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Chen T, Sun X, Gong H, Chen M, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang T, Huang X, Wen Z, Xue J, Teng P, Hu Y, Zhang L, Yang J, Xu Q, Li W. Host CD34 + cells are replacing donor endothelium of transplanted heart. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023; 42:1651-1665. [PMID: 37634574 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelium dysfunction is a central problem for early rejection due to the host alloimmune response and the late status of arteriosclerosis in heart transplantation. However, reliable pieces of evidence are still limited concerning the source of the regenerated endothelium within the transplanted heart. METHODS We analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing data and constructed an inducible lineage tracing mouse, combined heart transplantation with bone marrow transplantation and a parabiosis model, cellular components, and endothelial cell populations in cardiac graft lesions. RESULTS Our single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of a transplanted heart allowed for the establishment of an endothelial cell atlas with a heterogeneous population, including arterial, venous, capillary, and lymphatic endothelial cells. Along with genetic cell lineage tracing, we demonstrated that the donor cells were mostly replaced by recipient cells in the cardiac allograft, up to 83.29% 2 weeks after transplantation. Furthermore, recipient nonbone marrow CD34+ endothelial progenitors contributed significantly to extracellular matrix organization and immune regulation, with higher apoptotic ability in the transplanted hearts. Mechanistically, peripheral blood-derived human endothelial progenitor cells differentiate into endocardial cells via Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-mediated pathways. Host circulating CD34+ endothelial progenitors could repair the damaged donor endothelium presumably through CCL3-CCR5 chemotaxis. Partial depletion of host CD34+ cells resulted in delayed endothelial regeneration. CONCLUSIONS We created an annotated fate map of endothelial cells in cardiac allografts, indicating how recipient CD34+ cells could replace the donor endothelium via chemokine CCL3-CCR5 interactions. The mechanisms we discovered could have a potential therapeutic effect on the long-term outcomes of heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Department of Physiology of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuesheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueyin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuoshi Wen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianing Xue
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Teng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute for Cardiovascular Development and Regenerative Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
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Franchon Marques Tejada N, Ziroldo Lopes JV, Duarte Gonçalves LE, Mamede Costa Andrade da Conceição I, Franco GR, Ghirotto B, Câmara NOS. AIM2 as a putative target in acute kidney graft rejection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:839359. [PMID: 36248890 PMCID: PMC9561248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.839359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute rejection (AR) is a process triggered via the recognition of grafted organ-derived antigens by the immune system, which could present as a life-threatening condition. In the context of a kidney transplant, despite improvement with immunosuppressive therapies, AR maintains a significant incidence of 10%, and currently available drugs generally act in similar and canonical pathways of lymphocyte activation. This prompted the research for different approaches to identify potential novel targets that could improve therapeutic interventions. Here, we conducted a transcriptome analysis comparing groups of acute rejection (including T cell-mediated rejection and antibody-mediated rejection) to stable grafts that included differentially expressed genes, transcription factor and kinase enrichment, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. These analyses revealed inflammasome enhancement in rejected grafts and AIM2 as a potential component linked to acute rejection, presenting a positive correlation to T-cell activation and a negative correlation to oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Also, the AIM2 expression showed a global accuracy in discerning acute rejection grafts (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.755 and 0.894, p < 0.0001), and meta-analysis comprising different studies indicated a considerable enhancement of AIM2 in rejection (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.45, [CI 95%, 1.18 to 1.71]), especially for T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) (SMD = 2.01, [CI 95%, 1.58 to 2.45]). These findings could guide future studies of AIM2 as either an adjuvant target for immunosuppression or a potential biomarker for acute rejection and graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Franchon Marques Tejada
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Ziroldo Lopes
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Duarte Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Izabela Mamede Costa Andrade da Conceição
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Glória Regina Franco
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ghirotto
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara, ;
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Ochando J, Fayad ZA, Madsen JC, Netea MG, Mulder WJM. Trained immunity in organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:10-18. [PMID: 31561273 PMCID: PMC6940521 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Consistent induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness in the absence of continuous immunosuppressive therapy and toxic effects remains a difficult task in clinical organ transplantation. Transplant immunologists have developed numerous experimental treatments that target antigen-presentation (signal 1), costimulation (signal 2), and cytokine production (signal 3) to establish transplantation tolerance. While promising results have been obtained using therapeutic approaches that predominantly target the adaptive immune response, the long-term graft survival rates remain suboptimal. This suggests the existence of unrecognized allograft rejection mechanisms that contribute to organ failure. We postulate that trained immunity stimulatory pathways are critical to the immune response that mediates graft loss. Trained immunity is a recently discovered functional program of the innate immune system, which is characterized by nonpermanent epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages. Since trained macrophages upregulate costimulatory molecules (signal 2) and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (signal 3), they contribute to potent graft reactive immune responses and organ transplant rejection. In this review, we summarize the detrimental effects of trained immunity in the context of organ transplantation and describe pathways that induce macrophage training associated with graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York,Transplant Immunology UnitNational Center of MicrobiologyInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Zahi A. Fayad
- Department of RadiologyTranslational and Molecular Imaging InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- Center for Transplantation Sciences and Division of Cardiac SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious DiseasesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department for Genomics & ImmunoregulationLife and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Willem J. M. Mulder
- Department of Oncological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York,Department of RadiologyTranslational and Molecular Imaging InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York,Laboratory of Chemical BiologyDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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Liu T, Yang F, Liu J, Zhang M, Sun J, Xiao Y, Xiao Z, Niu H, Ma R, Wang Y, Liu X, Dong Y. Astragaloside IV reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a murine model of coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis. Exp Anim 2019; 68:549-558. [PMID: 31243190 PMCID: PMC6842797 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a crucial role in regulating cardiomyopathy and injuries of
coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced viral myocarditis (VM). It has been reported that
Astragaloside IV (AST-IV) from Astragalus membranaceus could inhibit
apoptosis under a variety of pathological conditions in vivo or
in vitro. However, the functional roles of AST-IV in CVB3-induced VM
still remain unknown. Here, we found that AST-IV significantly enhanced survival for
CVB3-induced mice. AST-IV protected the mice against CVB3-induced virus myocarditis
characterized by the increased body weight, decreased serum level of creatine kinase-MB
(CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), supressed expression of Ifn-γ, Il-6 in heart,
enhanced systolic and diastolic function of left ventricle. At the pathological level,
AST-IV ameliorated the mice against CVB3-induced myocardial damage and myocardial
fibrosis. In vitro, the results from flow cytometry showed that AST-IV
significantly suppressed CVB3-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis, which also were verified
in vivo. Moreover, an increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes
including FAS, FASL, cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-3 was found in CVB3-induced
cardiomyocytes, while those was inhibited in cardiomyocytes treated with AST-IV. Taken
together, the data suggest that AST-IV protected against CVB3-induced myocardial damage
and fibrosis, which may partly attribute to supress activation of FAS/FASL signaling
pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Service Center, Health committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No. 63 Xinhua Street, Xincheng District, Hohhot 010055, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Zhibin Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Niu
- Department of Service Center, Health committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No. 63 Xinhua Street, Xincheng District, Hohhot 010055, P.R. China
| | - Ruilian Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010059, P.R. China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, P.R. China
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5
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Cippà PE, Fehr T. Pharmacological modulation of cell death in organ transplantation. Transpl Int 2017; 30:851-859. [PMID: 28480540 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
New options to pharmacologically modulate fundamental mechanisms of regulated cell death are rapidly evolving and found first clinical applications in cancer therapy. Here, we present an overview on how the recent advances in the understanding of the biology and pharmacology of cell death might influence research and clinical practice in solid organ transplantation. Of particular interest are the novel opportunities related to organ preservation and immunomodulation, which might contribute to promote organ repair and to develop more selective ways to modulate allogeneic immune responses to prevent rejection and induce immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro E Cippà
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fehr
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Graubuenden, Chur, Switzerland
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6
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Black SM, Benson BA, Idossa D, Vercellotti GM, Dalmasso AP. Protection of porcine endothelial cells against apoptosis with interleukin-4. Xenotransplantation 2012; 18:343-54. [PMID: 22168141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is crucial for tissue development and homeostasis, and insufficient apoptosis is pivotal in cancer pathogenesis. Apoptosis may also be important in tissue injury and in this case, it is of interest to induce protection against apoptosis. In organ transplantation, apoptosis has been implicated in acute vascular rejection (AVR); in xenotransplantation, the inducers of apoptosis of relevance in AVR, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), also cause endothelial cell (EC) activation. We have previously shown that interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 induced protection in porcine ECs against activation and apoptosis triggered by TNF-α. Now we define signaling processes activated by IL-4 in porcine ECs and mechanisms required for IL-4-induced protection against apoptosis. METHODS Porcine aortic ECs were used as primary cultures or as virus-induced immortalized cells derived from galactosyl transferase-deficient (Gal(-/-) ) or wild-type pigs. ECs were stimulated with porcine IL-4, either extrinsically or transduced with recombinant adenovirus (adeno) IL-4, and analyzed using immunoblotting. Apoptosis was induced with TNF-α plus cycloheximide and assessed using neutral red uptake or flow cytometry. The role of various signaling proteins in IL-4-induced protection was established using pharmacologic inhibitors and siRNA downregulation of protein expression. RESULTS IL-4 induced similar degrees of phosphorylation of STAT6 in all 3 types of ECs, and STAT6 was phosphorylated through Jak3. IL-4 induced phosphorylation of Bad through Jak3. Stimulation of ECs with IL-4 caused protection of ECs against apoptosis with an absolute requirement of Jak3/STAT6 activation and major participation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. IL-4 caused no increase in EC levels of protective proteins hemoxygenase-1, inhibitor of apoptosis protein, heat shock protein 70, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. ECs transduced with adenoIL-4 exhibited strong and durable protection from apoptosis. Gal(-/-) ECs were as susceptible to induction of protection with IL-4 as wild-type ECs. CONCLUSIONS IL-4 induces activation of Jak3/STAT6 and phosphorylation of Bad in porcine ECs, ultimately resulting in effective protection of the ECs from apoptosis. Delineation of downstream signals activated by IL-4 that are required for induction of protection suggests possible sites of intervention to design effective therapeutic agents. This is of interest because substances such as IL-4 have pleiotropic effects and cannot be used directly due to potential deleterious effects. Inducing resistance to apoptosis in porcine vascular endothelium may be important to facilitate xenograft survival and accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester M Black
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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wyffels L, Gray BD, Barber C, Woolfenden JM, Pak KY, Liu Z. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of radiolabeled bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine) coordination complexes as cell death imaging agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3425-33. [PMID: 21570306 PMCID: PMC3102142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of (⁹⁹m)Tc labeled bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine) (Zn²⁺-DPA) coordination complexes, and the in vivo evaluation of their usefulness as radiotracers for the detection of cell death. DPA ligand 1 was labeled with (⁹⁹m)Tc via the (⁹⁹m)Tc-tricarbonyl core ([(⁹⁹m)Tc(CO)₃-1]³⁺) or via HYNIC ((⁹⁹m)Tc-HYNIC-1) in good radiochemical yields. Highest in vitro stabilities were demonstrated for [(⁹⁹m)Tc(CO)₃-1]³⁺. A mouse model of hepatic apoptosis (anti-Fas mAb) was used to demonstrate binding to apoptotic cells. (⁹⁹m)Tc-HYNIC-1 showed the best targeting of apoptotic hepatic tissue with a 2.2 times higher liver uptake in anti-Fas treated mice as compared to healthy animals. A rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury was used to further explore the ability of the (⁹⁹m)Tc-labeled Zn²⁺-DPA coordination complexes to target cell death. Selective accumulation could be detected for both tracers in the area at risk, correlating with histological proof of cell death. Area at risk to normal tissue uptake ratios were 3.82 for [(⁹⁹m)Tc(CO)₃-1]³⁺ and 5.45 for (⁹⁹m)Tc-HYNIC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie wyffels
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian D. Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc. West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Christy Barber
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Koon Y. Pak
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc. West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Zhonglin Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Flow cessation triggers endothelial dysfunction during organ cold storage conditions: strategies for pharmacologic intervention. Transplantation 2010; 90:142-9. [PMID: 20606606 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181e228db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular pathologies constitute a major cause of graft rejection after organ transplantation. Recent studies have documented an improvement in transplant outcome when organs are preserved through pulsatile perfusion; however, the underlying mechanisms of these observations are poorly characterized. We hypothesized that the temporary absence of flow occurring in the context of organ cold storage conditions disrupts endothelial vasoprotective programs, and that this consequence of stasis may be a target for pharmacological modulation. METHODS The expression of the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) and its vasoprotective target genes were assessed during cold storage conditions in cultured human endothelial cells and murine aortic segments. In addition, we evaluated the effect of simvastatin used as a supplement in a cold preservation solution on the expression of vasoprotective genes, and on endothelial activation and apoptosis. RESULTS The expression of endothelial KLF2 and its vasoprotective transcriptional targets were rapidly lost during cold preservation in vitro and ex vivo. Importantly, simvastatin treatment blocked the decay of KLF2, sustaining a vasoprotective phenotype, and preventing endothelial activation and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Flow stasis leads to acute endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis in the context of cold storage conditions. Supplementation of organ preservation solutions with pharmacologic agents that restore endothelial vasoprotective programs, by upregulating KLF2, may represent a significant advancement of current organ preservation techniques.
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Abstract
Stem cells can differentiate into a variety of cells to replace dead cells or to repair damaged tissues. Recent evidence indicates that stem cells are involved in the pathogenesis of transplant arteriosclerosis, an alloimmune initiated vascular stenosis that often results in transplant organ failure. Although the pathogenesis of transplant arteriosclerosis is not yet fully understood, recent developments in stem cell research have suggested novel mechanisms of vascular remodeling in allografts. For example, stem cells derived from the recipient may repair damaged endothelial cells of arteries in transplant organs. Further evidence suggests that stem cells or endothelial progenitor cells may be released from both bone marrow and non–bone marrow tissues. Vascular stem cells appear to replenish cells that died in donor vessels. Concomitantly, stem/progenitor cells may also accumulate in the intima, where they differentiate into smooth muscle cells. However, several issues concerning the contribution of stem cells to the pathogenesis of transplant arteriosclerosis are controversial, eg, whether bone marrow–derived stem cells can differentiate into smooth muscle cells that form neointimal lesions of the vessel wall. This review summarizes recent research on the role of stem cells in transplant arteriosclerosis, discusses the mechanisms of stem cell homing and differentiation into mature endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and highlights the controversial issues in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, United Kingdom
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Overexpressed exogenous IL-4 And IL-10 paradoxically regulate allogenic T-cell and cardiac myocytes apoptosis through FAS/FASL pathway. Transplantation 2008; 85:437-46. [PMID: 18301335 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31816026e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors' previous study has shown that liposome-mediated ex vivo intracoronary interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 combined gene therapy suppressed the allo-immune responses and prolonged the cardiac allograft survival by 15 folds. However, the mechanism for promoting long-term allograft survival remains unknown. METHODS This study tested the hypothesis that this combined cytokine gene targeting may promote alloreactive T-cell apoptosis or prevent apoptosis of cardiac allograft myocytes through Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway. A rabbit functional cervical heterotopic heart transplantation model was used, and plasmid human recombinant IL-4 and IL-10 gene complexed with cationic liposome (GAP/DLRIE) was delivered into cardiac allografts by intracoronary infusion ex vivo. RESULTS This liposome-mediated IL-4 and IL-10 combined gene therapy significantly increased apoptotic T cells detected by TUNEL staining. The caspase-8 or caspase-3 expressing T cells were also significantly increased. The Fas+ apoptotic T cells dominated in the population of apoptotic CD4+ T cells, but FasL+ CD4+ T-cell population was less effected in the combined gene therapy group. The effect of combined gene therapy on the infiltrative Fas+ CD8+ T-cell population is much less than that on Fas+ CD4+ cells, and there was almost no effect on the FasL+ CD8+ T-cell population. Furthermore, localized IL-4 and IL-10 combined gene therapy protected cardiac allograft myocytes by down-regulating its FasL expression, but not Fas. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that this combined gene targeting strategy which induced localized overexpression of exogenous IL-4 and IL-10 may promote alloreactive T-cell apoptosis and prevent myocytes apoptosis through Fas/FasL cell surface interaction, therefore inducing cardiac allograft tolerance.
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Abstract
Over the last 4 decades, heart transplantation (HTx) has evolved as a mainstream therapy for heart failure. Approximately half of patients needing HTx have organ failure consequent to atherosclerosis. Despite advances in immunosuppressive drugs, long-term success of HTx is limited by the development of a particular type of coronary atherosclerosis, referred to as cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Although the exact pathogenesis of CAV remains to be established, there is strong evidence that CAV involves immunologic mechanisms operating in a milieu of nonimmunologic risk factors. The immunologic events constitute the principal initiating stimuli, resulting in endothelial injury and dysfunction, altered endothelial permeability, with consequent myointimal hyperplasia and extracellular matrix synthesis. Lipid accumulation in allograft arteries is prominent, with lipoprotein entrapment in the subendothelial tissue, through interactions with proteoglycans. The apparent endothelial "intactness" in human coronary arteries of the transplanted heart suggest that permeability and function of the endothelial barrier altered. Various insults to the vascular bed result in vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) activation. Activated SMCs migrate from the media into the intima, proliferate, and elaborate cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in luminal narrowing and impaired vascular function. Arteriosclerosis is a broad term that is used to encompass all diseases that lead to arterial hardening, including native atherosclerosis, postangioplasty restenosis, vein bypass graft occlusion, and CAV. These diseases exhibit many similarities; however, they are distinct from one another in numerous ways as well. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the risk factors and the pathophysiological similarities and differences between CAV and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Rahmani
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Providence Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Azimzadeh AM, Pfeiffer S, Wu GS, Schröder C, Zhou H, Zorn GL, Kehry M, Miller GG, Rose ML, Pierson RN. Humoral immunity to vimentin is associated with cardiac allograft injury in nonhuman primates. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:2349-59. [PMID: 16162182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to autologous protein has not previously been described following nonhuman primate cardiac transplant. Native hearts and cardiac allografts from cynomolgus monkeys were assessed by immunohistology for vimentin, a highly conserved intermediate filament protein. IgM and IgG to vimentin were measured in serial sera from untreated (n = 4) or cyclosporine (CsA)-treated (n = 8, 2 with ATG) cardiac allograft recipients, and in groups treated with anti-CD154 antibody with (n = 6) or without ATG (n = 28). IgM or IgG reactive with vimentin was elaborated within 30 days with unmodified acute rejection (3/4) or in CsA-treated animals (5/6). CD154 blockade did not prevent anti-vimentin IgM (14/28) but tended to delay the IgG response during therapy (anti-CD154: 8/28, p = 0.10 vs. CsA; anti-CD154+ATG: 2/6). CAV and alloantibody were seen in 25 of 26 animals with grafts surviving over 30 days, including seven animals without increasing anti-vimentin antibody. Anti-vimentin antibodies and vascular complement deposition were found in rejected hearts. Acute and chronic alloimmunity disrupt modulation of autoreactivity to vimentin through pathways, which are resistant to CsA, but may be partially regulated by CD154.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes M Azimzadeh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland and Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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13
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Jonker M, Danskine A, Haanstra K, Wubben J, Kondova I, Kuhn EM, Rose M. The autoimmune response to vimentin after renal transplantation in nonhuman primates is immunosuppression dependent. Transplantation 2005; 80:385-93. [PMID: 16082335 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000166920.18998.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is a common late complication of kidney transplantation. Antibodies to both human leukocyte antigen and nonhuman leukocyte antigen antigens have been implicated in the development of this condition. Here we investigated the presence of antivimentin antibodies in nonhuman primate recipients of kidney allografts as a possible predictor of CAN and the effects of immunosuppression. METHODS Thirty seven rhesus monkeys received a kidney allograft to study the potency of several different immunosuppressive regimens (conventional immunosuppression, n=19, vs. costimulatory blockade, n=18). Monkeys were tested for antivimentin antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for anti-donor antibody by staining donor spleen cells with recipient serum. The appearance of antibodies was correlated with the graft pathology in biopsy and necropsy material. RESULTS Antivimentin antibodies were found in 31 of 37 animals, whereas only 15 of 32 animals made anti-donor antibodies. Conventional immunosuppression did not prevent antivimentin antibody formation. Costimulation blockade, in particular blocking CD40 and CD86, significantly delayed or prevented antivimentin antibody formation, but did not prevent CAN. Antivimentin antibodies were not significantly associated with development of CAN. CONCLUSIONS We postulate that vimentin acts as an autoantigen after renal transplantation; it elicits an autoimmune response that is not regulated by cyclosporine. This autoimmune response may be part of the complex immunologic events occurring posttransplantation and may contribute to the development of CAN, but cannot be considered as a major cause of CAN because this condition also develops without antivimentin antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Jonker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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14
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Balsam LB, Mokhtari GK, Jones S, Peterson S, Hoyt EG, Kofidis T, Tanaka M, Cooke DT, Robbins RC. Early Inhibition of Caspase-3 Activity Lessens the Development of Graft Coronary Artery Disease. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24:827-32. [PMID: 15982609 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 04/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of apoptosis in the development of graft coronary artery disease (GCAD) is poorly understood. We have previously shown that early overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 lessens the development of GCAD. We hypothesized that early inhibition of apoptosis with a caspase-3 inhibitor would also lessen the development of GCAD. METHODS Heterotopic heart transplantation was performed in 4 groups of rats. Donor hearts were pretreated with 50 microg DEVD-CHO, a cell-permeable caspase-3 inhibitor, or vehicle. Recipient animals were pretreated with 1.7 mg/kg intraperitoneal DEVD-CHO or vehicle. Animals were treated with 7.5 mg/kg/d cyclosporine for 10 days to prevent acute rejection. On post-operative day 90, the animals were sacrificed and the transplanted hearts were assessed morphometrically for evidence of GCAD. RESULTS At 90 days, intimal proliferation was significantly higher in vehicle treated animals than in inhibitor treated animals. Moreover, the percentage of vessels with high-grade occlusion (>50%) was also lower in inhibitor treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Early inhibition of caspase-3 activity with cell-permeable DEVD-CHO lessens the development of GCAD. Caspase-3 inhibition may be a useful strategy for prevention of GCAD in clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora B Balsam
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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15
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De Souza AI, Wait R, Mitchell AG, Banner NR, Dunn MJ, Rose ML. Heat shock protein 27 is associated with freedom from graft vasculopathy after human cardiac transplantation. Circ Res 2005; 97:192-8. [PMID: 15976317 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000174815.10996.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have suggested that protective genes protect allografts from cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), the major complication after cardiac transplantation. Here we have sought to confirm this hypothesis using long-term heart transplant recipients. Twenty-two patients that were 9 years or older after transplant were investigated; 11 of these were without angiographic evidence of CAV; 11 had developed early CAV at 1 to 3 years after transplant. To identify proteins that may act as protectors from CAV, a global proteomic approach was used comparing cardiac biopsies from 12 patients taken within the first 2 weeks after transplant and those taken after 9 years from the same patient. Proteins were separated by 2-D gel-electrophoresis, detected by silver staining, and analyzed using Progenesis software. A particular protein spot was found in 4/6 biopsies from patients without CAV, but absent from 5/6 biopsies from those with CAV (P=0.24); however, quantitative analysis of spot intensity showed a significant difference (0.061+/-0.05 versus 0.003+/-0.01, P=0.04). This spot was identified by mass spectrometry and a combination of techniques as a diphosphorylated form of HSP27. Immunohistochemistry of further biopsies not only validated that HSP27 was more abundantly expressed on biopsies without CAV but also showed it to be localized to blood vessels. In contrast, vessels from patients with CAV did not express HSP27 (P=0.028x10(-4)). Immunohistochemistry of 12 further early biopsies and nontransplanted heart showed HSP27 to be present in normal blood vessels. These findings suggest that expression of a specific diphosphorylated form of HSP27 is associated with healthy blood vessels; it appears to be lost from vessels of patients with graft vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I De Souza
- Transplant Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
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16
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Balsam LB, Kofidis T, Robbins RC. Caspase-3 inhibition preserves myocardial geometry and long-term function after infarction. J Surg Res 2005; 124:194-200. [PMID: 15820248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac remodeling after infarction is characterized by progressive ventricular dilation and functional impairment. Although surgical and percutaneous revascularization strategies may prevent remodeling, not all patients are candidates for these procedures. Apoptosis in the border-zone myocardium is thought to be critical to the remodeling process, and caspase-3 is a downstream effector of apoptosis. We hypothesized that inhibition of caspase-3 activity might limit dysfunction and remodeling after permanent coronary artery ligation. METHODS FVB male mice underwent permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Immediately before surgery and for 7 subsequent days, animals were treated daily with 3 mg/kg DEVD-CHO, a cell-permeable inhibitor of caspase-3 (n = 16), or vehicle (n = 28). At 2 weeks and 6 weeks, echocardiography was performed and ventricular dimensions and function were assessed. At 8 weeks, invasive hemodynamic measurements were made and the animals were sacrificed. RESULTS There was a trend toward improved survival in the inhibitor-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated group (56.3% versus 21.4%, P = 0.07). Infarct size at the time of sacrifice was comparable in both groups. At both 2 and 6 weeks, left ventricular dimensions, including end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, were less in inhibitor-treated animals. Fractional shortening was higher at 6 weeks in the inhibitor-treated animals (22.1 +/- 6.0% versus 15.0 +/- 6.0%, P = 0.02). Invasive hemodynamic parameters at 8 weeks were comparable, with the exception of diastolic blood pressure, which was less in the inhibitor group. CONCLUSION Treatment with a caspase-3 inhibitor improved survival and prevented ventricular dilation and dysfunction after permanent coronary artery occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora B Balsam
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Dallabrida SM, Ismail N, Oberle JR, Himes BE, Rupnick MA. Angiopoietin-1 promotes cardiac and skeletal myocyte survival through integrins. Circ Res 2005; 96:e8-24. [PMID: 15692086 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000158285.57191.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac myocyte loss, regardless of insult, can trigger compensatory myocardial remodeling leading to heart failure. Identifying mediators of cardiac myocyte survival may advance clinical efforts toward myocardial preservation. Angiopoietin-1 limits ischemia-induced cardiac injury. This benefit is ascribed to angiogenesis because the receptor, tie2, is largely endothelial-specific. We propose that direct, non-tie2 interactions of angiopoietin-1 on cardiac myocytes contribute to this cardioprotection. We found that mouse C2C12 skeletal myocytes lack tie2, yet dose-dependently adhered to angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 similarly to laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin, and more than to collagen-I, -III, and -IV. Adhesion was divalent cation-mediated (Mn2+, Ca2+, not Mg2+), blocked with EDTA/EGTA, RGD-based peptides, and select integrin subunit antibodies. Similar findings were obtained with human skeletal myocytes (HSMs) and freshly isolated rat neonatal cardiac myocytes (NCMs). Furthermore, angiopoietin-1 conferred significant survival advantage exceeding that of most cell matrices, which was not fully explained by differences in cell adhesion. Angiopoietin-1 promoted survival of serum-starved C2C12, HSM, and NCM (MTT, trypan blue) and prevented taxol-induced apoptosis (caspase-3). Immobilized and soluble angiopoietin-1 phosphorylated Akt(S473) and MAPK(p42/44), (not FAK(Y397)) in C2C12 more than in endothelial cells and more than did angiopoietin-2 or cell matrices. EDTA, RGD-based peptides, and some integrin antibodies blocked these responses. Angiopoietin-1 activated HSM and NCM Akt(S473) and MAPK(p42/44) survival pathways. We propose that this novel function contributes to developmental and cardioprotective actions of angiopoietin-1 presently attributed to vascular effects alone. Angiopoietin-1 may prove therapeutically valuable in cardiac remodeling by supporting myocyte viability and preserving pump function. The full text of this article is available online at http://circres.ahajournals.org.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Angiopoietin-1/genetics
- Angiopoietin-1/pharmacology
- Angiopoietin-1/physiology
- Angiopoietin-2/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Edetic Acid/pharmacology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/physiology
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Humans
- Integrins/physiology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, TIE-2/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Dallabrida
- Division of Vascular Biology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Rose ML. Long-term effects of damage to the endothelium and chronic rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23:S240-3. [PMID: 15381172 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 03/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene L Rose
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex UB9 6JH, United Kingdom.
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19
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Barber LD, Whitelegg A, Madrigal JA, Banner NR, Rose ML. DETECTION OF VIMENTIN-SPECIFIC AUTOREACTIVE CD8+ T CELLS IN CARDIAC TRANSPLANT PATIENTS. Transplantation 2004; 77:1604-9. [PMID: 15239629 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000129068.03900.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is emerging that autoimmunity can play a role in allograft rejection. Reports have described the presence of autoantibodies in transplant patients and CD4+ autoreactive T cells in rodent models of allograft rejection. The objective of this study was to seek evidence of CD8+ T-cell-mediated autoimmunity in the transplant setting. The author have previously observed autoimmunity to the non-polymorphic cytoskeletal protein vimentin in cardia transplant patients. In this study, vimentin antibody positive patients were screened for the presence of vimentin-specific self-major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ T cells. METHODS Two peptide sequences from vimentin that bound HLA-A*0201 were identified and fluorochrome-labeled A*0201 tetramers with each peptide were constructed to screen for vimentin-specific T cells. RESULTS Tetramer-binding CD8+ T cells were detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes from two of six patients after expansion by in vitro stimulation with peptide. Tetramer-binding T cells produced interferon-gamma in an antigen-specific fashion. No autoreactive T cells specific for vimentin were detected after peptide stimulation of T cells from eight healthy A*0201-positive volunteers. CONCLUSIONS This finding is the first evidence of CD8+ T-cell-mediated autoimmunity in human transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Barber
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom.
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20
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Bouchentouf M, Benabdallah BF, Tremblay JP. MYOBLAST SURVIVAL ENHANCEMENT AND TRANSPLANTATION SUCCESS IMPROVEMENT BY HEAT-SHOCK TREATMENT IN MDX MICE. Transplantation 2004; 77:1349-56. [PMID: 15167589 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000121503.01535.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease caused by the incapacity to synthesize dystrophin, which is implicated in the maintenance of the sarcolemma integrity. Myoblast transplantation is a potential treatment of this disease. However, most of the transplanted cells die very rapidly after their injection. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are over-expressed when cells undergo various types of stresses. Our goal was thus to investigate whether the expression of HSPs (HSP70 in particular) could protect myoblasts from death after intramuscular injection. METHODS HSP70 expression was induced by warming the cells at 42 degrees C for 60 minutes. HSP70 over-expression was quantified by Western blot analysis. The in vitro effect of HSPs on cell survival was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis using the Hoescht/propidium iodide-labeling technique, and their in vivo effects were investigated by transplanting TnI-LacZ myoblasts labeled with [methyl-14C] thymidine. RESULTS Western blots indicated a sevenfold over-expression of the HSP70 after the heat-shock treatment. In vitro, the heat-shock treatment protected 18% of the cells from staurosporine- (1 microM) induced apoptosis. HSPs also protected 10% of the cells from death induced by either tumor necrosis factor-alpha (30 ng/mL) or glucose oxydase (0.1 U/mL). In vivo, the treatment improved the cell survival by twofold 5 days after the graft and increased by fourfold the long-term graft success. CONCLUSIONS The heat-shock treatment is a practical approach for improving the success of myoblast transplantation; in fact, using this kind of treatment, there is no need to genetically modify the cells before their transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf Bouchentouf
- Human Genetics, CHUQ-CHUL, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Rose ML. De novo production of antibodies after heart or lung transplantation should be regarded as an early warning system. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23:385-95. [PMID: 15063397 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2003.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2003] [Revised: 07/28/2003] [Accepted: 08/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene L Rose
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust Hospitals, Harefield, Middlesex, UK.
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22
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23
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Masri SC, Yamani MH, Russell MA, Ratliff NB, Yang J, Almasan A, Apperson-Hansen C, Li J, Starling RC, McCarthy P, Young JB, Bond M. Sustained apoptosis in human cardiac allografts despite histologic resolution of rejection1. Transplantation 2003; 76:859-64. [PMID: 14501868 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000084824.70320.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the occurrence of apoptosis during and after resolution of cardiac allograft rejection. Apoptosis could play different roles in graft survival depending on the target cells; thus, we also determined the cell types involved. METHODS Endomyocardial biopsy specimens were evaluated during the first 6 months after transplantation as follows: group I, no current or prior rejection; group II, during an episode of moderate rejection; and group III, histologic resolution after an episode of moderate rejection. RESULTS Groups II and III showed significantly increased apoptotic activity, indicated by increased caspase-8 and caspase-3 activity; however, activated caspase-3 was undetectable in group I. Activated caspase-3 was detected only in groups II and III. Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling was detected in groups II and III but not group I and predominantly in inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased caspase activity and apoptosis of infiltrating cells not only occurs during acute cardiac allograft rejection but persists after histologic resolution. Thus, programmed cell death occurs beyond the period of histologic resolution and may play a role in regulation of the rejection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C Masri
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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24
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Choy JC, McDonald PC, Suarez AC, Hung VHY, Wilson JE, McManus BM, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in atherosclerosis and transplant vascular disease: association with cell death and atherosclerotic disease severity. Mod Pathol 2003; 16:460-70. [PMID: 12748253 DOI: 10.1097/01.mp.0000067424.12280.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of intimal cells is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and transplant vascular disease (TVD). Since the activated immune response may be a key regulator of apoptosis in these lesions, we used immunohistochemistry to characterize the presence and localization of granzyme B, a major mediator of the cytotoxic immune response, in advanced atherosclerosis and TVD. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded transverse sections from human left anterior descending coronary arteries were cut serially and stained with antibodies specific for granzyme B, smooth muscle alpha-actin, CD68, and CD3. The amount of granzyme B staining was semi-quantitated on a 0-5+/5+ scale. Also, TUNEL staining and in situ hybridization was performed to visualize cells undergoing cellular damage suggestive of apoptosis, and to localize granzyme B mRNA, respectively. Granzyme B localization was similar in both diseases. This protease was absent in arteries with mild atherosclerosis, but was abundant in the intima and media of vessels with advanced atherosclerosis and TVD. Within the intima, granzyme B localized to TUNEL-positive foam cells surrounding lipid-rich atheromas. Staining of serial sections with granzyme B and either smooth muscle alpha-actin, anti-CD68, or anti-CD3 showed that granzyme B localized to smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and T-cells. Further, in situ hybridization for granzyme B mRNA in TVD cases localized its expression to infiltrating leukocytes and not foam cells. In conclusion, the presence of granzyme B in advanced atherosclerotic lesions and TVD is associated with increasing disease severity and cell death. These observations suggest that granzyme B-mediated apoptosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Choy
- The iCAPTUR4E Centre/UBC McDonald Research Laboratories, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital/Providence Health Care-University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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25
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Clerk A, Cole SM, Cullingford TE, Harrison JG, Jormakka M, Valks DM. Regulation of cardiac myocyte cell death. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 97:223-61. [PMID: 12576135 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac myocyte death, whether through necrotic or apoptotic mechanisms, is a contributing factor to many cardiac pathologies. Although necrosis and apoptosis are the widely accepted forms of cell death, they may utilize the same cell death machinery. The environment within the cell probably dictates the final outcome, producing a spectrum of response between the two extremes. This review examines the probable mechanisms involved in myocyte death. Caspases, the generally accepted executioners of apoptosis, are significant in executing cardiac myocyte death, but other proteases (e.g., calpains, cathepsins) also promote cell death, and these are discussed. The two principal cell death pathways (death receptor- and mitochondrial-mediated) are described in relation to the emerging structural information for the principal proteins, and they are discussed relative to current understanding of myocyte cell death mechanisms. Whereas the mitochondrial pathway is probably a significant factor in myocyte death in both acute and chronic phases of myocardial diseases, the death receptor pathway may prove significant in the longer term. The Bcl-2 family of proteins are key regulators of the mitochondrial death pathway. These proteins are described and their possible functions are discussed. The commitment to cell death is also influenced by protein kinase cascades that are activated in the cell. Whereas certain pathways are cytoprotective (e.g., phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase), the roles of other kinases are less clear. Since myocyte death is implicated in a number of cardiac pathologies, attenuation of the death pathways may prove important in ameliorating such disease states, and possible therapeutic strategies are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Clerk
- NHLI Division (Cardiac Medicine Section), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Flower's Building, Armstrong Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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