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Torres AD, King RE, Uberoi A, Buehler D, Yoshida S, Ward-Shaw E, Lambert PF. Deficiency in Ever2 does not increase susceptibility of mice to pathogenesis by the mouse papillomavirus, MmuPV1. J Virol 2024; 98:e0017424. [PMID: 38869286 PMCID: PMC11265430 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00174-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genetic skin disorder that is characterized by the development of papillomavirus-induced skin lesions that can progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Certain high-risk, cutaneous β-genus human papillomaviruses (β-HPVs), in particular HPV5 and HPV8, are associated with inducing EV in individuals who have a homozygous mutation in one of three genes tied to this disease: EVER1, EVER2, or CIB1. EVER1 and EVER2 are also known as TMC6 and TMC8, respectively. Little is known about the biochemical activities of EVER gene products or their roles in facilitating EV in conjunction with β-HPV infection. To investigate the potential effect of EVER genes on papillomavirus infection, we pursued in vivo infection studies by infecting Ever2-null mice with mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1). MmuPV1 shares characteristics with β-HPVs including similar genome organization, shared molecular activities of their early, E6 and E7, oncoproteins, the lack of a viral E5 gene, and the capacity to cause skin lesions that can progress to SCC. MmuPV1 infections were conducted both in the presence and absence of UVB irradiation, which is known to increase the risk of MmuPV1-induced pathogenesis. Infection with MmuPV1 induced skin lesions in both wild-type and Ever2-null mice with and without UVB. Many lesions in both genotypes progressed to malignancy, and the disease severity did not differ between Ever2-null and wild-type mice. However, somewhat surprisingly, lesion growth and viral transcription was decreased, and lesion regression was increased in Ever2-null mice compared with wild-type mice. These studies demonstrate that Ever2-null mice infected with MmuPV1 do not exhibit the same phenotype as human EV patients infected with β-HPVs.IMPORTANCEHumans with homozygous mutations in the EVER2 gene develop epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), a disease characterized by predisposition to persistent β-genus human papillomavirus (β-HPV) skin infections, which can progress to skin cancer. To investigate how EVER2 confers protection from papillomaviruses, we infected the skin of homozygous Ever2-null mice with mouse papillomavirus MmuPV1. Like in humans with EV, infected Ever2-null mice developed skin lesions that could progress to cancer. Unlike in humans with EV, lesions in these Ever2-null mice grew more slowly and regressed more frequently than in wild-type mice. MmuPV1 transcription was higher in wild-type mice than in Ever2-null mice, indicating that mouse EVER2 does not confer protection from papillomaviruses. These findings suggest that there are functional differences between MmuPV1 and β-HPVs and/or between mouse and human EVER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D. Torres
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Renee E. King
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aayushi Uberoi
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Darya Buehler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Satoshi Yoshida
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ella Ward-Shaw
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Lin B, Wang S, Yao Y, Shen Y, Yang H. Comprehensive co-expression analysis reveals TMC8 as a prognostic immune-associated gene in head and neck squamous cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:498. [PMID: 33981360 PMCID: PMC8108259 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSC) is closely associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Transmembrane channel-like 8 (TMC8) is a key gene affecting the susceptibility of HPV and that plays an important role in T cell regulation. However, the mechanism by which TMC8 affects T cells and whether it further affects the prognosis of patients with HNSC remains unclear. In the present study, oral cancer cell lines and independent tumor specimens were used to detect TMC8 expression in HNSC. Differential expression of TMC8, methylation status, function and associated signaling pathways were further analyzed. Then, multiple databases were cross-analyzed for the relationship of TMC8 with immune cell infiltration and its impact on the prognosis of numerous types of cancer. The results showed that TMC8 was upregulated in HNSC and high expression was predictive of an improved prognosis. Furthermore, TMC8 was concentrated in multiple immune-associated signaling pathways and the expression of TMC8 was associated with the infiltration of CD4+ T cells and their subsets, including CD8+ T cells, B cells and macrophages, suggesting that TMC8 may play an anti-HPV role by regulating CD4+ T cells. Thus, TMC8 plays an anti-HPV role by regulating the infiltration level of CD4+ T cells, and could therefore be used as a potential prognostic marker for patients with HNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial High-Level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Shunji Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial High-Level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Youdan Yao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial High-Level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial High-Level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial High-Level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
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3
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da Cruz Silva LL, de Oliveira WRP, Sotto MN. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: revision of a model of carcinogenic disease. SURGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s42047-019-0046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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4
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de Jong SJ, Imahorn E, Itin P, Uitto J, Orth G, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL, Burger B. Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis: Inborn Errors of Immunity to Human Beta-Papillomaviruses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1222. [PMID: 29946305 PMCID: PMC6005841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is an autosomal recessive skin disorder with a phenotype conditional on human beta-papillomavirus (beta-HPV) infection. Such infections are common and asymptomatic in the general population, but in individuals with EV, they lead to the development of plane wart-like and red or brownish papules or pityriasis versicolor-like skin lesions, from childhood onwards. Most patients develop non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), mostly on areas of UV-exposed skin, from the twenties or thirties onwards. At least half of the cases of typical EV are caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations of TMC6/EVER1 or TMC8/EVER2. The cellular and molecular basis of disease in TMC/EVER-deficient patients is unknown, but a defect of keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity to beta-HPV is suspected. Indeed, these patients are not susceptible to other infectious diseases and have apparently normal leukocyte development. In contrast, patients with an atypical form of EV due to inborn errors of T-cell immunity invariably develop clinical symptoms of EV in the context of other infectious diseases. The features of the typical and atypical forms of EV thus suggest that the control of beta-HPV infections requires both EVER1/EVER2-dependent keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity and T cell-dependent adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J de Jong
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York NY, United States
| | - Elias Imahorn
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Itin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA, United States
| | | | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York NY, United States.,INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York NY, United States.,INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York NY, United States
| | - Bettina Burger
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Variants of EVER1 and EVER2 (TMC6 and TMC8) and human papillomavirus status in patients with mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:809-15. [PMID: 27097911 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a growing association of human papillomavirus (HPV) with some cases of mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), particularly of the oropharynx. Persistent oral HPV infection is believed to increase the likelihood of malignancy, and it is possible that host genetic factors can determine susceptibility to persistent HPV infection. Polymorphisms in the two EV genes (EVER1 and EVER2, also known as transmembrane channel protein (TMC) 6 and 8) have been identified as strong candidate genes, since a small number of critical mutations in these genes have been shown to cause profound and florid skin HPV infections, and some of them have been linked to susceptibility to cervical cancer. METHODS We sought to determine whether there was a difference in the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EVER1 (rs2613516, rs12449858) and EVER2 (rs7205422, rs12452890) between HNSCC patients with HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors, and healthy controls. We used logistic regression to analyze SNPs in 219 patients with histologically confirmed primary SCC of the oropharynx, oral cavity, hypopharynx, or larynx, and 321 healthy controls. RESULTS We did not find any associations with the EVER1/EVER2 SNPs and HPV status or being a HNSCC case or a control. CONCLUSIONS The present data do not provide evidence for a role of genetic variations in EVER1 or EVER2 for HPV status of mucosal HNSCC or between HNSCC patients and controls.
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the squamous epithelium and can induce benign and malignant lesions. To date, more than 200 different HPV types have been identified and classified into five genera, α, β, γ, μ, and ν. While high-risk α mucosal HPVs have a well-established role in cervical carcinoma and a significant percentage of other anogenital tract and oral carcinomas, the biology of the cutaneous β HPVs and their contribution to non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been less studied. Although the association of β HPV infection with NMSC in patients with a rare, genetically determined condition, epidermodysplasia verruciformis has been well established, the role of β HPV infection with NMSC in the normal population remains controversial. In stark contrast to α HPV-associated cancers, the presence of the β HPV genome does not appear to be mandatory for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype. Moreover, the mechanism of action of the β HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins differs from the β HPV oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E McLaughlin-Drubin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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7
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Bernat-García J, Morales Suárez-Varela M, Vilata-Corell J, Marquina-Vila A. Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Lesions and Healthy Perilesional Skin in Kidney Transplant Recipients and Immunocompetent Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 105:286-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Detección del virus del papiloma humano en muestras de cáncer cutáneo no melanoma y piel sana perilesional en pacientes trasplantados renales y pacientes inmunocompetentes. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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9
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Vuillier F, Gaud G, Guillemot D, Commere PH, Pons C, Favre M. Loss of the HPV-infection resistance EVER2 protein impairs NF-κB signaling pathways in keratinocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89479. [PMID: 24586810 PMCID: PMC3929693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Homozygous mutations in EVER genes cause epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), characterized by an immune defect and the development of skin cancers associated with β-human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The effects of EVER protein loss on the keratinocyte immune response remain unknown. We show here that EVER2 plays a critical role in the interplay between the NF-κB and JNK/AP-1 signaling pathways. EVER2-deficient cells overproduce IL-6 following the upregulation of JNK activation. They respond poorly to phorbol ester and TNF via the NF-κB pathway. They have lower levels of IKKα subunit, potentially accounting for impairments of p100 processing and the alternative NF-κB pathway. The loss of EVER2 is associated with an unusual TRAF protein profile. We demonstrate that EVER2 deficiency sustains TRAF2 ubiquitination and decreases the pool of TRAF2 available in the detergent-soluble fraction of the cell. Finally, we demonstrate that EVER2 loss induces constitutive PKCα-dependent c-jun phosphorylation and facilitates activation of the HPV5 long control region through a JNK-dependent pathway. These findings indicate that defects of the EVER2 gene may create an environment conducive to HPV replication and the persistence of lesions with the potential to develop into skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Vuillier
- Unité de Génétique, Papillomavirus et Cancer Humain, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Gaud
- Unité de Génétique, Papillomavirus et Cancer Humain, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Guillemot
- Unité de Génétique, Papillomavirus et Cancer Humain, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Christian Pons
- Unité de Génétique, Papillomavirus et Cancer Humain, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel Favre
- Unité de Génétique, Papillomavirus et Cancer Humain, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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10
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Low rate of detection of mucosal high-risk-type human papillomavirus in Korean patients with extragenital Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma, especially in digital cases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:421205. [PMID: 24024191 PMCID: PMC3760177 DOI: 10.1155/2013/421205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been demonstrated in some of the nonmelanoma skin cancers as well as in precancerous lesions. Multiple infections of mucosal high-risk HPV may contribute to the onset of digital Bowen's disease through, if any, digital-genital transmission. We screened for the presence of the mucosal HPV DNA in patients with extragenital Bowen's disease (n = 30), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 11), bowenoid papulosis (n = 9), verrucous carcinoma (n = 1), actinic keratosis (n = 5), and basal cell carcinoma (n = 5). We used a PANArray HPV Genotyping Chip for high-risk and low-risk mucosal types. Genotyping data was confirmed using a conventional direct DNA sequencing method. Two cases of extragenital Bowen's disease were positive for types 16 and 33 of mucosal HPV, respectively. None of the squamous cell carcinoma cases were positive. Neither patients with digital Bowen's disease (n = 5) nor those with squamous cell carcinoma (n = 3) showed any mucosal high-risk HPV. Mucosal high-risk HPV DNA was confirmed in 5 (55.6%) of the 9 patients with bowenoid papulosis. HPV 16 was most prevalent (n = 3), while the DNA of HPVs 35 and 67 was detected in one sample for each of the two types. Our study demonstrated that two (6.7%) of the patients with 30 extragenital Bowen's disease were positive for types 16 and 33 of mucosal HPV, respectively. HPVs belonging to the mucosal high-risk group may participate in the development of extragenital Bowen's disease. However, we could not find any relationship between the mucosal high-risk HPV and Bowen's disease or squamous cell carcinoma in the fingers.
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Pulitzer M. Molecular diagnosis of infection-related cancers in dermatopathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 31:247-57. [PMID: 23174495 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The association between viruses and skin cancer is increasingly recognized in a number of neoplasms, that is, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, as well as hematolymphoid malignancies such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and NK/T-cell lymphoma (nasal type) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Molecular assays are increasingly used to diagnose and manage these diseases. In this review, molecular features of tumor viruses and related host responses are explored. The tests used to identify such features are summarized. Evaluation of the utility of these assays for diagnosis and/or management of specific tumor types is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pulitzer
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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12
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Lazarczyk M, Dalard C, Hayder M, Dupre L, Pignolet B, Majewski S, Vuillier F, Favre M, Liblau RS. EVER proteins, key elements of the natural anti-human papillomavirus barrier, are regulated upon T-cell activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39995. [PMID: 22761942 PMCID: PMC3386272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause a variety of mucosal and skin lesions ranging from benign proliferations to invasive carcinomas. The clinical manifestations of infection are determined by host-related factors that define the natural anti-HPV barrier. Key elements of this barrier are the EVER1 and EVER2 proteins, as deficiency in either one of the EVER proteins leads to Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis (EV), a genodermatosis associated with HPV-induced skin carcinoma. Although EVERs have been shown to regulate zinc homeostasis in keratinocytes, their expression and function in other cell types that may participate to the anti-HPV barrier remain to be investigated. In this work, we demonstrate that EVER genes are expressed in different tissues, and most notably in lymphocytes. Interestingly, in contrast to the skin, where EVER2 transcripts are hardly detectable, EVER genes are both abundantly expressed in murine and human T cells. Activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells via the TCR triggers a rapid and profound decrease in EVER expression, accompanied by an accumulation of free Zn(2+) ions. Thus, EVER proteins may be involved in the regulation of cellular zinc homeostasis in lymphocytes. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that the concentration of Zn(2+) ions is elevated in lymphoblastoid cells or primary T cells from EVER2-deficient patients. Interestingly, we also show that Zn(2+) excess blocks T-cell activation and proliferation. Therefore, EVER proteins appear as key components of the activation-dependent regulation of Zn(2+) concentration in T cells. However, the impact of EVER-deficiency in T cells on EV pathogenesis remains to be elucidated.
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13
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Hufbauer M, Lazić D, Reinartz M, Akgül B, Pfister H, Weissenborn SJ. Skin tumor formation in human papillomavirus 8 transgenic mice is associated with a deregulation of oncogenic miRNAs and their tumor suppressive targets. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 64:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lange CE, Tobler K, Lehner A, Vetsch E, Favrot C. A case of a canine pigmented plaque associated with the presence of a Chi-papillomavirus. Vet Dermatol 2011; 23:76-80, e18-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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High prevalence of coinfection with mucosal high-risk type HPV (HR-HPV) and cutaneous HR-HPV in Bowen's disease in the fingers. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 60:50-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Hufbauer M, Lazić D, Akgül B, Brandsma J, Pfister H, Weissenborn S. Enhanced human papillomavirus type 8 oncogene expression levels are crucial for skin tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. Virology 2010; 403:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Orth G. Génétique et sensibilité aux papillomavirus: le modèle de l’épidermodysplasie verruciforme. BULLETIN DE L'ACADÉMIE NATIONALE DE MÉDECINE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)32253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Oliveira WR, Ferreira GN, Rady PL, Festa C, Tyring SK. Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Associated with Myelodysplastic Syndrome: An Intriguing Association. J Cutan Med Surg 2009; 13:317-20. [DOI: 10.2310/7750.2009.08049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by massive infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and development of skin cancer. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a group of chronic conditions that involve dysplastic hematopoiesis, peripheral blood cytopenias, and a high incidence of progression into leukemia. Methods: We describe the intriguing association of these two premalignant conditions (EV and MDS) in one patient. These diagnoses were confirmed by histopathologic examination and cytogenetic abnormalities of bone marrow cells. Results: The patient presented initially with clinical features typical of EV and impairment of cell-mediated immunity. In the skin lesions, HPVs 23 and 25 were identified by nested polymerase chain reaction. Six years later, he had recurrent episodes of mucosal bleeding with fever, weakness, and fatigue. At this time, severe refractory anemia and neutropenia were observed, and bone marrow smears showed hypercellularity with abnormal dysplastic megakaryocytes. The cytogenetic pattern showed abnormalities involving trisomy of chromosomes 8 and 21. The patient received a diagnosis of the indolent subtype of MDS. Conclusions: Through the observation of our patient and review of the literature, we hypothesized that the pathomechanisms, including the role of oncogenes and cytokines, are connected to the progression to malignancy in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmar R. Oliveira
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and the Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Medical School, Houston, TX
| | - Gustavo N. Ferreira
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and the Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Medical School, Houston, TX
| | - Peter L. Rady
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and the Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Medical School, Houston, TX
| | - Cyro Festa
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and the Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Medical School, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen K. Tyring
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and the Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Medical School, Houston, TX
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19
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McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Münger K. Oncogenic activities of human papillomaviruses. Virus Res 2009; 143:195-208. [PMID: 19540281 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infectious etiologies for certain human cancers have long been suggested by epidemiological studies and studies with experimental animals. Important support for this concept came from the discovery by Harald zur Hausen's group that human cervical carcinoma almost universally contains certain "high-risk" human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Over the years, much has been learned about the carcinogenic activities of high-risk HPVs. These studies have revealed that two viral proteins, E6 and E7, that are consistently expressed in HPV-associated carcinomas, are necessary for induction and maintenance of the transformed phenotype. Hence, HPV-associated tumors are unique amongst human solid tumors in that they are universally caused by exposure to the same, molecularly defined oncogenic agents, and the molecular signal transduction pathways subverted by these viral transforming agents are frequently disrupted in other, non-virus-associated human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E McLaughlin-Drubin
- Infectious Diseases Division, Channing Laboratories, 181 Longwood Avenue, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Vidal L, Gillison ML. Human papillomavirus in HNSCC: recognition of a distinct disease type. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009; 22:1125-42, vii. [PMID: 19010263 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Strong epidemiologic and molecular data now support the conclusion that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is responsible for a distinct form of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), independent from the traditional risk factors of tobacco and alcohol use. Patients with HPV-positive HNSCC have a different clinical presentation and better clinical outcomes than those with HPV-negative HNSCC. A diagnosis of HPV-positive HNSCC is associated not only with therapeutic relevance, but also has important implications for future prevention and screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vidal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Plasmeijer EI, Struijk L, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Feltkamp MCW. Epidemiology of cutaneous human papillomavirus infections. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 146:143-157. [PMID: 19415200 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78574-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsemieke I Plasmeijer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Rollison DE, Pawlita M, Giuliano AR, Iannacone MR, Sondak VK, Messina JL, Cruse CW, Fenske NA, Glass LF, Kienstra M, Michael KM, Waterboer T, Gheit T, Tommasino M. Measures of cutaneous human papillomavirus infection in normal tissues as biomarkers of HPV in corresponding nonmelanoma skin cancers. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2337-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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24
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Hoory T, Monie A, Gravitt P, Wu TC. Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus. J Formos Med Assoc 2008; 107:198-217. [PMID: 18400605 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(08)60138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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25
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Woolford L, O'Hara AJ, Bennett MD, Slaven M, Swan R, Friend JA, Ducki A, Sims C, Hill S, Nicholls PK, Warren KS. Cutaneous papillomatosis and carcinomatosis in the Western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville). Vet Pathol 2008; 45:95-103. [PMID: 18192585 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-1-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A progressive wart-like syndrome in both captive and wild populations of the Western barred bandicoot (WBB) is hindering conservation efforts to prevent the extinction of this endangered marsupial. In this study, 42 WBBs exhibiting the papillomatosis and carcinomatosis syndrome were examined. The disease was characterized by multicentric proliferative lesions involving cutaneous and mucosal surfaces, which were seen clinically to increase in size with time. Grossly and histologically the smaller skin lesions resembled papillomas, whereas the larger lesions were most commonly observed to be squamous cell carcinomas. Large amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in hyperplastic conjunctival lesions of 8 WBBs under light microscopy. Conjunctival lesions from 2 WBBs examined using transmission electron microscopy contained a crystalline array of spherical electron-dense particles of 45-nm diameter, within the nucleus of conjunctival epithelial cells, consistent with a papillomavirus or polyomavirus. Conjunctival samples from 3 bandicoots that contained intranuclear inclusion bodies also demonstrated a positive immunohistochemical reaction after indirect immunohistochemistry for papillomavirus structural antigens. Ultrastructural and/or immunohistochemical evidence of an etiologic agent was not identified in the nonconjunctival lesions examined. Here we describe the gross, histopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical findings of a papillomatosis and carcinomatosis syndrome recently identified in the WBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Woolford
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.
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26
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Massimi P, Thomas M, Bouvard V, Ruberto I, Campo MS, Tommasino M, Banks L. Comparative transforming potential of different human papillomaviruses associated with non-melanoma skin cancer. Virology 2008; 371:374-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Host Defenses Against Human Papillomaviruses: Lessons from Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 321:59-83. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75203-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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28
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Lazarczyk M, Pons C, Mendoza JA, Cassonnet P, Jacob Y, Favre M. Regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of EVER-mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 205:35-42. [PMID: 18158319 PMCID: PMC2234378 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a genodermatosis associated with skin cancers that results from a selective susceptibility to related human papillomaviruses (EV HPV). Invalidating mutations in either of two genes (EVER1 and EVER2) with unknown functions cause most EV cases. We report that EVER1 and EVER2 proteins form a complex and interact with the zinc transporter 1 (ZnT-1), as shown by yeast two-hybrid screening, GST pull-down, and immunoprecipitation experiments. In keratinocytes, EVER and ZnT-1 proteins do not influence intracellular zinc concentration, but do affect intracellular zinc distribution. EVER2 was found to inhibit free zinc influx to nucleoli. Keratinocytes with a mutated EVER2 grew faster than wild-type keratinocytes. In transiently and stably transfected HaCaT cells, EVER and ZnT-1 down-regulated transcription factors stimulated by zinc (MTF-1) or cytokines (c-Jun and Elk), as detected with luciferase assays. To get some insight into the control of EV HPV infection, we searched for interaction between EVER and ZnT-1 and oncoproteins of cutaneous (HPV5) and genital (HPV16) genotypes. HPV16 E5 protein binds to EVER and ZnT-1 and blocks their negative regulation. The lack of a functional E5 protein encoded by EV HPV genome may account for host restriction of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Lazarczyk
- Unité de Génétique, Papillomavirus et Cancer Humain, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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29
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Mansour M, Touka M, Malena A, Indiveri C, Dong W, Gionfriddo I, Accardi R, Paradiso A, Sylla BS, Gabet AS, Tommasino M. Human papillomavirus type 77 E7 protein is a weak deregulator of cell cycle. Cancer Lett 2007; 246:274-81. [PMID: 16650526 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus type 77 is a skin type found in non-melanoma skin cancers of immuno-compromised individuals. Although, the HPV77 E6 oncoprotein has been well studied, nothing is known about E7. Studies on mucosal HPV types (e.g. HPV16) showed that E7 deregulates the cell cycle by binding to and promoting degradation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb). Here, we characterized the impact of HPV77 E7 on the cell cycle. We observed that HPV77 E7 associated with pRb with a lower affinity than HPV16 E7, promoting weakly its degradation. Although, HPV16 E7 led to cellular proliferation and accumulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p16(INK4a), both events were not clearly observed in HPV77 E7 cells. Together, these data indicate that HPV77 E7 does not efficiently deregulate the cell cycle, in contrast to several E7s of mucosal HPV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Mansour
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
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30
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Mendoza JA, Jacob Y, Cassonnet P, Favre M. Human papillomavirus type 5 E6 oncoprotein represses the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway by binding to SMAD3. J Virol 2006; 80:12420-4. [PMID: 17020941 PMCID: PMC1676262 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02576-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of cellular transformation associated with human papillomavirus type 5 (HPV5), which is responsible for skin carcinomas in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) patients, are poorly understood. Using a yeast two-hybrid screening and molecular and cellular biology experiments, we found that HPV5 oncoprotein E6 interacts with SMAD3, a key component in the transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) signaling pathway. HPV5 E6 inhibits SMAD3 transactivation by destabilizing the SMAD3/SMAD4 complex and inducing the degradation of both proteins. Interestingly, the E6 protein of nononcogenic EV HPV9 failed to interact with SMAD3, suggesting that downregulation of the TGF-beta1 signaling pathway could be a determinant in HPV5 skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Andres Mendoza
- Unité postulante de Génétique, Papillomavirus et Cancer Humain, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
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31
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Orth G. Genetics of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: Insights into host defense against papillomaviruses. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:362-74. [PMID: 17011789 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis associated with a high risk of skin carcinoma. EV results from an abnormal susceptibility to infection by specific human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes (beta-papillomaviruses) which include the potentially oncogenic HPV5. EV-specific HPVs are considered as harmless for the general population. EV was recently found to be caused by invalidating mutations in two adjacent, related, novel genes, EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8. EVER genes encode transmembrane proteins located in the endoplasmic reticulum, which are likely to function as modifiers of ion transporters or channels and to be involved in signal transduction. It was proposed that EV was a primary defect of innate immunity. Our hypothesis is that EVER proteins act as restriction factors for EV-specific HPVs in keratinocytes, and that EV represents a primary deficiency of intrinsic immunity against certain papillomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Orth
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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32
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Oliveira WR, Rady PL, Festa C, Rivitti EA, Tyring SK. Skin cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients from Brazil. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20:1154-6. [PMID: 16987289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Dong W, Kloz U, Accardi R, Caldeira S, Tong WM, Wang ZQ, Jansen L, Dürst M, Sylla BS, Gissmann L, Tommasino M. Skin hyperproliferation and susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis in transgenic mice expressing E6 and E7 of human papillomavirus type 38. J Virol 2006; 79:14899-908. [PMID: 16282489 PMCID: PMC1287566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14899-14908.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncoproteins E6 and E7 of human papillomavirus type 38 (HPV38) display several transforming activities in vitro, including immortalization of primary human keratinocytes. To evaluate the oncogenic activities of the viral proteins in an in vivo model, we generated transgenic mice expressing HPV38 E6 and E7 under the control of the bovine homologue of the human keratin 10 (K10) promoter. Two distinct lines of HPV38 E6/E7-expressing transgenic mice that express the viral genes at different levels were obtained. In both lines, HPV38 E6 and E7 induced cellular proliferation, hyperplasia, and dysplasia in the epidermis. The rate of occurrence of these events was proportional to the levels of HPV38 E6 and E7 expression in the two transgenic lines. Exposure of the epidermis of nontransgenic mice to UV led to p21WAF1 accumulation and cell cycle arrest. In contrast, keratinocytes from transgenic mice continued to proliferate and were not positive for p21WAF1, indicating that cell cycle checkpoints are altered in keratinocytes expressing the viral genes. Although the HPV38 E6/E7-expressing transgenic mice did not develop spontaneous tumors during their life span, two-stage carcinogen treatment led to a high incidence of papillomas, keratoacanthomas, and squamous-cell carcinomas in HPV38 mice compared with nontransgenic animals. Together, these data show that HPV38 E6 and E7 display transforming properties in vivo, providing further support for the role of HPV38 in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dong
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France
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34
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are a leading cause of virus-associated cancers of the anogenital, oropharyneal and cutaneous epithelium. The most prevalent of these is cervical cancer, which is responsible for approximately 500,000 deaths annually worldwide. A group of about 15 serologically unrelated 'high-risk' HPV types are responsible for almost all HPV-associated cancers. Prevention of papillomavirus infection can be achieved by induction of capsid-specific neutralising antibodies in preclinical animal papillomavirus models and in recent human clinical trials. High titres of conformationally-dependent, type-specific HPV-neutralising antibodies are triggered by HPV virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Overcoming the problems of type-specificity of the responses to these VLP vaccines is a potentially important area of current HPV vaccine research, with an emphasis on induction of more broadly cross-protective neutralising responses. Viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are continuously present in HPV-associated cancers and are prime targets for HPV therapeutic vaccines. A variety of approaches are being tested in therapeutic vaccine clinical trials and in various preclinical animal papillomavirus models for efficacy. Approaches include genetic vaccines, recombinant virus vaccines, dendritic cell-based strategies, immunomodulatory strategies and various combination strategies to maximise cell-mediated immunity to papillomavirus proteins present in HPV infections and cancers. The success of preventive HPV VLP vaccines in clinical trials is clear. However, current therapeutic vaccine trials are less effective with respect to disease clearance. Nevertheless, a series of combination approaches have shown significant therapeutic enhancement in preclinical papillomavirus models and await testing in patient populations to determine the most effective strategy. There is much encouragement that HPV vaccines will be the most effective approach to prevention and cure of infections caused by this group of viruses, which re-present a significant human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Christensen
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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35
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Schaper ID, Marcuzzi GP, Weissenborn SJ, Kasper HU, Dries V, Smyth N, Fuchs P, Pfister H. Development of Skin Tumors in Mice Transgenic for Early Genes of Human Papillomavirus Type 8. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1394-400. [PMID: 15735026 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) 8 is clearly involved in skin cancer development in epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients and its early genes E2, E6, and E7 have been implicated in cell transformation in vitro. To examine the functions of these genes in vivo we integrated the complete early region of HPV8 into the genome of DBA/Bl6 mice. To target their expression to the basal layer of the squamous epithelia the transgenes were put under the control of the keratin-14 promoter. Transgenic mice were back-crossed for up to six generations into both FVB/N and Bl6 mouse strains. Whereas none of the HPV8 transgene-negative littermates developed lesions in the skin or any other organ, 91% of HPV8-transgenic mice developed single or multifocal benign tumors, characterized by papillomatosis, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and varying degrees of epidermal dysplasia. Squamous cell carcinomas developed in 6% of the transgenic FVB/N mice. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR showed highest expression levels for HPV8-E2, followed by E7 and E6. There was no consistent difference in relative viral RNA levels between healthy or dysplastic skin and malignant skin tumors. Whereas UV-induced mutations in the tumor suppressor gene p53 are frequently detected in human skin carcinomas, mutations in p53 were not observed either in the benign or malignant mouse tumors. Nonmelanoma skin cancer developed in HPV8-transgenic mice without any treatment with physical or chemical carcinogens. This is the first experimental proof of the carcinogenic potential of an epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated HPV-type in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inke Diana Schaper
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
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36
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Szentirmay Z, Pólus K, Tamás L, Szentkuti G, Kurcsics J, Csernák E, Tóth E, Kásler M. Human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer: Molecular biology and clinicopathological correlations. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2005; 24:19-34. [PMID: 15785870 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-005-5045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are known to cause cancers of the cervix and other anogenital tract sites. Epidemiologic and molecular pathology studies have also suggested that HPV infection may be associated with cancers of the head and neck. Modes of transmission of HPV infection in the head and neck region have not been fully resolved; however, perinatal transmission and an association between sexual behavior and risk for HPV-positive cancers have been presented. Among the HPV types infecting the mucosa, high-risk, intermediate-risk and low-risk genotypes are defined, depending on their presence in carcinoma or precursor lesions. The phylogenic groups of HPVs also showed a definite correlation with the morphology of head and neck tumors. The groups A6, A7, and A9 include viruses that are frequently demonstrated in basaloid and verrucosus squamous cell carcinomas known to associate with HPV infection. Integration of HPV DNA into the host cell genome occurs early in cancer development and is an important event in malignant transformation. There is a trend for patients with HPV-positive tumors to be nondrinkers or light drinkers, the majority of these patients are females, and the median age is lower than in the case of HPV-negative tumors, but this latter difference was not always statistically significant. In the Kaplan-Meier survival model, the HPV-positive verrucous and basaloid squamous cell carcinomas showed better survival rates than the HPV-negative typical squamous cell carcinomas. An increased radiocurability of HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has also been demonstrated.
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37
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Jovanović M, Karadaglić D. [Epidermodysplasia verruciformis--a model of virus induced oncogenesis in the skin]. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2003; 60:581-8. [PMID: 14608837 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0305581j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
<zakljucak> U osnovi HPV izazvane onkogeneze u kozi nalaze se visoko specificni mehanizmi HPV adaptacije. Koji su to, pokazace buduca istrazivanja.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jovanović
- Medicinski fakultet, Klinika za kozno-venericne bolesti, Novi Sad
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38
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de Oliveira WRP, Rady PL, Grady J, Hughes TK, Festa Neto C, Rivitti EA, Tyring SK. Polymorphisms of the interleukin 10 gene promoter in patients from Brazil with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49:639-43. [PMID: 14512909 DOI: 10.1067/s0190-9622(03)01567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by development of lesions associated with human papillomavirus in early childhood and malignant transformation in approximately half of individuals during adulthood. The persistence of human papillomavirus infection in EV is thought to be a result of an immunogenetic defect, which determines the generation of several cytokines capable of down-regulating cell-mediated immunity. OBJECTIVE We sought to study the prevalence of interleukin 10 (IL-10) promoter polymorphisms in skin biopsy specimens of patients with EV compared with DNA samples from healthy individuals. Patients and methods DNA samples extracted from normal skin of 22 patients from Brazil with EV and blood samples from 27 healthy Brazilian individuals were studied for IL-10 promoter polymorphisms using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS The patients with EV showed an increased rate of low-production genotypes of IL-10 compared with control subjects (P =.003). Patients with EV and skin cancer were more likely to have low-production IL-10 genotypes than patients with benign forms of EV. CONCLUSION IL-10 genotypes associated with low levels of IL-10 production may have an important role in the pathogenesis of EV, including the susceptibility for development of skin cancer in patients with EV.
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39
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Tobin E, Rohwedder A, Holland SM, Philips B, Carlson JA. Recurrent 'sterile' verrucous cyst abscesses and epidermodysplasia verruciformis-like eruption associated with idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149:627-33. [PMID: 14511000 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rupture of follicular (epidermoid) cysts is believed to be the consequence of bacterial infection. We report a 24-year-old man with idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia and chronic Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection who developed multiple, recurring painful abscesses over the distal extremities that increased in number and severity when systemic steroid and interferon-gamma treatment was instituted for interstitial lung disease. Cultures were consistently negative for microorganisms, but pathological examination revealed ruptured epidermoid cyst walls with human papillomavirus (HPV) viropathic changes (keratinocytes with perinuclear halos and abundant basophilic keratohyaline granules). Cutaneous examination showed numerous, widespread flat-topped papules and achromic macules over the extremities, head and neck. Nested polymerase chain reaction analysis for HPV DNA revealed that the abscess-related cyst walls harboured epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)-associated HPV types 20, 24, alb-7 (AY013872) and 80. His cutaneous lesions harboured HPV types 3, 8 and 80. Similar to past reports, our patient developed an EV-like eruption in the setting of immunodeficiency. In this instance, EV-associated HPV infection of the follicular infundibular epithelium or pre-existing cysts in the setting of immunodeficiency may have led to cystic growth, rupture and subsequent painful inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tobin
- Upstate Infectious Disease, 567 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA
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40
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41
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Carré D, Dompmartin A, Verdon R, Comoz F, Le Brun E, Freymuth F, Leroy D. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis in a patient with HIV infection: no response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Int J Dermatol 2003; 42:296-300. [PMID: 12694498 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01707_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Carré
- Services de Dermatologie, Center Hospitalier Universitaire, Caen, France
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42
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Caldeira S, Zehbe I, Accardi R, Malanchi I, Dong W, Giarrè M, de Villiers EM, Filotico R, Boukamp P, Tommasino M. The E6 and E7 proteins of the cutaneous human papillomavirus type 38 display transforming properties. J Virol 2003; 77:2195-206. [PMID: 12525654 PMCID: PMC140944 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.3.2195-2206.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested the involvement of cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in the development of nonmelanoma skin cancers. Here we have characterized the in vitro properties of E7 proteins of three cutaneous HPV types, 10, 20, and 38, which are frequently detected in skin specimens. We show that HPV38 E7 is able to inactivate the tumor suppressor pRb and induces loss of G(1)/S transition control, a key event in carcinogenesis. In contrast, HPV10 and HPV20 E7 proteins do not display these in vitro transforming activities. We also show that the two early proteins E6 and E7 of HPV38 are sufficient to corrupt the cell cycle and senescence programs in primary cells, inducing active and long-lasting proliferation of primary human keratinocytes, the natural host cells. Our study shows that E6 and E7 of this cutaneous HPV type have transforming activity in primary human cells, suggesting a role for HPV38 infection in skin carcinogenesis. In further support of such a role, we detected HPV38 DNA in approximately 50% of nonmelanoma skin cancers, but only in 10% of healthy skin specimens (P < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Caldeira
- Angewandte Tumorvirologie. Genetik der Hautcarcinogenese, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Istituto di Dermatologia, Facoltà di Medicina, Università di Bari, Bari, Italy
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Ramoz N, Rueda LA, Bouadjar B, Montoya LS, Orth G, Favre M. Mutations in two adjacent novel genes are associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Nat Genet 2002; 32:579-81. [PMID: 12426567 DOI: 10.1038/ng1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2002] [Accepted: 10/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (OMIM 226400) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis associated with a high risk of skin carcinoma that results from an abnormal susceptibility to infection by specific human papillomaviruses (HPVs). We recently mapped a susceptibility locus for epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV1) to chromosome 17q25. Here we report the identification of nonsense mutations in two adjacent novel genes, EVER1 and EVER2, that are associated with the disease. The gene products EVER1 and EVER2 have features of integral membrane proteins and are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ramoz
- Unité des Papillomavirus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Christensen ND, Han R, Cladel NM, Pickel MD. Combination treatment with intralesional cidofovir and viral-DNA vaccination cures large cottontail rabbit papillomavirus-induced papillomas and reduces recurrences. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1201-9. [PMID: 11257035 PMCID: PMC90444 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.4.1201-1209.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) New Zealand White rabbit model to test a combination treatment of large established papillomas with intralesional cidofovir and DNA vaccination to cure sites and reduce recurrences. Intralesional 1% (wt/vol) (0.036 M) cidofovir treatment of rabbit papillomas led to elimination, or "cure," of the papillomas over a 6- to 8-week treatment period (N. D. Christenson, M. D. Pickel, L. R. Budgeon, and J. W. Kreider, Antivir. Res. 48:131-142, 2000). However, recurrences at periods from 1 to 8 weeks after treatment cessation were observed at approximately 50% of cured sites. DNA vaccinations with CRPV E1, E2, E6, and E7 were initiated either after or at the time of intralesional treatments, and the recurrence rates were observed. When DNA vaccinations were started after intralesional cures, recurrence rates were similar to those of vector-vaccinated rabbits. A small proportion of recurrent sites subsequently regressed (4 out of 10, or 40%) in the vaccinated group versus no regression of recurrences in the vector-immunized group (0 out of 19, or 0%), indicating partial effectiveness. In contrast, when DNA vaccinations were conducted during intralesional treatments, a significant reduction of recurrences (from 10 out of 19, or 53%, of sites in vector-immunized rabbits to 3 out of 20, or 15%, of sites in viral-DNA-immunized rabbits) was observed. DNA vaccination without intralesional treatments had a minimal effect on preexisting papillomas. These data indicated that treatment with a combination of antiviral compounds and specific immune stimulation may lead to long-term cures of lesions without the ensuing problem of papilloma recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Christensen
- Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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45
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Ramoz N, Taïeb A, Rueda LA, Montoya LS, Bouadjar B, Favre M, Orth G. Evidence for a nonallelic heterogeneity of epidermodysplasia verruciformis with two susceptibility loci mapped to chromosome regions 2p21-p24 and 17q25. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:1148-53. [PMID: 10844558 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare genodermatosis associated with a high risk of skin cancer. This condition is characterized by an abnormal susceptibility to specific related human papillomavirus genotypes, including the oncogenic HPV5. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is usually considered as an autosomal recessive disease. We recently mapped a susceptibility locus for epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV1) to chromosome 17qter within the 1 cM interval between markers D17S939 and D17S802. We report here the genotyping for 10 microsatellite markers spanning 29 cM around EV1 in two consanguineous epidermodysplasia verruciformis families from Colombia (C2) and France (F1) comprising five patients and two patients, respectively. Using homozygosity mapping, linkage with 17qter markers was observed for family C2 only. Multipoint linkage analysis yielded maximum multipoint LOD-score values above 10 between markers D17S1839 and D17S802 encompassing the EV1 locus. A genome-wide search performed in family F1 yielded evidence for linkage between epidermodysplasia verruciformis and the chromosomal 2p marker D2S365. Nine additional microsatellite markers spanning 15 cM in this region were analyzed. Assuming an autosomal recessive inheritance with a complete penetrance, the expected maximum two-point LOD-score value of 1.8 was obtained for three markers and multipoint linkage analysis yielded a maximum LOD-score value of 3. 51 between markers D2S2144 and D2S392. Haplotype analysis allowed to map a candidate region for a second epidermodysplasia verruciformis susceptibility locus (EV2) within the 8 cM interval between markers D2S171 and D2S2347 of the 2p21-p24 region. In contrast, linkage with 2p markers was excluded for family C2 and for the three families in which we mapped EV1 previously. The disclosure of two susceptibility loci for epidermodysplasia verruciformis provides evidence for a nonallelic heterogeneity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ramoz
- Unité Mixte Institut Pasteur/INSERM U190, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Fazel N, Wilczynski S, Lowe L, Su LD. Clinical, histopathologic, and molecular aspects of cutaneous human papillomavirus infections. Dermatol Clin 1999; 17:521-36, viii. [PMID: 10410856 DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses comprise a large family of double stranded DNA viruses that are the etiologic agents of benign warts and anogenital cancers. At least 82 different human papillomavirus types have been identified and many remain yet uncharacterized. The development of new molecular techniques in recent years has led to an increased understanding of human papillomaviruses and their roles in carcinogenesis. Several clinicopathologic entities arising from human papillomavirus infection encountered by the dermatologist are the subject of the article. The epidemiology, molecular biology, clinical presentation, histologic findings, and treatment of each disorder, where applicable, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fazel
- Department of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
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Karrer S, Szeimies RM, Abels C, Wlotzke U, Stolz W, Landthaler M. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis treated using topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140:935-8. [PMID: 10354037 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 65-year-old woman who had had wart-like lesions on the hands, lower arms and forehead for about 45 years. She had already had several basal cell carcinomas excised. Histological study, electron microscopy and in situ hybridization [human papilloma virus (HPV)-types 5/8/12/14/19-23/25/36] of skin biopsies confirmed a diagnosis of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was performed using a 20% 5-aminolaevulinic acid ointment applied for 6 h to the lesions and irradiating using an incoherent light source (lambda = 580-740 nm, 160 mW/cm2, 160 J/cm2). Following PDT, blistering and crusting of the lesions occurred, but these healed completely within 2-3 weeks without scarring, and the cosmetic result was excellent. Six months after PDT a skin biopsy was taken. In situ hybridization was positive for HPV type 8 in skin which was clinically and histologically normal. Twelve months after PDT a few lesions had recurred on the hands. Although permanent cure of EV cannot be achieved by any therapy at present and single lesions continue to appear in this patient, topical PDT might result in better control of HPV-induced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karrer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Ramoz N, Rueda LA, Bouadjar B, Favre M, Orth G. A susceptibility locus for epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an abnormal predisposition to infection with the oncogenic human papillomavirus type 5, maps to chromosome 17qter in a region containing a psoriasis locus. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112:259-63. [PMID: 10084299 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by an abnormal susceptibility to infection with a specific group of related human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, including the oncogenic HPV5 associated with the skin carcinomas developing in about half of EV patients. EV is usually considered as an autosomal recessive condition. Taking EV as a model to identify a locus underlying the susceptibility to HPV infections, we performed a genome-wide search for linkage with 255 microsatellite genetic markers in three consanguineous EV families comprising six patients, using the homozygosity mapping approach. Homozygosity restricted to affected individuals was observed for a marker of chromosome 17q (D17S784) in two families and a marker about 17 centiMorgan (cM) distal (D17S1807) in the third family. Ten additional microsatellite markers spanning 29 cM in this region were analyzed. Two-point lod score values greater than 3 were obtained for four markers and multipoint linkage analysis yielded a maximum lod score of 10.17 between markers D17S939 and D17S802. Recombination events observed in two families allowed a candidate region for the EV susceptibility locus to be mapped to the 1 cM region defined by these two markers. The EV locus (named EV1) is included in the 17qter region recently found to contain a dominant locus for the susceptibility to familial psoriasis. It has been shown that patients suffering from psoriasis are likely to constitute the reservoir of HPV5. It is thus tempting to speculate that distinct defects affecting the same gene may be involved in the two skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ramoz
- Unité Mixte Institut Pasteur/INSERM U190, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Affiliation(s)
- M Favre
- Unité des Papillomavirus, Unité INSERM 190, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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