 424 children with diarrhoea and 866 healthy controls, EPEC and VTEC were more prevalent in cases (2.4% and 2.6%, respectively) than in controls (0.7% and 0.7%, respectively). There was a high frequency of A/EEC isolates (n = 121), but these were equally prevalent in cases (11.3%) and controls (12.5%), and comprised a heterogeneous distribution of O:H serotypes. The intimin (eae) subtypes in A/EEC isolates showed an even distribution; the eae-gamma subtype predominated in classical EPEC cases. The virulence genes encoding the bundle-forming pilus (bfpA) and enteroaggregative heat-stable enterotoxin (astA) were rare among all isolates, and seemed to be of limited pathogenic importance in this population. Virulence characterisation of A/EEC isolates did not reveal any significant differences between cases and controls. Colonisation of children with A/EEC was associated with contact with sheep or goats (OR 2.2). The role of A/EEC, not being VTEC or belonging to the classical EPEC serotypes, requires further clarification, but serotyping is useful in discriminating between EPEC and A/EEC strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Jensen
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Parasitology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gonçalves V, Marin J. Fate of non O157 Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli in composted cattle manure. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352007000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the fate of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) non-O 157 in composted manure from naturally colonized cattle, fresh manure was obtained from three cows carrying non-O157 STEC strains possessing the stx2 gene. Two composting systems were used: a 0.6m deep cave opened in the soil and an one meter high solid manure heap in a pyramidal architecture. Every day, for the 10 first days, and every five days for a month, one manure sample from three different points in both systems was collected and cultured to determine the presence of E. coli and the presence of the stx 2 gene in the cells. The temperature was verified at each sampling. STEC non-O157 E. coli cells survived for 8, 25 and 30 days at 42, 40 and 38ºC, respectively, in the deep cave and 4, 4 and 7 days at 65, 58 and 52ºC, respectively, in the heap, during the composting manure. Temperature and indigenous microorganisms appear to contribute to pathogen disappearance in the composting system. It is concluded that both composting systems were efficient to eliminate STEC cells. Land application of composted manure should minimize environmental risk associated with the dissemination of the pathogen.
Collapse
|
32
|
Al-Gallas N, Abbassi SM, Hassan AB, Aissa RB. Genotypic and Phenotypic Profiles of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Tunis, Tunisia. Curr Microbiol 2007; 55:47-55. [PMID: 17554469 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-006-0572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
No past studies of acute diarrhea in Tunisia have examined the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates. We determined 65 ETEC isolates derived from a total of 327 E. coli isolates collected from a previous study (acute diarrheal and healthy persons, children and adults n = 214) and 32 E. coli isolates derived from an acute diarrheal outbreak in Kabaria-Ennour city, Tunis. All E. coli isolates were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for ETEC virulence genes: sta (heat-stable toxin gene) and elt (heat-labile toxin gene). Seventy-two percent (47 of 65) of ETEC strains expressed the sta gene only, 21.5% (14 of 65) expressed the elt gene and 6.1% (4 of 65) expressed both genes. For the outbreak isolates, the elt gene was predominant (10 isolates out of 14). Ganylioside GM1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GM1-ELISA) was used to validate the PCR results and this was confirmed by dot blot assay. The same results were obtained. The most common colonization factors (CFs) were CFA/I (44.6%) and coli surface antigen 6 (CS6) (11%), and 44.6% of the isolates showed no association with either CFAs. Resistance of ETEC isolates to tetracycline (38.5%), streptomycin (26%), and beta-lactam agents (ticarcillin 26%, amoxicillin 24.6%, cephalotin 21.5%) was common. Regarding serotypes, the majority of ETEC isolates serotyped as O86:H(-) (n = 16), O128:H2 (n = 11), and O127:H21 (n = 10). Other serotypes found were O111:H(-) (n = 6) and O126: H(-) (n = 5). DNA macrorestriction fragment analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using the XbaI enzyme was conducted to investigate the epidemiological clonal relationship among ETEC isolates. Major patterns were identified among which some of outbreak ETEC isolates belonged. These data suggest that a proportion of acute diarrhea in Tunis represents the confluence of small epidemics by clonality-related ETEC isolates that are transiently introduced or that persist in our community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazek Al-Gallas
- Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Resende D, Santo E, Macedo C, Marin J. Prevalence of virulence factors in Escherichia coli strains isolated from the genital tract of healthy cows. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352007000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of virulence genes expressing fimbriae, production of hemolysin, colicin and aerobactin, was determined in Escherichia coli isolates from healthy cow’s genital tract not showing clinical signs of infection. The presence of fimbriae expression genes (pap, sfa, afa) was assayed using specific primers in a polymerase chain reaction; none were detected in any of the isolates. Yet, a prevalence of 90.4%, 69.8%, and 28.5% of virulence factors for colicin, hemolysin and aerobactin respectively, was detected in the isolates. Analysis of the bacterial pathogenicity of isolates from the bovine genital tract may contribute towards the understanding of E. coli behavior.
Collapse
|
34
|
Alikhani MY, Mirsalehian A, Aslani MM. Detection of typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Iranian children with and without diarrhoea. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1159-1163. [PMID: 16914644 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the contribution of typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) as a cause of infectious diarrhoea among children less than 10 years old in Iran. During the summer months, 247 specimens from children with diarrhoea and 1108 from asymptomatic children were analysed for the presence of EPEC and other bacterial pathogens. Potential enteric pathogens were identified in 140 cases of children with diarrhoea (56.7%). EPEC was the most frequently identified agent (111 cases), followed by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (13), Shigella (9), Salmonella (6) and Aeromonas sp. (1). EPEC isolates were examined for the presence of eaeA, bfpA and stx genes by PCR. EPEC isolates were classified as typical (eaeA+ bfpA+) or atypical (eaeA+ bfpA-). Typical EPEC was diagnosed in 35 cases (11.8%), compared with 8 (0.4%) in the asymptomatic group (P<0.05). Atypical EPEC strains were isolated from 23 cases (9.3%), compared with 13 (1.2%) of the healthy control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the data suggest that typical and atypical EPEC are an important cause of diarrhoea in Iranian children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Mirsalehian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Mehdi Aslani
- Department of Microbiology, Institute Pasteur of Iran, 69 Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Huang DB, Nataro JP, DuPont HL, Kamat PP, Mhatre AD, Okhuysen PC, Chiang T. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Is a Cause of Acute Diarrheal Illness: A Meta-Analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:556-63. [PMID: 16886146 DOI: 10.1086/505869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting studies exist regarding the role of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) as a cause of acute diarrheal illness. The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine whether identification of EAEC in stool samples is associated with acute diarrheal illness among different subpopulations, by geographic area. METHODS A comprehensive search of electronic bibliographic databases (Medline and PubMed) from August 1985 to January 2006, as well as a search of conference proceedings, references of articles, and contacts with investigators of EAEC, yielded 354 studies. RESULTS Forty-one studies (12%) that met the selection criteria (i.e., that examined the association between acute diarrheal illness and the excretion of EAEC among different subpopulations) were included. In this meta-analysis, presence of EAEC identified with the HEp-2 cell adherence assay was found to be significantly associated with acute diarrheal illness among children residing in developing regions (odds ratio [OR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-1.83) and industrialized regions (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03-1.48), adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection residing in developing regions (OR, 6.43; 95% CI, 2.91-14.16), adults residing in developing regions (OR, 7.15; 95% CI, 1.96-26.04), and international travelers to developing regions (OR, 6.72; 95% CI, 2.62-17.20). A limited number of studies were available that examined the role of EAEC identified by its virulence genes by a DNA probe. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of this meta-analysis, we conclude that EAEC is a cause of acute diarrheal illness among many different subpopulations in both developing and industrialized regions, that EAEC strains are very heterogeneous and that additional studies that examine the role of EAEC in acute diarrheal illness are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, University of Texas at Houston, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Santo E, Macedo C, Marin JM. Virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from a University Hospital in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006; 48:185-8. [PMID: 17119672 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of virulence genes expressing fimbriae, production of hemolysin, colicin and aerobactin among a hundred Escherichia coli isolates obtained from in-and outpatients of a tertiary-care teaching hospital, between July and August 2000, showing clinical and laboratory signs of urinary tract infection (UTI). The presence of genes (pap, afa, sfa) for fimbriae expression was assayed using specific primers in a polymerase chain reaction. Among the isolates studied, the prevalence of the virulence factors was 96.0%, 76.0%, 24.0%, for hemolysin, aerobactin and colicin, respectively; the prevalence of genes coding for fimbrial adhesive systems was 32.0%, 19.0% and 11.0% for pap, sfa and afa respectively. The strains isolated from the outpatients displayed a greater number of virulence factors compared to those from hospitalized subjects, emphasizing the difference between these two kinds of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edilene Santo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
McOrist A, Veuilett G, Vuaran M, Bird A, Noakes M, Topping D. Population and virulence factor dynamics in fecalEscherichia colifrom healthy adults consuming weight control diets. Can J Microbiol 2005; 51:467-75. [PMID: 16121224 DOI: 10.1139/w05-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Individual susceptibility to gastrointestinal infection is seen commonly in food poisoning outbreaks, but factors (such as diet) which may modulate this variability are understood poorly. Similarly, factors altering the population dynamics of enteric non-pathogenic Escherichia coli or of pathogenic E. coli containing toxin-signature DNA sequences in the colonic flora of healthy individuals are largely unknown. Feces were collected 4 times over a 12 week period from 41 healthy volunteer adults on a weight control diet (high or low in fiber). E. coli strains were examined by conventional culture followed by PCR for virulence genes stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA, and polymorphic β-glucuronidase. Total E. coli counts ranged from undetectable to 8.75 log10CFU/g feces and were unaffected by dietary fiber consumption or gender. Total E. coli counts were correlated positively with age (r = 0.401, P < 0.05). Fifty-eight percent (n = 24) of study individuals harboured more than 1 morph of β-glucuronidase, indicating the presence of more than 1 strain of E. coli. Virulence genes were detected in 12 of 41 adults, comprising 10 stx1, 3 stx2, 3 eae, and 0 hlyA, but occurrence was not associated with diet, gender, or age. Factors influencing strain mobility over time did not appear to include diet or gender, while the positive relationship between total E. coli numbers and increasing age suggests that some older individuals are "more permissive" to mobile E. coli, including those with toxin genes.Key words: Escherichia coli, virulence, healthy humans, diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A McOrist
- CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kahali S, Sarkar B, Rajendran K, Khanam J, Yamasaki S, Nandy RK, Bhattacharya SK, Ramamurthy T. Virulence characteristics and molecular epidemiology of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates from hospitalized diarrheal patients in Kolkata, India. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4111-20. [PMID: 15364997 PMCID: PMC516302 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.4111-4120.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an important diarrheal enteropathogen defined by aggregative adherence to cultured epithelial cells. We have detected EAEC from 121 (6.6%) of 1,826 hospitalized patients admitted with diarrhea to the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kolkata, India. Watery diarrhea was recorded significantly (P = 0.0142) more often in children. The majority of the EAEC isolates were not serotypeable (62%) and showed resistance to five or more antibiotics (76%). We studied different virulence genes and the molecular epidemiology of 121 EAEC isolates recovered from diarrheal patients. A PCR assay for detection of virulence genes, an assay for determination of clump formation in liquid culture, and a HeLa cell adherence assay were carried out to characterize the EAEC isolates. Investigations were also conducted to correlate the virulence gene profiles with diarrheal symptoms and molecular epidemiology by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Two or more virulence genes were detected in 109 (90.1%) EAEC isolates. In the cluster analysis, some isolates with specific gene profiles and phenotypes formed a group or subcluster. This study highlights the comparative distributions of three fimbrial adhesins and other virulence genes among EAEC isolates. The diverse virulence gene and PFGE profiles, along with the existence of diverse serotypes and antibiograms, suggests that the EAEC isolates are genetically heterogeneous in Kolkata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Kahali
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Rd., Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging pathogen that causes enteric and food-borne infectious diseases. Children throughout the world appear to be susceptible to EAEC infection. EAEC pathogenesis involves the following three stages: 1) adherence to the intestinal mucosa; 2) increased production and deposition of a mucus biofilm; and 3) mucosal toxicity due to inflammation and cytokine release. The HEp-2 cell adherent assay allows identification of EAECs characteristic aggregative or "stacked brick" adherence pattern. Antimicrobial treatment of children who develop an EAEC infection should be individually based. All children with EAEC diarrhea should receive adequate oral fluid hydration. For children who have persistent diarrhea and severe dehydrating illness despite having received adequate oral rehydration, antimicrobials may be initiated. Azithromycin and rifaximin have been shown to shorten the course of EAEC diarrhea in adults and probably represent the recommended antimicrobials of choice for children with severe or persistent illness. The objective of this review is to increase awareness of this important emerging pathogen and to discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and pathogen and host factors associated with EAEC infection in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang DB, Koo H, DuPont HL. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: An Emerging Pathogen. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2004; 6:83-86. [PMID: 15023269 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-996-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Huang
- St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, 6720 Bertner Avenue, MC 1-164, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Afset JE, Bergh K, Bevanger L. High prevalence of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Norwegian children with diarrhoea. J Med Microbiol 2004; 52:1015-1019. [PMID: 14532347 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relative contribution of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) as a cause of infectious diarrhoea in Norwegian children. Data from faecal specimens from children <2 years old with diarrhoea during the year 2001 were analysed. E. coli isolates with the attaching and effacing genotype (eae+) were examined for the presence of the bundle-forming pilus (bfpA) and Shiga toxin genes by PCR, and for genetic relatedness by PFGE. During the 1-year period, 598 specimens from 440 patients <2 years old were analysed. Potential enteric pathogens were identified in 124 patients (28.2 %). EPEC was the most frequently identified agent (44 patients), followed by rotavirus (41 patients), Campylobacter jejuni (17 patients) and adenovirus (17 patients). All other agents were detected in five patients or less. Only one of the eae+ E. coli isolates was classified as typical EPEC (bfpA+). Among the 43 isolates that were classified as atypical EPEC (bfpA-), eight strains belonged to EPEC serogroups, whereas the majority of strains (n = 35) were not agglutinated by EPEC antisera. None of the EPEC isolates were genetically related. This study demonstrates that atypical EPEC of non-EPEC serogroups is highly prevalent among Norwegian children with diarrhoea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Afset
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, St Olav's Hospital, University Hospital, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway 2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kåre Bergh
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, St Olav's Hospital, University Hospital, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway 2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Bevanger
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, St Olav's Hospital, University Hospital, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway 2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) represents an emerging pathogen that causes enteric and food-borne infectious diseases. Subgroups in many populations throughout the world are susceptible to EAEC infection. EAEC pathogenesis involves adherence to the intestinal mucosa; increased production and deposition of a mucus biofilm; and mucosal toxicity due to inflammation and cytokine release. Due to the heterogeneity of EAEC strains and differing host immune responses, not all EAEC infections are symptomatic. Recent data suggest that individuals with a homozygous genotype -251 AA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), in the IL-8 promoter region, are more susceptible to EAEC diarrhea. The HEp-2 cell adherent assay allows identification of EAEC's characteristic aggregative or "stacked brick" adherence pattern. Antimicrobial treatment of individuals who develop EAEC diarrhea should be individually based. Ciprofloxacin and rifaximin, compared to placebo, have been shown to significantly shorten the course of diarrhea in patients who developed EAEC infection. The objective of this review is to increase awareness of this important emerging pathogen and to discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and host-pathogen factors associated with EAEC infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Leelaporn A, Phengmak M, Eampoklap B, Manatsathit S, Tritilanunt S, Siritantikorn S, Nagayama K, Iida T, Niyasom C, Komolpit P. Shiga toxin- and enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from subjects with bloody and nonbloody diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 46:173-80. [PMID: 12867092 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(03)00044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 314 stool samples collected from 92 subjects with bloody diarrhea, 119 subjects with non-bloody diarrhea and 103 normal subjects in Bangkok, Thailand, were investigated for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enterotoxin-producing E. coli (ETEC) by multiplex PCR assay. Virulence genes and cytotoxic effect to Vero cells of STEC were also determined. STEC (5 isolates) and ETEC (18 isolates) were detected in 3 and 14 subjects, respectively. Among subjects containing ETEC, only one person belonged to normal control group. The detected STEC included two isolates (serotypes O26:H(-) and O111:H(-)) of Shiga toxin type 1 (Stx1-only) STEC from a child with non-bloody diarrhea, two isolates (Stx1-Stx2 STEC and Stx1-only STEC) from an adult with bloody diarrhea, and one isolate of Stx1-Stx2v STEC (O157:H7) from normal child. Only Stx1-Stx2 STEC isolate was found to exhibit toxicity to Vero cells and carry hlyA gene. The intimin encoding gene locus eaeA was not detected in any isolate. These results indicate that most of STEC isolates in Thailand were low virulent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amornrut Leelaporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Eklund M, Leino K, Siitonen A. Clinical Escherichia coli strains carrying stx genes: stx variants and stx-positive virulence profiles. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4585-93. [PMID: 12454157 PMCID: PMC154619 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.12.4585-4593.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altogether, 173 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O157 (n = 111) and non-O157 (n = 62) isolates from 170 subjects were screened by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism for eight different stx genes. The results were compiled according to serotypes, phage types of O157, production of Stx toxin and enterohemolysin, and the presence of eae. The stx genes occurred in 11 combinations; the most common were stx(2) with stx(2c) (42%), stx(2) alone (21%), and stx(1) alone (16%). Of the O157 strains, 64% carried stx(2) with stx(2c) versus 2% of the non-O157 strains (P < 0.001). In the non-O157 strains, the prevailing gene was stx(1) (99% versus 1% in O157 strains; P < 0.001). In addition, one strain (O Rough:H4:stx(2c)) which has not previously been described as associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) was found. Ten stx-positive virulence profiles were responsible for 71% of all STEC infections. Of these profiles, five accounted for 71% of the 21 strains isolated from 20 patients with HUS or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The strains having the virulence profile that caused mainly HUS or TTP or bloody diarrhea produced Stx with titers of >/=1:128 (90%) more commonly than did other strains (51%; P < 0.001). These strains were also more commonly enterohemolytic (98% versus 68% for other strains; P < 0.001) and possessed the eae gene (100%) more commonly than did other strains (74%; P < 0.001). A particular virulence profile, O157:H7:PT2:stx(2):stx(2c):eae:Ehly, was significantly more frequently associated with HUS and bloody diarrhea than were other profiles (P = 0.02) and also caused the deaths of two children. In this study, the risk factors for severe symptoms were an age of <5 years and infection by the strain of O157:H7:PT2 mentioned above.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Eklund
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, National Public Health Institute, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsikka Leino
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, National Public Health Institute, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Siitonen
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, National Public Health Institute, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: National Public Health Institute, Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland. Phone: 358-9-47448245. Fax: 358-9-47448238. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|