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Barber CN, Goldschmidt HL, Lilley B, Bygrave AM, Johnson RC, Huganir RL, Zack DJ, Raben DM. Differential expression patterns of phospholipase D isoforms 1 and 2 in the mammalian brain and retina. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100247. [PMID: 35764123 PMCID: PMC9305353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid is a key signaling molecule heavily implicated in exocytosis due to its protein-binding partners and propensity to induce negative membrane curvature. One phosphatidic acid-producing enzyme, phospholipase D (PLD), has also been implicated in neurotransmission. Unfortunately, due to the unreliability of reagents, there has been confusion in the literature regarding the expression of PLD isoforms in the mammalian brain which has hampered our understanding of their functional roles in neurons. To address this, we generated epitope-tagged PLD1 and PLD2 knockin mice using CRISPR/Cas9. Using these mice, we show that PLD1 and PLD2 are both localized at synapses by adulthood, with PLD2 expression being considerably higher in glial cells and PLD1 expression predominating in neurons. Interestingly, we observed that only PLD1 is expressed in the mouse retina, where it is found in the synaptic plexiform layers. These data provide critical information regarding the localization and potential role of PLDs in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey N Barber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hana L Goldschmidt
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brendan Lilley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexei M Bygrave
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard C Johnson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel M Raben
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Santa-Marinha L, Castanho I, Silva RR, Bravo FV, Miranda AM, Meira T, Morais-Ribeiro R, Marques F, Xu Y, Point du Jour K, Wenk M, Chan RB, Di Paolo G, Pinto V, Oliveira TG. Phospholipase D1 Ablation Disrupts Mouse Longitudinal Hippocampal Axis Organization and Functioning. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4197-4208.e6. [PMID: 32209478 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a signaling lipid involved in the modulation of synaptic structure and functioning. Based on previous work showing a decreasing PA gradient along the longitudinal axis of the rodent hippocampus, we asked whether the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and the ventral hippocampus (VH) are differentially affected by PA modulation. Here, we show that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is a major hippocampal PA source, compared to PLD2, and that PLD1 ablation affects predominantly the lipidome of the DH. Moreover, Pld1 knockout (KO) mice show specific deficits in novel object recognition and social interaction and disruption in the DH-VH dendritic arborization differentiation in CA1/CA3 pyramidal neurons. Also, Pld1 KO animals present reduced long-term depression (LTD) induction and reduced GluN2A and SNAP-25 protein levels in the DH. Overall, we observe that PLD1-derived PA reduction leads to differential lipid signatures along the longitudinal hippocampal axis, predominantly affecting DH organization and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Santa-Marinha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel Castanho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rita Ribeiro Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Francisca Vaz Bravo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - André Miguel Miranda
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Torcato Meira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Morais-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Yimeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kimberly Point du Jour
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Markus Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Robin Barry Chan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vítor Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Gomez-Cambronero J. The exquisite regulation of PLD2 by a wealth of interacting proteins: S6K, Grb2, Sos, WASp and Rac2 (and a surprise discovery: PLD2 is a GEF). Cell Signal 2011; 23:1885-95. [PMID: 21740967 PMCID: PMC3204931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the conversion of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA). PLD's mission in the cell is two-fold: phospholipid turnover with maintenance of the structural integrity of cellular/intracellular membranes and cell signaling through PA and its metabolites. Precisely, through its product of the reaction, PA, PLD has been implicated in a variety of physiological cellular functions, such as intracellular protein trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, chemotaxis of leukocytes and cell proliferation. The catalytic (HKD) and regulatory (PH and PX) domains were studied in detail in the PLD1 isoform, but PLD2 was traditionally studied in lesser detail and much less was known about its regulation. Our laboratory has been focusing on the study of PLD2 regulation in mammalian cells. Over the past few years, we have reported, in regards to the catalytic action of PLD, that PA is a chemoattractant agent that binds to and signals inside the cell through the ribosomal S6 kinases (S6K). Regarding the regulatory domains of PLD2, we have reported the discovery of the PLD2 interaction with Grb2 via Y169 in the PX domain, and further association to Sos, which results in an increase of de novo DNA synthesis and an interaction (also with Grb2) via the adjacent residue Y179, leading to the regulation of cell ruffling, chemotaxis and phagocytosis of leukocytes. We also present the complex regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) and Src and the role of phosphatases. Recently, there is evidence supporting a new level of regulation of PLD2 at the PH domain, by the discovery of CRIB domains and a Rac2-PLD2 interaction that leads to a dual (positive and negative) effect on its enzymatic activity. Lastly, we review the surprising finding of PLD2 acting as a GEF. A phospholipase such as PLD that exists already in the cell membrane that acts directly on Rac allows a quick response of the cell without intermediary signaling molecules. This provides only the latest level of PLD2 regulation in a field that promises newer and exciting advances in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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Abstract
Ten years after the isoforms of mammalian phospholipase D (PLD), PLD1 and 2, were cloned, their roles in the brain remain speculative but several lines of evidence now implicate these enzymes in basic cell functions such as vesicular trafficking as well as in brain development. Many mitogenic factors, including neurotransmitters and growth factors, activate PLD in neurons and astrocytes. Activation of PLD downstream of protein kinase C seems to be a required step for astroglial proliferation. The characteristic disruption of the PLD signaling pathway by ethanol probably contributes to the delay of brain growth in fetal alcohol syndrome. The post-natal increase of PLD activities concurs with synapto- and myelinogenesis in the brain and PLD is apparently involved in neurite formation. In the adult and aging brain, PLD activity has antiapoptotic properties suppressing ceramide formation. Increased PLD activities in acute and chronic neurodegeneration as well as in inflammatory processes are evidently due to astrogliosis and may be associated with protective responses of tissue repair and remodeling. ARF-regulated PLD participates in receptor endocytosis as well as in exocytosis of neurotransmitters where PLD seems to favor vesicle fusion by modifications of the shape and charge of lipid membranes. Finally, PLD activities contribute free choline for the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain. Novel tools such as RNA interference should help to further elucidate the roles of PLD isoforms in brain physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA.
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Di Fulvio M, Gomez-Cambronero J. Phospholipase D (PLD) gene expression in human neutrophils and HL-60 differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 77:999-1007. [PMID: 15774548 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils exhibit a regulated phospholipase D (PLD) activity that can be measured biochemically in vitro. However, the precise expression pattern of PLD isoforms and their specific biological role(s) are not well understood. Neutrophil mRNA is intrinsically difficult to isolate as a result of the extremely high content of lytic enzymes in the cell's lysosomal granules. Reverse transcription coupled to polymerase chain reaction indicated that pure populations of human neutrophils had the CD16b(+)/CD115(-)/CD20(-)/CD3zeta(-)/interleukin-5 receptor alpha(-) phenotype. These cells expressed the following splice variants of the PLD1 isoform: PLD1a, PLD1b, PLD1a2, and PLD1b2. As for the PLD2 isoform, neutrophils expressed the PLD2a but not the PLD2b mRNA variant. The relative amount of PLD1/PLD2 transcripts exists in an approximate 4:1 ratio. The expression of PLD isoforms varies during granulocytic differentiation, as demonstrated in the promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line. Further, the pattern of mRNA expression is dependent on the differentiation-inducing agent, 1.25% dimethyl sulfoxide causes a dramatic increase in PLD2a and PLD1b transcripts, and 300 nM all-trans-retinoic acid induced PLD1a expression. These results demonstrate for the first time that human neutrophils express five PLD transcripts and that the PLD genes undergo qualitative changes in transcription regulation during granulocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Di Fulvio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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Kim SY, Min DS, Choi JS, Choi YS, Park HJ, Sung KW, Kim J, Lee MY. Differential Expression of Phospholipase D Isozymes in the Hippocampus Following Kainic Acid-Induced Seizures. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:812-20. [PMID: 15330336 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.8.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the pathophysiological role of phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated signaling, changes in the expression of the PLD isozymes PLD1 and PLD2 were investigated in the rat kainic acid (KA) model of human temporal lobe epilepsy. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the expression of PLD1 and PLD2 in the postictal hippocampus. PLD1 immunoreactivity increased preferentially in the CA3 and CA1 regions, where pyramidal neurons are susceptible to temporal lobe epilepsy. Experiments employing double immunofluorescence revealed that the cells expressing PLD1 were GFAP-expressing reactive astrocytes. By contrast, PLD2 immunoreactivity increased strikingly in infrapyramidal, but not in suprapyramidal granule cells of the postictal dentate gyrus, fitting well with results of the PLD activity assay. Considering that PLD belongs to a key signaling pathway, this result suggests that changes in granule cell activity in the dentate gyrus after seizures occurs specifically between the supra- and infrapyramidal blades. In addition, enhanced immunoreactivity of PLD2 was observed in the reactive astrocytes of the CA1, CA3, and hilar subregions, but its temporal pattern is different from that of PLD1. Taken together, our results suggest that PLD1 and PLD2 exercise their unique pathophysiological functions in the rat hippocampus after KA-induced seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Rujano MA, Pina P, Servitja JM, Ahumada AM, Picatoste F, Farrés J, Sabrià J. Retinoic acid-induced differentiation into astrocytes and glutamatergic neurons is associated with expression of functional and activable phospholipase D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:387-92. [PMID: 15020229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) activity in mammalian cells has been associated with cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we investigated the expression of PLD during differentiation of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells (P19) into astrocytes and neurons. Retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation increased PLD1 and PLD2 mRNA levels and PLD activity that was responsive to phorbol myristate acetate. Various agonists of membrane receptors activated PLD in RA-differentiated cells. Glutamate was a potent activator of PLD in neurons but not in astrocytes, whereas noradrenaline and carbachol increased PLD activity only in astrocytes. P19 neurons but not astrocytes released glutamate in response to a depolarizing stimulus, confirming the glutamatergic phenotype of these neurons. These results indicate upregulation of PLD gene expression associated with RA-induced neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Rujano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Phillis JW, O'Regan MH. A potentially critical role of phospholipases in central nervous system ischemic, traumatic, and neurodegenerative disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 44:13-47. [PMID: 14739001 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases are a diverse group of enzymes whose activation may be responsible for the development of injury following insult to the brain. Amongst the numerous isoforms of phospholipase proteins expressed in mammals are 19 different phospholipase A2's (PLA2s), classified functionally as either secretory, calcium dependent, or calcium independent, 11 isozymes belonging to three structural groups of PLC, and 3 PLD gene products. Many of these phospholipases have been identified in selected brain regions. Under normal conditions, these enzymes regulate the turnover of free fatty acids (FFAs) in membrane phospholipids affecting membrane stability, fluidity, and transport processes. The measurement of free fatty acids thus provides a convenient method to follow phospholipase activity and their regulation. Phospholipase activity is also responsible for the generation of an extensive list of intracellular messengers including arachidonic acid metabolites. Phospholipases are regulated by many factors including selective phosphorylation, intracellular calcium and pH. However, under abnormal conditions, excessive phospholipase activation, along with a decreased ability to resynthesize membrane phospholipids, can lead to the generation of free radicals, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis/necrosis. This review evaluates the critical contribution of the various phospholipases to brain injury following ischemia and trauma and in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Phillis
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 5374 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201-1928, USA.
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Jin S, Schatter B, Weichel O, Walev I, Ryu S, Klein J. Stability of phospholipase D in primary astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:545-51. [PMID: 12270129 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Induction of expression and proteolytic breakdown of phospholipase D (PLD) isoforms in primary astrocyte cultures have been investigated. Astrocytes express both PLD1 and 2 and are dependent on PLD activity for cell proliferation [K. Kötter, J. Klein, J. Neurochem. 73 (1999) 2517]. Competitive RT-PCR analysis demonstrated a higher level of PLD1 mRNA than PLD2 mRNA (8.9 vs. 0.9amol/microg RNA, respectively). Treatment of astroglial cultures with the phorbol ester, 4beta-phorbol-12beta,13alpha-dibutyrate (0.1 microM), for 24-48h selectively induced PLD1b but not PLD1a or 2 expression as shown by PCR and Western blot; the effect was sensitive to Gö 6976. In cells transiently permeabilized with streptolysin-O, antisense oligonucleotides directed against PLD1 or 2 entered the cytoplasm as shown by immunofluorescence experiments but did not affect astroglial proliferation within 2-6 days. Treatment of the cultures with cycloheximide revealed that PLD1 and 2 proteins had biological half-lives of 2-3 days (PLD2) and 4-6 days (PLD1), respectively. It has been concluded that astroglial PLD1b is up-regulated by phorbol esters via protein kinase C activation. Down-regulation of PLD isoforms is prevented by extended biological half-lives of the PLD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenchu Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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Zhao D, Frohman MA, Blusztajn JK. Generation of choline for acetylcholine synthesis by phospholipase D isoforms. BMC Neurosci 2001; 2:16. [PMID: 11734063 PMCID: PMC60648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2001] [Accepted: 10/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cholinergic neurons, the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) by a phospholipase D (PLD)-type enzyme generates some of the precursor choline used for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). We sought to determine the molecular identity of the relevant PLD using murine basal forebrain cholinergic SN56 cells in which the expression and activity of the two PLD isoforms, PLD1 and PLD2, were experimentally modified. ACh levels were examined in cells incubated in a choline-free medium, to ensure that their ACh was synthesized entirely from intracellular choline. RESULTS PLD2, but not PLD1, mRNA and protein were detected in these cells and endogenous PLD activity and ACh synthesis were stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Introduction of a PLD2 antisense oligonucleotide into the cells reduced PLD2 mRNA and protein expression by approximately 30%. The PLD2 antisense oligomer similarly reduced basal- and PMA-stimulated PLD activity and ACh levels. Overexpression of mouse PLD2 by transient transfection increased basal- (by 74%) and PMA-stimulated (by 3.2-fold) PLD activity. Moreover, PLD2 transfection increased ACh levels by 26% in the absence of PMA and by 2.1-fold in the presence of PMA. Overexpression of human PLD1 by transient transfection increased PLD activity by 4.6-fold and ACh synthesis by 2.3-fold in the presence of PMA as compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These data identify PLD2 as the endogenous enzyme that hydrolyzes PC to generate choline for ACh synthesis in cholinergic cells, and indicate that in a model system choline generated by PLD1 may also be used for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Developmental Genetics, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Attucci S, Albani-Torregrossa S, Moroni F, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE. Metabotropic glutamate receptors stimulate phospholipase D via different pathways in the adult and neonate rat hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2001; 26:1151-5. [PMID: 11700958 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012327007733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize the ontogenetic profile of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors coupled to phospholipase D (PLD) we examined the effects of selected mGlu agents on PLD activity in immature and adult rat hippocampus. The group I mGlu receptor agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine stimulated PLD in immature tissue, but reduced the PLD response evoked by the nonselective mGlu receptor agonist (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate [(1S,3R)-ACPD] in adult hippocampus. (2R,1'S,2'R,3'S)-2-(2'-Carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl) glycine (PCCG-13), a recently characterized selective antagonist of PLD-coupled mGlu receptors, displayed a much greater activity in reducing the PLD response to (1S,3R)-ACPD in adult than in neonate hippocampus. Our results lend support to the hypothesis that glutamatergic activation of PLD in the rat hippocampus is developmentally regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Attucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Italy
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